1-What is liquid specific gravity?

Ans: Is the ratio between liquid density and water density.

Sp. Gr. = Density of liquid / Density of water
2- What is the relation between crude oil Sp. Gr. and API gravity?
Ans: Heavier hydrocarbons will have higher Sp. Gr. And low API gravity.
3- How do you calculate API gravity?
141.5
Ans: API gravity = -------Sp. Gr

- 131.5

4- How do we treat lower API gravity crude to meet product specification?

Ans: Lower API gravity crude requires treatment in high temperature and longer retention
time to meet proper oil product specification.
5- What is the heat?
Ans: It is an energy associated with the motion of molecules in a substance.
6- What is temperature?
Ans: It is a measure of how hot something is.
7- What are the four types of devices commonly used to measure temperature?
Ans: A- Mercury thermometer.
B- Filled system temperature indicator.
C- Bimetallic thermometer, Thermocouple
D- Resistance temperature detector RTD.
8- How do you convert C degree to F degree?
Ans: F = C x 1.8 + 32
9- How do you convert F degree to C degree?
Ans: C = (F 32) / 1.8
10- What sensible heat?
Ans: is that which is used for increasing liquid temperature to Boiling Point.
11- What is the latent heat?
Ans: Is the amount of heat required to change the state of liquid at it's boiling point.
12- How is gas volume calculated?
Ans: Gas volume is normally calculated at standard temperature 60F and standard
pressure 14.7 Psi
13- What is the boiling point?
Ans: It is the temperature at which the liquid turns into vapor state.
14- What is dew point?

Ans: It is the minimum gas temperature at which the gas water content started to form the
1st drop.
15- What is the effect of boiling point in relation with pressure?
Ans: Boiling point increases at high pressure and decreases at low pressure.
16- What happens to vapor pressure when it reaches to boiling point?
Ans: At boiling point, vapor pressure of a liquid equalizes to the pressure of the
surrounding atmosphere.
17- What is the vapor pressure?
Ans: When molecules start to leave the liquid as vapor, it will create vapor pressure.
18- What happens to the temperature, pressure and volume of gas when it is compressed.
Ans: When gas is compressed the pressure and temperature will increase and volume decreases.
19- What is vaporization?
Ans: it is a quick change from the state of liquid to gas (Vapor) due to boiling.
20- What is level?
Ans: Level is a measure of how much liquid is contained in a tank or vessel.
21- What are the four process variables?
Ans: The four process variables are temperature, pressure, level and flow
22- What is the flow rate?
Ans: It is a measure of the amount of fluid that moves past a point in a certain time.
23- What is the flash point?
Ans: Is the temperature at which a petroleum product ignites momentarily but does not burn
continuously. .
24- What is the equilibrium condition?
Ans: A condition at which no more gas evolves (Liberated) from oil and no more liquid
condenses from the gas.
25- What is inert gas?
Ans: An inert gas is which do not react chemically or non flammable like N2 and CO2.
26- What is hazardous area classification?
Ans: Hazardous area are defined by the following factors: -

A- Gas group: Gases are classified into groups as follow: Group A: Acetylene
Group B: Hydrogen
Group C: Ethylene
Group D: All hydrocarbons
B- Temperature classes: T1: 450 oC
2

T2: 300 oC
T3: 200 oC
T4: 135 oC
T5: 100 oC
T6: 85 oC
C- Zone (Class / Division)
Zone 0: Always air fuel mixture is continuously present.
Ex tank vents, sump vents.
Zone I : Air fuel mixture is present during normal operations, Ex
pipeline flanges.
Zone 2: Air fuel mixture is present during bad operations
Class 1: Those locations where flammable mixture being present,
this varies all the way from continuously to never
Class 1 Division 1: where ignitable concentrations of flammable
gases or vapors may: Exist under normal operating conditions
Exist frequently because of repair or maintenance operations or
because of leakage
Exist because of breakdown or faulty operation of equipment or
process.
Class 1 Division 2: where ignitable concentrations of
flammable gases or vapors are: Handled processed or used within closed containers or sealed
system.
Normally prevented by positive mechanical ventilation.
Adjacent to class 1 Division1 locations
28- What is LEL & UEL, explain?
Ans: LEL (Lower explosive limit) is minimum lower limit of gas and air mixture
concentrations which will form an explosive mixture.
UEL (Upper explosive limit) the upper limit at which air / gas explosive mixture
present.
29- What is the fire triangle?
Ans: The fire triangle combines Air, Fuel and heat.
30- What is a natural gas?
Ans: A natural gas is produced from organic compounds or hydrocarbons during the process of
crude oil / gas production operations from an oil reservoir.
31- What is Reid Vapor Pressure (RVP)?
Ans: The pressure caused by the vaporized part of liquid and enclosed air. This is usually
expressed in PSI at 100 oF (38 oC)

