Gate Controller

Edesign 424 Report
written by
Jacques
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DESIGN (E) 414
Electronic Remote Control

operated Security Gate System
PRESENTED BY
Jacques du Preez (15063518)
Campbell Smith (14818264)
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRIC & ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING
16 MAY 2011

Declaration of own work
We, _____________________________and________________________________ the undersigned,

hereby declare that this report and the work contained therein is our own
original work, except where indicated.
Signature
___________________
______________________
J du Preez
C.M. Smith
Date
_________________

Summary
This report discusses the design, construction, measurements and results for the Electronic
Remote control Security Gate product. The product was a fully integrated electrical &
electronic device. The product consists of four main systems naming; The Main Board,
Infrared Remote Control, The Motor Pulley Gate driven simulator, and the Software
package.
The requirements for the product were to enable a user to operate a remote controlled
security gate. A simulation of a motor driven security gate was done during the
demonstration opportunity were the functionality and viability of the product was tested. The
outcomes of the demonstration will be discussed in this report. Security measures were
implemented in the product design which allowed the user to sound the panic alarm situated
on the Main Board via the infrared remote control.
Maintenance and control parameters were implemented on the Main Board to allow
additional users to receive access to the remote control security gate system. The product
was designed to have three user interfaces naming; The Infrared Remote Control, The Main
Board user menu interface, and the Universal Serial Bus communication interface.
ii

Table of Contents
Summary ................................................................................................................................................. ii
1.
Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 1
2.
System Description ......................................................................................................................... 2

2.1 Main Board System Description.................................................................................................... 2
System Block Diagram......................................................................................................................... 3
2.1.1 Microprocessor .......................................................................................................................... 4
2.1.2 Voltage Regulator ...................................................................................................................... 4
2.1.3 Universal Serial Bus .................................................................................................................... 5
2.2 Main Board Sub-System Description ............................................................................................ 6
2.2.1 LCD Screen ................................................................................................................................. 6
2.2.2 Infra-Red Receiver...................................................................................................................... 6
2.2.3 Eeprom ....................................................................................................................................... 7
2.2.4 DMOS FULL-BRIDGE MOTOR DRIVERS....................................................................................... 7
2.2.5 MOC & TRIAC ............................................................................................................................. 8
2.2.6 Buzzer ......................................................................................................................................... 9
2.2.7 Menu Keys.................................................................................................................................. 9
2.2.8 Optical Gate Sensor ................................................................................................................. 10
2.2.9 Motor ....................................................................................................................................... 10
2.2.10 Operational Amplifier & A/D Converter ................................................................................ 10
2.3 IR Remote Control ....................................................................................................................... 11
2.3.1 MICROPROCESSOR ................................................................................................................... 11
2.3.2 VOLTAGE REGULATOR ............................................................................................................. 12
2.3.3 IR LED ....................................................................................................................................... 12
2.3.4 BUTTONS .................................................................................................................................. 13
3.
System Detail Design..................................................................................................................... 14

3.1 Hardware Calculations ................................................................................................................ 14
3.1.1 The MOC and Triac................................................................................................................... 14
3.1.1.1 MOC ...................................................................................................................................... 14
3.1.1.2 Triac....................................................................................................................................... 15
3.1.2 Light Sensor .............................................................................................................................. 15
3.1.3 A/D Converter (Main Board) .................................................................................................... 17
3.2
4.
Design for IR Remote ................................................................................................................ 18

Programs ....................................................................................................................................... 27
iii

4.1.1 Mainboard Pin Assignments .................................................................................................... 27

4.1.2 Infra-Red Pin Assignments ....................................................................................................... 27
4.2
Software Calculation Design of Mainboard .............................................................................. 28
4.2.1 U0brg, UART0 serial port bit rate: ........................................................................................... 28

4.2.2 U1brg, UART1 serial port bit rate: ........................................................................................... 28
4.2.3 Buzzer frequency ..................................................................................................................... 28
4.2.4 PWM ........................................................................................................................................ 28
4.3
Software Calculation Design of IR Remote ............................................................................... 30
4.3.1 Infrared 36kHz waveform ........................................................................................................ 30

4.3.2 Automatic Power On/Off ......................................................................................................... 30
4.4
Software Design of Mainboard ................................................................................................. 31
4.4.1 Initialization in main() .............................................................................................................. 31

4.4.2 Initialized in ports_initialise()................................................................................................... 31
4.4.3 Serial port ................................................................................................................................. 31
4.4.4 LCD ........................................................................................................................................... 31
4.4.5 EEPROM ................................................................................................................................... 32
4.4.6 PWM ........................................................................................................................................ 32
4.4.7 Triac.......................................................................................................................................... 32
4.4.8 Light sensor .............................................................................................................................. 33
4.4.9 Real Time Clock ........................................................................................................................ 33
4.4.10 Infrared functions .................................................................................................................. 33
4.4.11 Menu ...................................................................................................................................... 33
4.4.12 Display Log ............................................................................................................................. 34
4.4.13 Motor Current ........................................................................................................................ 34
4.5
Software Design of Infrared Remote ........................................................................................ 35
4.5.1 Initialization in main() .............................................................................................................. 35

4.5.2 Initialized in ports_initialise()................................................................................................... 35
4.5.3 Serial port ................................................................................................................................. 35
4.6
System Flow Diagram................................................................................................................ 36
4.7
Interrupt Flow Diagram for Mainboard .................................................................................... 37
4.8
Interrupt Flow Diagram for IR Remote ..................................................................................... 41
5.
Measurements and Results .......................................................................................................... 42

5.1 Supply Voltage ............................................................................................................................ 42
5.2 Buzzer .......................................................................................................................................... 42
iv

5.3 Pulse Width Modulation ............................................................................................................. 43

5.4 The IR remote control Signal output........................................................................................... 44
6.
Conclusion ..................................................................................................................................... 45
7.
References .................................................................................................................................... 46

List of Figures
Figure 1) Main Board Illustration ............................................................................................................ 2
Figure 2) R8C/27 Microprocessor, circuit diagram [2] & Illustration...................................................... 4
Figure 3) LM7805 5V voltage regulator circuit diagram[2] & illustration ............................................... 4
Figure 4) Universal Serial Bus communication circuit diagram[2] .......................................................... 5
Figure 5) Universal Serial Bus communication ....................................................................................... 5
Figure 6) LCD screen circuit Diagram ...................................................................................................... 6
Figure 7) Hitachi HD44780 LCD screen ................................................................................................... 6
Figure 8) TSOP 1136 IR Receiver ............................................................................................................. 7
Figure 9) Eeprom M24C64 ...................................................................................................................... 7
Figure 10) DRV8801 PWM Full-Bridge Motor Driver Circuit Diagram [8] & Illustration ......................... 8
Figure 11) MOC & Triac Safety Light Circuit Diagram ............................................................................. 8
Figure 12) MOC & Triac Safety Light ....................................................................................................... 9
Figure 13) Buzzer Circuit Diagram & Illustration..................................................................................... 9
Figure 14) The Menu Keys .................................................................................................................... 10
Figure 15) Optical Gate Sensor circuit diagram & Gate optical sensor system .................................... 10
Figure 16) Operational Amplifier (MCP6244) ....................................................................................... 11
Figure 17) Infrared Remote Control...................................................................................................... 11
Figure 18) R8C/27 Microprocessor located on IR remote control........................................................ 12
Figure 19) LM2931 Voltage Regulator .................................................................................................. 12
Figure 20) Infrared Light Emitting Diode .............................................................................................. 13
Figure 21) Remote Control Switches (Buttons) .................................................................................... 13
Figure 22) TRIAC and MOC circuit (Blanckenberg,M, 2011:Lecture 6) ................................................. 14
Figure 23) IR circuit (Blanckenberg, M, 2011: Lecture 3)...................................................................... 18
Figure 24) Transistor Q1 ....................................................................................................................... 19
Figure 25) Transistor Q2 ....................................................................................................................... 20
Figure 26) Transistor Q2 with Thevenin voltage and resistance .......................................................... 21
Figure 27) LED circuit ............................................................................................................................ 23
Figure 28: Voltage Divider (adjusted figure Photoresistors, [S.a.]) ...................................................... 24
Figure 29) IR diode circuit ..................................................................................................................... 25
Figure 30) Radiant Power (TSAL5300 datasheet) ................................................................................. 25
Figure 31) PWM waveform ................................................................................................................... 29
vi

List of Tables
Table 1) 2N4403 On Characteristics...................................................................................................... 18
Table 2: Electrical Characteristics (R8C Manual) .................................................................................. 20
Table 3) 2N222A Saturation characteristics.......................................................................................... 21
Table 4) LED Operating characteristics (LED datasheet)....................................................................... 23
Table 5) IR diode characteristics (TSAL5300 datasheet) ....................................................................... 25
vii

1. Introduction
The purpose for this project was to design and build a security gate with infra-red remote
controller. The project required the synthesis of both hardware and software to create a fully
functional electronic controlled security gate system. Knowledge in electric circuits,
electronics, C++ format programming, and basic physics of a motor controlled gate was
mandatory to implement the final product.
The final product consisted of four main systems. The first system was the Main Board
where most of the operation controlled devices were situated. The Main Board functioned as
the user interface for calibration and maintenance purposes. The alarm sub-system was
situated on the Main Board, and could be reset on the Main Board. The access codes and
the real time clock were also situated on the Main Board. The Main Board allowed the user
to connect a computer to it via a serial USB connection. This capability allowed the user to
control the basic functioning of the Security Gate system. The user could display access
codes, erase access codes, sound the alarm and reset the alarm, switch the triac (courteous
lights) on or off, open and close the gate, accept new access codes by the IR (Infra-Red)
Remote Control, and lastly display the motor current. The Main Board could receive IR
(Infra-Red) command signals from the IR Remote Control. The Main board was directly
connected to the motor and gate system. Every time alarm sounded or the gate was opened
or closed by the remote control the data was logged in the onboard eeprom device for future
reference and security purposes.
The second system was the IR (Infra-Red) Remote Control. This system consisted of an IR
transmitter LED (Light-Emitting-Diode) which transmitted the remote signal via infra-red
waves. Three switches were situated on the remote which gave the user the option to control
the Gate Open/Closing, Sound the Alarm, Generate new access codes, or to reset the
remote control. The access codes for the remote were saved on an onboard eeprom device.
The battery life indication capability was included in the design of the remote control. The
battery life was received by the Main Board and logged in its database for future
investigation.
The third system was the software package specifically created for this product. The user
interface and the software package functioned together to create a product that could
respond effectively and efficiently to user defined commands. The user interface consisted
out of three divisions. The first division was the USB serial command interface. The second
division was the remote control user interface. The third user interface was the LCD (Liquid
Crystal Display) screen and command keys situated on the Main Board.
The fourth system was the Motor and Gate hardware which was directly connected to the
Main Board. The Motor was the driving force for the gate movement. The gate was created
to fit on a pulley system track which guided the gate to move in a linear direction to the open
and close states. A light sensor was positioned so that an appropriate response was sensed
and to stop the gate movement automatically when a close or open state was achieved.

2. System Description
The hardware configuration and description of the Main Board, IR Remote Control, and the
Gate systems are to follow in the following sections. The Security Gate system was a very
complex integrated design.
2.1 Main Board System Description
The Main Board system consist of various components which function together to form a
product that is fully integrated and easy to operate and to maintain. Refer to figure for the
overview of the product.
3
4
1
2
9
5
8
12
10
11
Figure 1) Main Board Illustration
Legend
1. R8C/27 Microprocessor
2. Voltage Regulator
3. USB interface (UART0)
4. LCD Screen
5. IR Receiver ( TSOP)
6. Eeprom (M24C64)
7. DMOS Full-Bridge Motor Driver (DRV8801)
8. MOC & Triac
9. Buzzer
10. Menu Keys
11. Optical Sensor
12. Op Amp

System Block Diagram
2kHz Buzzer
RS232/
USB Port
Reset
Programmer
Interface
FT232BL
USB UART
+
_
Voltage Regulator
5V DC Output
R8C/27
Microprocessor
LCD Screen
12V DC Supply
+
_
DVR8801 PWM
unit
Op Amp
Menu Keys
12V DC Motor
Test Input
+
_
Test Optical
Sensor
Triac
30V AC Supply
Infrared Receiver
Eeprom
M24C64
MOC

2.1.1 Microprocessor
The R8C/27 Renesas 16-bit single chip MCU microprocessor was used for the input and
output ports for the various components and control of the entire system. The R8C/27 unit is
fabricated using high-performance silicon gate CMOS process. [1] Typical applications for
the R8C/27 microprocessors involve electronic household appliances, office equipment,
audio equipment, consumer products, and automotive products.
Figure 2) R8C/27 Microprocessor, circuit diagram [2] & Illustration
The Microprocessor has 25 ports for I/O pins, an additional 8 I/O ports for LED drive ports, 4
timers (RA, RB, RC, and RE), 2 channels for Serial interfaces (UART0 and UART1), I2C bus
interface, A/D converter, 3 circuits for clock generation, voltage detection circuit, and a
power-on reset circuit.
2.1.2 Voltage Regulator
The Power supply to the Main Board is 12V DC (Direct Current). The 12V DC supply is
scaled down by the voltage regulator to ensure that no more than 5V reach the components
on the board. The R8C/27 microprocessor function around 3.5V to 5V of power supply
therefore the LM7805 voltage regulator will function as a safety mechanism to allow the
required amount of power to enter the circuitry of the Main Board.
Figure 3) LM7805 5V voltage regulator circuit diagram[2] & illustration

The maximum current output of the LM7805 is 1 A (ampere). This protects the system
components from melting or blowing up. The LM7805 has thermal overload protection and
short circuit protection capabilities. [3]
2.1.3 Universal Serial Bus
The USB (Universal Serial Bus) communication module allows the user to connect the Main
Board to a personal computer. The communication between the Main Board and a personal
computer is vital in the construction and design phases of the project. All the functions of the
board can be tested using the serial communication to a PC. Calibration and debugging
potential errors form part of the project design. The USB communication capability allowed
the user to demonstrate and simulate the functions of the Main Board using this technology.
Figure 4) Universal Serial Bus communication circuit diagram[2]
Figure 5) Universal Serial Bus communication
The FTD323 unit identifies itself as a USB serial port and can thus be used as a
asynchronous serial port. The FTD323 component has many features that is advantages to
the entire system. The FTD323 unit is compatible with eeprom functionality, has power
saving capability, has an Integrated Level Converter on UART interface and control signals,
and an Integrated Power-On-Reset (POR) Circuit. [4]

2.2 Main Board Sub-System Description

2.2.1 LCD Screen
The LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) screen acts as the visual stimules of the user interface.
The Menu system is displayed on the LCD screen and used to operate the Main Board
functions. The LCD used is a Hitachi HD44780 dot-matrix controller and driver component.
[5] The LCD screen driven by a 4-bit or 8-bit microprocessor. This particular LCD screen
displays two 8 character lines. The HD44780 LCD has lower power consumption
compatibility of 2.7 5.5 V which is ideal for our product specifications.
Figure 6) LCD screen circuit Diagram
Figure 7) Hitachi HD44780 LCD screen
2.2.2 Infra-Red Receiver

The IR Receiver we used was the TSOP1136 component. The IR Receiver is used in
remote control applications. The IR Receiver is a photo detector and has pre-amplification
capability. The component has CMOS compatibility which is a prerequisite for our product.
The advantages of this component is that is has high immunity to ambient light disturbances,
low power consumption, and shielding against electric field disturbances. The component
functions at a frequency of 36kHz. [6]

Figure 8) TSOP 1136 IR Receiver
2.2.3 Eeprom
The Eeprom is an electrical erasable, programmable, memory device. The M24C64 eeprom
component was used to write and read saved data for the remote access codes and log
information for the remote and gate operation of our product. The component functioned at a
typical operating power of 5V. The life cycle of the component is more than a Million cycles
and have a lifespan of about 40 years. This component is therefore very reliable and robust.
[7]
Figure 9) Eeprom M24C64
2.2.4 DMOS FULL-BRIDGE MOTOR DRIVERS

The DRV8801 component was used to control the DC (Direct Current) motor for our gate by
implementing a PWM (pulse width modulation) signal. We were able to control the speed
and direction of the DC motor by using this device. We were able to measure the power the
motor was pulling with the DRV8801 component which was useful in detecting physical
obstructions when the gate was trying to open. The component was a low power
consumption unit and had short-to-ground protection. [8]

Figure 10) DRV8801 PWM Full-Bridge Motor Driver Circuit Diagram [8] & Illustration
2.2.5 MOC & TRIAC

The MOC3023M device used was a optically isolated triac driving component which
functions on the principle of infrared light emitting diode and light activated switch
technology. This technology is used to control resistive and inductive loads which are driven
by AC (Alternating Current) voltage supplies. In our design we used the MOC3023M
component and a thyristor semi-conductor to drive the courteous/safety lights when the gate
is opened at night time. [9]
Figure 11) MOC & Triac Safety Light Circuit Diagram

Figure 12) MOC & Triac Safety Light
2.2.6 Buzzer
The Buzzer is used as the alarm sounding device for the product we designed. The
Buzzer/Alarm was triggered when a remote, with wrong access codes, tried to access the
gate opening function 5 or more times. Or the Alarm sounded when the alarm key was
pressed on the IR remote. The operation frequency for the buzzer was 2kHz to achieve a
relatively easy to hear sound. The sound was distinguished as a sound that is annoying and
can be recognized as a alarming sound.
Figure 13) Buzzer Circuit Diagram & Illustration
2.2.7 Menu Keys

The Menu keys were installed near the LCD screen on the Main Board and functioned as
another user interface that is used to communicate with the menu operating system. The
menu was displayed on the LCD screen and controlled by the direction and select buttons of
the menu keys.

Figure 14) The Menu Keys
2.2.8 Optical Gate Sensor

The optical gate sensor was used to sense when the gate was in a closed or opened
positioned. There were narrow slots cut into the gates surface which were used as
indicators for the optical sensor to determine the state of the gate.
Figure 15) Optical Gate Sensor circuit diagram & Gate optical sensor system
2.2.9 Motor
A 12V DC (Direct Current) motor was used to drive the gate system. The motors had speed
variation, directional change capability. The motor was not capable of driving a life size gate,
but was ideal for simulation purposes for the prototype gate design.
2.2.10 Operational Amplifier & A/D Converter
The operational amplifier strengthened the signal transmitted by the DRV8801 unit. The
R8C/27 internal A/D converter used the strengthened operational amplifier signal from the
DRV8801 PWM unit to determine the current the motor was using during operation. This
current reading was used to determine when unusual fluctuations would occur indicating that
the gate has been obstructed by an external object like a car or person. This unusual
10

fluctuation in current triggered the gate motor to stop, thereof allowing the object to be
removed or prevent further damage to be caused to the object by the gate.
Figure 16) Operational Amplifier (MCP6244)
2.3 IR Remote Control

The IR remote control was the primary user interface used to control the security gate
system. The IR remote control could open, close, and stop the gate by pressing the gate
button. The remote could also trigger the Main Board alarm in a situation of panic. The
option of generating new access codes for the gate was included in the remote. Once new
codes were generated by the remote no further access was allowed by security gate system.
Only when the command was given on the Main Board to accept the new access codes of
remote, would the specific remote be granted access. The following systems are included in
the IR remote control.
Figure 17) Infrared Remote Control
2.3.1 MICROPROCESSOR
The microprocessor used for the IR remote control was the same as the Main Board
(R8C/27). It was easy to synchronise and integrate the functioning of the Main Board and the
11

IR remote control because they functioned on the same principles by using the same
microprocessors and programming language.
Figure 18) R8C/27 Microprocessor located on IR remote control
2.3.2 VOLTAGE REGULATOR

The power supply to the remote control was a 9V DC battery. A 5V DC voltage regulator was
used to downscale the power supplied to the microprocessor. The LM2931 voltage regulator
component used was for the remote control. The LM2931 component is ideal for power
standby and battery operated systems. The components has a reverse battery installation
protection capability. [10]
Figure 19) LM2931 Voltage Regulator
2.3.3 IR LED
The IR LED used was the TSAL5300 component. The device has high reliability, radiant
power, and radiant intensity. The TSAL5300 is ideal for remote control applications where
relative far away distance control can be achieved. The TSAL5300 transmitter component
communicated with the Main Board TSOP1136 component receiver effectively.
12

Figure 20) Infrared Light Emitting Diode
2.3.4 BUTTONS
The keys used for the IR remote control was the same as the buttons used on the Main
Board for the Menu control operating system. The keys were very rigid and seldom
experienced switch bounce. Switch 1 was used as for the gate opening and closing control.
Switch 3 was used for the alarm triggering control. To generate new access codes for the IR
remote control both switch 1 and switch 3 was pressed. Both switches had to be held in the
pressed in sate for 2 seconds before new codes were generated. The 2 second grace period
allowed the user to not accidently generates new access codes and therefore losing their
ability to grant access to the gate themselves. The new access codes had to be
synchronised at the Main Board system separately. This was designed as a safety
mechanism for the unwanted access of trespassers using the IR remote control.
Switch 3
Switch 1
Figure 21) Remote Control Switches (Buttons)
2.3.5 A/D CONVERTER

The internal A/D converter on the R8C/27 microprocessor was used to determine the battery
life of the IR remote control. The amount of voltage was calculated using the A/D converter
current sensing capability. We knew that full battery voltage meant that 9300mV was
supplied to the IR remote control. If the battery voltage decreased due to repetitive use of
the IR remote control the information would be sent via the IR signal to the Main Board for
logging purposes.
13

3. System Detail Design

The product required a detailed design in circuitry and software. The first detail design was
circuitry hardware planning and calculations. The second detail design was the software
development and initialisation of I/O (Input or Output) ports.
3.1 Hardware Calculations
A series of calculations were done to select resistors, capacitors, and electronic components
to achieve the response desired. Many electrical and electronic components were combined
to form a single sub-system. The following section will discuss the relevant calculations for
the sub-systems.
3.1.1 The MOC and Triac
Figure 22) TRIAC and MOC circuit (Blanckenberg,M, 2011:Lecture 6)
3.1.1.1 MOC
Refer to Appendix D, datasheet MOC3023M.
= 0.45V
Recommended operating
lies between max
= 5mA for
MOC3023M and absolute max
(Choose
( Acceptable for max
14

For typical V 1.15V

5 1,15 0,4
I
340
I 10.15mA (We want this)
We used (only available option)
5 1,5 0,45
I
390
I 7,8 ( Acceptable for max V & 5 )
3.1.1.2 Triac
Refer to Blanckenberg lecture 6 notes.
V 3v !worst case*, Trigger Current 30mA, Trigger voltage 1,5V2
12 30m2 R 6 V 1,57
12 3 1, 5 302 86
86 250 (Choose 86 240 )
We used 9: ;; due to availability
12 3 1,5
Trigger current
86
86 220
Trigger current = 34mA (Acceptable,
>30mA)
3.1.2 Light Sensor
Refer to BPI-3C1-05 datasheet.

