Niko Busch
Charit
e University Medicine Berlin; Berlin School of Mind and Brain
niko.busch@charite.de
niko.busch@charite.de
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Why bother?
(Time)Frequency analysis complements signal analysis:
neurons are oscillating.
analysis of signals with trial-to-trial jitter.
analysis of longer time periods.
analysis of pre-stimulus and spontaneous signals.
necessary for sophisticated methods (coherence, coupling, causality, etc.).
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Parameters of waves
Oscillations regular repetition of some measure over several cycles.
Wavelength length of a single cycle (a.k.a. period).
1
the speed of change.
Frequency wavelength
Phase current state of the oscillation angle on the unit circle. Runs
from 0 (-) 360 ()
Magnitude (permanent) strength of the oscillation.
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FFT Spectrum
4
2
0.5
Time
50
Hz
FFT Spectrum
100
50
Hz
FFT Spectrum
100
50
Hz
FFT Spectrum
100
50
Hz
100
50 Hz
5
0
5
0
5
0
5
0
0.5
Time
10 Hz
0.5
Time
Sum of 5 + 10 + 50
2
1
0
5
0
5
0
1
0.5
0
2
0.5
Time
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100
100
50
50
50
50
100
0
2
3
Time [sec]
FFT Spectrum
100
0
20
20
15
15
10
10
20
40
Hz
60
2
3
Time [sec]
FFT Spectrum
20
40
60
Hz
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Non-stationary signals:
When does the 10 Hz oscillation occur?
DFT does not give time information.
Time information is not necessary for stationary signals
Frequency contents do not change all frequency components exist all the
time.
How to investigate eventrelated spectral changes in brain signals?
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100
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0.5
50
100
150
200
250
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100
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
6000
7000
8000
6000
7000
8000
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
50
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
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6
8
10
Time [sec]
SPECTROGRAM, R = 256
12
14
12
14
frequency
30
20
10
0
0
10
time
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frequency
100
0
30
20
10
0
6
8
10
Time [sec]
SPECTROGRAM, width = 1024
12
14
12
14
10
frequency
SPECTROGRAM, width = 64
30
20
10
0
8
time
10
12
14
niko.busch@charite.de
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Uncertainty principle
Werner Heisenberg (19011976):
Energy and location of a particle cannot be both known with infinite precision.
a result of the wave properties of particles (not the measurement).
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Wavelet analysis:
Analysis of high frequencies narrow time window for better time resolution.
Analysis of low frequencies wide time window for better spectral resolution.
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What is a wavelet?
Motherwavelet
2
|ej0t|
et /2
|(t)|
0.15
1.8
1.5
0.1
1.6
1
1.4
0.5
0.05
1.2
0.8
0.5
0.05
0.6
1
0.4
1.5
2
0.5
0.1
0.2
0
Cosine
0.5
0
0.5
0.5
Gaussian
0.5
0.5
Wavelet
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What is a wavelet?
Motherwavelet
2.5
10 Hz
Spectral Density
20 Hz
40 Hz
1.5
0.5
0
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
Time (s)
0.2
0.4
0.6
10
20
30
40
Frequency ( Hz )
50
60
70
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ERP
V
2.0
V
6.0
0.1
0.1
0.2
Oz
s
0.3
0.1
6.0
0.1
s
0.3
0.2
2.0
GammaBand: ca. 30 80 Hz
[uV]
0.6
80.00
Oz
0.1
0.1
0.2
s
0.3
Frequency [Hz]
70.00
60.00
0.3
50.00
40.00
30.00
2.0
20.00
-0.10
0.0
0.00
0.10
0.20 0.30
Time [s]
0.40
0.50
0.60
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0,02
Amplitude
Amplitude
0,04
0,00
-0,02
-0,04
0,006
0,004
0,002
-0,06
-0,15 -0,10 -0,05
0,00 0,05
Time[s]
0,10
0,15
0,000
0
10
20
30
40
50
Frequency (Hz)
60
70
80
m
2f0
1
2t
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induced/ non-phase-locked
..
10
Average
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
ms
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Induced/ non/phase-locked
Wavelet-transformed trials
..
10
Average
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
ms
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Figure from VanRullen & Koch (2003): Is perception discrete of continuous? TICS
3 Varela
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40
30
20
-2
10
-4
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
time [s]
0.2
0.5
0
dB
50
-log10[p]
frequency [Hz]
-0.5
8 15 Hz
-0.4 0 s
4 Busch & VanRullen (2010): Spontaneous EEG oscillations reveal periodic sampling
of visual attention. PNAS.
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5 Jensen et al. (2002): Oscillations in the alpha band (912 Hz) increase with
memory load during retention in a short-term memory task. Cereb Cortex.
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Recommended reading
WWW:
EEGLABs time-frequency functions explained: http://bishoptechbits.blogspot.com/
FFT explained: http://blinkdagger.com/matlab/matlab-introductory-fft-tutorial/
Wavelet tutorial http://users.rowan.edu/ polikar/WAVELETS/WTtutorial.html
Books:
Barbara Burke Hubbard: The World According to Wavelets.
Steven Smith: The Scientist & Engineers Guide to Digital Signal Processing
(http://www.dspguide.com/).
Herrmann, Grigutsch & Busch: EEG oscillations and wavelet analysis. In:
Event-related Potentials: A Methods Handbook.
Papers:
Tallon-Baudry & Bertrand (1999) Oscillatory gamma activity in humans and its role
in object representation. TICS.
Samar, Bopardikar, Rao & Swartz (1999) Wavelet analysis of neuroelectric
waveforms: a conceptual tutorial. Brain Lang.
niko.busch@charite.de
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Thank you...
niko.busch@charite.de
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