32- What is viscosity?

Ans: Viscosity is the resistance of fluid to flow.
Unit for absolute viscosity is Poise or C. Poise.
Unit for kinetic viscosity is Stoke or C. Stoke.
33- What is pressure?
Ans: Pressure is the measure of force applied to a unit area (Force / Area).
34- Why do we use vacuum scale?
Ans: Vacuum scale is used to measure pressure in vessels which are below atmospheric
(absolute).
35- What is the perfect vacuum?
Ans: Zero pressure absolute PSIA equals the pressure in a perfect vacuum.
36- What is RTD?
Ans: RTD is resistance Temperature Detector and is element metal has a resistance 100 ohms
at 0 oC. the heat means increases the resistance.
37- What is cohesion?
Ans: is the tendency of molecules to stick together.
38- How man liters and gallons in a US barrel of crude oil?
Ans: 159 Liters, 42 Gallons.
39- What is the safety protections installed on a separator?
Ans: Unit alarms, trip alarms, PSV's
40- How do we calculate chemical injection rate in crude oil pipeline for 40000BPD recommended
corrosion inhibitor injection rate 15 ppm. What is the required chemical injection rate in liters
and gallons.
Ans: 40000x159x15 / 1000000 = 95.4 liters / day
40000x42x15 / 1000000 = 25.2 gallons / day
41- How do we calculate chemical injection rate in crude oil pipeline for 50000BPD and chemical
injection rate is 75 litres / day (20 gallons / day). What is the injection rate in ppm.
Ans: 1000000x75 / 50000x159 = 9.8 ppm.
1000000x20 / 50000x42 = 9.5 ppm.
42- Calculate scale inhibitor injection rate for 40000 BPD of crude oil, chemical injection 5ppm.
What is the injection rate in liters / day (one barrel is 208 liters or 55 gallons)?
Ans: 40000x208x5 / 1000000 = 41.6 liters / day
43- What are the major valve actuators?
Ans: Solenoid, Hydraulic, pneumatic, motor operated.
44- What are ball valves mainly used for in a process system?
Ans: In high pressure pipelines as an isolation valve.
45- What are butterfly valves mainly used for in a process system?

Ans: In low pressure pipelines as an isolation valve.

46- What is the function of Lead (Duty) and Lag (Standby) switch of compressor?
Ans: Lead (Duty) compressor will be always on line while Lag (Standby) compressor on
standby. In case of lead compressor fail to provide enough discharge pressure, lag compressor
will automatically start and increase the discharge pressure.
47- What is the purpose of an intercooler of a compressor?
Ans: Intercooler will help to cool discharge gas between one stage to another stage.
48- What is the purpose of aftercooler of a compressor?
Ans: Aftercooler is used to reduce the temperature of a compressor from the final stage of
compression.
49- What are the functions of pre-filters and after- filters of an instrument air compressor.
Ans: Pre-filter before drier is used to remove oil mist and liquid from compressed air and afterfilter is used to remove any suspended particles from the drier to supply high quality clean
air from instrument system.
50- Why do pig pipelines?
Ans: Pigging operation is periodically conducted to remove water, sludges and other impurities
from the pipelines for better efficiency and to prevent corrosion.
51- What are the major types of pigs?
Ans: Brush pig, Foam pig, Bi-directional pig, Sphere pig, Intelligent pig