5 R< I= V=>?@2 0
5 0,4
8<
0,25
8< 18,5 A
15

If the transistor is in the on state R8C input pin will read 0,4V which is a logical zero.
If I 10mA, V 1,18V (from forward current vs forward voltage)
Typical V 1,2V
5RB I V = 0
5RB I 1,2=0
RB
5 1,2
380
10m
CD EFG
CD HEFG
190 > (390)
We used 8< 18A

5 0,4
I 25,5
18A
(Acceptable)
We used 8B 390
5 1,2
I 9,7mA
390
(Acceptable)
16

3.1.3 A/D Converter (Main Board)
Refer to MCP6244 and DRV8801 datasheet. Also above figure was obtained using Blanckenberg,M
lecture 5 notes.
0,555V Measured2
5V ampliLication 0,555V
AmpliLication 9
7MNOMP 7Q R
7G
7G
7 5 ST 8UVWUV
(8UVWUV 2,22
82 X 81
7Q
81
12A X 1,5A
7Q
1,5A
7G 9 7Q ( R1=1,5 k & R2=12 k )
17

3.2 Design for IR Remote

IT
Figure 23) IR circuit (Blanckenberg, M, 2011: Lecture 3)
Choose
, R1 needs to be big so that virtually no current flows through it.
We want Q1 to be in saturation. The emitter-base voltage drop for Q1 at saturation at the worst
case is
according to the 2N4403 transistor datasheet in Table 1. Assuming only one
button is pressed and choosing
to ensure that there is enough current for the other
components.
Table 1) 2N4403 On Characteristics
18

Figure 24) Transistor Q1
Treating 81 as an open circuit and assuming only one button is pressed at a time (S1) and that Q2 is
the off-state (also an open circuit) one can make use of KVL (Kirchoffs Voltage Law). Using Figure
24 as reference:
7YZ[ 7\] UZ[ ^_<Y 82 0
For saturation the design equation for àV is:
àV 10
From transistor laws its given that ^b àV ^Y . Therefore
^_<Y
Sc
60

6
10
àV
With
7YZ[ 97
7\] UZ[ 0.95
^_<Y 6
82
7YZ[ 7\] UZ[

1.34A
^_<Y
Therefore choosing 82 1.2A (which is a standard resistor) is acceptable and will only increase
^_<Y to 6.958. Choosing 83 1.2A as well will only double ^_<Y to 13.916 when both
buttons are pressed simultaneously. This will result in Sc 139.16. Referring to the datasheet
of the 2N4403, the absolute maximum rating is 500, so the operating conditions are safe from
damaging the transistor.
19

is chosen the same size as
&
to have almost the same current as when a button is pressed.
Q2
A
Figure 25) Transistor Q2
The voltage before
is:
Assuming both buttons are not pressed and that the R8C (with
according to the electrical characteristics in Table 2. The worst case for

which is found to be 1.2V.
Table 2: Electrical Characteristics (R8C Manual)
20

) gives an output of
is found in Table 3
Table 3) 2N222A Saturation characteristics
Figure 26) Transistor Q2 with Thevenin voltage and resistance
21

Assume ^_Bb 6 for calculations. Therefore
^_BY
6
0.6
10
7f` in
Figure 26 could be found by the relation:
7f`
1
8687
g
h 7i
87 86 X 87
7f`
<
8f`7i
Nj
(1)
Choosing 87 1A and using KVL:
7f` ^_BY 8f` 7]\ UZ[ 0
(2)
Substituting (1) in (2)
1
8f`7i ^_BY 8f` 7]\ UZ[ 0
87
Substituting known values:
1
8f`32 0.628f` 1.2 0
1A
Solving for 8f`
8f`
1.2
500
3 0.6
Solving for 86 now that 8f` is known
86
86
878f`
87 8f`
1A20.5A2
1A 0.5A
86 1A
The chosen resistor 86 was 680. This choice was made by overestimating ^_BY and taking
7]\ UZ[ to be 0.6V (Table 3).
This however was not the design for the worst case as was done above.
22

Referring to Figure 26, 7\k UZ[ from Table 1 is 7\k UZ[ 0.47. Therefore the voltage on the collector
side of the transistor Q1 is 9-0.4=8.6V. The following circuit in Figure 27 is used in the calculation of
the resistor R9 for the LED. Vf is given in Table 4 for a typical current of 2mA, Vf=1.85V.
Table 4) LED Operating characteristics (LED datasheet)
Figure 27) LED circuit
Use KVL to determine R9
8.6 â 89 1.85 0
Choose â 2 (typ. Table 4)
89 3.375A
Choosing R9=3k9 (standard resistor)
â 1.73
To determine R10 and R11 a voltage divider such as in Figure 28 are used to get Vout=5V
23

Figure 28: Voltage Divider (adjusted figure Photoresistors, [S.a.])
7QW 8.67
Choosing 811 56A, and 810 is found by the formula in Figure 28.
810 40.32A
Choose 810 47A (standard resistor) to detect voltages higher than 8.6V (8.9V if Vbat=9300mV).
24

Figure 29) IR diode circuit
Table 5) IR diode characteristics (TSAL5300 datasheet)
^_Eb (IF) is chosen to be 20mA, so that the radiant intensity is little less that 10mW/sr (Figure 30)
which is more than what is required for the IR Receiver to see the transmitted data at a range of
2m.
Figure 30) Radiant Power (TSAL5300 datasheet)
Therefore ^_EY 2 (design hfe=10). Taking the R8c output (Figure 29) to be 3V and 7]\lmn 1.27
again like before for the 2N222A transistor, R12 can be calculated.
25

3 ^_EY 812 7]\lmn 0

3 22812 1.2 0
812 900
Choose 812 830 (standard resistor)
This will increase ^_EY to 2.16mA. Therefore new ^_Eb 102.162 21.6.
R13 is calculated by taking the KVL on the path that ^_Eb and the emitter current follows. The
IR-emitter forward voltage VF=1.6 (worst case) in Table 5 and 7k\lmn from Table 2: Electrical
Characteristics (R8C Manual)
for the 2N222A transistor is 7k\lmn 0.37
8.6 7o ^_Eb 813 7k\lmn 0

8.6 1.6 21.62813 0.3 0
813 296
Choose 813 330 (standard resistor)
26

4. Programs
4.1.1 Mainboard Pin Assignments

5 digital input pins for buttons

7 digital input/output pins for LCD
1 digital input pin for light sensor
2 pins for EEPROM (2 I2C ports)
2 output pins for Motor Controller (1 Pulsewidth modulator output and 1digital output pin
for direction)
1 digital output pin for buzzer
1 digital output pin for MOC3028
1 analogue input pin for A/D converter for motor current
1 digital input pin for Infrared Receiver
4.1.2 Infra-Red Pin Assignments
2 digital input pins for the 2 buttons

2 pins for EEPROM (2 I2C ports)
1 digital output pin for Infra-Red diode
27

4.2 Software Calculation Design of Mainboard

4.2.1 U0brg, UART0 serial port bit rate:
The design required the USB interface to operate at a BAUD rate of 38400 bits/second. The selected
clock speed is the internal clock speed of p< = 20MHz. Thus,
q0rst
p<
20y
1
1 31.552 20z
u^f 8vfw x 16
38400 x 16
4.2.2 U1brg, UART1 serial port bit rate:

To interpret the data from the infrared receiver, a normal serial protocol is used. The UART1 is set up
so that 7 cycles could be read for a frequency of 36,6 kHz.
36600
5228.7 { 5230rv|}
7
Therefore:
q1rst
p<
20y
1
1 238.006 ~~z
u^f 8vfw x 16
5230 x 16
4.2.3 Buzzer frequency

A square waveform of frequency of 2 kHz is required therefore the pF = 2.5MHz has been selected. To
calculate the primary period in this case is half of the period. Thus the primary and secondary
periods are equal thus p = m.
wsî}
2 X 12 X 12
p<
1/2000
2 X 12 X 12
20 x 106
Choose n=99
49
Thus n = 99, m = p =49. In the registers: n = TRPRE, m = TRBPR and p = TRBSC

4.2.4 PWM
Timer RC is set up so that it is in PWM mode, for controlling the motor. The specification is that the
frequency of the pwm signal must be between 35 and 45 kHz and the mark space ratio must be
adjustable in steps smaller than 2% between a nominal 0% and 100%.
28

The PWM period is given in Figure 31 by:
1
x X 12
p
Choosing the period T=24us which corresponds to a frequency of 41.66kHz and selecting p pB
10y`,now substituting the known values in the formula to get m:
24
1
x X 12
10 x 106
m=239
Therefore the value of 0xEF (239 in hex) is applied to register TRCGRA.
Figure 31) PWM waveform
The value of n could then be determined by:

n=(pulsewidth*m-100)/(100+pulsewidth)
where pulsewidth is the mark space ratio (in percentage).

The value of n is then stored in register TRCGRB
29

4.3 Software Calculation Design of IR Remote

4.3.1 Infrared 36kHz waveform
A 36kHz waveform is required for the infrared diode, so that the infrared receiver could register the
transmitted data. From the R8C Hardware Manual (2007:166) the period, primary period and
secondary period is given. Setting m=p, the period is:
2 X 12 X 12
p<
1
2 X 12 X 12

36A
20 x 106
Choosing n = 68
From the above equation m could be found as
3.03
Therefore
{3
Register values should be

TRBPRE=68
TRBPR=3
TRBSC=3
4.3.2 Automatic Power On/Off

For Infrared remote to power off automatically after a button was pressed, a timer is initiated, timer
RA. This timer is set up for 5230 baud.
p<
rv|} svfw
X 12 X 12
Choosing n=61
20 x 106
5230
61 X 12 X 12
60.67 { 61
30

4.4 Software Design of Mainboard
4.4.1 Initialization in main()

oscillator_initialise(); //Initializes the high speed on chip oscillator
timer_re_initialise(); //Initializes the real time clock
timer_b_initialise(); //Initializes a square waveform of 2kHz for the use of the buzzer
timer_a_initialise (); //Initializes timer a for the use of the accelerating the gate
ports_initialise(); //Initializes all of the needed input/output ports
serialport_0_initialise(); //Initializes UART0 for communicating to PC via USB
serialport_1_initialise(); //Initializes UART1 for receiving data from infrared remote
lcd_initialise(); //Initializes the lcd
i2c_initialise(); //Initializes the i2c port for eeprom
timer_c_pwm(); //Initializes timer c for the use of pulsewidth modulation for the motor
4.4.2 Initialized in ports_initialise()

port_3_initialise() //Initializes port p1_3 for the use of the LED
more_ports_initialise() //Function to initialise all the rest of the ports needed
ad_conv_initialise() //Initializes the A/D converter
4.4.3 Serial port

void serialport_0_byte_send (char byte); //Sends one byte to PC via USB by using UART0
void send_string(char array_str[]); //Sends a string to PC via USB by using UART0
4.4.4 LCD
void lcd_instruction_nibble_write(char nibble_in); //Function is used in initializing the LCD, 4 output
ports are controlled by the parameter.
void ms_5_delay(void); //5 ms delay, also used when initializing the LCD.
void lcd_not_busy_wait(void); // waits until the LCD busy flag resets
void lcd_instruction_write (char instruction); // writes an instruction to the LCD
31

void lcd_character_write (char character); // writes a charcter to the LCD and increments the cursor
position
void lcd_left_scroll (void); //scrolls the characters on the LCD one position to the left
void lcd_right_scroll(void); //scrolls the characters on the LCD one position to the right
void lcd_scrn_clear (void); //Clears the screen of the LCD and resets the cursor position to 0
void lcd_write_string(char data_str[]);//Function to write whole strings to lcd
void lcd_log_write_char(char character);//Function for writing characters to lcd with the use of an
external variable
void lcd_log_write_string(char data_str[]);//Function for writing whole strings to lcd with the use of
an external variable
4.4.5 EEPROM
void nackORcomplete(void); //Includes a 6 instructions that has to happen in eeprom_write and
eeprom_read.
char eeprom_write(char eeprom_address,unsigned int data_adress, char data); //Writes one byte
(data) to a specific address (data_adress) in the eeprom.
char eeprom_read(char eeprom_address,unsigned int data_adress, char *data); //Reads one byte
(*data) from a specific address (data_adress) in the eeprom.
void eeprom_read_all(void);//Reads all the eeprom addresses that are used and sends the data to
the PC.
void eeprom_erase_all(void);//Erase all the eeprom addresses that are used (by writing FFH to all of
them).
char eeprom_determine_empty(char log_address);//Determines if a certain address is empty
4.4.6 PWM
void pwm_generate(char direction, unsigned int pulsewidth); //Calculates the number that should
be written in the trcgrb register and writes it to the trcgrb register. The parameter pulsewidth, is the
mark space ratio and direction is either 1 for forward or 0 for reverse.
4.4.7 Triac
void triac_on(void);//Triac is activated by setting a pin to 0
void triac_off(void); //Triac is deactivated by setting a pin to 1
char night_time(int evening_time[],int morning_time[]); //Function to determine if the real time falls
between the evening time and the morning time.
32

4.4.8 Light sensor

char lightsensor_state(void); //Function that determines if the lightsensor is interrupted
4.4.9 Real Time Clock

void setTime (int hour, int min, int sec);//Function to set the real time clock
int* getTime (void);//Reads the relevant registers for determining the current real time
void Time_display(void);//Function used to write the time to LCD
char* get_mor_eve_time(void);// Fetch morning and evening times saved on the eeprom
void write_mor_eve_time(int time_array[], char mor_eve);// save the morning and evening time
information to the eeprom
4.4.10 Infrared functions

char msb_check(char ir_first_byte); //check for the most significant bit of ir_first_byte, returns 0 if
the MSB is 0.
char controller_check(char ir_first_byte); //Function to determine the controller number
char alarm_check(char ir_first_byte); //Determines if alarm button is pressed on IR-remote.
Alarm_check will return with zero if alarm is activated
char battery_voltage(char ir_first_byte);//Converts the 5 bits determined by the AD converter on the
IR-remote to a numerical value.
void write_remote_cntrl_eeprom (char remote_byte1, char codes[]); // writes access codes for
remote to allocated space in eeprom
char* read_remote_cntrl_eeprom (char remote_byte1);// reads remote access codes for the
corrosponding eeprom remote location
4.4.11 Menu
void menu_initialise(void);//Initializes the menu. This is a very big function and calls quite a few
functions as well.
void main_menu(char main_menu_sel);//Case statements are used to determine what is to be
displayed on the LCD.
void reset_alarm(void);//Resets the alarm and exit the menu
33

char enter(void);//Function to determine if the enter button is pressed (returns 1 if pressed)

char down(void); //Function to determine if the down button is pressed (returns 1 if pressed)
char up(void); //Function to determine if the up button is pressed (returns 1 if pressed)
char left(void); //Function to determine if the left button is pressed (returns 1 if pressed)
char right(void); //Function to determine if the right button is pressed (returns 1 if pressed)
void dummy_time_display(int time_array[]); //Displays the time on the LCD for the user to edit from
the menu.
4.4.12 Display Log

char current_log_address(void); //current_log_address will return an int in the range of 0 to 9 (for
the 10 logs). This is the number of the last recorded log
void write_log(char log_write_address, char ir_byte1,char invalid);
to certain addresses in the eeprom
//Function to write the log
void read_log_lcd(char log_read_address);

//Function to read the log to certain addresses in
the eeprom and display one log at a time on the LCD
void log_time_display(int time_array[]); //Similar to Time_display(), only implements an external
variable so that a whole log could be written on the LCD.
void serial_time_display(char time_array[]);//Similar to Time_display(), only instead the output is
send via the serial port to PC.
void read_log_serial(char log_read_address); //Function to read the log to certain addresses in the
eeprom and sends all the last logs via the serial port to PC to be displayed on hyperterminal.
4.4.13 Motor Current

char motor_current(void); // determine the current the motor is using by reading the A/D converter
register and converting the byte to a numerical value.
void serial_port_motor_current(char current); //converts numerical motor current value to ascii and
send the value via serial port to the PC.
34

4.5 Software Design of Infrared Remote
4.5.1 Initialization in main()

oscillator_initialise(); //Initializes the high speed on chip oscillator
timer_b_initialise(); //Initializes a square waveform of 2kHz for the use of the buzzer
timer_a_initialise (); //Initializes timer a for the use of the accelerating the gate
ports_initialise(); //Initializes all of the needed input/output ports
i2c_initialise(); //Initializes the i2c port for eeprom
4.5.2 Initialized in ports_initialise()

void port_0_initialise (void); //Initialize port p0_3 that is used for the automatic power on/off circuit
void port_3_initialise (void); //Initializes port p1_3
void ad_conv_initialise (void); //Initializes the A/D converter pin
4.5.3 Serial port

void byte_send (char byte);//Infrared function that transmits one byte
void send_bit(int bit); //Function to check the bit and activates the 36kHz signal or deactivates it
void Button_Pressed (char Bat_Alarm, char code1, char code2, char Checksum);//Transmit 4 bytes
needed to control the gate or activate the alarm.
ms_5_delay(); //5 ms delay used in between transmitting bytes via infrared
35

4.6 System Flow Diagram
36

4.7 Interrupt Flow Diagram for Mainboard

Each of the following 4 processes in the figure below causes an interrupt. What the
processes does follows
ws in the figures thereafter.
Uart0_receive
Uart1_receive
Timer RE
Timer Ra
Interrupt
Timer RE
sec++
Time display on LCD

each second if not in
menu
Triac 10 second on
timer if gate is opened
at a certain time
interval
37

Controller number
display on LCD if
remote is used
Uart0_receive
command=u0rb
If @
If !
Normal mode
Test mode
Doesn't accept any

commands except
for '!'
Accept certain
commands, to test
certain function
38

Uart1_receive
ir_command=u1rb
store ir_command in a
buffer array
ir_receive_index++
Check if first element

of array's MSB=0
If it's not, reset

ir_receive_index to 0
If it is
Check if 4 bytes are

received
If it's not, wait for next

byte
If it is
Check if checksum
equals that of the
checksum from IRRemote
If it is, ir_flag=1, to
execute ir commands
in main
If it's not, reset

ir_receive_index=0
39

Timer RA
Control the gate speed, by

incrementing a variable
gate_speed at a certain
time when interrupt occurs
40

4.8 Interrupt Flow Diagram for IR Remote
The only interrupt on the remote is Timer RA.
Timer
Ra
Interrupt
Timer RA
ra_flag++ (used for

determining the
power on time)
Check if the two

buttons are held in
for 2 seconds
41

5. Measurements and Results
Both of the designed boards were identical in terms of resistance values and other components.
Therefore the measurement didnt deviate from one another on a noticeable level. The inclusion of
one set of measurements is submitted in the report to avoid redundancy. Although both
measurements were done, the data could not be captured by the oscilloscope due to storage issues
(did not have a small enough flash drive) on the day of obtaining the results of the one board. The
measurements that follow were taken on the 13th of May where a small enough flash drive was
borrowed. On that day only one board was present.
5.1 Supply Voltage
The Supply voltage to the Main Board is 12V DC(Direct Current). The 12V DC supply is
downscaled by the 5V voltage regulator to the microprocessor and rest of the board
components.
5.2 Buzzer
The buzzer was designed to function at a frequency of 2kHz. The figure below shows the
output response for the buzzer signal waveform, which is slightly more than 2kHz.
42

5.3 Pulse Width Modulation
The pulse width modulation signal was designed to function at a frequency of 41.6kHz. The
figure below demonstrates the output response of a fully generated output signal to the
motor controller and the figure that follows, shows the signal that goes from the mot
controller to the DC motor.
43

5.4 The IR remote control Signal output
The remote control generates a sequence of 4 bytes as the output signal which was sent to
the IR receiver located on the Main Board. The figure below demonstrates what the first byte
appeared like for the specific remote control and battery voltage. The IR receiver inverts and
decodes the the IR transmitted signal from the remote control. Therefore the IR receiver
signal will be the inverse of the figure below.
The figure below demonstrates the inversed signal at the IR receiver side located on the
Main Board.
44

6. Conclusion
The objectives of the project were achieved. The Remote control operated Security Gate
System was a fully operational prototype model which demonstrated the full functionality of
the user requirements.
The Main Board operated in a manner that was user friendly with the addition of an onboard
menu controlled system. The Menu system user interface allowed the user to experience a
two directional communication channel. The user could input information via the menu keys
and at the same time receives feedback via the LCD screen. This gave the user the feeling
of sophisticated interaction between machine and human.
The additional USB communication channel was well structured and easy to use for testing
and debugging purposes. This feature allowed the user to connect and control the Main
Board via a computer. All of the functionality customer requirements were achieved in this
section.
The Infrared Remote Control user interface acquired a feeling of quick response times and
good communication to the Main Board. The random code generation function was
successful and the switches sent the correct information.
The Motor Gate driven simulation system was however flimsy and was difficult to operate.
This part of the product was however not part of our division of design. It was learnt that
calibration and integration of external designs are time consuming and difficult to achieve. It
was important to attain the necessary information about external divisional designs that are
co-dependent on our design. Our light sensor calibration response was not ideally setup. A
few minor tweaks would have ensured proper functionality. For the demonstration purposes
the light sensor worked fine.
The overall outcome of the project was very successful and educational.
45

7. References
[1]
R8C/26 Group, R8C/27 Group, Hardware Manual, Rev.1.30, Revision Date: Jun 01,
2007, www.renesas.com
[2]
Design(E) 414 Lecture notes, Dr. M Blanckenberg, 2011.
[3]
LM7805 3-Terminal 1A Positive Voltage Regulator, 2001 Fairchild Semiconductor

Corporation, Rev. 1.0.1.
[4]
FT232BL USB UART ( USB - Serial) I.C., DS232BL Version 1.8, Future Technology
Devices Intl. Ltd. 2005
[5]
Hitachis HD44780 dot-Matrix LCD driver and Controller.
[6]
IR Receiver Modules for Remote Control Systems, Vishay Semi-conductors,

Document Number 82006, Rev. 12, 23-Jun-03.
[7]
128 Kbit, 64 Kbit and 32 Kbit serial IC bus EEPROM, December 2007, Rev 12.
[8]
DMOS FULL-BRIDGE MOTOR DRIVERS, DRV8801, SLVS855E JULY 2008

REVISED OCTOBER 2010, Texas Instruments.
[9]
6-PIN DIP RANDOM-PHASE OPTOISOLATORS TRIAC DRIVER OUTPUT (250/400

VOLT PEAK), 2003 Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation
[10]
LM2931 Series Low Dropout Regulators, 2006 National Semiconductor Corporation.
[11]
Photoresistors, [S.a.]. [Online]. Available:

http://web.mit.edu/rec/www/workshop/photoresistors.html [2011,May 14]
46

Appendix A

USER MANUAL
THE MENU
UP
ENTER
LEFT
RIGHT
DOWN
Figure 1) The user interface (LCD screen & Main board control keys)
Normal mode:
Time display (Hours: Minutes: Seconds)
To enter the menu press the ENTER button on the user interface while in normal mode.
Example:
( Hours : Minutes : Seconds)
Menu Mode:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
Reset Alarm/Err
Time Settings
Open Close gate
Accept Codes
Display Log
Exit Menu
To exit the menu scroll down the menu options, and press the ENTER button on the
option.

THE MENU
MENU
FUNCTION
CONTROL
1) Reset
Alarm/Err
Reset the buzzer after alarm has sounded.

Alarm is triggered by the remote alarm button
or invalid codes received from the remote.
1) ENTER (Alarm reset, returns to

Normal mode)
2) Time Settings
Time Settings Sub-Menus:

2.1) Set Time
2.2) Set Evening
2.3) Set Morning
2.4) Back to Menu
2.1) Set Time
Set the clock. Set hours, minutes and seconds

of clock.
2.2) Set Evening
Used to control courteous gate light (triaclamp) on time. Controls when the lamp must
be switched on when the gate is opened via the
remote or the main board. The Evening time is
stored in the eeprom.
2.3) Set Morning
Used to control courteous gate light (triaclamp) off time. Controls when the lamp must
be switched off when the gate is opened via
the remote or the main board. The Morning
time is stored in the eeprom.
2.4) Back to Menu
Returns to the Main Menu
1) ENTER (enter time settings SubMenu)

2) UP/DOWN (scroll through time
settings Sub-Menu options)
3) ENTER (select Sub-Menu time
settings option, follow
sections 2.1 - 2.4)
1) UP/DOWN (Hours set)
2) RIGHT/LEFT
(Minutes/Seconds/Hours select)
3) UP/DOWN (Minutes/Seconds/
Hours set)
4) Repeat steps 3-4 until finished
5) ENTER ( New time set, & Exits to
Normal mode)
2) RIGHT/LEFT (Hours/Minutes
select)
3) UP/DOWN (Hours/Minutes set)
4) Repeat Steps 2-3 until finished
5) ENTER (Evening time set, and exit
to Normal Mode)
2) RIGHT/LEFT (Hours/Minutes
select)
3) UP/DOWN (Hours/Minutes set)
4) Repeat Steps 2-3 until finished
ENTER (Evening time set, and exit
to Normal Mode)
1) ENTER (Returns to Main Menu)
3) Open Close
Gate
Controls the opening and closing of the gate.

