B i l l B ra n dt

The Museum of Modern Art, New York

Bill Brandt
Shadow & Light
Sarah Hermanson Meister

5
Published in conjunction with the
exhibition Bill Brandt: Shadow and Light,
at The Museum of Modern Art, New
York (March 6August 12, 2013),
organized by Sarah Hermanson Meister,
Curator, Department of Photography.
Major support for the exhibition is
provided by GRoW Annenberg/
Annenberg Foundation, The Robert
Mapplethorpe Foundation, Heidi and
Richard Rieger, Ronit and William
Berkman, and by Peter Schub, in honor
of Anne and Joel Ehrenkranz. Research
and travel support provided by The
International Council of The Museum
of Modern Art.
Additional generous funding for this
publication was provided by the
John Szarkowski Publications Fund.
Produced by the Department of
Publications, The Museum of
Modern Art, New York
Edited by Jason Best
Designed by Beverly Joel, pulp, ink.
Production by Matthew Pimm
Printing and binding by NINO Druck
GmBH, Neustadt an der Weinstrasse,
Germany
Tritone separations by Martin Senn

Published by The Museum of

Modern Art, New York
11 West 53 Street
New York, NY 10019
www.moma.org

Front cover: Belgravia, London, 1951.

Gelatin silver print, 9 x 7 " (23.5 x
19.1 cm). Collection David Dechman
and Michel Mercure
(see page 150)

2013 The Museum of Modern Art,

New York

Back cover: Henry Moore, 1960. Gelatin

silver print, 9 x 7 16" (23.1 x 19.8 cm).
The Museum of Modern Art, New York.
Gift of Edwynn Houk
(see page 118)

All works by Bill Brandt are 2013

Bill Brandt Archive Ltd. Copyright
credits for certain illustrations are cited
in the photograph credits on page 207.
All rights reserved.
Library of Congress Control Number:
2012950724
ISBN: 978-0-87070-845-9

Distributed in the United States and

Canada by Artbook | D.A.P.
155 Sixth Avenue, 2nd Floor
New York, NY 10013
www.artbook.com

Endpapers: Detail of Cuckmere River,

Sussex, 1963
(see page 143)
Frontispiece: Bill Brandt. Hungary, c.
1930. Gelatin silver print, 10 16 x
8 " (26.2 x 21.2 cm). The Museum of
Modern Art, New York. Acquired
through the generosity of Ronald A.
Kurtz

Directors Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Glenn D. Lowry
Acknowledgments.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Sarah Hermanson Meister
Shadow and Light:. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
The Life and Art of Bill Brandt
Sarah Hermanson Meister

1 Lo n d o n i n t he Th i rt i es . . . . . . . . . 32

List of Plates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182

2 No rt he r n E n g l a n d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70

No Rules: An Illustrated. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186

Glossary of Bill Brandts
Retouching Techniques
Lee Ann Daffner

3 Wo r l d Wa r II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
4 P o rt r a i ts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
5 L a n d sc a pes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
6 Nu d es.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144

Bill Brandts Published . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194

Photo-Stories, 19391945
Sarah Hermanson Meister and
Marley Blue Lewis
Selected Exhibition History. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
Selected Bibliography.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206

Distributed outside the United States

and Canada by Thames & Hudson Ltd.
181 High Holborn
London WC1V 7QX
www.thamesandhudson.com

Trustees of The Museum of.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208

Modern Art and Members
of the Committee on Photography

Printed in Germany

This book is typeset in Erato and

Johnston ITC. The paper is 150gsm
Magno Satin.

Table of Contents

The Museum of Modern Art is proud to

present this major reconsideration of the
work of Bill Brandt, the artist who defined
the potential of photographic modernism
in England for much of the twentieth
century and whose remarkably broad
oeuvre endures as a landmark in the
history of the medium. Brandt achieved
early acclaim for his characterizations of
the British social structure and life in
London in the 1930s; three decades later,
he would publish the fruits of an extended
investigation that yielded some of the most
striking and inventive studies of the female
nude ever produced. In the intervening
years, Brandt trained his lens on a variety
of subjects, ranging from the Depressionstricken industrial towns of Northern
England to portraits of some of the leading
literary figures in Britain of the time,
working both by his own inclination and
on assignment for several of the most
widely read illustrated magazines of his
day. A number of his images of the
Blackout in London and the impact of the
Blitz on the citys residents during World
War II remain iconic.
Even as many of Brandts photo
graphs became instantly recognizable and
the photographer himself (a natural-born
German) acquired enormous popularity in
his adopted country and abroad, critical
appraisals of Brandt have often been
confounded by one of the very aspects that
made his career so unique: its impressive
breadth. Brandt ranged widely; he had
neither a signature subject nor printing
style. As such, his body of work has
typically been considered not as a whole
but as separate and distinct parts marking
disparate accomplishments. This
exhibition is the first attempt since the

