VAC materials for electric motors

and generators
ing. Marco Tosini
Sisram s.p.a.
Torino Via Palmieri 27 Tel 011-4404444
Milano Via Donatello 14 Tel. +39 02 294 050 70
www.sisram.it Sisram@sisram.it

Vacuumschmelze GmbH & Co.KG, Hanau

(T)
or Remanence
Saturation Polarisation
Saturation
(T)

World of magnetic materials

2.5
Co-Fe

2.0
1.5

Vacofer
Si-Fe
Trafoperm

2,35 T Vacoflux

2 (1,6) T

Permenorm
Megaperm
Thermoflux
Chronoperm
Permax

Vitroperm

Vacozet
Sensorvac
Semivac

VACUUMSCHMELZE
offers for wide-spread
applications the optimum
advanced materials!

Magnetoflex
Vacodym
Crovac

CrCo-Stahl

1.0

Mumetall, Vacoperm
Ultraperm, Cryoperm,
Recovac

Vacomax

0.5

AlNiCo

PtCo

Vitrovac

0
-1
10

Soft Ferrite

10

10

10

Hard Ferrite

10

10

10

10

10

Coercitivity ( A/m )
Amorphous alloys

Powder route

Crystalline alloys

Others / no VAC products

VAC materials for electric motors & generators

issue: September 2012

Page 2

Magnetic materials for electric motors & generators an overview

Static virgin curve
2,0

Electric Steel
Fe-Si 3%
All-in-one material
suitable for every
purpose ???

B (T)

1,5

1,0

Fe-Si 3%
= standard

0,5

0
0,002

0,01

0,10

H (A/cm)
VAC materials for electric motors & generators

issue: September 2012

Page 3

Magnetic materials for electric motors & generators an overview

Static virgin curve

Co-Fe

VACOFLUX 50

Si-Fe

Electric Steel
Fe-Si 3%
49% Cobalt-Iron
VACOFLUX 50
maximum available
saturation induction!

Fe-Si 3%
= Standard

VAC materials for electric motors & generators

issue: September 2012

Seite 4

Cobalt-Iron Materials
Highest saturation induction (BS) for maximum magnetic force F:

F~B

2,5

VACOFLUX 50

2,0

1,5

VACOFLUX 48/50
Core material for
maximum energy
density in electric
motors!

B (T)

FeSi3

1,0

0,5

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

H (A/cm)
VAC materials for electric motors & generators

issue: September 2012

Page 5

Energy density in electric motors & generators

Co-Fe material for maximum magnetic force F:

F ~ B2

Example: electric coil magnetic field H = 16 A/cm

Core of
Fe-Si 3% (standard)
B16 = 1.46 T
magnetic force

Load (100%):
- 60% Core
volume

Core of
VACOFLUX 50
B16 = 2.22 T
magnetic force

or

Load: 100%
Same dimension of
Core: + 132% Load

VAC materials for electric motors & generators

issue: September 2012

Page 6

Co-Fe Alloys for electric motors & generators vs. Fe-Si 3%

Material

Coercive force
HC (A/cm)

Electric resistivity
rel (mWm)

Saturation
polarization
JS (T)

Induction at
16A/cm (T)

Fe-Si 3%

0.2

0.4

2.03

1,45

VACOFLUX 50

< 0.8

0.4

2.35

2.2

VACODUR 50

<2

0.4

2.3

2.0

Typical dynamic properties of cold rolled material, measured at toroidal cores, material thickness 0.35mm
All dimensions are typical values, details can be found in the VAC leaflet PHT001.

VAC materials for electric motors & generators

issue: September 2012

Page 7

Co-Fe Alloys curiosities:

The alloy composition which has the absolute maximum induction saturation
(Bs) is :
34% Iron
66% Cobalt

% Fe
34 %

50 %

VAC materials for electric motors & generators

issue: September 2012

Page 8

Co-Fe Alloys curiosities:

This alloy (34 % Fe 66 % Co), however, is not pratically used since it would
have a low permeability and a high coercive force that would lead to high
losses.
The best compromise from the magnetic point of view would be reached with
an alloy made with 50% cobalt and 50% iron.
This alloy would have a remanence induction (Bs) slightly lower than the
previous one while its permeability and coercive force would be better.

50 %

% Fe

% Co
VAC materials for electric motors & generators

issue: September 2012

Page 9

Co-Fe Alloys curiosities:

Unfortunately, also this alloy (50% cobalt and 50% iron) can not be pratically used
because it would be very fragile and hardly reworkable.
It would also have a low resistivity and conseguentely high eddy currents (in
alternate current).
t

Due to these problems, lets now consider the BEST COMPROMISE:

An alloy made up of:
49% cobalt e 49% iron 2% vanadium
This alloy has an excellent saturation, slightly lower than the previous one (2.35
T), a good permeability, low coercive force, good ductility, and therefore
reworkability, and an high resistivity. This alloy provides the best technical
compromise and is that one universally used.

VAC materials for electric motors & generators

issue: September 2012

Page 10

Vac proposes:
Vacoflux 50

High coercitivity (0,7 - 1,4 A/cm) depending from thickness, high initial
permeability, maximum permeability around (1000 -12.000).
It is not usually provided as a tape but only in finished parts.
This alloy is suitable for static applications. l
Vacoflux 48

Low coercitivity (0,3 A/cm) . The initial and maximum permeability are
higher than Vacoflux 50 (1200 20.000).
This alloy is suitable for dynamic applications.L

VAC materials for electric motors & generators

issue: September 2012

Page 11

Form of supply:
Laminations

Ribbons

Vacstack

VAC materials for electric motors & generators

issue: September 2012

Page 12

Low Cobalt content alloys:

Vacoflux 17
Vacoflux 17

This is a 17% cobalt alloy. Its cheaper than the alloys with an higher cobalt
percentage and it has an higher Saturation (2,22 T) if compared to Si-Fe.
Permeability is good (600 4000) while, unfortunately, the coercitivity is quite high
(1,5 A/cm).
This leads to relevant losses if the material is used in dynamic applications.

VAC materials for electric motors & generators

issue: September 2012

Page 13

SISRAM S.p.A
Sede Torino Via Palmieri 27

Tel 011-4404444

Ufficio di Milano Via Donatello 14 Tel. +39 02 294 050 70

www.sisram.it

Sisram@sisram.it

VAC materials for electric motors & generators

issue: September 2012

Page 14