The state of the gate will change depending on
whether the gate is open or is close.
1) ENTER (Opens/Close Gate & Exits

to Normal Mode)
4) Accept Codes
Main board receives new access codes from the

remote controller. Used to synchronise new
access codes of the Remote with the Main
board. The new remote codes are saved on the
main board.
1) ENTER ( Saves the latest remote

control access code to main
board authorisation eeprom
data)
5) Display Log
The remote log data is displayed on the LCD

screen. The 10 most recent logs are displayed.
1) ENTER (Log displayed)

2) RIGHT/LEFT (scroll through
current log information)
3) UP/DOWN (scroll through logs 0
to 10)
4) ENTER (Exit to Normal Mode)
Example:
6) Exit Menu
To exit the Menu and return to Normal Mode.
1) ENTER (Exit to Normal Mode)

USB COMMANDS
CODE
@
!
#
$
%
^
&
*
(
+
-
ACTION
Normal Mode.
Test Mode. The commands below are valid during the test mode
Open/Close/Stop the gate
Transmit motor current to PC (e.g. 100 mA)
Alarm on
Alarm off
Triac on (courteous light on)
Triac off (courteous light off)
Transmit log information to PC
Erase all logs
Display allocated saved eeprom data
REMOTE COMMANDS
COMMAND
ACTION
Switch 1 (S1)
Switch 3 (S3)
Switch 1 & Switch 3
Open/Close Gate
Trigger Alarm
Generate new access code for remote
(Press Switch 1 & Switch 3 simultaneously for 2 seconds)
Reset
R8C/27
S3
S1
IR-Diode
Infra-Red Remote Signal
Figure 2) Remote control user interface

Appendix B

Technical Specifications
Power Supply:
Input voltage:
Min Current:
Max Current:
Max Power consumption:
Triac Current
12V (typical)
0.5A (Idle state)
0.7A (motor activated)
11W
1.8A
Computer Communication:
Universal Serial Bus
Bit Rate: 38400 baud
Clock Frequencies:
Chip internal clock:
Buzzer Frequency:
PWM
20MHz max
2.2kHz
41.66kHz
IR Remote Control
Communication distance
2.8m

Appendix C

Mainboard
Main.c
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
"sfr_r827.h"
"oscillator_timers.h"
"ports.h"
"lcd.h"
"serial_port.h"
"i2c.h"
"eeprom.h"
"PWM.h"
"rtclock.h"
"menu.h"
"triac.h"
"lightsensor.h"
"display_log.h"
"motor_current.h"
"ir_funcs.h"
//special function registers
extern volatile char sec;

//globale veranderlike in 'n ander
ler verklaar / global variable declared in another file
//note: "volatile" as it can be
changed as a result of an interrupt
volatile char gate_control = 0;
// acceleration of gate motor initialy
zero
volatile char open_close = 0;
//Initially closed
char gate_location = 1;
//The first gap in gate (Starting
position)
char current;
// motor A/D
converter current variable
extern volatile char ir_flag;
extern volatile char ir_command_buffer[4]; // receive buffer for remote signal,
Bat/Alarm, code1, code2, checksum
char correct_code_flag = 0;
char wrong_code_counter = 0;
//Variables for accepting new codes
char new_codes[2]; // new code generation array variable
char remote_byte_one;
main()
{
int i;
int k;
//Initializes all of the written functions

oscillator_initialise();
timer_re_initialise();
timer_b_initialise();
timer_a_initialise ();
ports_initialise();

serialport_0_initialise();
serialport_1_initialise();
lcd_initialise();
i2c_initialise();
timer_c_pwm();
//initial time allocation 14:00:00
setTime (14,00,00);
(hours:minutes:seconds)
log_index = current_log_address(); //Retrieve the next address for writing the log
from the eeprom
for(i=0;i<=2;i++) //Get saved morning and evening time from eeprom
{
mor_time_arr[i] = (get_mor_eve_time())[i]; // morning time saved in eeprom
eve_time_arr[i] = (get_mor_eve_time())[i+3]; // evening time saved in
eeprom
}
//WHERE EVERYTHING IS DONE
while (1)
{
//LED FLASH
//%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
if (sec%2 == 0)
//Flits die LED een keer per
sekonde. Flashes the LED once per sec
{
p1_3 = 0;
}
else
{
p1_3 = 1;
}
//%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
/******************************************************************************/
/*
MENU
*/
/******************************************************************************/
menu_initialise();
/******************************************************************************/
/*
Open/Close Gate
*/
/******************************************************************************/
if (gate_flag == 1)
{
//Gate Control
//*****************************************************************************
if (gate_control == 0) //If gate is in stop position

{
//Acceleration control
gate_control = 1; //Accelarates from zero to full speed (This
activates the speed ramp)
//Direction control
if (open_close == 0)
{
open_close = 1;
//Sets the direction into the
opposite direction as initially stated
}
else if (open_close == 1) // the direction changes once more,
everytime the function gets called
{
open_close = 0;
}
}
if (gate_speed != 0 && gate_control == 1) // Stops when given a
command if the gate is still moving
{
gate_control = 0; //Stop Accelerating
gate_speed = 0;
}
//*******************************************************************************
//Triac Automatic On/Off

//*******************************************************************************
if(night_time(eve_time_arr,mor_time_arr)==1) // checks if the
current time is night time, returns 1 if night time
{
triac_auto_on_off_flag = 1; //switch curteous lights on if the
above function returns a 1 for night time
}
//*******************************************************************************
gate_flag = 0;
} //end if (gate_flag == 1)
pwm_generate(open_close,gate_speed*10); // function to used to read
direction of motor rotation, and speed of motor
//********************************************************************************
//End of Open/Close Gate
/****************************************************************************/
/*
Light sensor
/****************************************************************************/
*/
if (lightsensor_state() == 1) //Checks the state of the light sensor

{

if(open_close == 1 && gate_control == 1)//Check to see if gate is

opening and moving
{
gate_location++;
if(gate_location == 10) //End of gate
{
//Stop the control of gate
gate_control = 0;
gate_speed = 0;
//Stops the gate
} //end if (gate_location == 10)
}//end if (open_close == 1)
if (open_close == 0 && gate_control == 1) // check see if gate is
moving in opposite direction and open
{
gate_location--;
if(gate_location == 1) //End of gate
{
gate_speed = 0;
//Stops the gate
gate_control = 0;
//Stop the control of gate
} //end if (gate_location == 1)
}//end if (open_close == 0)
}
//End of Light Sensor

/****************************************************************************/
/*
IR REMOTE
/****************************************************************************/
*/
if (ir_flag==1) //True if first byte's MSB = 0 , correct 4 bytes are

received and correct checksum is received
{
for (i=0;i<=1;i++)
{
if (ir_command_buffer[i+1] ==
(read_remote_cntrl_eeprom(ir_command_buffer[0]))[i]) // check if the remote control codes
correspond to the saved codes on the eeprom on the main-board for the specific remote
control
{
correct_code_flag = 1; // if codes check out, then
access granted
}
else
{
correct_code_flag = 0; //access not granted
break;
}
} //end for
if (alarm_check(ir_command_buffer[0]) != 0 && correct_code_flag ==
1) //Alarm not activated, Usual open/close gate command
{
gate_flag = 1;

//Writing to log
write_log(log_index,ir_command_buffer[0],0); //2nd parameter
of function is if the code was valid (0, if valid code)
log_index++;
if (log_index >9) //if log_index==9, set back to 0
{
log_index = 0;
}
} //end of if (bat_voltage_check != 0)
else if (alarm_check(ir_command_buffer[0]) == 0 && correct_code_flag
== 1) //Alarm activated
{
buzzeron(); // sound alarm
} //end of if (bat_voltage_check == 0)
else if (correct_code_flag == 0) //Not correct code
{
//Writing to log
write_log(log_index,ir_command_buffer[0],1); //2nd parameter
is if the code was valid (1, if invalid code)
log_index++;
if (log_index >9) //if log_index==9, set back to 0
{
log_index = 0;
}
//Saving codes just received to external variable
for (i=0;i<=1;i++)
{
new_codes[i] = ir_command_buffer[i+1]; //store remote
codes in new variable that is to be used in menu.c to accept new codes.
}
remote_byte_one = ir_command_buffer[0];
if(wrong_code_counter++ >=4) // if the codes of the remote
don't check out 5 times then sound alarm
{
buzzeron(); // sound alarm
wrong_code_counter = 0; // reset counter for wrong
codes
}// end if (wrong_code_counter++ >=5)
}// end else if
ir_flag = 0; //Sets flag to zero again.
} //end if (ir_flag==1)
//End of IR REMOTE
/****************************************************************************/
/*
SERIAL COMMANDS
/****************************************************************************/
if (command_flag==1)
{

*/
command_flag=0;
switch (command)
{
case '#':
gate_flag = 1; // open/close the gate, refer to
break; //end of case '#'
case '$':
current = motor_current(); // read the current drawn by
the motor
serial_port_motor_current(current); // send the current
drawn by the motor via serial communication
break;
//EEPROM ERASE
//%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
case '+':
eeprom_erase_all(); // erase all the stored information
on the eeprom , logs, remote codes etc.
while (eeprom_write(0xA0,40,0)==0); //Writes 0 to
address 40 of eeprom
log_index = 0;
break;
//%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
case '-':
eeprom_read_all(); //Read first 57 addresses of eeprom
break;
case '(':
//Send Log to PC via USB in chronological order,
from newest first to oldest last
//The current read address is
k = log_index-1;
log_index(the next write address) - 1
//Set i = k
i = k;
for (k;k>=0;k--)
//Send logs to usb from newest to
oldest
{
read_log_serial(k);//log read function for
sending it to pc
}
if (k<=0) //if k<=0 set k = 9 and check if eeprom
address is not empty and send to PC
{
k = 9;
while(k>i && eeprom_determine_empty(k)==0)
//while not empty
{
read_log_serial(k);
k--;
}
}

break;
//BUZZER COMMANDS
//%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
case '%':
buzzeron();
//switch buzzer on
break;
case '^':
buzzeroff(); //switch buzzer off
break;
//%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
//TRIAC COMMANDS
//%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
case '&':
triac_on(); //Triac on
break;
case '*':
triac_off(); //Triac off
break;
//%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
} //End of switch
} //End of command_flag if
//End of SERIAL COMMANDS
}
}

Display_log.c
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
"eeprom.h"
"lcd.h"
"menu.h"
"display_log.h"
"ir_funcs.h"
"rtclock.h"
"serial_port.h"
volatile int lcd_address_counter = 0;
char current_log_address(void)
//current_log_address will return an int in the range
of 0 to 9 (for the 10 logs). This is the number of the last recorded log
{
char eeprom_data;
char *eeprom_data_ptr = &eeprom_data;
char address;
while (eeprom_read(0xA0,40,eeprom_data_ptr)==0); //Last written address is stored
in address 40
address = eeprom_data;
return address;
//address
which is a char
}
void write_log(char log_write_address, char ir_byte1,char invalid) //log_write_address is

the next address to be written on
{
int eeprom_address = log_write_address * 4; //This is the address range to be
written to
int time_integer[3];
char controller_nr;
char write_four_bytes[4];
int i;
//Write the next addresses to write to, to a specific address in the eeprom
if ((log_write_address+1)>9)
{
while (eeprom_write(0xA0,40,0)==0);
}
else
{
while (eeprom_write(0xA0,40,(log_write_address+1))==0); //Write the address
(From 0 to 9) to address 40 in eeprom so that if board loses power, function
current_log_address() could recover the last written to address
}
for (i=0;i<=2;i++)
{
time_integer[i] = (getTime ())[i];
//receive time from timer RE register (must be int)

}
for (i=0;i<=2;i++)
{
write_four_bytes[i] = (char)time_integer[i];
int to char
}
//Converting
if (invalid==1)
{
write_four_bytes[3] = 0xFF;
//Indicates invalid code
}
else
{
write_four_bytes[3] = ir_byte1;
//Stores the first byte received from remote, that indicates battery voltage and
controller number to the 4th element of array
}
for (i=0;i<=3;i++)
//Write all four elements of array to specific addresses in
eeprom
{
while (eeprom_write(0xA0,eeprom_address,write_four_bytes[i])==0);
eeprom_address++;
}
}
void read_log_lcd(char log_read_address)
{
char eeprom_data;
int eeprom_address = log_read_address*4; //Address of log
int log_array[4]; //array for temporary storing eeprom data
char time_byte[3];
int time_integer[3];
int lcd_address_counter = 0;
//Sets the global variable to 0 everytime
function is called
int i;
char control_number;
char voltage;
char volt_ascii[2];
lcd_scrn_clear(); //Clear the screen and sets DDRAM address of LCD to zero
for (i=0;i<=3;i++)
{
while (eeprom_read(0xA0,eeprom_address,eeprom_data_ptr)==0);
log_array[i] = eeprom_data; //Reads the data in eeprom and store it in
array
eeprom_address++;
}
for (i=0;i<=2;i++)
{
time_byte[i] = log_array[i]; //Time array
}

for (i=0;i<=2;i++)
{
time_integer[i] = time_byte[i]; //Converts char to integer to display on
lcd
}
lcd_log_write_string("Time=");
log_time_display(time_integer);
lcd_log_write_string(" Controller=");
//Displays a string Time =

//Displays the time
//Displays a string Controller=
if (log_array[3] == 0xFF)
{
lcd_log_write_string(" invalid"); //Writes invalid as controller 5 invalid
codes with valid checksums received
}
else //Code for dispaying controller number and battery voltage
{
control_number = (controller_check(log_array[3])+'0'); //Check the last 2
bits of the 1st byte received from the infrared controller to determine the controller
number
lcd_log_write_char(control_number);
voltage = battery_voltage(log_array[3]);
volt_ascii[0] = (voltage/10) + '0';
//converting decimal to ascii (first digit)
//converting decimal
volt_ascii[1] = voltage-(voltage/10)*10 + '0';
to ascii (second digit)
lcd_log_write_string(" Volt=");
for (i=0;i<=1;i++)
{
lcd_log_write_char(volt_ascii[i]);
voltage characters to lcd
}
//write two
lcd_log_write_string("00 mV");
//writes 00mV after previously written characters
} //end else
//example: Time = 09:30:50 Controller = 1 Battery voltage = 8700 mV
}
void read_log_serial(char log_read_address)
{
char eeprom_data;
int eeprom_address = log_read_address*4; //Address of previous log
int log_array[4]; //array for temporary storing eeprom data
char time_byte[3];
int lcd_address_counter = 0;
//Sets the global variable to 0 everytime
function is called
int i;
char control_number;
char voltage;
char volt_ascii[2];
for (i=0;i<=3;i++)
{

log_array[i] = eeprom_data; //Reads the 4 byte data stored in the eeprom at

the specific address eeprom_address
eeprom_address++;
}
for (i=0;i<=2;i++)
{
time_byte[i] = log_array[i]; //Time array
}
send_string(" Time = ");

//Displays a string Time =
serial_time_display(time_byte); //Displays the time
send_string(" Controller= ");
//Displays a string Controller=
if (log_array[3] == 0xFF)
{
send_string("invalid"); //Writes invalid when controller with invalid codes
with valid checksums received
}
else //Code for dispaying controller number and battery voltage
{
control_number = (controller_check(log_array[3])+'0'); //Check the last 2
bits of the 1st byte received from the infrared controller to determine the controller
number (+'0' is 30H)
serialport_0_byte_send(control_number);
//sends ascii value of the controller number to PC
voltage = battery_voltage(log_array[3]);
//receives
battery voltage, refer to battery_voltage function in ir_funcs.c
volt_ascii[0] = (voltage/10) + '0';
//converting decimal to ascii (first digit)
volt_ascii[1] = voltage-(voltage/10)*10 + '0';
//converting
decimal to ascii (second digit)
send_string(" Battery Voltage = ");
//Sends string
for (i=0;i<=1;i++)
{
serialport_0_byte_send(volt_ascii[i]);
//Sends the two characters to PC in ASCII
}
send_string("00mV");
} //end else
}
void log_time_display(int time_array[])

//Similar to time_display function in
rtclock.c, refer for more comments if neccessary
{
int a=0; //counter for clock read
int time;
for (a = 0; a < 3; a++)
{
time = time_array[a]; //receive time forom timer RE register
//integer to character conversion
//write individual characters to lcd

if (time <10)
//check if integer is less than 10
{
//write zero before character
lcd_log_write_char('0');
lcd_log_write_char(time +'0'); //write actual character
}
else
{
if (time < 20 & time > 9)
//check if integer lies in 10's
range
{
//integer split into
time = time-10;
two characters statement, eg. '15' becomes '5' only
//write 10's range character
first, eg. '1'
lcd_log_write_char(time+'0'); //write second character, eg.
'5'
//the above two lcd write functions combined gives you for
example: '1'+'5' = "15".
}
if (time < 30 & time > 19)
{
time = time-20;
lcd_log_write_char(time+'0');
}
if (time < 40 & time > 29)
{
time = time-30;
}
if (time < 50 & time > 39)
{
time = time-40;
}
if (time < 60 & time > 49)
{
time = time-50;
}
if (time == 60)
{
time = time-60;
}
} // end else
if (a==0 || a==1)
{

lcd_log_write_char(':');
//writes a colon between hours,minutes
,and seconds
}
}
}
void serial_time_display(char time_array[])

{
char a=0; //counter for clock read
char time;
for (a = 0; a < 3; a++)
{
time = time_array[a]; //receive time forom timer RE register
if (time <10)
{
serialport_0_byte_send('0');
//write zero before
character
serialport_0_byte_send(time +'0'); //write actual character
}
else
{
range
{
time = time-10;
//write 10's range
character first, eg. '1'
serialport_0_byte_send(time+'0'); //write second character,
eg. '5'
}
if (time < 30 & time > 19)
{
time = time-20;
serialport_0_byte_send(time+'0');
}
if (time < 40 & time > 29)
{
time = time-30;
}
if (time < 50 & time > 39)
{
time = time-40;

}
if (time < 60 & time > 49)
{
time = time-50;
}
if (time == 60)
{
time = time-60;
}
}
if (a==0 || a==1)
{
serialport_0_byte_send(':');
hours,minutes ,and seconds
}
}
//writes a colon between

Eeprom.c
#include
#include
#include
#include
"sfr_r827.h"
"i2c.h"
"lcd.h"
"serial_port.h"
char dummy;
void nackORcomplete(void);
void nackORcomplete(void)
{
//Step 11
tend_icsr = 0; //transmit end, set to zero, in i2c bus status register
//Step 12
stop_icsr = 0; //stop condition detection flag, set to zero, in in i2c bus status
register
//Step 13
iccr2 = (iccr2&0x3F); //SCP (start/stop condition generation diable bit) and BBSY
(busy bit) set to zero,in i2c bus control register ICCR2,
//Step 14
while (stop_icsr==0); //Reads STOP bit in ICSR register and continues when STOP
bit is equal to 1
//Step 15
iccr1 = (iccr1&0xCF); //TRS bit and MST bit in ICCR1 register is set to 0
tdre_icsr = 0; // transmit data empty set to zero, in i2c bus status register
}
/* WRITE ONE CHAR TO AN ADDRESS IN THE EEPROM*/

char eeprom_write(char eeprom_address,unsigned int data_adress, char data)
{
char return_char;
unsigned char mem_add1;
mem_add1 = (data_adress>>8)&0xFF; //Most significant byte of int
mem_add2 = data_adress&0xFF;
//Least significant byte of int
//Step 1
while (bbsy_iccr2==1); //Read BBSY byte in ICCR2 register
//Step 2
iccr1 = (iccr1&0xFF)|0x30; //TRS bit and MST bit in ICCR1 register is set to 1
//Step 3
iccr2 = (iccr2&0x3F)|0x80;//Write BBSY bit (Set SCP=0 and BBSY =1), Generate start
condition

//Step 4
icdrt = (eeprom_address)|0x00; //Device select: Slave address + R/nW
//Step 5
while (tend_icsr==0);//Read TEND bit in ICSR register, wait till TEND bit equals 1
to continue
/****************************************************************************/
/*
MASTER TRANSMIT MODE
*/
/****************************************************************************/
//Step 6
if (ackbr_icier==0) //check if receive acknowledge bit is zero, yeas, then steps 7
to end, otherwise go to step 11
{
//Step 7 & 8
icdrt = mem_add1; //transmit data register receives value of most
significant byte of address in eeprom
while (tdre_icsr == 0); //check if transmit data is empty, makes sure data
is received
//Step 7 & 8
icdrt = mem_add2; //transmit data register receives value of least
significant byte of address in eeprom
is received
//Step 9
icdrt = data; // transmit data register recieves the actual data to be
written to eeprom
//Step 10
while (tend_icsr == 0); // wait for end of transmission of the last byte
return_char = 1; // acknowledgement flag sent, transmission successful
}
else return_char = 0; // not acknowledgement flag sent, transmission unsuccessful
nackORcomplete(); // steps 11 through to 15
return return_char; // send acknowledgement flag, function output
}
/*READ ONE CHAR FROM AN ADDRESS IN THE EEPROM*/

char eeprom_read(char eeprom_address,unsigned int data_adress, char *data)
{
char return_char;
//USE????
mem_add1 = (data_adress>>8)&0xFF;
//Most significant byte of int

//WRITE THE ADDRESS WHERE THE DATA MUST BE ACCESSED

//Step 1
while (bbsy_iccr2==1); //judge the state of the SCL and SDA lines
//Step 2
//Step 3
iccr2 = (iccr2&0x3F)|0x80; //Write BBSY bit (Set SCP=0 and BBSY =1), Generate
start condition
//Step 4
icdrt = (eeprom_address)|0x00; //Device select
//Step 5
while (tend_icsr==0); //Read TEND bit in ICSR register, wait till TEND bit equals
1 to continue
//Step 6
if (ackbr_icier == 0) //check if receive acknowledge bit is zero, yeas, then steps
7 to end, otherwise go to step 11
{
//Step 7 & 8
//The address of the data, transmit data
icdrt = mem_add1;
register receives value of most significant byte of address in eeprom to be read from
is received
//Step 9 & 10
icdrt = mem_add2;
//The address of the data, The address of
the data, transmit data register receives value of least significant byte of address in
eeprom to be read from
while (tend_icsr == 0); //check if transmit data is empty, makes sure data
is received
}
else
{
nackORcomplete();
return 0; //not acknowledgement flag sent as output of function
}
//Step 11
//READ DATA FROM THE ADDRESS IN EEPROM
//Step 2
//Step 3
iccr2 = (iccr2&0x3F)|0x80; //Generate start condition
//Step 4
icdrt = (eeprom_address)|0x01; //Device select and sets to read mode
//Step 5
while (tend_icsr == 0); //Read TEND bit in ICSR register, wait till TEND bit
equals 1 to continue

/****************************************************************************/
/*
MASTER RECEIVE MODE
*/
/****************************************************************************/
//Step 6
if (ackbr_icier == 0) //check if receive acknowledge bit is zero, yeas, then steps
1 & 7-end to end of master recieve mode, otherwise go to step 11 onwards in master
transmit mode
{
//Step 1
tend_icsr = 0; //Set transmit end to zero, in i2c bus status register
trs_iccr1 = 0; //Set transfer/receive select bit, in i2c bus control
register to zero
tdre_icsr = 0; //Set transmit data empty, in i2c bus status register to
zero
//Step 7 (Step 2 to 6 skipped)
ackbt_icier = 1; // transmit acknowledgement select bit set to 1, in i2c
bus interrupt enable register, in receive mode
rcvd_iccr1 = 1; // Receive disable bit set to 1, in i2c bus control
register 1, disables next receive operation
//Step 8
dummy = icdrr;
//Dummy read ICDRR register
//Step 9
while (rdrf_icsr == 0); //wait until the last byte is received
//Step 10
stop_icsr = 0; // set stop condition detection flag back to zero, in i2c
bus status register
//Step 11
iccr2 = (iccr2&0x3F); // set SCP (start/stop condition generation diable
bit) and BBSY (bus busy bit) to zero, in i2c bus control register 2
//Step 12
while (stop_icsr == 0); // Checks the stop bit in the ICSR register
//Step 13
*data = icdrr;
//Read ICDRR register
//Step 14
rcvd_iccr1 = 0;
//Step 15
mst_iccr1 = 0;
return 1; // acknowledgment flag, successful
}
else
{
nackORcomplete();
return 0; // not acknowledgement flag, unsuccessful
}
}

int eeprom_det_start_address(void) // determine the start address for the data in the
eeprom
{
char eeprom_data;
int i=0;
//THE STARTING ADDRESS OF THE EEPROM
//%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
while (1)
//While loop to determine the starting address (The first adress of eeprom without
data)
{
while (eeprom_read(0xA0,i,eeprom_data_ptr)==0); // execute until an
acknowledgement flag is succesful, therefore read has occured
if (eeprom_data==0xFF)
// if
eeprom is empty
{
break; // exit
}
i++;
} // end while(1)
//Sets the
eeprom_index that is called in interrupt equal to variable i determined above
//%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
return i;
} // end function
char eeprom_initial_cond_zero(void) //Test if first address is written to
{
char eeprom_data;
char address_zero = 0;
while (eeprom_read(0xA0,0,eeprom_data_ptr)==0); //If address holds data, send data
to PC via USB, execute until an acknowledgement flag is succesful, therefore read has
occured
if (eeprom_data==0xFF)
{
address_zero = 1; //returns with 1 if adress 0 is empty
}
return address_zero;
}
void eeprom_read_all(void) // read all the data in the eeprom

{
char eeprom_data;
int i=0;

for (i=0;i<=57;i++) //Read first 57 addresses

{
while (eeprom_read(0xA0,i,eeprom_data_ptr)==0); //If address holds data,
send data to PC via USB, execute until an acknowledgement flag is succesful, therefore
read has occured
serialport_0_byte_send(eeprom_data);
// send data
from eeprom via serial port
}
void eeprom_erase_all(void) // erase all the saved data in the eeprom, log information
and remote control codes
{
char eeprom_data;
int i=0;
for (i=0;i<=100;i++)
{
while (eeprom_write(0xA0,i,0xFF)==0); // write 0xFF to all the addresses,
0xFF reads as empty addresses.
}
} // end eeprom_erase_all function
char eeprom_determine_empty(char log_address)

{
char eeprom_data;
char first_byte;
char is_empty = 0; //not empty
int i;
int eeprom_address = log_address*4;
first_byte = eeprom_data;
if (first_byte == 0xFF)
{
is_empty = 1;
}
return is_empty;
} //end eeprom_determine_empty function

I2c.c
#include "sfr_r827.h"
#include "i2c.h"
/**********************************************************************************/
/* Initialize the i2c
*/
/**********************************************************************************/
void i2c_initialise(void) // intitialise the i2c port
{
sar=0x10; //slave address of the controller
iicsel=1; //i2c choosen
ice_iccr1 = 1;
iccr1=(iccr1 & 0xf0)|(0x0D); //100 kHz
} // end i2c_initialise