retrospective organized by John Szarkowski

at the Museum in 1969 to present the
various aspects of Brandts career as the
sum of a single oeuvre, the singular
product of one artists dynamic fifty-year
engagement with the photographic
medium. The fresh scholarship produced
by Sarah Meister, Curator in the Depart
ment of Photography, has resulted in a
more nuanced and coherent path by which
one can follow the trajectory of Brandts
development as an artist, particularly
during the transformative period
coinciding with the Second World War,
and her attentive consideration of the
dramatic evolution of Brandts printing
style stands as an indispensable resource
for future assessments of Brandts art.
It is fitting that this important
examination would take place at MoMA,
as the Museums relationship with Brandt
dates back to when the Department of
Photography was less than a year old and
the artist was not yet forty, when MoMA
first exhibited Brandts photographs in the
exhibition Britain at War in 1941 (the work
itself was unattributed, a practice that
was not uncommon at the time). Several
years later, Edward Steichen, the newly
appointed Director of the Department of
Photography, presented a cross-section
of Brandts work to date within Four
Photographers (1948). Steichen would go
on to include four photographs by Brandt
in his landmark exhibition The Family of
Man, which opened at MoMA in 1955 and
subsequently circulated to thirty-seven
countries on six continents, and at the
conclusion of his tenure in 1961, Steichen
exhibited forty-two photographs from
Brandts groundbreaking series of postwar
nudesthe seriess first institutional

embrace, concurrent with the publication

of Brandts collection, Perspective of Nudes.
By the next year when John
Szarkowski succeeded Steichen in the
Department of Photography, the Museum
owned fourteen Brandt photographs: four
landscapes acquired in 1959 and ten nudes
following the 1961 exhibition. A few more
trickled in, and MoMA purchased forty
of the 125 prints made by Brandt for his
1969 retrospective (for $25 each). Until
recently, these printsthe vast majority of
which were printed decades after the
original negativesformed the core of
MoMAs Brandt collection. Recognizing
the fundamental significance of Brandts
achievement to the history of twentiethcentury photography, the Museum
identified Brandts work as a strategic
priority for acquisition in 2006, and since
then MoMA has acquired seventy vintage
prints, which have allowed for a more
comprehensive understanding of the
radical transformations of the artist and his
technique. Peter Galassi, then Chief
Curator in the Department of Photography,
was the first to articulate this need, and his
enthusiasm was matched, and occasionally
surpassed, by the efforts of Sarah Meister
and David Dechman, a longtime Brandt
enthusiast and a Member of the Board of
Trustees and the Museums Committee
on Photography, who was instrumental in
this initiative. This exhibition and
catalogue reflect the culmination of that
effort, which has not only more than
doubled the number of Brandt prints in
MoMAs collection but now, for the first
time, allows each chapter of Brandts
sweeping career to be represented in the
way the artist had originally intended
for it to be seen.

Directors Foreword

Glenn D. Lowry
MEISTER

Alfred H. Barr, Jr., the Museums

founding director, had a vision for the
institution that would expand beyond the
narrow limits of painting and sculpture,
encompassing modern art in all media,
and not long after opening its doors in
November 1929, the Museum was col
lecting and exhibiting film, photography,
architecture, and industrial design,
highlighting the connections among them
in a way that would find echoes in Brandts
work. Like many contemporary artists,
Brandt drew inspiration from (and, in turn,
inspired) an artistic milieu broader than
the medium with which he chose to create.
His close attention to the cinematography
of Gregg Toland in Citizen Kane had a
profound effect on the way in which he
approached his early nudes, for example,
and the anatomical distortions in the
sculptural forms of Henry Moore resonate
strongly with the extreme and unfamiliar
perspectives of the photographers late
nudes. Brandts achievement had a
significant impact on artists as disparate as
Ansel Adams, Robert Frank, R. B. Kitaj,
and David Hockney, a fact to which they
attest in their writings. A quick perusal of
his bibliography suggests how the
luminaries of twentieth-century British
literature felt compelled to comment on
Brandts work, which itself drew
inspiration from theirs.
With the appointment of Quentin
Bajac, who will become Chief Curator of
the Department of Photography in January
2013, the Museum will begin a new chapter
in the acquisition, publication, and display
of photographs, and in exploring the role
those photographs play within the broader
context of modern and contemporary
art. While MoMA remains keenly attuned

to the future and to the critical role of

photography within the visual culture of
the twenty-first century, the Museum is
equally and actively committed to a deeper
understanding of key figures in photog
raphys history, exemplified by this
reconsideration of the work of Bill Brandt.
On behalf of the staff and trustees
of the Museum, I would especially like to
thank Gregory Annenberg Weingarten,
Peter Schub, The Robert Mapplethorpe
Foundation, Heidi and Richard Rieger, and
Ronit and William Berkman for their
generous support of the exhibition, as well
as The International Council of The
Museum of Modern Art for its research
and travel support. The John Szarkowski
Publications Fund has made this book
possible, and I would also like to thank the
Committee of Photography and the many
other enthusiastic and dedicated friends
of the Department of Photography whose
contributions fittingly established this
fund in honor of John Szarkowski.