Intprg.c
/***********************************************************************/
/*
*/
/* FILE
:intprg.c
*/
/* DATE
:Mon, Feb 18, 2008
*/
/* DESCRIPTION :define the top address of the interrupt vectors.
*/
/* CPU GROUP
:27
*/
/*
*/
/* This file is generated by Renesas Project Generator (Ver.4.8).
*/
/*
*/
/***********************************************************************/
/***************************************************************************
* COMPILER for M16C/60,R8C/Tiny
* Copyright(c) 2004 Renesas Technology Corp.
* And Renesas Solutions Corp.,All Rights Reserved.
* intprg.c : define variable vector table
*
for R8C/27,26
*
*
* $Date: 2006/09/13 05:29:23 $
* $Revision: 1.3 $
**************************************************************************/
#include "cstartdef.h"
#include "serial_port.h"
#include "lcd.h"
#include "eeprom.h"
#include "rtclock.h"
#include "menu.h"
#include "PWM.h"
#include "triac.h"
#include "ir_funcs.h"
#include "display_log.h"
#include "motor_current.h"
volatile char sec = 0;
volatile char command_flag;
volatile int command;
volatile char test_mode;
volatile char ir_command;
//infra red signal command
volatile char ir_command_buffer[4];
//infra red signal command buffer
volatile char ir_receive_index;
volatile unsigned int speed_counter;
volatile unsigned int gate_speed = 0;
//Gate speed initially zero
volatile char triac_auto_on_off_flag = 0;
//Triac initially off
volatile char triac_on_timer = 0;
//Traic on time starts at zero seconds
volatile char checksum;
volatile char gate_flag = 0;
volatile char log_index = 0;
volatile char ir_flag = 0;
//Set to one if correct 4 bytes
are received
volatile char lcd_msg_flag = 0;//Still pending
volatile char lcd_msg_timer = 0;//Still pending
volatile long int gate_timer = 0; //CHECK!!!!!!!!!!!

volatile int motor_high_current_timer = 0;
// When you want to use BANK1 registers

// please define interrupt using /B swtich as follows.
//
// #pragma interrupt/B xxxx
//
// BRK
#pragma interrupt
void _brk(void){}
//
//
//
//
//
//
vector
vector
vector
vector
vector
vector
1
2
3
4
5
6
(software int 0)
_brk(vect=0)
reserved
reserved
reserved
reserved
reserved
reserved
// timer RC (channel 0)
(software int 7)
#pragma interrupt
_timer_rc(vect=7)
void _timer_rc(void){}
// vector 8 reserved
// timer RE
(software int 10)
#pragma interrupt
_timer_re(vect=10)
void _timer_re(void)
{
sec++;
if(menu_branch==0 && lcd_msg_flag == 0)
{
Time_display(); //send time to LCD
}
if(triac_auto_on_off_flag == 1)
{
triac_on(); // switch curteous lights on
if(triac_on_timer++ == 10) // keep the triac curteous light on for 10
seconds
{
triac_on_timer = 0;
triac_auto_on_off_flag = 0 ;
triac_off(); // switch curteous light off
}
}//end of if triac_auto_on_off_flag == 1
if(lcd_msg_flag == 1)
{
//Set message here
if(lcd_msg_timer++ == 10)
{
lcd_msg_timer = 0;
lcd_msg_flag = 0 ;

}
}//end of if (lcd_msg_flag == 1)
} // end timer re interrupt
// input_key
(software int 13)
#pragma interrupt
_input_key(vect=13)
void _input_key(void){}
// A-D converter
(software int 14)
#pragma interrupt
_ad_converter(vect=14)
void _ad_converter(void){}
// SSU IIC
#pragma interrupt
void _ssu(void){}
(software int 15)

_ssu(vect=15)
#if defined (__STANDARD_IO__) && (defined(__FOUSB__) ||
// uart0 can't be used
#else
// uart0 trance
(software int 17)
#pragma interrupt
_uart0_trance(vect=17)
void _uart0_trance(void){}
#endif
defined(__E8__))
// uart0 receive
(software int 18)
#pragma interrupt
_uart0_receive(vect=18)
void _uart0_receive(void)
{
command = u0rb;
if (command == '!')
{
test_mode = 1;
//Test mode, can run all USB commands
}
else if (command == '@')
{
test_mode = 0; //Normal mode, can;t run the USB commands
}
if(test_mode == 1) // USB commands can be used in test mode = true
{
//Creates an interrupt when one of these characters are received, goes back
to main and follows the statement in the appropriate command
if (command == '#' || command == '$' || command == '%' || command == '^' ||
command == '&' || command == '*' || command == '+' || command == '-' || command == '(')
{
command_flag = 1 ;
}
}// end of if(test_mode == 1)
// eie seriepoort kode / own serial port code here
} // end uart0_receive interrupt
#if defined(__STANDARD_IO__) || defined(__FOUSB__) || defined(__E8__)


#else
// uart1 trance
(software int 19)
#pragma interrupt
#endif
// uart1 receive
(software int 20)
#pragma interrupt
{
ir_command = u1rb;
//Signal from remote
set to UART1 Receive Buffer Register
ir_command_buffer[ir_receive_index] = ir_command; //read remote signal byte for
byte. save in the remote buffer
ir_receive_index++; // shift the remote control buffer index flag/pointer
if (msb_check(ir_command_buffer[0]) == 1) //If MSB of first byte is zero
{
if (ir_receive_index==4) //When 4 bytes are received
{
checksum = 0; // reset checksum
for (ir_receive_index = 0; ir_receive_index < 3; ir_receive_index++)
// run throught the ir-remote signal buffer
{
checksum = checksum + ir_command_buffer[ir_receive_index];
//Calculate checksum
}
checksum = checksum | 0x80;
//Make checksum same as it is
calculated on remote
if (checksum == ir_command_buffer[3]) //Check if checksum is the
same as the checksum from remote
{
ir_flag = 1; //Set flag to 1, to execute operations in main()
} //end if (checksum == ir_command_buffer[3])
ir_receive_index = 0; //resets the index after 4 bytes was received
}// end if (ir_receive_index==4)
}// end (msb_check(ir_command_buffer[0]) == 1)
else
{
ir_receive_index = 0; // reset remote receive pointer flag
}
} //end uart1 intterupt
// timer RA
(software int 22)
#pragma interrupt
_timer_ra(vect=22)
void _timer_ra(void)
{

if ( speed_counter++ == 2000) //Stel di tyd hier vir acceleration

{
speed_counter=0; //Resets counter
if (gate_control == 1)
{
gate_speed++;
if (gate_speed > 9)
//Accelerate the gate

//If gate reaches maximum, keep it at
maximum
{
gate_speed = 10;
}
}
}
if (motor_current()>=40) //If motor_current too high for a small amount of time,
stop the gate
{
if ( motor_high_current_timer++ == 15) //Motor current fluctuates, so look
for a few instance when current is above a certain range.
{
gate_control = 0; //Stop Accelerating
gate_speed = 0;
}
}
else
{
motor_high_current_timer = 0;
}
} //end timer RA interrupt
// timer RB
(software int 24)
#pragma interrupt
_timer_rb(vect=24)
void _timer_rb(void){}
// int1
#pragma interrupt
void _int1(void)
{
(software int 25)

_int1(vect=25)
}
// int3
#pragma interrupt
void _int3(void){}
(software int 26)

_int3(vect=26)
// int0
#pragma interrupt
void _int0(void){}
(software int 29)

_int0(vect=29)

//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
vector
vector
vector
vector
vector
vector
vector
vector
vector
vector
vector
vector
vector
vector
vector
vector
vector
vector
vector
vector
vector
vector
vector
vector
vector
vector
vector
vector
vector
vector
vector
vector
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
for user
for user
for user
for user
for user
for user
for user
for user
for user
for user
for user
for user
for user
for user
for user
for user
for user
for user
for user
for user
for user
for user
for user
for user
for user
for user
for user
for user
for user
for user
for user
for user

Ir_funcs.c
#include "eeprom.h"
char msb_check(char ir_first_byte) //check for the most significant bit first, 0 for
first byte
{
char msb_zero = 0; //Assume Most significant byte is not zero
union byte_def nib;
nib.byte=ir_first_byte;
if (nib.bit.b7==0) // check MSB for 0, if true, then it is the first byte, ie.
Alarm or gate open/close
{
msb_zero = 1; // set MSB flag to 1 if MSB was 0
}
return msb_zero; // return MSB indication flag, 1 for MSB of 0, and 0 otherwise
} // end MSB_check function
char controller_check(char ir_first_byte) //Function to determine the controller number

WORKING
{
char controller_number;
union byte_def nib;
//Checks last 2 bits to determine which controller
if (nib.bit.b1==0 && nib.bit.b0==0)
{
controller_number = 0;
}
else if (nib.bit.b1==0 && nib.bit.b0==1)
{
}
{
}
{
}
return controller_number;
} // end controller_check function
char alarm_check(char ir_first_byte)

{

char alarm;
alarm = ir_first_byte & 0x7C; // AND's with 0b01111100
return alarm; //alarm_check will return with zero if alarm is activated
} // end alarm_check function
char battery_voltage(char ir_first_byte)

{
char voltage = 0;
union byte_def
nib;
//Converts 5 bits, received from 1st byte of ir_remote to voltage
if (nib.bit.b6==1)
{
voltage = voltage + 48;
}
if (nib.bit.b5==1)
{
}
if (nib.bit.b4==1)
{
}
if (nib.bit.b3==1)
{
}
if (nib.bit.b2==1)
{
}
return voltage;
} //end battery_voltage function
void write_remote_cntrl_eeprom (char remote_byte1, char codes[]) // writes access codes

for remote to allocated space in eeprom
{
char controller;
char code1 = codes[0];
char code2 = codes[1];
controller = controller_check(remote_byte1);
// test for remote 0x00, remote 1
if (controller == 0)
{

//write remote 1's codes to alloocated space in eeprom

while (eeprom_write(0xA0,50,code1)==0);
}
//test for remote 0x01, remote 2
{
}
//test for remote 0x02, remote 3
{
}
//test for remote 0x03. remote 4
{
}
} //end write_remote_cntrl_eeprom function
char* read_remote_cntrl_eeprom (char remote_byte1) // reads remote access codes for the
corrosponding eeprom remote location
{
char eeprom_data;
char codes[2];
char controller;
controller = controller_check(remote_byte1);
// read codes for remote 1
{
while (eeprom_read(0xA0,50,eeprom_data_ptr)==0);
codes[0] = eeprom_data;
}
{
}


{
}
{
}
return codes;
} // end read_remote_cntrl_eeprom function

Lcd.c
#include "lcd.h"
#define
#define
#define
#define
#define
#define
#define
LCD_RS p0_4 //nie toeganklik in ander modules /

LCD_RNW p0_5
LCD_E p0_6
LCD_D0 p0_0
LCD_D1 p0_1
LCD_D2 p0_2
LCD_D3 p0_3
Not accessible in other modules
void ms_5_delay(void); //nie toeganklik in ander modules / Not accessible in other

modules
void lcd_not_busy_wait(void); //nie toeganklik in ander modules / Not accessible in
other modules
/* skryf die laagste 4 bisse van greep nibble_in na die LCD met RS=0*/
/* writes the least significant 4 bits of byte nibble_in to the LCD with RS=0 */
void lcd_instruction_nibble_write(char nibble_in)
{
union byte_def
nibble;
nibble.byte=nibble_in;
LCD_E=0;
LCD_RS=0;
LCD_RNW=0;
LCD_E=1;
LCD_D3=nibble.bit.b3;
LCD_E=0;
} // end lcd_instruction_nibble_write function
/* 5 ms vertraging */
/* 5 ms delay */
void ms_5_delay(void)
{
int k;
int N=5000;
//N is worked out by measuring a for loop with the led output
pin with the oscilloscope.
for (k=0;k<N;k++);
} // end ms_5_delay function
/****************************************************************************/
/* See Lecture 2
*/
/* not all delays need be 5 ms - but function only called once, thus of
*/
/* little consequence.
*/
/****************************************************************************/
void lcd_initialise(void)
{

prc2=1;
// autoset to zero after next write to memory
// low 7 bits are output
pd0=pd0|0x7f;
ms_5_delay();
ms_5_delay();
ms_5_delay();
lcd_instruction_nibble_write(3);
ms_5_delay();
ms_5_delay();
ms_5_delay();
ms_5_delay();
// now in 4-bit mode
ms_5_delay();
lcd_instruction_nibble_write(0x0);
lcd_instruction_nibble_write(0x0c);
ms_5_delay();
ms_5_delay();
} // end lcd_initialise function
/* skryf 'n instuksie na die LCD */
/* writes an instuctioon to the LCD */
void lcd_instruction_write(char instruction)
{
union byte_def
nib;
nib.byte=instruction;
lcd_not_busy_wait();
prc2 = 1;
is enable to pd0
pd0 = 0x7f;
//protection register set to 1, so that writing

//Set direction port to write mode
LCD_RS = 0;
LCD_RNW = 0;
LCD_E = 1;
an byte
LCD_D3 = nib.bit.b7;
LCD_E = 0;
//4 bit data has to be sent twice, to represent
LCD_E = 1;
LCD_E = 0;
}
/* skuif die karakters van die LCD een plek na links */

/* scrolls the chatacters on the LCD one position to the left */

void lcd_left_scroll(void) //Used in menu.c in display log
{
lcd_instruction_write(0x18);
}
/* skuif die karakters van die LCD een plek na regs */
/* scrolls the chatacters on the LCD one position to the right */
void lcd_right_scroll(void)//Used in menu.c in display log
{
lcd_instruction_write(0x1c);
}
/* Wis die LCD en skuif die loper na posisie zero */
/* clears the LCD and moves the cursor to the zero position */
void lcd_scrn_clear(void)
{
//Clears the display
//Sets the DDRAM address to 0
}
/* wag tot die LCD "busy flag" herstel */
/* waits until the LCD busy flag resets */
void lcd_not_busy_wait(void)
{
char busy = 1;
//Sets a variable to 1, variable busy is to be
used to check busyflag in while loop
prc2 = 1;
//Enable writing to pd0
pd0_3 = 0;
//Sets the direction of p0_3 to reading, so that busy
flag could be read
while(busy)
//While busy=1, loop will repeat itself until busy=0, which
corresponds to the busy flag(LCD_D3)=0
{
LCD_RS = 0;
LCD_RNW = 1; //Reading is enabled
LCD_E = 1;
busy = LCD_D3;
//Reads busy flag p0_3
LCD_E = 0;
LCD_E = 1;
while(0);
//while(0) just to waste a bit of time
LCD_E = 0;
}
prc2 = 1;
pd0_3 = 1;
} // end lcd_not_busy_wait
//Enable writing to pd0

//Set p0_3 so that it could be written on again
/* skryf 'n kakter na die LCD en inkrementeer die loper posisie */

/* writes a charcter to the LCD and increments the cursor position */
void lcd_character_write(char character)
{
//own code
union byte_def
nib;
nib.byte=character;
lcd_not_busy_wait();
prc2 = 1;

pd0 = 0x7f;
//Set direction port to write mode
LCD_RS = 1;
LCD_RNW = 0;
LCD_E = 1;
LCD_E = 0;
LCD_E = 1;
LCD_E = 0;
} // end lcd_character_write function
//The improved character write function of LCD for log.c

void lcd_log_write_char(char character)
{
lcd_character_write(character);
if(lcd_address_counter>7) //When lcd_address_counter>7 two addresses gets data
written on it. 40H, which is the first address of the second line and the previous
statement writes on DDRAM addresses 0 and up
{
lcd_instruction_write((0xC0 + (lcd_address_counter-8)));
lcd_character_write(character);
lcd_instruction_write((0x80 + lcd_address_counter+1)); //Sets the DDRAM
address to the next address of the first line of the lcd
}
lcd_address_counter++;
function is runned in intrprg.c
}
//lcd_address_counter gets incremented each time
//Function for writing whole strings to lcd with external variable

void lcd_log_write_string(char data_str[])
{
int i = 0;
while(data_str[i] != '\0')
{
lcd_character_write(data_str[i]);
if(lcd_address_counter>7) //When i>7 two addresses gets data written on it.
40H, which is the first address of the second line and the previous statement writes on
DDRAM addresses 0 and up
{
lcd_instruction_write((0xC0 + (lcd_address_counter-8)));
lcd_instruction_write((0x80 + lcd_address_counter+1)); //Sets the
DDRAM address to the next address of the first line of the lcd
}
i++;

lcd_address_counter++;
}
} //end lcd_log_write_string function
//Function for writing whole strings to lcd

void lcd_write_string(char data_str[])
{
int i = 0;
lcd_scrn_clear();
{
if(i>7) //When i>7 two addresses gets data written on it. 40H, which is the
first address of the second line and the previous statement writes on DDRAM addresses 0
and up
{
lcd_instruction_write((0xC0 + (i-8)));
//Sets the DDRAM address to
lcd_instruction_write((0x80 + i+1));
the next address of the first line of the lcd
}
i++;
} //end while
} //end lcd_write_string finction
//Function to make scrolling messages

char lcd_write_error_string(char data_str[])
{
int i = 0;
int scroll_count = 0;
lcd_scrn_clear();
{
if(i>7) //When i>7 two addresses gets data written on it. 40H, which is the
first address of the second line and the previous statement writes on DDRAM addresses 0
and up
{
lcd_instruction_write((0xC0 + (i-8)));
lcd_instruction_write((0x80 + i+1));
//Sets the DDRAM address to
the next address of the first line of the lcd
}
i++;
if(i>16)
{
scroll_count++;
}
}
return scroll_count;
} //end lcd_write_error_string function

Lightsensor.c
char lightsensor_flag = 0; // set light sensor flag to 0 intially, no obstruction
char lightsensor_state(void)
{
char state;
if(p1_7 == 0 && lightsensor_flag==0) //Light is not interrupted
{
lightsensor_flag=1;
//Indicates that light is on, no
obstruction
state=1;
}
else if(p1_7 == 1 && lightsensor_flag==1)//Light is interrupted
{
//Light is not on,
lightsensor_flag=0;
obstruction occurs
state=0;
}
else
{
state=0;
}
return state;
} //end lightsensor_state function

Menu.c
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
"sfr_r827.h"
"menu.h"
"lcd.h"
"serial_port.h"
"i2c.h"
"eeprom.h"
"rtclock.h"
"PWM.h"
"triac.h"
"display_log.h"
"ir_funcs.h"
//Definitions for the MENU buttons

#define ENTER p3_7
#define UP p1_1
#define DOWN p3_3
#define RIGHT p3_6
#define LEFT p5_4
char
char
char
char
char
enter(void);
down(void);
up(void);
left(void);
right(void);
//Flags used to test if switch is pressed, Used to avoid sending a signal repeatedly,
s_flag = 0 if switch is not pressed
char enter_flag = 0;
char up_flag = 0;
char down_flag = 0;
char left_flag = 0;
char right_flag = 0;
volatile int menu_branch=0;

char set_time_flag = 0;
int h_m_s_select = 0;
int rt_time_arr[3];
clock
int mor_time_arr[3];
int eve_time_arr[3]
time
//Array for hours,minutes,seconds for setting real time
// Array for hours,minutes,seconds for setting morning time

//Array for hours,minutes,seconds for setting evening
signed char menu_log_index; //Variable for the LCD log

void menu_initialise(void)
{
if(set_time_flag==0)
{
switch(menu_branch)
{
//Activates Menu
case 0: if (enter()==1)
{
menu_branch++;
main_menu(menu_branch);
display messages on LCD
}
//This function only
break;
//In Reset Alarm Menu

case 1: if (enter()==1) // check if enter key is pressed, enters the
current menu option
{
reset_alarm();
//Resets the buzzer and exit menu
}
if (down()==1) // check if down key is pressed
{
menu_branch++; // increment menu position, and points to next
menu option
main_menu(menu_branch); // display current menu option
}
if (up()==1) // check if up key is pressed

{
menu_branch = 9; // menu index pointer starts moves to last
menu option
main_menu(menu_branch); // display last menu option
}
break;
//In Time Settings Menu
case 2:

if (enter()==1) // check if enter key is pressed, enter time

settings menu option
{
menu_branch = 6; // set the menu pointer to the sub-menu
option in time settings
main_menu(menu_branch); // display current menu option
}
if (down()==1) // check if down key is pressed

{
menu_branch++; // increment menu pointer
main_menu(menu_branch); // display next sub-menu option
}
if (up()==1) // check if up key is pressed

{
menu_branch--; // decrement menu pointer, moves pointer to
previous position in sub-menu
main_menu(menu_branch); // display the current time settings
sub-menu option
}
break;
//In Open/Close Gate Menu
case 3:
if (enter()==1) //Activates the gate
{
gate_flag = 1;
operations can be run in main()
menu_branch = 0;
//gate_flag is set to 1, so that

//Exits the menu and display time again
} //End of enter
if (down()==1) // check if down key is pressed, move to next

menu option
{
menu_branch++; // points to "accept new codes" menu option
main_menu(menu_branch); // display "accept new codes" menu
option
}

if (up()==1) // check if up key is pressed, move to previous

menu option, time settings menu option
{
menu_branch--; // decrement menu pointer, points to "time
settings" menu option
main_menu(menu_branch); // display the "time settings" menu
option
}
break;
//In Accept New Codes Menu

case 4:
if (down()==1) // check for down key pressed, points to
"display log" menu option
{
menu_branch++; // increment menu pointer, points to "display
log" menu option
main_menu(menu_branch); // display the "display log" menu
option
}
if (up()==1) // check for up key pressed

{
menu_branch--; // decrement menu pointer, points to
"Open/Close Gate" menu option
main_menu(menu_branch); // display "Open/Close Gate" menu
option
}
if (enter()==1) // check for enter key pressed, enter "accept

new codes" menu option
{
write_remote_cntrl_eeprom(remote_byte_one,new_codes); // write
the new acces codes to the pre-allocated space on the eeprom for the specific remote
menu_branch = 0; // exit the menu
}
break;
//In Display Log Menu
case 5:
if (down()==1) // check for down key pressed
{

menu_branch = 9; //Skip to Exit Menu

main_menu(menu_branch); // display the "Exit Menu" menu option
}

{
menu_branch--; // decrement menu pointer, points to "Accept
new codes"
main_menu(menu_branch); // display "Accept new codes" menu
option
}
if (enter()==1) // check for enter key pressed, enter "display

log" menu option
{
lcd_address_counter = 0; // reset the LCD address pointer
menu_log_index = log_index - 1;
if (menu_log_index<0)
{
menu_log_index = 9;
}
//Display last log here first
if (eeprom_determine_empty(menu_log_index)==0)
{
read_log_lcd(menu_log_index);
menu_branch = 11; //Go to case 10 where all of the logs are
called from eeprom, all lcd instructions are given in display_log.c
}
else
{
menu_branch = 0; //if logs is empty return to time
display
}
}
break;
//In Set Time Menu (After enter in Time settings)
case 6:
if (enter()==1) // check for enter key pressed, enter "new
time settings" sub-menu option
{

dummy_time_display(rt_time_arr); //Displays the time to be

edit on the lcd
set_time_flag = 1; // This flag indicates that a new sub menu
is going to be accessed until the sub menu is left by setting the set_time_flag to zero
again, therefore the menu_branch remains the same
h_m_s_select = 0; //Selects hours to be edited first
}
if (down()==1) // check for down key pressed,

{
menu_branch++; // increment menu pointer, points to "Evening
time" sub-menu
main_menu(menu_branch); // display the "Evening time" sub-menu
option
}
if (up()==1) // check for up key pressed,
{
menu_branch = 10; // set the menu pointer, points to "Back to
Main Menu" option
main_menu(menu_branch); // display "Back to main menu" option
}
break;
//In Set Evening Menu
case 7:
if (enter()==1) // check for enter key pressed
{
dummy_time_display(eve_time_arr); //Displays the time to be
edit on the lcd
h_m_s_select = 0;
}
if (down()==1) // check for down key pressed, move to "set
morning time" sub-menu option
{
menu_branch++; // increment sub-menu pointer, points to "set
morning time" sub-menu option
main_menu(menu_branch); // display "Set morning time" sub-menu
option
}

if (up()==1) // check for up key pressed, move to "set time"

sub-menu option
{
menu_branch--; // decrement sub-menu pointer, points to "set
time" sub-menu option
main_menu(menu_branch); // display "set time" sub-menu option
}
break;
//In Set Morning Menu
case 8:
if (enter()==1) // check for eneter key pressed
{
dummy_time_display(mor_time_arr); // display a dummy time
h_m_s_select = 0; //Selects hours to be edited first
}

{
menu_branch=10; // menu pointer set, points to "back to main
menu" sub-menu option
main_menu(menu_branch); // display "back to menu" option
}
{
menu_branch--; // decrement menu pointer, points to "set
evening time"
main_menu(menu_branch); // display "set evening time" option
}
break;
case 9: //Exit Menu, Menu
{
menu_branch=1; // set menu pointer, points to "reset alarm"
menu
main_menu(menu_branch); // display "reset alarm menu"
}

if (up()==1)
{
menu_branch=5; // set mnu pointer, points to "display log"
menu
main_menu(menu_branch); // display "display log" menu
}
if (enter()==1)
{
menu_branch = 0;
//Exit menu
}
break;
case 10: //Back to Main Menu

if (enter()==1)
{
menu_branch = 2;
//back to Time Settings
main_menu(menu_branch);
}
if (down()==1)
{
menu_branch = 6;
//Set Time again, menu pointer
main_menu(menu_branch); // display "set time" option
}
if (up()==1)
{
menu_branch = 8;
//Set Morning again, menu pointer
main_menu(menu_branch); // display "set Morning" menu option
}
break;
//%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% DISPLAYING LOGS
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
case 11: //Displaying logs WORKING!!!!
if (enter()==1)
{

menu_branch = 0;
//Exit menu
menu_log_index = 0; //Resets menu_log_index
}
if (down()==1)
{
lcd_address_counter = 0; //Resets global variable
lcd_address_counter
menu_log_index--;
//decrements menu_log_index
when down button is pressed

if(menu_log_index<0)
{
menu_log_index = 9; //set menu_log_index = 9 if
menu_log_index goes under 0
}
if (eeprom_determine_empty(menu_log_index)==0) //If not empty
then read
{
read_log_lcd(menu_log_index); //Reads the eeprom data and
output to LCD, refer ro function
}
else if (eeprom_determine_empty(menu_log_index)==1) //If empty
dont output to lcd
{
menu_log_index++;
//increments menu_log_index
when up button is pressed

if(menu_log_index>9)
{
menu_log_index goes over 9
}
} // end else if
if (up()==1)
{
lcd_address_counter = 0; //Resets global variable
lcd_address_counter
menu_log_index++;
//increments menu_log_index when
up button is pressed
if(menu_log_index>9)
{
menu_log_index goes over 9
}

if (eeprom_determine_empty(menu_log_index)==0) //If not empty

then read
{
read_log_lcd(menu_log_index); //Reads the eeprom data and
output to LCD, refer ro function
}
else if (eeprom_determine_empty(menu_log_index)==1) //If empty
{
menu_log_index--;
//decrements menu_log_index
when down button is pressed
if(menu_log_index<0)
{
menu_log_index = 9;
//set menu_log_index = 9 if
menu_log_index goes under 0

}
} // end else if
if (right()==1)
{
lcd_left_scroll();
//Scrolls lcd to left, making the
screen move to the right
}
if (left()==1)
{
lcd_right_scroll();
//Scrolls lcd to right, making the
screen move to the left

}
break; //End of displaying the logs
//%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%
} //End of switch
}// End of if statement checking if set_time_flag=0

//Now we are in the menu that offers us the ability to change time
else if (set_time_flag==1)
{
switch(menu_branch)
{
case 6: //Code for setting the real time clock
//Selecting hours/minutes
if(right()==1)
{
h_m_s_select++;
//Increments the
selection
if (h_m_s_select >2) //Prevents h_m_s_select to go over
2 (no array defined for above 2)
{
h_m_s_select = 0;
}
}
if(left()==1)
{
h_m_s_select--;
//Decrements the
selection
if (h_m_s_select < 0)
go under 0 (no array defined for under 0)
{
h_m_s_select = 2;
}
//Prevents h_m_s_select to
//To change hours/minutes/seconds

if (down()==1)
{
rt_time_arr[h_m_s_select]--;
//Decrement
selection
if (h_m_s_select==0)
//Check to
see if user wants to edit hours (in 24 hour format), this prevents hours going below 0
{
if (rt_time_arr[h_m_s_select] < 0)
{
rt_time_arr[h_m_s_select] = 23;
}
}
else
//Else minutes and seconds edit, this prevents minutes and seconds going below 0
{
if (rt_time_arr[h_m_s_select] < 0)

{
}
}
dummy_time_display(rt_time_arr); //Display choice on
LCD
}
if (up()==1)
{
rt_time_arr[h_m_s_select]++;
//Increment
selection
//Check to
see if user wants to edit hours (in 24 hour format), this prevents hours going over 23
{
if (rt_time_arr[h_m_s_select] > 23)
{
}
}
else
{
if (rt_time_arr[h_m_s_select] > 59)
minutes and seconds edit, this prevents minutes and seconds going over 59
{
}
//Else
}
dummy_time_display(rt_time_arr); //Display choice on
LCD
}
if (enter()==1)
{
setTime(rt_time_arr[0],rt_time_arr[1],rt_time_arr[2]); //Set
the actual time, to the selected user defined time
menu_branch = 0;
//Displays the time again
set_time_flag = 0; //Exit the sub menu
}
break;

case 7: //Code for setting the evening time

//Selecting hours/minutes/seconds
if(right()==1)
{
h_m_s_select++;
//Increments the
selection
1 (Only setting the hours and the minutes)
{
h_m_s_select = 0;
}
}
if(left()==1)
{
h_m_s_select--;
//Decrements the
selection
{
h_m_s_select = 1;
}

if (down()==1)
{
eve_time_arr[h_m_s_select]--;
//Decrement
selection
//Check to
{
if (eve_time_arr[h_m_s_select] < 0)
{
eve_time_arr[h_m_s_select] = 23;
}
}
else
{
if (eve_time_arr[h_m_s_select] < 0)
{
}
}

dummy_time_display(eve_time_arr); //Display choice on

LCD
}
if (up()==1)
{
eve_time_arr[h_m_s_select]++;
//Increment
selection
//Check to
{
if (eve_time_arr[h_m_s_select] > 23)
{
}
}
else
{
if (eve_time_arr[h_m_s_select] > 59)
{
}
//Else
}
dummy_time_display(eve_time_arr); //Display choice on
LCD
}
if (enter()==1)
{
write_mor_eve_time(eve_time_arr,0);
menu_branch = 0;
}
break;
case 8: //Code for setting the morning time

//Selecting hours/minutes/seconds
if(right()==1)
{
h_m_s_select++;
selection

//Increments the

1 (Only setting the hours and the minutes)
{
h_m_s_select = 0;
}
}
if(left()==1)
{
h_m_s_select--;
//Decrements the
selection
{
h_m_s_select = 1;
}

if (down()==1)
{
mor_time_arr[h_m_s_select]--;
//Decrement
selection
//Check to
{
if (mor_time_arr[h_m_s_select] < 0)
{
mor_time_arr[h_m_s_select] = 23;
}
}
else
{
if (mor_time_arr[h_m_s_select] < 0)
{
}
}
dummy_time_display(mor_time_arr); //Display choice on
LCD
}
if (up()==1)
{
mor_time_arr[h_m_s_select]++;
selection

//Increment
//Check to
{
if (mor_time_arr[h_m_s_select] > 23)
{
}
}
else
{
if (mor_time_arr[h_m_s_select] > 59)
{
}
//Else
}
dummy_time_display(mor_time_arr); //Display choice on
LCD
}
if (enter()==1)
{
write_mor_eve_time(mor_time_arr,1);
menu_branch = 0;
}
break;

//Function for displaying the messages on the LCD for every button press
void main_menu(char main_menu_sel)
{
switch (main_menu_sel)
{
case 1: lcd_write_string("Reset Alarm/Err"); // display the "Reset
Alarm/Err" menu option on LCD
break;
case 2: lcd_write_string("Time Settings"); // display the "Time Settings"
menu option on LCD
break;
case 3: lcd_write_string("Open Close Gate"); // display the "Open Close
Gate" menu option on LCD
break;
case 4: lcd_write_string("Accept Codes"); // display the "Accept Codes"
menu option on LCD
break;
case 5: lcd_write_string("Display Log"); // display the "Display log" menu
option on LCD
break;
case 6: lcd_write_string("Set Time"); // display the "Set Time" menu option
on LCD
break;
case 7: lcd_write_string("Set Evening"); // display the "Set Evening" menu
option on LCD
break;
case 8: lcd_write_string("Set Morning"); // display the "Set Morning" time
menu option on LCD
break;
case 9: lcd_write_string("Exit Menu"); // display the "Exit Menu" menu
option on LCD
break;
case 10: lcd_write_string("Back to Menu"); // display the "Back to Menu"
menu option on LCD
break;
} //end of switch

void reset_alarm(void) // disables the alarm function

{
buzzeroff(); // switch alarm off
menu_branch = 0; // reset menu pointer
}
char enter(void) // Enter key pressed execution function

{
char state;
if(ENTER == 0 && enter_flag==0)
//Enter is pressed
{
enter_flag=1;
//Indicates that button is
pressed
state=1;
}
else if(ENTER == 1 && enter_flag==1)
{
enter_flag=0;
//Button not pressed
state=0;
}
else
{
state=0;
}
return state;
}
char down(void) // Down key pressed execution function

{
char state;
if(DOWN == 0 && down_flag==0)
//Down is pressed
{
down_flag=1;
//Indicates that button is pressed
state=1;
}
else if(DOWN == 1 && down_flag==1)
{
down_flag=0;
state=0;
}
else

{
state=0;
}
return state;
}
char up(void) // Up key pressed execution function

{
char state;
if(UP == 0 && up_flag==0)
//UP is pressed
{
up_flag=1;
state=1;
}
else if(UP == 1 && up_flag==1)
{
up_flag=0;
state=0;
}
else
{
state=0;
}
return state;
}
char left(void) // Left key pressed execution function

{
char state;
if(LEFT == 0 && left_flag==0)
//Left is pressed
{
left_flag=1;
state=1;
}
else if(LEFT == 1 && left_flag==1)
{
left_flag=0;
state=0;
}
else
{
state=0;
}

return state;
}
char right(void)
{
char state;
if(RIGHT == 0 && right_flag==0)
//Right is pressed
{
right_flag=1;
//Indicates that button is
pressed
state=1;
}
else if(RIGHT == 1 && right_flag==1)
{
right_flag=0;
state=0;
}
else
{
state=0;
}
return state;
}
void dummy_time_display(int time_array[]) // Dummy time display function

{
int time;
lcd_scrn_clear();
for (a = 0; a < 3; a++)
{
time = time_array[a]; //receive time forom timer RE
register
if (time <10)
//check if integer
is less than 10
{
lcd_character_write('0');
//write zero
before character
lcd_character_write(time +'0'); //write actual
character
}
else
{
integer lies in 10's range

//check if
{
time = time-10;
//integer split into two characters statement, eg. '15' becomes '5' only
lcd_character_write('1'); //write 10's
range character first, eg. '1'
lcd_character_write(time+'0'); //write
second character, eg. '5'
//the above two lcd write functions
combined gives you for example: '1'+'5' = "15".
}
if (time < 30 & time > 19) // check if integer
lies in the 20's range
{
time = time-20; //integer split into two
characters statement
range character first
second character, convert integer to character
}
if (time < 40 & time > 29) // check if the
integer lies in the 30's range
{
time = time-30;
two characters statement

}
{
}
{
}

if (time == 60) // check if the intger is 60,

max
{
}
}
if (a==0 || a==1) // add colon between hours, minutes,
seconds
{
lcd_character_write(':');
between hours,minutes ,and seconds
}
}

//writes a colon
Motor_current.c
char motor_current(void) // determine the current the motor is pulling

{
int voltage = 0; // set to zero initialy
char current;
char vpropi = ad; // current sensing PWM output pin
union
byte_def
nib;
nib.byte=vpropi;
//The voltage is determined via the ad converter (5V reference) (5000/255 = 19.6)
rounded to nearest whole number
if (nib.bit.b7==1)
{
voltage = voltage + 2510; //2560;
}
if (nib.bit.b6==1)
{
}
if (nib.bit.b5==1)
{
}
if (nib.bit.b4==1)
{
}
if (nib.bit.b3==1)
{
}
if (nib.bit.b2==1)
{
}
if (nib.bit.b1==1)
{
}
if (nib.bit.b0==1)
{


}
//voltage is converted back to current by Im=Voltage/(Vcc*Rsense*Op_amp_factor)
with Vcc = 5V and Rsense = 2.2 ohm Op_amp_factor = (R2+R1)/R2 chosen to be 9
current = voltage/99;
return current; // return motor current
} // end motor_current function
void serial_port_motor_current(char current) //send motor current via serial port

{
char send_current[3]; //3 bytes
int i;
send_current[0] = (current/100) + '0';
//Converts first digit to ascii
send_current[1] = (current-(current/100)*100)/10 + '0';
//Converts second digit to ascii
send_current[2] = (current-(current/100)*100)- ((current-(current/100)*100)/10)*10
+ '0';
//Converts third digit to ascii
for (i = 0; i<=2; i++)
{
serialport_0_byte_send(send_current[i]); // send motor current to terminal
via USB cable
}
send_string("mA "); // add untis of measure to the terminal serial port display
} //end serial_port_motor_current function

Oscillator_timers.c
/****************************************************************/
/* Mike Blanckenberg. Voeg eie kommentaar by. Add own comments */
/****************************************************************/
oscillator_initialise()
{
asm("FCLR I"); // stop all interrupts
prc0 = 1;
// enables write to certain addresses (See p126 (pdf data))
fra00=1;
// high speed on chip oscillator = on (p102)
fra01=1;
ocd2=1;
cm06 = 0;
// klokfrekwensie/1 (p111) cm06 = 1 na herstel
pd4 = 0x00;
// P4.3, P4 inputs (for external oscillator)(note 6 p99)
// (note 6 p99)
cm04 = 1;
// (note 7 p99)
cm01 = 1;
prc0 = 0;
// write disable (p126)
asm("FSET I"); // enable interrupts
}
/************************************************************************************
Name:
timer_re_init // Renesas voorbeeldprogram / example program
Parameters: None
Returns:
None
Description: Initial setting of Timer RE SFR
************************************************************************************/
timer_re_initialise()
{
asm("FCLR I");
// stop alle onderbrekngs / stop all
interrupts
// Stop Timer RE operation
tstart_trecr1 = 0;
while(tcstf_trecr1 != 0);
// Disable Timer RE Interrupt
treic = 0x00;
trerst_trecr1 = 1;
// Timer RE Register and Control Circuit Reset
trerst_trecr1 = 0;
rcs0_trecsr = 0;
// Set to "0" in real-time clock mode
rcs1_trecsr = 0;
rcs2_trecsr = 0;
rcs3_trecsr = 1;
tresec = 0x00;
// Set to "0000000"(0 second) in
Timer RE Seconds Data
tremin = 0x00;
// Set to "0000000"(0 minute) in
Timer RE Minutes Data
trehr = 0x00;
// Set to "000000"(0 hour) in Timer RE
Hours Data
trewk = 0x00;
// Set to "000"(Sunday) in Timer RE Days
of Week Data
h12_h24_trecr1 = 0;
// Select "12-hour mode" in Operating mode
pm_trecr1 = 0;
// Select "a.m." in A.m. /p.m. bit
int_trecr1 = 1;
seie_trecr2 = 1;
// Enable periodic interrupt triggered
every second
treic = 0x07;
// Enable Timer RE Interrupt,

tstart_trecr1 = 1;
while(tcstf_trecr1 != 1);
asm("FSET I");
// Start Timer RE operation

// steun onderbrekings / enable interrupts
}
/**************************************************************************/
/* Setup timer rb to generate signal for the buzzer
/**************************************************************************/
void timer_b_initialise(void)
{
// Buzzer output
pd3_1 = 1;
tstart_trbcr = 0;
tocnt_trbioc = 0;
tmod1_trbmr = 0;
tmod0_trbmr = 1;
twrc_trbmr = 1;
tck0_trbmr = 0;
tck1_trbmr = 0;
trbpre = 300;
trbsc = 99;
trbpr = 99;
trbpre = 300;
trbsc = 99;
trbpr = 99;
}
*/
/****************************************************************************/
/* Setup timer a to generate interrupts for the use of acceleration control */
/****************************************************************************/
timer_a_initialise ()
{
asm("FCLR I");
interrupts
tstart_tracr = 0;
while(tcstf_tracr != 0);
tramr = 0x00;
f1 as count source (20MHz)
trapre = 0x3d;
tra = 0x3d;
traic = 0x07;
tracr = 0x03;
during count
status flag is 1 during count (p.144)
asm("FSET I");
}
// stop alle onderbrekngs / stop all

// Stop Timer RA operation
//Sets Timer RA mode to timer mode and selects
//m=61
//n=61 to achieve a baud rate of 5230
// Start Timer RA operation, count status flag,
//While timer RA not counting, timer RA count
// steun onderbrekings / enable interrupts
/**************************************************************************/
/* function to switch on buzzer
*/
/**************************************************************************/
void buzzeron(void)
{

tstart_trbcr = 1;
}
/**************************************************************************/
/**************************************************************************/
/* function to switch off buzzer
*/
/**************************************************************************/
void buzzeroff(void)
{
tstart_trbcr = 0;
}
/***************************************************************************/

Ports.c
#include "ports.h"
void
void
void
void
port_3_initialise (void);
more_ports_initialise(void);
int1_initialise(void);
ad_conv_initialise();
void ports_initialise()
{
port_3_initialise();
more_ports_initialise();
}
void port_3_initialise()
{
pd1_3 = 1;
ki3en = 0;
trbosel = 0;
p1drr3 = 1;
}
//
//
//
//
poort 1.3 : uittree (p77) / port 1.3 : output (p77)

ditto (p85)
ditto (p85)
maksimum drywing (p81 ) / maximum drive (p81)
void more_ports_initialise() //Function to initialise all the rest of the ports needed
{
prc2 = 1;
// write enable
// port 1_0 output
pd1_0 = 1;
p1_0 =1;
//Initially set port to 1
pd5_3 = 1;
p5_3 = 1;
pd1_1 = 0;
ki1en = 0;
pu02 = 1;
// traic output pin

// traic initially off
//Menu "UP"
// ditto (p85)
pd3_3 = 0;
ssisel = 0;
pu06 = 1;
//Menu "Down"
pd3_6 = 0;
pd3_7 = 0;
ssisel = 0;
pu07 = 1;
//Menu "Right"
//Menu "Enter"
pd5_4 = 0;
pu13 = 1;
//Menu "Left"
pd1_7 = 0;
//Light sensor port
}
void int1_initialise()
{
pd1_7 = 0;
//Light sensor input pin

int1ic
int1en
int1pl
int1f0
int1f1
=
=
=
=
=
0x0E;
1;
1;
1;
0;
}
void ad_conv_initialise()
{
prc2=1;
pd0_7=0;
adcon0 = 0x88;
repeat mode
adcon1 = 0x30;
adst = 1;
}
//p0_7 input port for AD converter (AN0)

//Set Analog input pin to AN0, frequency select to f2, and in
//8bit mode, Vref connected, frequenct select to f2
//Start AD converter

PWM.c
#include
#include
#include
#include
"sfr_r827.h"
"rtclock.h"
"menu.h"
"triac.h"
/****************************************************************************/
/*
Timer C intitialization for PWM
*/
/****************************************************************************/
timer_c_pwm()
{
trccr1 = 0x9E;
//Count source f2, CCLR, Active level "L"
trcgra = 0xEF ;
//The period T (Corresponding to 24us or 41.66kHz which
is between the required range of 35 and 45kHz)
trcgrb = 0x00;
//T1
trcmr = 0x8F;
//TSTART=1, PWM2 in timer or PWM mode, TRCIOB,
TRCIOC, TRCIOD set in PWM mode
//TRCIOC pin = P5_3, TRCIOD pin = 0 : P5_4
pinsr3 = 0x27;
trcoer = 0x0D;
//TRCIOA&TRCIOB&TRCIOC output disable (The
TRCIOA pin is used as a programmable I/O port)
}
/****************************************************************************/
/*
PWM generate function
*/
/****************************************************************************/
void pwm_generate(char direction, unsigned int pulsewidth) // function to used to read
direction of motor rotation, and speed of motor
{
unsigned int n;
//trcgrb seeting
value
unsigned int m=239;
//Value in TRCGRA register
n=(pulsewidth*m-100)/(100+pulsewidth);
//relationship between T1 & T2
(m+1)=(x/10)*(m-n), where n is the subject of the formula
if (direction == 1)
signal at pin p1_0
{
p1_0 = 1;
}
else
{
p1_0 = 0;
}
//Generate fluctuating
trcgrb = (char)n;
register setting value ,where TRCGRj=trcgrb in PWM mode
//chose n to be TRCGRj
if(pulsewidth==0) //Stops PWM

{
trcgrb = 0x00;
}
} // end pwm_generate function

Rtclock.c
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
"sfr_r827.h"
"serial_port.h"
"rtclock.h"
"lcd.h"
"eeprom.h"
void setTime (int hour, int min, int sec)

{
tstart_trecr1 = 0;
tcstf_trecr1 = 0;
ms_5_delay(); // 5 millisecond delay
trewk = 0;
ms_5_delay();
tstart_trecr1 = 0;
tcstf_trecr1 = 0;
//Decimal to hexadecimal
if (sec < 60) {tresec = (sec % 10) + (sec / 10 * 16);}
else {tresec = 0;}
ms_5_delay();
tstart_trecr1 = 0;
tcstf_trecr1 = 0;
if (min < 60){tremin = (min % 10) + (min / 10 * 16);}
else {tremin = 0;}
ms_5_delay();
tstart_trecr1 = 0;
tcstf_trecr1 = 0;
if (hour < 24)
else {trehr = 0;}
ms_5_delay();
{trehr = (hour % 10) + (hour / 10 * 16);}
tstart_trecr1 = 1; // Timer RE count start bit, count starts

tcstf_trecr1 = 1; //timer RE status flag count
h12_h24_trecr1 = 1; //24 hour mode
} // end set time function
int* getTime (void)
{
int time[3];
int a = 0;
char temp;
while (bsy_tresec == 1){;}
time[0] = trehr; // save timer RE hours to time array
time[1] = tremin; // save timer RE minutes to time array


time[2] = tresec; // save timer RE seconds to time array
//Hexadecimal to decimal
for (a = 0; a < 3; a++)
{
temp = time[a];
time[a] = ((temp & 0x0F)) + ((temp & 0xF0) / 16 * 10);
}
//Return format: hour, min, sec
return time; // return time array: Hours, Minutes, Seconds
} //end getTime function
void Time_display(void) //function used to write the time to LCD
{
int time; //clock read variable
lcd_scrn_clear(); // clear screen between successive second counts
for (a = 0; a < 3; a++) // used to filter throught time array
{
time = (getTime ())[a]; //receive time from timer RE register
if (time <10)
{
lcd_character_write('0');
//write zero before character
lcd_character_write(time +'0'); //write actual character
}
else
{
range
{
time = time-10;
lcd_character_write('1'); //write 10's range character
first, eg. '1'
lcd_character_write(time+'0'); //write second character, eg.
'5'
example: '1'+'5' = "15".
}
if (time < 30 & time > 19) //check if integer lies in 20's range
{
time = time-20; //integer split into two characters statement,
eg. '25' becomes '5' only
lcd_character_write('2'); //write 20's range character first,
eg. '2'
lcd_character_write(time+'0'); //write second character, eg.
'5'
example: '2'+'5' = "25".
}
{

time = time-30; //integer split into two characters statement

display on LCD
lcd_character_write(time+'0'); //write second character,
convert integer to character, display on LCD
}
{
lcd_character_write('4'); //write 40's range character first
}
{
display on LCD
}
if (time == 60) //check if integer is 60, max
{
max, display on LCD
}
}
if (a==0 || a==1) // check positioning of cursor
{
lcd_character_write(':'); //writes a colon between hours,minutes
,and seconds
}
} //end for loop
} //end Time_display function
char* get_mor_eve_time(void) // fetch morning and evening times saved on the eeprom
{
int i;
char time[6]; // array for morning and evening time + dummy time
char eeprom_data; // data in eeprom
char *eeprom_data_ptr = &eeprom_data; //pointer to eeprom data
for (i=0;i<=5;i++) // execute until the total of four bytes for the
morning/evening time information is done
{
while (eeprom_read(0xA0,(41+i),eeprom_data_ptr)==0); // read the
evening/morning times from the allocated eeprom addresses
time[i] = eeprom_data; // read eeprom data into time aaray
}

return time; //return the time array as the output to this funtion
} // end get_more_eve_time function
void write_mor_eve_time(int time_array[], char mor_eve) // save the morning and evening
time information to the eeprom
{
char time[3]; // time array for the morning/ evening time
int i;
for(i=0;i<=2;i++)
{
time[i] = (char)time_array[i];
}
//Convert to char to store in eeprom
if (mor_eve == 1) // morning time

{
for(i=0;i<=2;i++)
{
while (eeprom_write(0xA0,41+i,time[i])==0); // write the morning
time data to the eeprom
}
}
else if (mor_eve == 0)//evening time
{
for(i=0;i<=2;i++)
{
while (eeprom_write(0xA0,44+i,time[i])==0); // write the evening
time data to the eeprom
}
}
} //end write_more_eve_time function

Serial_port.c
/* Inisialiseer die seriepoort 0: 8 bisse, geen pariteit, 1 stopbis 38400 Baud */
/* Initialises serial port 0 : 8 bits, no parity, 1 stop bit, 38400 Baud */
void serialport_0_initialise()
{
u0brg = 0x20; //(20Mhz/(38400*16)=n forbaudrate 38400)
u0mr = 0x05;
//(8 bits, no parity, 1 stop bit)
u0c0 = 0x00;
//(f1 clock choice)
u0c1 = 0x05;
//(send and receive enabled)
s0ric = 0x7; //(Interrupt priority = 7
s0tic = 0x00; //set to zero
}
void serialport_1_initialise()
{
pinsr1 = 0x05; //Selects p4_5 as RXD1
u1pinsel=1;
u1brg = 0xEE; //(20Mhz/(5230*16)=n forbaudrate 5230)
//(8 bits, no parity, 1 stop bit)
u1mr = 0x05;
u1c0 = 0x80;
//(f1 clock choice, most significant bit first)
//(receive enabled)
re_u1c1=1;
s1ric = 0x7; //(Interrupt priority = 7
s1tic = 0x00; //set to zero
}
/* stuur een greep via seriepoort 0 */
/* sends one byte via serial port 0 */
void serialport_0_byte_send(char byte)
{
while (ti_u0c1 == 0); //Check for transmit enabled
u0tb = byte;
//Send byte
}
/***********************************************/
/* Transmit an ASCCIZ string via serial port 0 */
/***********************************************/
void send_string(char data_str[])
{
int i = 0;
{
serialport_0_byte_send(data_str[i]);
i++;
}
} //end send_string function
void beamoff(void) // test code to see if lightsensor functions
{
// send string via USB cable displaying the state of the light sensor, see if
obstruction occurs
char beam[] = "Beam off";
send_string(beam);

}
void beamon(void) // test code to check the state of the light sensor, see if no
obstruction occurs
{
char beam[] = "Beam on";
send_string(beam); // send light sensor state via serial communication
}

Triac.c
#include
#include
#include
#include
"sfr_r827.h"
"rtclock.h"
"menu.h"
"triac.h"
void triac_on(void) // set curteous light on function

{
p5_3 = 0; //Triac on, curteous light on
}
void triac_off(void) // set curteous light off function
{
p5_3 = 1; //Triac off, curteous light off
}
char night_time(int evening_time[],int morning_time[]) // the function determines if the
current time is during night time
{
char night = 0; //Daytime if night = 0
int h_m_s = 0;
int current_time[3]; // If current_time falls between evening time and morning
time, the function will return a 1 for night time
int i = 0;
//To make the current_time array
for (i = 0 ; i < 3; i++)
{
current_time[i] = (getTime ())[i]; // pulls the current time from the Timer
RE clock
}
//Hour check
if (current_time[h_m_s] > evening_time[h_m_s] || current_time[h_m_s] <
morning_time[h_m_s] ) //Check if the current time is more than the user defined evening
time or less than the user defined morning time, if it is, its night time
{
night = 1;
//Die minutes is die kak
}
//Minutes check
else if (current_time[h_m_s] == evening_time[h_m_s])
{
h_m_s++;
if (current_time[h_m_s] >= evening_time[h_m_s] || current_time[h_m_s] <=
morning_time[h_m_s] )
{
night = 1; // set to night time
}
}
else
{
night = 0;
//Sets to daytime

}
return night; // returns 1 for night time, returns 0 for daytime
} // end night time function

IR Remote
Main.c
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
"sfr_r827.h"
"ports.h"
"serial_port.h"
"i2c.h"
"eeprom.h"
extern volatile char sec;

//globale veranderlike in 'n ander ler verklaar /
global variable declared in another file
//nota: "volatile" omdat as gevolg van 'n onderbreking
kan verander
//note: "volatile" as it can be
changed as a result of an interrupt
char s1_flag=0;
//Flag used to test if switch is pushed,
Used to avoid sending a signal repeatedly (s1_flag=0 when switch 1 is not pressed)
char s3_flag=0;
// Switch 3 flag, test if switch 3 is
pushed, avoid sending a signal repeatedly
extern volatile char two_sec_hold;
// 2 second wait flag for new access codes
generation function, switch1 & switch 3 pressed simultaneously
extern volatile char random_max; // random number factor multiplyer,
char
mV
char
char
char
bat_alarm;
// initial condition batery full = 9300
checksum;
remote_data[2];
b;
//array to read remote data from eeprom

//used when reading from eeprom
main()
{
char temp_bat_volt;
oscillator_initialise();
timer_a_initialise ();
timer_b_initialise ();
ports_initialise();
i2c_initialise();
while(1)
{
//always run, always true
/*************************************
POWER ON/OFF
*******************************************************/
if (ra_flag <=52300)
(5230 baud * 10 seconds)
{
// Keep remote on for 10 seconds

p0_3=1;
}
if (p0_1==0||p0_2==0)
switch 3 is pushed and if true resets the timer
{
ra_flag=0;
}
else
{
p0_3=0;
}
//Test to see if switch 1 or
/****************************************************************************************
************************/
/*************************************
SWITCH 1
*******************************************************/
if(p0_1==0 && s1_flag==0)

//If switch 1 is pushed, determine
whether a switch is held in or released, test if both switches are pressed
{
temp_bat_volt = ad;
//Shift 3 bits to right
temp_bat_volt = temp_bat_volt >> 3;
temp_bat_volt = temp_bat_volt & 0x1F;
bat_alarm = temp_bat_volt<<2;
// this must be read
from A/D converter, at moment it is set at 9300 mV
bat_alarm = bat_alarm | 0x00;
//Last hex number
form remote code: 0, 1 ,2 ,3 for 4 remotes.
//switch1 read from eeprom, used to syncronize
for (b=0;b<2;b++)
{
//while (eeprom_read(0xA0,b,eeprom_data_ptr)==0);
// execute until an acknowledgement flag is succesful, therefore read has occured
remote_data[b] = (eeprom_read_codes())[b];
//eeprom_data; //save data retrieved from eeprom into array
}
checksum = bat_alarm + remote_data[0] + remote_data[1];
determine the checksum
// set the MSB to 1 in the checksum variable
//
//send remote data via infra-red, using array

Button_Pressed (bat_alarm, remote_data[0], remote_data[1],
checksum);
//send data via infra-red signal
s1_flag=1;
// set exit flag
}
else if (p0_1==1 && s1_flag==1)
// determine if switch 1 is released
{
s1_flag=0;
// reset exit flag
}
/****************************************************************************************
********************/

/************************************
***********************/
SWITCH 1 & SWITCH 3 PRESSED Simultaneously
if (two_sec_hold ==1) // check if 2 seconds has ellapsed after S1 & S3

pressed
{
for (b=0;b<2;b++)
{
remote_data[b] = (rand()%random_max + 1)|0x80;
random code and set MSB to 1
}
//Generates
//write to eeprom write

for (b=0;b<2;b++)
//Saves new code to eeprom
{
while (eeprom_write(0xA0,b,remote_data[b])==0); //Writes one
byte on eeprom, execute until an acknowledgement flag is succesful, therefore data was
written to eeprom
}
two_sec_hold = 0;
//flag set to 0 so that commands are not run again
}
/****************************************************************************************
*******************/
/*************************************
SWITCH 3
*******************************************************/
if(p0_2==0 && s3_flag==0)
//If switch 3
is pushed, determine whether a switch is held in or released, test if both switches
pressed
{
bat_alarm = 0x00 | 0x00;
// This is
set to alarm condition
//switch1 read from eeprom, used to syncronize
for (b=0;b<2;b++)
{
remote_data[b] = (eeprom_read_codes())[b];
//call saved codes on remote eeprom
}
checksum = bat_alarm + remote_data[0] + remote_data[1];
// Set checksum's MSB to 1
//send remote data via infra-red, using array
Button_Pressed (bat_alarm, remote_data[0], remote_data[1],
checksum);
//send data via infra-red
s3_flag=1;
//Set flag to 1 so that commands are only run once if button is pressed
}
else if (p0_2==1 && s3_flag==1)
{
s3_flag=0;

}
/****************************************************************************************
********************/
} //end while
} //end main

Eeprom.c
#include "i2c.h"
char dummy;
void nackORcomplete(void);
void nackORcomplete(void)
{
//Step 11
//Step 12
stop_icsr = 0; //stop condition detection flag, set to zero, in in i2c bus status
register
//Step 13
iccr2 = (iccr2&0x3F); //SCP (start/stop condition generation diable bit) and BBSY
(busy bit) set to zero,in i2c bus control register ICCR2,
//Step 14
while (stop_icsr==0); //Reads STOP bit in ICSR register and continues when STOP
bit is equal to 1
//Step 15
iccr1 = (iccr1&0xCF); //TRS bit and MST bit in ICCR1 register is set to 0
tdre_icsr = 0; // transmit data empty set to zero, in i2c bus status register
}
/* WRITE ONE CHAR TO AN ADDRESS IN THE EEPROM*/

char eeprom_write(char eeprom_address,unsigned int data_adress, char data)
{
char return_char;

//Step 1
while (bbsy_iccr2==1);
register
//Read BBSY byte in ICCR2
//Step 2
iccr1 = (iccr1&0xFF)|0x30;
register is set to 1
//TRS bit and MST bit in ICCR1
//Step 3
iccr2 = (iccr2&0x3F)|0x80;
BBSY =1), Generate start condition
//Write BBSY bit (Set SCP=0 and
//Step 4

icdrt = (eeprom_address)|0x00;
//Device select: Slave address +
R/nW
//Step 5
while (tend_icsr==0);
register, wait till TEND bit equals 1 to continue
//Read TEND bit in ICSR
/****************************************************************************/
/*
MASTER TRANSMIT MODE
*/
/****************************************************************************/
//Step 6
if (ackbr_icier==0)
//check if receive acknowledge bit
is zero, yeas, then steps 7 to end, otherwise go to step 11
{
//Step 7 & 8
icdrt = mem_add1;
//transmit data register
receives value of most significant byte of address in eeprom
while (tdre_icsr == 0);
//check if transmit data is empty,
makes sure data is received
//Step 7 & 8
icdrt = mem_add2;
//transmit data register
receives value of least significant byte of address in eeprom
//Step 9
// transmit data
icdrt = data;
register recieves the actual data to be written to eeprom
//Step 10
while (tend_icsr == 0);
// wait for end of transmission of
the last byte
return_char = 1;
sent, transmission successful
}
else return_char = 0;
sent, transmission unsuccessful
nackORcomplete();
return return_char;
function output
}
// acknowledgement flag
// not acknowledgement flag
// steps 11 through to 15
// send acknowledgement flag,
/*READ ONE CHAR FROM AN ADDRESS IN THE EEPROM*/

char eeprom_read(char eeprom_address,unsigned int data_adress, char *data)
{
char return_char;


//WRITE THE ADDRESS WHERE THE DATA MUST BE ACCESSED

//Step 1
while (bbsy_iccr2==1);
SCL and SDA lines
//judge the state of the
//Step 2
//Step 3
BBSY =1), Generate start condition
//Write BBSY bit (Set SCP=0 and
//Step 4
//Device select
//Step 5
while (tend_icsr==0);
register, wait till TEND bit equals 1 to continue
//Read TEND bit in ICSR
//Step 6
if (ackbr_icier == 0)
//check if receive
acknowledge bit is zero, yeas, then steps 7 to end, otherwise go to step 11
{
//Step 7 & 8
//The address of the data,
icdrt = mem_add1;
transmit data register receives value of most significant byte of address in eeprom to be
read from
//Step 9 & 10
icdrt = mem_add2;
//The address of the data,
The address of the data, transmit data register receives value of least significant byte
of address in eeprom to be read from
}
else
{
nackORcomplete();
return 0;
acknowledgement flag sent as output of function
}
//not
//Step 11
tend_icsr = 0;
to zero, in i2c bus status register
//READ DATA FROM THE ADDRESS IN EEPROM
//Step 2
//Step 3
//transmit end, set
//Generate start condition

//Step 4
//Device select and sets to read
mode
//Step 5
wait till TEND bit equals 1 to continue
//Read TEND bit in ICSR register,
/****************************************************************************/
/*
MASTER RECEIVE MODE
*/
/****************************************************************************/
//Step 6
if (ackbr_icier == 0)
//check if receive
acknowledge bit is zero, yeas, then steps 1 & 7-end to end of master recieve mode,
otherwise go to step 11 onwards in master transmit mode
{
//Step 1
//Set transmit end
tend_icsr = 0;
to zero, in i2c bus status register
trs_iccr1 = 0;
//Set
transfer/receive select bit, in i2c bus control register to zero
tdre_icsr = 0;
//Set transmit data
empty, in i2c bus status register to zero
//Step 7 (Step 2 to 6 skipped)
ackbt_icier = 1;
// transmit acknowledgement
select bit set to 1, in i2c bus interrupt enable register, in receive mode
// Receive disable bit set
rcvd_iccr1 = 1;
to 1, in i2c bus control register 1, disables next receive operation
//Step 8
dummy = icdrr;
//Dummy read ICDRR
register
//Step 9
while (rdrf_icsr == 0);
//wait until the last byte is
received
//Step 10
stop_icsr = 0;
condition detection flag back to zero, in i2c bus status register
// set stop
//Step 11
iccr2 = (iccr2&0x3F);
// set SCP (start/stop
condition generation diable bit) and BBSY (bus busy bit) to zero, in i2c bus control
register 2
//Step 12
while (stop_icsr == 0);
// Checks the stop bit in the ICSR
register
//Step 13
*data = icdrr;
//Read ICDRR
register
//Step 14

rcvd_iccr1 = 0;
//Step 15
mst_iccr1 = 0;
return 1;
flag, successful
// acknowledgment
}
else
{
nackORcomplete();
return 0;
acknowledgement flag, unsuccessful
}
}
// not
void eeprom_remote_code_initialise (void)

{
char eeprom_code1 = 0b10001111;
char eeprom_code2 = 0b10000111;
while (eeprom_write(0xA0,0,eeprom_code1)==0);
while (eeprom_write(0xA0,1,eeprom_code2)==0);
}
char* eeprom_read_codes (void)

{
char eeprom_data;
char i;
char remote_data[2];
for (i=0;i<2;i++)
{
while (eeprom_read(0xA0,i,eeprom_data_ptr)==0); // execute until an
acknowledgement flag is succesful, therefore read has occured
//save
remote_data[i] = eeprom_data;
data retrieved from eeprom into array
}
return remote_data;
}

I2c.c
#include "i2c.h"
/**********************************************************************************/
/* Initialize the i2c
*/
/**********************************************************************************/
void i2c_initialise(void)
{
sar=0x10;
iicsel=1;
ice_iccr1 = 1;
iccr1=(iccr1 & 0xf0)|(0x0D);
}
//slave address of the controller

//i2c choosen
//100 kHz

Intrprg.c
/***********************************************************************/
/*
*/
/* FILE
:intprg.c
*/
/* DATE
:Mon, Feb 18, 2008
*/
/* DESCRIPTION :define the top address of the interrupt vectors.
*/
/* CPU GROUP
:27
*/
/*
*/
/* This file is generated by Renesas Project Generator (Ver.4.8).
*/
/*
*/
/***********************************************************************/
/***************************************************************************
* COMPILER for M16C/60,R8C/Tiny
* Copyright(c) 2004 Renesas Technology Corp.
* And Renesas Solutions Corp.,All Rights Reserved.
* intprg.c : define variable vector table
*
for R8C/27,26
*
*
* $Date: 2006/09/13 05:29:23 $
* $Revision: 1.3 $
**************************************************************************/
#include "cstartdef.h"
#include "eeprom.h"
volatile long int ra_flag=0;

//counter for counting the
interrupts of RA (for automatic power on/off)
volatile char two_sec_hold = 0;
//flag that's set if the both switches
are held in for 2 seconds, external variable which is set to zero in main() after an
operation has been executed
volatile char random_max = 0;
//variable to make rand() more
random (counts from 0 to 255 and repeats whole time)
volatile int multiple_button_timer = 0;
//counter that counts the time the two
buttons are held in
volatile char switch_exit_flag = 0;
//flag so that commands is only
carried out once when the two buttons is pressed.
// When you want to use BANK1 registers
// please define interrupt using /B swtich as follows.
//
// #pragma interrupt/B xxxx
//
// BRK
#pragma interrupt
void _brk(void){}
//
//
//
//
vector
vector
vector
vector
1
2
3
4
(software int 0)
_brk(vect=0)
reserved
reserved
reserved
reserved

// timer RC (channel 0)
(software int 7)
#pragma interrupt
_timer_rc(vect=7)
void _timer_rc(void){}
// timer RE
(software int 10)
#pragma interrupt
_timer_re(vect=10)
void _timer_re(void)
{
}
// input_key
(software int 13)
#pragma interrupt
_input_key(vect=13)
void _input_key(void){}
// A-D converter
(software int 14)
#pragma interrupt
_ad_converter(vect=14)
void _ad_converter(void){}
// SSU IIC
#pragma interrupt
void _ssu(void){}
(software int 15)

_ssu(vect=15)
#if defined (__STANDARD_IO__) && (defined(__FOUSB__) ||
#else
// uart0 trance
(software int 17)
#pragma interrupt
#endif
defined(__E8__))
// uart0 receive
(software int 18)
#pragma interrupt
{
// eie seriepoort kode / own serial port code here
}
#if defined(__STANDARD_IO__) || defined(__FOUSB__) || defined(__E8__)
#else
// uart1 trance
(software int 19)
#pragma interrupt
#endif
// uart1 receive
(software int 20)
#pragma interrupt
void _uart1_receive(void){}

// timer RA
(software int 22)
#pragma interrupt
_timer_ra(vect=22)
void _timer_ra(void)
{
ra_flag++;
random_max++;
/*************************************
***********************/
SWITCH 1 & SWITCH 3 PRESSED Simultaneously
if (p0_1==0 && p0_2==0 && switch_exit_flag == 0)

// check if switch 1 & switch 3 pressed at the same time
{
if (multiple_button_timer++ >= (2*5230))
// hold for 2 seconds, both switches pressed
{
two_sec_hold = 1;
// two second hold flag set if the switched held in for 2 seconds
switch_exit_flag = 1;
// set switch_exit flag to 1 so that commands is only carried out
once when the two buttons is pressed.
}
}
else if (p0_1==1 && p0_2==1 && switch_exit_flag == 1)
//
check if switches 1 & 3 are released
{
multiple_button_timer = 0;
//reset 2 second timer
two_sec_hold = 0;
// reset 2 second hold flag
switch_exit_flag = 0;
// reset if satement exit flag
}
/****************************************************************************************
*******************/
}
// timer RB
(software int 24)
#pragma interrupt
_timer_rb(vect=24)
void _timer_rb(void){}
// int1
#pragma interrupt
void _int1(void){}
(software int 25)

_int1(vect=25)
// int3
#pragma interrupt
void _int3(void){}
(software int 26)

_int3(vect=26)

// int0
#pragma interrupt
void _int0(void){}
(software int 29)

_int0(vect=29)
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
vector
vector
vector
vector
vector
vector
vector
vector
vector
vector
vector
vector
vector
vector
vector
vector
vector
vector
vector
vector
vector
vector
vector
vector
vector
vector
vector
vector
vector
vector
vector
vector
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
for user
for user
for user
for user
for user
for user
for user
for user
for user
for user
for user
for user
for user
for user
for user
for user
for user
for user
for user
for user
for user
for user
for user
for user
for user
for user
for user
for user
for user
for user
for user
for user

Oscillator_timers.c
/****************************************************************/
/* Mike Blanckenberg. Voeg eie kommentaar by. Add own comments */
/****************************************************************/
oscillator_initialise()
{
asm("FCLR I");
prc0 = 1;
//Set the PRC0 bit in the PRCR register to 1 (write
enable) before rew riting the FRA0 register
fra00 = 1;
//High-speed on-chip oscillator on
fra01 = 1;
//Selects high-speed on-chip oscillator
ocd2 = 1;
//Selects on-chip oscillator
cm06 = 0;
//CM 16 & CM 17 enabled
prc0 = 0;
asm("FSET I");
//write disabled in CM0 register
}
timer_a_initialise ()
{
asm("FCLR I");
all interrupts
tstart_tracr = 0;
tramr = 0x00;
selects f1 as count source (20MHz)
trapre = 0x3d;
tra = 0x3d;
5230
traic = 0x07;
tracr = 0x03;
flag, during count
status flag is 1 during count (p.144)
asm("FSET I");
interrupts
}
// stop alle onderbrekngs / stop

// Stop Timer RA operation
//Sets Timer RA mode to timer mode and
//m=61
//n=61 to achieve a baud rate of
// Start Timer RA operation, count status

//While timer RA not counting, timer RA count
// steun onderbrekings / enable
timer_b_initialise ()
{
tstart_trbcr = 0;
//Timer B stops
while(tcstf_trbcr != 0);
//While timer RA counting, timer RA count status
flag is 1 during count, 0 for count stop (p.144)
tocnt_trbioc = 0;
//Timer RB output switch bit set to 0,
Timer RB I/O Control Register p.161
trbmr=0x09;
//Programmable wave generation
mode, Write to reload register only, Timer RB Mode Register p.161
trbpre = 68;
//n
trbsc = 3;
//p
trbpr = 3;
//m
}
void ms_5_delay(void)

{
int k;
int N=5000;
with the led output pin with the oscilloscope.
for (k=0;k<N;k++);
}
//N is worked out by measuring a for loop

Ports.c
#include "ports.h"
void port_0_initialise (void);
void port_3_initialise (void);
void ad_conv_initialise (void);
void ports_initialise()
{
}
{
pd1_3 = 1;
ki3en = 0;
trbosel = 0;
p1drr3 = 1;
}
//
//
//
//
poort 1.3 : uittree (p77) / port 1.3 : output (p77)

ditto (p85)
ditto (p85)
maksimum drywing (p81 ) / maximum drive (p81)
{
prc2=1;
//PRC2 bit in the PRCR register to
1 (write enable), Writing to the PD0 register is enabled p.109
//Port P0_3/AN4, set to output port p.65
pd0_3=1;
pu00=1;
//Pulled up by setting the PU00
bit in the PUR0 register to 1 p.65
}
void ad_conv_initialise()
{
prc2=1;
pd0_7=0;
adcon0 = 0x88;
adcon1 = 0x30;
adst = 1;
}
//p0_7 input port for AD converter (AN0)

// A/D Control Register 0, repeat mode,
// A/D Control Register 1,
// start condition

Serial_port.c
volatile int ir_count=0;

//infra-red bit counter set to 0, used to
determine which bit of the signal needs to send.
void send_bit(int bit)
the 36kHz signal or deactivates it
{
if (bit==1)
is a logical 1 on transmitter side (remote)
{
tstart_trbcr = 0;
side
while(tcstf_trbcr != 0);
//wait
changes
}
else if (bit==0)
logical 0 on transmitter side (remote)
{
tstart_trbcr = 1;
side
}
}
// end send_bit function
//Function to check the bit and activates
//Execute statement if signal read
//To make a logical one on the receptive

till the timer RB counts status flag
//Execute statement if signal read is a
//To make a logical zero on the receptive
/* stuur een greep via IR */

/* sends one byte via IR */
void byte_send(char byte)
{
union byte_def
nibble;
nibble.byte=byte;
//data bit
ir_count=0;
pointer set to 0
ir_flag = 0;
//Timer RA interrupt
acknowledgement flag, set to zero, if timer RA interrupts then ir_flag is set to 1
while (ir_count<10)
//Run until the
entire byte with start and stop bits are sent, 10 bits, 1 start, 8 data bits, and 1 stop
bit.
{
if (ir_flag==1)
//test for a
Timer RA interrupt
{
switch(ir_count)
//Used to determine
which bit is looked at
{
case 0:
send_bit(0);
//Start bit sent
ir_count++;
//increment
infra-red flag which points to next bit.
break;
//exit when
bit is sent

case 1:
send_bit(nibble.bit.b7);
//MSB, most significant bit
send b7
ir_count++;
break;
bit is sent
case 2:
ir_count++;
break;
bit is sent
case 3:
ir_count++;
break;
bit is sent
case 4:
ir_count++;
break;
bit is sent
case 5:
ir_count++;
break;
bit is sent
case 6:
ir_count++;
break;
bit is sent
case 7:
ir_count++;
break;
bit is sent
case 8:
//increment
//exit when
//bit b6 send
//increment
//exit when
//bit b5 send
//increment
//exit when
//bit b4 send
//increment
//exit when
//bit b3 send
//increment
//exit when
//bit b2 send
//increment
//exit when
//bit b1 send
//increment
//exit when
//LSB, Least signigicant
bit b0 send
ir_count++;
break;
bit is sent

//increment
//exit when
case 9:
send_bit(1);
//Stop bit
ir_count++;
//increment
break;
//exit when
bit is sent
} // end switch satement
ir_flag=0;
//set timer
RA interrupt acknowledgement flag to 0, after intterupt has occured. sets to default
} // end if statement
} //end while statement
} // end function
void Button_Pressed (char Bat_Alarm, char code1, char code2, char Checksum)
{
byte_send(Bat_Alarm);
// Send remote
battery condition
//wait after byte sent, allows for succesive transmission of seqeuntial byte
sending via infra-red remote
ms_5_delay();
ms_5_delay();
ms_5_delay();
ms_5_delay();
byte_send(code1);
access code
//wait after byte sent
ms_5_delay();
ms_5_delay();
ms_5_delay();
ms_5_delay();
// send part one of
byte_send(code2);
access code
ms_5_delay();
ms_5_delay();
ms_5_delay();
ms_5_delay();
// send part two of
byte_send(Checksum);
ms_5_delay();
ms_5_delay();
ms_5_delay();
ms_5_delay();
// send checksum

Appendix D

BRIGHT LED ELECTRONICS CORP.

SINCE 1981
Total Page: 6
Page:
1
Revision: 2.0
Customer P/N:
Device NumberBPI-3C1-05
Features:
Non-contact switching.
For direct PC board or dual-in-line socket mounting.
Fast switching s peed.
This product doesn't contain restriction substance, comply ROHS
standard.
Sheet
Date
2001.12.20 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

2002.01.08 1.1 1.0 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.1
2002.03.21 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.1
2002.12.12 1.3 1.0 1.2 1.1 1.0 1.2
2004.10.26 1.4 --
2004.11.26 2.0 1.0 1.2 1.1 1.0 1.3

Total Page
Contents
Initial Released
Packaging Dimensions:
Pin Length: 9.12mm3.5mm
2. Packaging Bag Dimensions
Light Current:
IL: max 10Ma5Ma
Packaging Dimensions:
Slit Width 1.1mm0.4mm
2.Packaging Bag Dimensions
Features
Packaging
BRIGHT LED ELECTRONICS CORP.

19 3
3F., No. 19, Ho Ping Road, Pan Chiao City,
Taipei, Taiwan, R. O. C.
Tel: 886-2-29591090
Fax: 886-2-29547006/29558809
www.brtled.com.
No.8 Gaolong eastwayLuxiprecinctGaobu

Town Dongguan city Guangdong Province
China
Tel886-0769-8730255 8731855
Fax886-0769-8733355 8738706
www.brtled.com
Approved
Checked
2004.11.26
2004.11.26
2004.11.26

Drawn
BRIGHT LED ELECTRONICS

Absolute Maximum Rating (Ta=25)
Page:
Version:
Item
2
1.1
Symbol
Rating
Unit
Power Dissipation
Pd
75
mW
Reverse Voltage
VR
Forward Current
IF
50
mA
(*1)
IFP
Collector Power Dissipation
PC
100
mW
Collector Current
IC
40
mA
C-E Voltage
VCEO
30
E-C Voltage
VECO
Operating Temperature
Topr
-25 ~ +85
Storage Temperature
Tstg
-40 ~ +100
Tsol
260
Input
Peak Forward Current
Output
Soldering Temperature
(*2)
(*1) tw=100 uSec.T=10 mSec.
(*2) t=5 Sec
Electrical Optical Characteristics (Ta=25)
Parameter
Input
Symbol
Condition
Min.
Typ.
Max.
Unit
Forward Voltage
VF
IF=20mA
1.2
1.5
Reverse Current
IR
VR=5V
100
Peak Wavelength
IF=10mA
ID
VCE=10V
100
nA
VCE(sat)
IC=0.25mA
IF=10mA
0.4
IL
VCE=5V
IF=10mA
0.5
5.0
mA
20
sec
20
sec
Dark Current
Output
C-E Saturation Voltage
Light Current
Rise Time
Tr
Fall Time
Tf
Speed
IFP=20mA
VCE=5V
RL=1000

940
nm

Package Dimensions
Notes:
1. All dimensions are in millimeters (inches).
2. Tolerance is &0.25mm unless otherwise specified.
3. Lead spacing is measured where the leads emerge from the package.
4. Specifications are subject to change without notice.

Page:
Version:
3
1.2

Typical Electrical / Optical Characteristics Curves (Ta=25)

Page:
Version:
4
1.0

Typical Electric / Optical Characteristics Curves (Ta=25)

Page:
Version:
5
1.0
Packaging Box Dimensions
Packaging Tube Dimensions
Notes:
1. 35pcs per tube, 2.73kpcs per box.
2. All Dimensions are in millimeters (inches).
3. Specifications are subject to change without notice.

Page:
Version:
6
1.3
DRV8800
DRV8801
www.ti.com
SLVS855E JULY 2008 REVISED OCTOBER 2010
DMOS FULL-BRIDGE MOTOR DRIVERS

Check for Samples: DRV8800, DRV8801
FEATURES
Low ON-Resistance [Rds(ON)] Outputs

Overcurrent Protection
Motor Lead Short-to-Supply Protection
Short-to-Ground Protection
Low-Power Mode
Synchronous Rectification
Diagnostic Output
Internal Undervoltage Lockout (UVLO)
Crossover-Current Protection
16-Pin QFN With PowerPAD Package
xxx
APPLICATIONS
Printers
Industrial Automation
DESCRIPTION/ORDERING INFORMATION
Designed to control dc motors by using pulse width modulation (PWM), the DRV8800/DRV8801 is capable of
peak output currents up to 2.8 A and operating voltages up to 36 V.
The PHASE and ENABLE inputs provide dc motor speed and direction control by applying external pulse-width
modulation (PWM) and control signals. Internal synchronous rectification control circuitry provides lower power
dissipation during PWM operation.
Internal circuit protection includes motor lead short-to-supply/short-to-ground, thermal shutdown with hysteresis,
undervoltage monitoring of VBB and VCP, and crossover-current protection.
The DRV8800/DRV8801 is supplied in a thin-profile 16-pin QFN (RTY) PowerPAD package, providing
enhanced thermal dissipation. The devices are lead free (Pb free).
ORDERING INFORMATION
TA
PACKAGE
(1) (2)
ORDERABLE PART NUMBER
Plastic QFN 16 (S-PQFP-16) RTY

40C to 85C
TSSOP - PWP
(1)
(2)
TOP-SIDE MARKING
DRV8800RTYR
DRV8800
DRV8800RTYT
DRV8800
DRV8801RTYR
DRV8801
DRV8801RTYT
DRV8801
DRV8800PWP
DRV8800
DRV8800PWPR
DRV8800
DRV8801PWP
DRV8801
DRV8801PWPR
DRV8801
For the most current package and ordering information, see the Package Option Addendum at the end of this document, or see the TI
website at www.ti.com.
Package drawings, thermal data, and symbolization are available at www.ti.com/packaging.
Please be aware that an important notice concerning availability, standard warranty, and use in critical applications of Texas
Instruments semiconductor products and disclaimers thereto appears at the end of this data sheet.
PowerPAD is a trademark of Texas Instruments Incorporated.
PRODUCTION DATA information is current as of publication date.

Products conform to specifications per the terms of the Texas
Instruments standard warranty. Production processing does not
necessarily include testing of all parameters.
Copyright 20082010, Texas Instruments Incorporated

DRV8800
DRV8801
www.ti.com
DRV8801
RTY PACKAGE
(TOP VIEW)
nFAULT
VPROPI
VCP
14
13
VCP
13
15
VREG
14
MODE 1
nFAULT
15
16
MODE
16
DRV8800
RTY PACKAGE
(TOP VIEW)
nSLEEP
10
CP1
nSLEEP
10
CP1
ENABLE
OUT-
ENABLE
OUT-
CP2
VBB
11
SENSE
GND
CP2
OUT+
11
MODE 2
GND
GND
VBB
12
SENSE
PHASE
GND
OUT+
12
NC
PHASE
NC Do not connect
TERMINAL FUNCTIONS
TERMINAL
NO.
NAME
DRV8800
DESCRIPTION
DRV8801
PHASE
PHASE
Phase logic input for direction control
GND
GND
Ground
nSLEEP
nSLEEP
Sleep logic input
ENABLE
ENABLE
Enable logic input
NC
MODE 2
No connect (DRV8800), Mode 2 logic input (DRV8801)
OUT+
OUT+
DMOS full-bridge output positive
SENSE
SENSE
Sense power return
VBB
VBB
Load supply voltage
OUT-
OUT-
DMOS full-bridge output negative
10
CP1
CP1
Charge-pump capacitor 1
11
CP2
CP2
12
GND
GND
Ground
13
VCP
VCP
Reservoir capacitor
14
VREG
VPROPI
Regulated voltage (DRV8800), Winding current proportional voltage output (DRV8801)
15
nFAULT
nFAULT
Fault open-drain output
16
MODE
MODE 1
Mode logic input
PowerPAD
PowerPAD
Exposed pad for thermal dissipation connect to GND pins
Submit Documentation Feedback
Product Folder Link(s): DRV8800 DRV8801

DRV8800
DRV8801
www.ti.com
DRV8800
PWP PACKAGE
(TOP VIEW)
DRV8801
PWP PACKAGE
(TOP VIEW)
nFAULT
16
NC
MODE
15
VREG
PHASE
14
VCP
GND
13
GND
nSLEEP
12
CP2
ENABLE
11
CP1
OUT+
10
OUT-
SENSE
VBB
nFAULT
16
MODE 2
MODE 1
15
VPROPI
PHASE
14
VCP
GND
13
GND
nSLEEP
12
CP2
ENABLE
11
CP1
OUT+
10
OUT-
SENSE
VBB
NC Do not connect
TERMINAL FUNCTIONS
TERMINAL
NO.
NAME
DRV8800
DESCRIPTION
DRV8801
nFAULT
nFAULT
Fault open-drain output
MODE
MODE 1
Mode logic input
PHASE
PHASE
Logic input for direction control
GND
GND
Ground
nSLEEP
nSLEEP
Sleep logic input
ENABLE
ENABLE
Enable logic input
OUT+
OUT+
DMOS full-bridge output positive
SENSE
SENSE
Sense power return
VBB
VBB
Load supply voltage
10
OUT-
OUT-
DMOS full-bridge output negative
11
CP1
CP1
12
CP2
CP2
13
GND
GND
Ground
14
VCP
VCP
Reservoir capacitor
15
VREG
VPROPI
Regulated voltage (DRV8800), Winding current proportional voltage output (DRV8801)
16
NC
MODE 2
No connect (DRV8800), Mode 2 logic input (DRV8801)
PowerPAD
PowerPAD
Exposed pad for thermal dissipation connect to GND pins

DRV8800
DRV8801
www.ti.com
DRV8800 TYPICAL APPLICATION DIAGRAM

www.ti.com
DRV8800
DRV8801
DRV8801 TYPICAL APPLICATION DIAGRAM

DRV8800
DRV8801
www.ti.com
DRV8800 FUNCTIONAL BLOCK DIAGRAM

.1 uf
CP1
CP2
VBB
VCP
.1 uf
Charge Pump
VREG
Optional
VBB
Low-Side
Gate Supply
.22 uf
Bias
Supply
MODE
100 uf
.1 uf
PHASE
OUT+
ENABLE
VDD
Control
Logic
OUT-
3.3K
3.3K
nSLEEP
SENSE
nFAULT
UVLO
VBB
Motor lead
Protection
STB
STG
TSD
OUT+
OUTSENSE
GND
GND
PAD

www.ti.com
DRV8800
DRV8801
DRV8801 FUNCTIONAL BLOCK DIAGRAM

.1 uf
CP1
VPROPI
CP2
VBB
VCP
SENSE
.1 uf
X5
Charge Pump
VBB
MODE 1
Bias
Supply
MODE 2
100 uf
.1 uf
PHASE
OUT+
Control
Logic
ENABLE
VDD
OUT3.3K
3.3K
nSLEEP
SENSE
nFAULT
UVLO
STB
Motor lead
Protection
STG
TSD
VBB
OUT+
OUTSENSE
GND
GND
PAD

DRV8800
DRV8801
www.ti.com
ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS (1)

over operating free-air temperature range (unless otherwise noted)
MIN
VSense
VDD
2.8
Sense voltage
500
V
A
mV
VBB to OUTx
36
OUTx to SENSE
36
(2)
0.3
Human-Body Model (HBM)

Charged-Device Model (CDM)
Continuous total power dissipation
TA
Operating free-air temperature range
TJ
Maximum junction temperature
Tstg
Storage temperature range
(2)
UNIT
40
Output current
Logic input voltage
ESD rating
(1)
MAX
Load supply voltage (2)
VBB
kV
500
See Dissipation Ratings Table

40
40
85
190
125
Stresses beyond those listed under absolute maximum ratings may cause permanent damage to the device. These are stress ratings
only, and functional operation of the device at these or any other conditions beyond those indicated under recommended operating
conditions is not implied. Exposure to absolute-maximum-rated conditions for extended periods may affect device reliability.
All voltage values are with respect to network ground terminal.
DISSIPATION RATINGS
TA = 25C
POWER RATING
DERATING FACTOR
ABOVE TA = 25C
41.6
3W
24 mW/C
32.6
3.8 W
31 mW/C
PACKAGE
qJA
RTY
PWP
RECOMMENDED OPERATING CONDITIONS

VIN
Input voltage, VBB
TA
Operating free-air temperature
MIN
NOM
MAX
32
38
85
40
UNIT

www.ti.com
DRV8800
DRV8801
ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS
over recommended operating conditions (unless otherwise noted)
PARAMETER
TEST CONDITIONS
MIN
fPWM < 50 kHz

IBB
Motor supply current
TYP
Charge pump on, Outputs disabled
VIL
VIH
VIL
IIH
IIL
IIH
IIL
IIH
IIL
0.8
2.7
nSLEEP input voltage
0.8
VIN = 2 V
PHASE, MODE input current
nSLEEP input current
20
VIN = 2 V
40
100
VIN = 0.8 V
16
40
VIN = 2.7 V
27
50
VIN = 0.8 V
<1
10
0.4
12
13.8
500
800
mV
nFAULT output voltage
Isink = 1 mA
VBB nFAULT release
8 V < VBB < 40 V
VIHys
Input hysteresis, except nSLEEP
VTRP
RSENSE/ISense voltage trip
Vf
Body diode forward voltage
tpd
Propagation delay time
tCOD
Crossover delay
DAGain
Differential AMP gain
2.0
VBBNFR
20
100
Output ON resistance
20
VIN = 0.8 V
ENABLE input current
mA
<1.0
VOL
Rds(ON)
10
2
PHASE, ENABLE,
MODE input voltage
UNIT
mA
3.2
Sleep mode
VIH
MAX
Source driver, IOUT = 2.8 A, TJ = 25C
0.48
Source driver, IOUT = 2.8 A, TJ = 125C
0.74
Sink driver, IOUT = 2.8 A, TJ = 25C
0.35
Sink driver, IOUT = 2.8 A, TJ = 125C
0.52
SENSE connected to ground through some

resistance
500
0.85
1.4
1.4
PWM, Change to source or sink OFF
100
Sense = 0.1 V to 0.4 V
mA
mV
Sink diode, If = 2.8 A

600
mA
0.7
Source diode, If = 2.8 A

PWM, Change to source or sink ON
mA
V
ns
500
ns
V/V
Protection Circuitry
VUV
UVLO threshold
IOCP
Overcurrent threshold
VBB increasing
tOCP
Overcurrent protection period
TJW
Thermal warning temperature
Temperature increasing
TJWHys
Thermal warning hysteresis
Recovery = TJW TJWHys
TJTSD
Thermal shutdown temperature
Temperature increasing
6.5
7.5
TJTSDHys Thermal shutdown hysteresis
Recovery = TJTSD TJTSDHys
A
1.2
ms
160
15
175
15

DRV8800
DRV8801
www.ti.com
SLEEP
ENABLE
PHASE
MODE
VBB
VOUT+
0
VBB
VOUT-
IOUTX
VIN
1
VIN
5
6
7
OUT+
OUT2
OUT+
OUT-
3
9
Charge Pump and VREG power on delay (~200 us)
Figure 1. PWM Control Timing
10

www.ti.com
DRV8800
DRV8801
VOUT+
VOUT- High-Z
IPEAK
IOUTx
IOCP
Enable,
Source
or Sink
BLANK
Charge Pump
Counter
tBLANK
tOCP
NFAULT
Motor Lead
Short Condition
Normal DC
Motor Capacitance
Figure 2. Overcurrent Control Timing
FUNCTIONAL DESCRIPTION
Device Operation
The DRV8800/DRV8801 is designed to drive one dc motor. The current through the output full-bridge switches
and all N-channel DMOS are regulated with a fixed off-time PWM control circuit.
Logic Inputs
It is recommended to use a high-value pullup resistor when logic inputs are pulled up to VDD. This resistor limits
the current to the input in case an overvoltage event occurs. Logic inputs are nSLEEP, MODE, PHASE, and
ENABLE. Voltages higher than 7 V on any logic input can cause damage to the input structure.
VREG (DRV8800 Only)

This output represents a measurement of the internal regulator voltage. This pin should be left disconnected. A
voltage of approximately 7.5 V can be measured at this pin.
VPROPI (DRV8801 Only)

This output offers an analog voltage proportional to the winding current. Voltage at this terminal is five times
greater than the motor winding current (VPROPI = 5I). VPROPI is meaningful only if there is a resistor
connected to the SENSE pin. If SENSE is connected to ground, VPROPI measures 0 V. During slow decay,
VPROPI outputs 0 V. VPROPI can output a maximum of 2.5 V, since at 500 mV on SENSE, the H-bridge is
disabled.

11
DRV8800
DRV8801
www.ti.com
Charge Pump
The charge pump is used to generate a supply above VBB to drive the source-side DMOS gates. A 0.1-mF
ceramic monolithic capacitor should be connected between CP1 and CP2 for pumping purposes. A 0.1-mF
ceramic monolithic capacitor, CStorage, should be connected between VCP and VBB to act as a reservoir to run
the high-side DMOS devices. The VCP voltage level is internally monitored and, in the case of a fault condition,
the outputs of the device are disabled.
Shutdown
As a measure to protect the device, faults caused by very high junction temperatures or low voltage on VCP
disable the outputs of the device until the fault condition is removed. At power on, the UVLO circuit disables the
drivers.
Low-Power Mode
Control input nSLEEP is used to minimize power consumption when the DRV8800/DRV8801 is not in use. This
disables much of the internal circuitry, including the internal voltage rails and charge pump. nSLEEP is asserted
low. A logic high on this input pin results in normal operation. When switching from low to high, the user should
allow a 1-ms delay before applying PWM signals. This time is needed for the charge pump to stabilize.
MODE 1 (MODE on the DRV8800)
Input MODE 1 is used to toggle between fast-decay mode and slow-decay mode. A logic high puts the device
in slow-decay mode.
MODE 2 (DRV8801 only)
MODE 2 is used to select which set of drivers (high side versus low side) is used during the slow-decay
recirculation. MODE 2 is meaningful only when MODE 1 is asserted high. A logic high on MODE 2 has
current recirculation through the high-side drivers. A logic low has current recirculation through the low-side
drivers.
Braking
The braking function is implemented by driving the device in slow-decay mode (MODE 1 pin is high) and
deasserting the enable to low. Because it is possible to drive current in both directions through the DMOS
switches, this configuration effectively shorts out the motor-generated BEMF as long as the ENABLE chop mode
is asserted. The maximum current can be approximated by VBEMF/RL. Care should be taken to ensure that the
maximum ratings of the device are not exceeded in worse-case braking situations high-speed and high-inertia
loads.
Diagnostic Output
The nFAULT pin signals a problem with the chip via an open-drain output. A motor fault, undervoltage condition,
or TJ > 160C drives the pin active low. This output is not valid when nSLEEP puts the device into minimum
power dissipation mode (i.e., nSLEEP is low). nFAULT stays asserted (nFAULT = L) until VBB reaches VBBNFR
to give the charge pump headroom to reach its undervoltage threshold. nFAULT is a status-only signal and does
not affect any device functionality. The H-bridge portion still operates normally down to VBB = 8 V with nFAULT
asserted.
Thermal Shutdown (TSD)

Two die-temperature monitors are integrated on the chip. As die temperature increases toward the maximum, a
thermal warning signal is triggered at 160C. This fault drives the nFAULT low, but does not disable the
operation of the chip. If the die temperature increases further, to approximately 175C, the full-bridge outputs are
disabled until the internal temperature falls below a hysteresis of 15C.
12

www.ti.com
DRV8800
DRV8801
Control Logic Table (1)

PINS
(1)
(2)
OPERATION
PHASE
ENABLE
MODE 1
MODE 2
nSLEEP
OUT+
OUT-
Forward
Reverse
Brake (slow decay)
Fast-decay synchronous
rectification (2)
Fast-decay synchronous
rectification (2)
Sleep mode
X = Dont care, Z = high impedance

To prevent reversal of current during fast-decay synchronous rectification, outputs go to the high-impedance state as the current
approaches 0 A.
Overcurrent Protection
The current flowing through the high-side and low-side drivers is monitored to ensure that the motor lead is not
shorted to supply or ground. If a short is detected, the full-bridge outputs are turned off, flag nFAULT is driven
low, and a 1.2-ms fault timer is started. After this 1.2-ms period, tOCP , the device is then allowed to follow the
input commands and another turnon is attempted (nFAULT becomes high again during this attempt). If there is
still a fault condition, the cycle repeats. If after tOCP expires it is determined the short condition is not present,
normal operation resumes and nFAULT is deasserted.

13
DRV8800
DRV8801
www.ti.com
APPLICATION INFORMATION
Power Dissipation
First-order approximation of power dissipation in the DRV8800/DRV8801 can be calculated by examining the
power dissipation in the full-bridge during each of the operation modes. DRV8800/DRV8801 utilize synchronous
rectification. During the decay cycle, the body diode is shorted by the low-Rds(ON) driver, which in turn reduces
power dissipation in the full-bridge. In order to prevent shoot through (high-side and low-side drivers on the same
side are ON at the same time), DRV8800/DRV8801 implement a 500-ns typical crossover delay time. During this
period, the body diode in the decay current path conducts the current until the DMOS driver turns on. High
current and high ambient temperature applications should take this into consideration. In addition, motor
parameters and switching losses can add power dissipation that could affect critical applications.
Drive Current
This current path is through the high-side sourcing DMOS driver, motor winding, and low-side sinking DMOS
driver. Power dissipation I2R loses in one source and one sink DMOS driver, as shown in Equation 1.
2
PD = I (RDS(on)Source + RDS(onSink))
(1)
DRV8800
VBB
3
2
1 Drive Current
2 Fast decay with synchronous rectification (reverse)
3 Slow decay with synchronous rectification (brake)
14

www.ti.com
DRV8800
DRV8801
DRV8801
VBB
3
2
Drive Current
Fast decay with synchronous rectification (reverse)
Slow decay with synchronous rectification (brake) Low Side
Slow decay with synchronous rectification (brake) High Side
Figure 3. Current Path
Fast Decay With Synchronous Rectification

This decay mode is equivalent to a phase change where the opposite drivers are switched on. When in fast
decay, the motor current is not allowed to go negative (direction change). Instead, as the current approaches
zero, the drivers turn off. The power calculation is the same as the drive current calculation (see Equation 1).

15
DRV8800
DRV8801
www.ti.com
Slow-Decay SR (Brake Mode)

In slow-decay mode, both low-side sinking drivers turn on, allowing the current to circulate through the H-bridges
low side (two sink drivers) and the load. Power dissipation I2R loses in the two sink DMOS drivers:
2
PD = I (2 RDS(on)Sink)
(2)
SENSE
A low-value resistor can be placed between the SENSE pin and ground for current-sensing purposes. To
minimize ground-trace IR drops in sensing the output current level, the current-sensing resistor should have an
independent ground return to the star ground point. This trace should be as short as possible. For low-value
sense resistors, the IR drops in the PCB can be significant, and should be taken into account.
NOTE
When selecting a value for the sense resistor, SENSE does not exceed the maximum
voltage of 500 mV. The H-bridge is disabled and enters recirculation while motor winding
current is above a SENSE voltage equal or greater than 500 mV.
Ground
A ground power plane should be located as close to the DRV8800/DRV8801 as possible. The copper ground
plane directly under the PowerPAD package makes a good location. This pad can then be connected to ground
for this purpose.
Layout
The printed circuit board (PCB) should use a heavy ground plane. For optimum electrical and thermal
performance, the DRV8800/DRV8801 must be soldered directly onto the board. On the underside of the
DRV8800/DRV8801 is a PowerPAD package, which provides a path for enhanced thermal dissipation. The
thermal pad should be soldered directly to an exposed surface on the PCB. Thermal vias are used to transfer
heat to other layers of the PCB. For more information on this technique, please refer to document SLMA002.
The load supply pin, VBB, should be decoupled with an electrolytic capacitor (typically 100 mF) in parallel with a
ceramic capacitor placed as close as possible to the device. The ceramic capacitors between VCP and VBB,
connected to VREG, and between CP1 and CP2 should be as close to the pins of the device as possible, in
order to minimize lead inductance.
16

PACKAGE OPTION ADDENDUM
www.ti.com
23-Oct-2010
PACKAGING INFORMATION
Orderable Device
Status
(1)
Package Type Package

Drawing
Pins
Package Qty
Eco Plan
(2)
Lead/
Ball Finish
MSL Peak Temp
(3)
Samples
(Requires Login)
DRV8800PWP
ACTIVE
HTSSOP
PWP
16
90
Green (RoHS
& no Sb/Br)
CU NIPDAU Level-2-260C-1 YEAR
Purchase Samples
DRV8800PWPR
ACTIVE
HTSSOP
PWP
16
2000
Green (RoHS
& no Sb/Br)
Request Free Samples
DRV8800RTYR
ACTIVE
QFN
RTY
16
3000
Green (RoHS
& no Sb/Br)
CU NIPDAU Level-3-260C-168 HR
DRV8800RTYT
ACTIVE
QFN
RTY
16
250
Green (RoHS
& no Sb/Br)
Purchase Samples
DRV8801PWP
ACTIVE
HTSSOP
PWP
16
90
Green (RoHS
& no Sb/Br)
Purchase Samples
DRV8801PWPR
ACTIVE
HTSSOP
PWP
16
2000
Green (RoHS
& no Sb/Br)
DRV8801RTYR
ACTIVE
QFN
RTY
16
3000
Green (RoHS
& no Sb/Br)
DRV8801RTYT
ACTIVE
QFN
RTY
16
250
Green (RoHS
& no Sb/Br)
Purchase Samples
(1)
The marketing status values are defined as follows:

ACTIVE: Product device recommended for new designs.
LIFEBUY: TI has announced that the device will be discontinued, and a lifetime-buy period is in effect.
NRND: Not recommended for new designs. Device is in production to support existing customers, but TI does not recommend using this part in a new design.
PREVIEW: Device has been announced but is not in production. Samples may or may not be available.
OBSOLETE: TI has discontinued the production of the device.
(2)
Eco Plan - The planned eco-friendly classification: Pb-Free (RoHS), Pb-Free (RoHS Exempt), or Green (RoHS & no Sb/Br) - please check http://www.ti.com/productcontent for the latest availability
information and additional product content details.
TBD: The Pb-Free/Green conversion plan has not been defined.
Pb-Free (RoHS): TI's terms "Lead-Free" or "Pb-Free" mean semiconductor products that are compatible with the current RoHS requirements for all 6 substances, including the requirement that
lead not exceed 0.1% by weight in homogeneous materials. Where designed to be soldered at high temperatures, TI Pb-Free products are suitable for use in specified lead-free processes.
Pb-Free (RoHS Exempt): This component has a RoHS exemption for either 1) lead-based flip-chip solder bumps used between the die and package, or 2) lead-based die adhesive used between
the die and leadframe. The component is otherwise considered Pb-Free (RoHS compatible) as defined above.
Green (RoHS & no Sb/Br): TI defines "Green" to mean Pb-Free (RoHS compatible), and free of Bromine (Br) and Antimony (Sb) based flame retardants (Br or Sb do not exceed 0.1% by weight
in homogeneous material)
(3)
MSL, Peak Temp. -- The Moisture Sensitivity Level rating according to the JEDEC industry standard classifications, and peak solder temperature.

Addendum-Page 1
PACKAGE OPTION ADDENDUM
www.ti.com
23-Oct-2010
Important Information and Disclaimer:The information provided on this page represents TI's knowledge and belief as of the date that it is provided. TI bases its knowledge and belief on information
provided by third parties, and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of such information. Efforts are underway to better integrate information from third parties. TI has taken and
continues to take reasonable steps to provide representative and accurate information but may not have conducted destructive testing or chemical analysis on incoming materials and chemicals.
TI and TI suppliers consider certain information to be proprietary, and thus CAS numbers and other limited information may not be available for release.
In no event shall TI's liability arising out of such information exceed the total purchase price of the TI part(s) at issue in this document sold by TI to Customer on an annual basis.

Addendum-Page 2
PACKAGE MATERIALS INFORMATION

www.ti.com
22-Oct-2010
TAPE AND REEL INFORMATION
*All dimensions are nominal
Device
Package Package Pins

Type Drawing
SPQ
Reel
Reel
A0
Diameter Width (mm)
(mm) W1 (mm)
B0
(mm)
K0
(mm)
P1
(mm)
DRV8800PWPR
HTSSOP
PWP
16
2000
330.0
12.4
DRV8800RTYR
QFN
RTY
16
3000
330.0
DRV8800RTYT
QFN
RTY
16
250
180.0
DRV8801PWPR
HTSSOP
PWP
16
2000
DRV8801RTYR
QFN
RTY
16
DRV8801RTYT
QFN
RTY
16
6.9
5.6
1.6
8.0
12.0
Q1
12.4
4.25
4.25
1.15
8.0
12.0
Q2
12.4
4.25
4.25
1.15
8.0
12.0
Q2
330.0
12.4
6.9
5.6
1.6
8.0
12.0
Q1
3000
330.0
12.4
4.25
4.25
1.15
8.0
12.0
Q2
250
180.0
12.4
4.25
4.25
1.15
8.0
12.0
Q2
Pack Materials-Page 1

W
Pin1
(mm) Quadrant
PACKAGE MATERIALS INFORMATION

www.ti.com
22-Oct-2010
*All dimensions are nominal
Device
Package Type
Package Drawing
Pins
SPQ
Length (mm)
Width (mm)
Height (mm)
DRV8800PWPR
HTSSOP
PWP
16
2000
346.0
346.0
29.0
DRV8800RTYR
QFN
RTY
16
3000
346.0
346.0
29.0
DRV8800RTYT
QFN
RTY
16
250
190.5
212.7
31.8
DRV8801PWPR
HTSSOP
PWP
16
2000
346.0
346.0
29.0
DRV8801RTYR
QFN
RTY
16
3000
346.0
346.0
29.0
DRV8801RTYT
QFN
RTY
16
250
190.5
212.7
31.8
Pack Materials-Page 2







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6-PIN DIP RANDOM-PHASE

OPTOISOLATORS TRIAC DRIVER OUTPUT
(250/400 VOLT PEAK)
MOC3010M MOC3011M
MOC3012M
MOC3020M
MOC3021M
MOC3022M
PACKAGE
MOC3023M
SCHEMATIC
ANODE 1
6 MAIN TERM.
6
6
5 NC*
CATHODE 2
1
N/C 3
4 MAIN TERM.
1
*DO NOT CONNECT
(TRIAC SUBSTRATE)
DESCRIPTION
The MOC301XM and MOC302XM series are optically isolated triac driver devices. These devices contain a GaAs infrared
emitting diode and a light activated silicon bilateral switch, which functions like a triac. They are designed for interfacing between
electronic controls and power triacs to control resistive and inductive loads for 115 VAC operations.
FEATURES
Excellent IFT stabilityIR emitting diode has low degradation

High isolation voltageminimum 5300 VAC RMS
Underwriters Laboratory (UL) recognizedFile #E90700
Peak blocking voltage
250V-MOC301XM
400V-MOC302XM
VDE recognized (File #94766)
Ordering option V (e.g. MOC3023VM)
APPLICATIONS
Industrial controls
Traffic lights
Vending machines
Solid state relay
Lamp ballasts
Solenoid/valve controls
Static AC power switch
Incandescent lamp dimmers
Motor control
2003 Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation
Page 1 of 10

4/30/03

(250/400 VOLT PEAK)
MOC3010M MOC3011M
MOC3012M
MOC3020M
MOC3021M
MOC3022M
MOC3023M
ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS (TA = 25C unless otherwise noted)

Parameters
Symbol
Device
Value
Units
Storage Temperature
TSTG
All
-40 to +150
Operating Temperature
TOPR
All
-40 to +85
Lead Solder Temperature
TSOL
All
260 for 10 sec
TJ
All
-40 to +100
VISO
All
7500
Vac(pk)
PD
All
Continuous Forward Current
IF
All
Reverse Voltage
VR
All
TOTAL DEVICE
Junction Temperature Range

Isolation Surge Voltage(1)
(peak AC voltage, 60Hz, 1 sec duration)
Total Device Power Dissipation @ 25C
Derate above 25C
330
mW
4.4
mW/C
60
mA
EMITTER
Total Power Dissipation 25C Ambient
100
mW
1.33
mW/C
PD
All
Off-State Output Terminal Voltage
VDRM
MOC3010M/1M/2M
MOC3020M/1M/2M/3M
250
400
Peak Repetitive Surge Current (PW = 1 ms, 120 pps)
ITSM
All
PD
All
300
mW
mW/C
Derate above 25C

DETECTOR
Total Power Dissipation @ 25C Ambient

Derate above 25C
Note
1. Isolation surge voltage, VISO, is an internal device dielectric breakdown rating. For this test, Pins 1 and 2 are common, and
Pins 4, 5 and 6 are common.
Page 2 of 10

4/30/03

(250/400 VOLT PEAK)
MOC3010M MOC3011M
MOC3012M
MOC3020M
MOC3021M
MOC3022M
MOC3023M
ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS (TA = 25C Unless otherwise specified)

INDIVIDUAL COMPONENT CHARACTERISTICS
Parameters
Test Conditions
Symbol
Device
IF = 10 mA
VF
VR = 3 V, TA = 25C
Peak Blocking Current,Either Direction

Peak On-State Voltage,Either Direction
Min
Typ
Max
Units
All
1.15
1.5
IR
All
0.01
100
Rated VDRM, IF = 0 (note 1)
IDRM
All
10
100
nA
ITM = 100 mA peak, IF = 0
VTM
All
1.8
EMITTER
Input Forward Voltage
Reverse Leakage Current
DETECTOR
TRANSFER CHARACTERISTICS (TA = 25C Unless otherwise specified.)

DC Characteristics
Test Conditions
Symbol
Device
Min
Typ
MOC3020M
15
MOC3021M
Voltage = 3V (note 3)
IFT
MOC3011M
10
MOC3022M
MOC3012M
IH
All
mA
MOC3023M
Holding Current, Either Direction
Units
30
MOC3010M
LED Trigger Current
Max
100
Note
1. Test voltage must be applied within dv/dt rating.
2. This is static dv/dt. See Figure 5 for test circuit. Commutating dv/dt is a function of the load-driving thyristor(s) only.
3. All devices are guaranteed to trigger at an IF value less than or equal to max IFT. Therefore, recommended operating IF lies
between max IFT (30 mA for MOC3020M, 15 mA for MOC3010M and MOC3021M, 10 mA for MOC3011M and MOC3022M,
5 mA for MOC3012M and MOC3023M) and absolute max IF (60 mA).
Page 3 of 10

4/30/03

(250/400 VOLT PEAK)
MOC3010M MOC3011M
MOC3012M
MOC3020M
MOC3021M
1.7
600
ON-STATE CURRENT - I TM (mA)
VF - FORWARD VOLTAGE (V)
800
1.6
1.5
TA = -55oC
1.3
TA = 25oC
1.2
MOC3023M
Fig. 2 On-State Characteristics
Fig. 1 LED Forward Voltage vs. Forward Current

1.8
1.4
MOC3022M
400
200
-200
-400
TA = 100oC
-600
1.1
-800
-3
1.0
1
10
-2
100
-1
ON-STATE VOLTAGE - V
2
TM
(V)
IF - LED FORWARD CURRENT (mA)
Fig. 4 LED Current Required to Trigger vs. LED Pulse Width
Fig. 3 Trigger Current vs. Ambient Temperature

1.4
TRIGGER CURRENT - I FT (NORMALIZED)
25
TRIGGER CURRENT - I FT (NORMALIZED)
1.3
1.2
1.1
1.0
0.9
0.8
NORMALIZED TO:
PWin 100 s
20
15
10
0
0.7
10
20
50
100
NORMALIZED TO T A = 25C
LED TRIGGER WIDTH - PWin (s)
0.6
-40
-20
20
40
60
80
100
AMBIENT TEMPERATURE - TA (oC)
Fig. 6 Leakage Current, IDRM vs. Temperature

10000
Fig. 5 dv/dt vs. Temperature

12
1000
STATIC - dv/dt (V/s)
IDRM, LEAKAGE CURRENT (nA)
STATIC dv/dt
CIRCUIT IN FIGURE 5
10
100
10
1
0
25
30
40
50
60
70
80
Ambient Temperature - TA (oC)
90
100
0.1
-40
-20
20
40
60
80
100
TA, AMBIENT TEMPERATURE ( oC)
Page 4 of 10

4/30/03

(250/400 VOLT PEAK)
MOC3010M MOC3011M
MOC3012M
MOC3020M
MOC3021M
MOC3022M
MOC3023M
1. The mercury wetted relay provides a high speed repeated

pulse to the D.U.T.
400V (MOC302X)
250V (MOC301X)
Vdc
RTEST
2. 100x scope probes are used, to allow high speeds and

voltages.
R = 10 k
CTEST
PULSE
INPUT
MERCURY
WETTED
RELAY
3. The worst-case condition for static dv/dt is established by

triggering the D.U.T. with a normal LED input current, then
removing the current. The variable RTEST allows the dv/dt
to be gradually increased until the D.U.T. continues to
trigger in response to the applied voltage pulse, even
after the LED current has been removed. The dv/dt is
then decreased until the D.U.T. stops triggering. RC is
measured at this point and recorded.
X100
SCOPE
PROBE
D.U.T.
Vmax = 400 V (MOC302X)

= 250 V (MOC301X)
APPLIED VOLTAGE
WAVEFORM
252 V (MOC302X)
158 V (MOC301X)
dv/dt =
0 VOLTS
0.63 Vmax
RC
RC
252
=
(MOC302X)
RC
158
=
(MOC301X)
RC
Figure 5. Static dv/dt Test Circuit
Note: This optoisolator should not be used to drive a load directly.

It is intended to be a trigger device only.
RL
Rin
180
VCC
2
MOC3010M
MOC3011M
MOC3012M
120 V
60 Hz
Figure 6. Resistive Load
ZL
Rin
180
2.4k
VCC
2
MOC3010M
MOC3011M
MOC3012M
0.1 F
120 V
60 Hz
C1
Figure 7. Inductive Load with Sensitive Gate Triac (IGT 15 mA)
Page 5 of 10

4/30/03

(250/400 VOLT PEAK)
MOC3010M MOC3011M
MOC3012M
MOC3020M
MOC3021M
MOC3022M
MOC3023M
ZL
Rin
VCC
180
6
MOC3010M
MOC3011M
MOC3012M
0.2 F
1.2 k
120 V
60 Hz
C1
Figure 8. Inductive Load with Sensitive Gate Triac (IGT 15 mA)
Rin
360
470
HOT
VCC
2
MOC3020M
MOC3021M
MOC3022M
MOC3023M
0.05 F
39
240
VAC
4
0.01 F
LOAD
GROUND
In this circuit the hot side of the line is switched and the load connected to the cold or ground side.
The 39 ohm resistor and 0.01F capacitor are for snubbing of the triac, and the 470 ohm resistor and
0.05 F capacitor are for snubbing the coupler. These components may or may not be necessary
depending upon the particular and load used.
Figure 9. Typical Application Circuit
Page 6 of 10

4/30/03

(250/400 VOLT PEAK)
MOC3010M MOC3011M
MOC3012M
MOC3020M
Package Dimensions (Through Hole)
MOC3021M
MOC3022M
Package Dimensions (Surface Mount)

0.350 (8.89)
0.320 (8.13)
0.350 (8.89)
0.320 (8.13)
0.260 (6.60)
0.240 (6.10)
0.070 (1.77)
0.040 (1.02)
MOC3023M
0.260 (6.60)
0.240 (6.10)
0.390 (9.90)
0.332 (8.43)
0.070 (1.77)
0.040 (1.02)
0.320 (8.13)
0.320 (8.13)
0.014 (0.36)
0.010 (0.25)
0.014 (0.36)
0.010 (0.25)
0.200 (5.08)
0.115 (2.93)
0.200 (5.08)
0.115 (2.93)
0.100 (2.54)
0.015 (0.38)
0.012 (0.30)
0.008 (0.20)
0.025 (0.63)
0.020 (0.51)
0.020 (0.50)
0.016 (0.41)
0.100 (2.54)
0.100 [2.54]
15
0.035 (0.88)
0.006 (0.16)
0.020 (0.50)
0.016 (0.41)
0.012 (0.30)
Package Dimensions (0.4 Lead Spacing)
Recommended Pad Layout for

Surface Mount Leadform
0.350 (8.89)
0.320 (8.13)
0.070 (1.78)
0.260 (6.60)
0.240 (6.10)
0.060 (1.52)
0.070 (1.77)
0.040 (1.02)
0.014 (0.36)
0.010 (0.25)
0.425 (10.79)
0.100 (2.54)
0.305 (7.75)
0.200 (5.08)
0.115 (2.93)
0.030 (0.76)
0.100 (2.54)
0.015 (0.38)
0.020 (0.50)
0.016 (0.41)
0.100 [2.54]
0.012 (0.30)
0.008 (0.21)
0.425 (10.80)
0.400 (10.16)
NOTE
All dimensions are in inches (millimeters)
Page 7 of 10

4/30/03

(250/400 VOLT PEAK)
MOC3010M MOC3011M
MOC3012M
MOC3020M
MOC3021M
MOC3022M
MOC3023M
ORDERING INFORMATION
Option
S
SR2
Order Entry Identifier
Description
Surface Mount Lead Bend
SR2
Surface Mount; Tape and reel
0.4" Lead Spacing
VDE 0884
TV
VDE 0884, 0.4" Lead Spacing
TV
SV
SR2V
SV
VDE 0884, Surface Mount
SR2V
VDE 0884, Surface Mount, Tape & Reel
MARKING INFORMATION
MOC3010
X YY Q
V
3
Definitions
1
Fairchild logo
Device number
VDE mark (Note: Only appears on parts ordered with VDE

option See order entry table)
One digit year code, e.g., 3
Two digit work week ranging from 01 to 53
Assembly package code
*Note Parts that do not have the V option (see definition 3 above) that are marked with
date code 325 or earlier are marked in portrait format.
Page 8 of 10

4/30/03

(250/400 VOLT PEAK)
MOC3010M MOC3011M
MOC3012M
MOC3020M
MOC3021M
MOC3022M
MOC3023M
Carrier Tape Specifications

12.0 0.1
4.5 0.20
2.0 0.05
1.5 MIN
4.0 0.1
0.30 0.05
1.75 0.10
11.5 1.0
21.0 0.1
9.1 0.20
1.5 0.1/-0
10.1 0.20
0.1 MAX
24.0 0.3
User Direction of Feed
NOTE
All dimensions are in inches (millimeters)
Reflow Profile (White Package, -M Suffix)
Temperature (C)
300
230C, 1030 s
250
245C peak
200
150
Time above 183C, 120180 sec
100
Ramp up = 210C/sec
50
Peak reflow temperature: 245C (package surface temperature)

Time of temperature higher than 183C for 120180 seconds
One time soldering reflow is recommended
0
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
3.5
4.5
Time (Minute)
Page 9 of 10

4/30/03

(250/400 VOLT PEAK)
MOC3010M MOC3011M
MOC3012M
MOC3020M
MOC3021M
MOC3022M
MOC3023M
DISCLAIMER
FAIRCHILD SEMICONDUCTOR RESERVES THE RIGHT TO MAKE CHANGES WITHOUT FURTHER NOTICE TO
ANY PRODUCTS HEREIN TO IMPROVE RELIABILITY, FUNCTION OR DESIGN. FAIRCHILD DOES NOT ASSUME
ANY LIABILITY ARISING OUT OF THE APPLICATION OR USE OF ANY PRODUCT OR CIRCUIT DESCRIBED HEREIN;
NEITHER DOES IT CONVEY ANY LICENSE UNDER ITS PATENT RIGHTS, NOR THE RIGHTS OF OTHERS.
LIFE SUPPORT POLICY
FAIRCHILDS PRODUCTS ARE NOT AUTHORIZED FOR USE AS CRITICAL COMPONENTS IN LIFE SUPPORT DEVICES
OR SYSTEMS WITHOUT THE EXPRESS WRITTEN APPROVAL OF THE PRESIDENT OF FAIRCHILD SEMICONDUCTOR
CORPORATION. As used herein:
1. Life support devices or systems are devices or systems
which, (a) are intended for surgical implant into the body, or
(b) support or sustain life, and (c) whose failure to perform
when properly used in accordance with instructions for use
provided in the labeling, can be reasonably expected to
result in a significant injury of the user.
2. A critical component in any component of a life support

device or system whose failure to perform can be
reasonably expected to cause the failure of the life support
device or system, or to affect its safety or effectiveness.
Page 10 of 10

4/30/03
Appendix E

Date: May 14, 2011
Design (E) 414 Circuit diagram

R3 470 ohm
C2
C1
0.1 uF
33nF
JP6
FT232BM
V USB
R5 1.5 kilo ohm

R5 21ohm
R6 21ohm
CN1
1
2
3
4
C5
C8
47pF
47pF
c4 10nF
CN-USB
Project: Design
C6
27pF
C7
27pF
0.1uF
Box Header 7X2
2 4 6 8 10 12 14
C3
R1
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
10
23
11
22
12
21
13
20
14
19
15
18
16
17
SW SPST
S6
C11
100nF
18k
R2
820 ohm
P8C27
1 3 5 7 9 11 13
4k7
R4
R8
4k7
EMX-2T01P42
BUZZER
P3_5
P0_0 32
P3_7
P0_1 31
Reset
P0_2 30
P4_7
P0_3 29
Vss/Avss
P0_4 28
P4_6
P0_5 27
Vcc/AVcc
P0_6 26
Mode
P0_7 25
P4_5
P3_4 24
10
P1_7
P3_3 23
11
P3_6
P1_0 22
12
P3_1
P1_1 21
13
P5_4
VRff/P4_2 20
14
P5_3
P1_2 19
15
P1_6
P1_3 18
16
P1_5
10
11
12
13
14
LCD
P1_4 17
JP7
Y2
xtal
LED
680 ohm
Up
C9
C10
27pF 27pF
390 ohm
Left
1n4148
Enter
Right
Down
D1
1
Power 12V DC
Vind
Vout
Vcc
1N4007
C12
100nF
C13
C14
C15
100nF
22uF
Gnd
22uF
JP8
4.7 uF
Circuit
C.Smith 18 ohm
100 ohm
4.7 ohm
Las
Power 30V Ac
2
12 ohm
39 ohm
MOC3023M
C.Smith - 560 ohm
TSOP IR Receiver
1 Kilo ohm
6
3
1
10 nF
1 STF16A60
2
U3
JP 2
Eeprom M24C64
E0
E1
VCC
WC
3,3 kilo ohm

1 uF
1 nFault
DRV8801
Mode2
16
VPropi
15
100 Kilo ohm

2 Mode1
VCP 14
SCL
VSS
SDA
1000 pF
12 Kilo ohm
3 Phase
E2
Gnd
Vcc
rooi roii rooi kilo ohm
1,5 Kilo ohm

-
rooi rooi goud kilo 3,3

ohmkilo ohm
4 Gnd
Gnd
13
5 nSleep
Cp2
12
6 Enable
Motor
7 Out +
bruin grys oranje kilo ohm
MCP6244 OP AMP
1 uF
Oranje wit Bruin kilo ohm
rooi rooi rooi kilo ohm
10x10^(-5)F
CP1 11
Out - 10
2,2ohm
8 Sense
VBB
Light Sensor
9
1000 pF
100 x 10^(-6)F
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Edesign 424 Report

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DESIGN (E) 414

Electronic Remote Control

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRIC & ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING

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Declaration of own work

We, _____________________________and________________________________ the undersigned,

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System Description ......................................................................................................................... 2

System Detail Design..................................................................................................................... 14

Design for IR Remote ................................................................................................................ 18

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4.1.1 Mainboard Pin Assignments .................................................................................................... 27

Software Calculation Design of Mainboard .............................................................................. 28

4.2.1 U0brg, UART0 serial port bit rate: ........................................................................................... 28

Software Calculation Design of IR Remote ............................................................................... 30

4.3.1 Infrared 36kHz waveform ........................................................................................................ 30

Software Design of Mainboard ................................................................................................. 31

4.4.1 Initialization in main() .............................................................................................................. 31

Software Design of Infrared Remote ........................................................................................ 35

4.5.1 Initialization in main() .............................................................................................................. 35

System Flow Diagram................................................................................................................ 36

Interrupt Flow Diagram for Mainboard .................................................................................... 37

Interrupt Flow Diagram for IR Remote ..................................................................................... 41

Measurements and Results .......................................................................................................... 42

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5.3 Pulse Width Modulation ............................................................................................................. 43

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Figure 1) Main Board Illustration

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System Block Diagram

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Figure 2) R8C/27 Microprocessor, circuit diagram [2] & Illustration

Figure 3) LM7805 5V voltage regulator circuit diagram[2] & illustration

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Figure 4) Universal Serial Bus communication circuit diagram[2]

Figure 5) Universal Serial Bus communication

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2.2 Main Board Sub-System Description

Figure 6) LCD screen circuit Diagram

Figure 7) Hitachi HD44780 LCD screen

2.2.2 Infra-Red Receiver

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We, _and____ the undersigned,

7YZ[ 7\] UZ[ ^_<Y 82 0

7YZ[ 7\] UZ[