Any exhibition at the Museum and its

accompanying catalogue require the
essential involvement of dozens of dedicated individuals, and this project is no
exception. My first thanks are to Glenn D.
Lowry, Director; Peter Reed, Senior
Deputy Director for Curatorial Affairs;
and Ramona Bronkar Bannayan, Senior
Deputy Director, Exhibitions and
Collections, for their critical and steadfast
support. I am grateful to Diana Pulling,
Chief of Staff, for her encouragement
and diplomatic guidance, and to Leah
Dickerman, Curator in the Department of
Painting and Sculpture, for her construc
tive early feedback. My profound
appreciation goes to Lee Ann Daffner,
Andrew W. Mellon Conservator of
Photographs, whose deep commitment to
furthering our material understanding of
photographs manifests itself in the
illustrated glossary she had contributed to
this book. Both she and Hanako Murata,
Assistant Conservator of Photographs, are
responsible for the skillful treatment of
several photographs reproduced on these
pages, work that is at once invisible to most
viewers yet is vital to best appreciate
Brandts prints, and her work with Ana
Martens, Associate Conservation Scientist,
also contributed tremendously to our
efforts to illuminate Brandts career through
contemporary conservation analysis. I am
grateful as well to the Museums
outstanding team of professionals who
ensure the high quality of our exhibitions,
and in particular I would like to thank
Jerry Neuner, Director, and David Hollely,
Manager, Exhibition Design and Produc
tion; Ellen Conti, Assistant Registrar,
Collections; and Jessica Cash, Assistant
Coordinator of Exhibitions.

The origins of this project reach back

to 2006, when Bill Brandt was first
identified as a strategic priority for
acquisition. Peter Galassi, Chief Curator in
the Department of Photography from 1991
through 2011, articulated this need with
characteristic passion and intelligence, and
his influence on my understanding of
Brandt and the directions in which this
initiative has unfolded cannot be
underestimated. I have also enjoyed the
support of my extremely dedicated and
talented colleagues in the Department of
Photography, beginning with Roxana
Marcoci, Curator, and Eva Respini,
Associate Curator, who have each provided
welcome insights throughout. Marion
Tand, Department Manager, has expertly
managed the complexities of this ongoing
acquisition effort and so much more, and
Megan Feingold, Department Coordinator,
has ensured that the internal and external
presentations related to this project
are both elegant and without error. I have
repeatedly relied on Karen Van Wart,
Preparator, to care for the physical wellbeing and presentation of the prints
considered for acquisition and exhibition.
Tasha Lutek, Cataloguer, has handled
countless research tasks regarding the
history of Brandt and his work at the
Museum with creativity and persistence.
I am also grateful to Mitra Abbaspour,
Associate Curator for the Thomas Walther
Collection Research Project, for her
enthusiasm and, in particular, for her
helpful commentary on my catalogue essay.
This project has enjoyed the focused
attention of three people within the
Photography Department without whose
involvement I cannot imagine drafting
these words: Dan Leers, Beaumont and

Nancy Newhall Curatorial Fellow (2008

11); Drew Sawyer, who holds that position
today; and Marley Blue Lewis, Research
Assistant. In distinct and significant ways,
these three have made this book and
exhibition possible, and I owe each of
them an enormous debt of gratitude. Not
surprisingly, given the projects long
gestation period, the list of interns who
have provided important assistance with a
variety of tasks is long: Grayson Cowing,
Amy Creighton, Kristen Gaylord, Laura
Guerrin, Andrea Hackman, Sarah Jamison,
Emily Kloppenburg, Seyoung Lee, Sarah
Montross (who deserves special mention
for her instrumental research, both during
her time at the Museum and after), Sarah
OKeefe, Allison Pappas, Noah Pritzker,
Kristen Ross, and Juanita Solano.
In the Department of Publications,
my thanks begin with Christopher Hudson,
Publisher, whose stalwart support began
early and has continued undiminished.
The wise counsel of David Frankel,
Editorial Director, has been as welcome
and needed here as ever, and for it I am
deeply grateful. Kara Kirk and Chul
(Charles) Kim, past and present Associate
Directors of Publications, expertly
managed the project both internally and
externally. Marc Sapir, Production Director,
and Matthew Pimm, Production Manager,
are responsible for the unfailingly high
quality of the books printing, balancing
the individuality of the prints and
the potentially distracting appearance of
Brandts active retouching with true
sensitivity. And I thank Hannah Kim,
Marketing Coordinator, for helping to
ensure all this hard work receives the
notice it is due. For their instrumental help
with the imaging for this book, my

Acknowledgments

Sarah Hermanson Meister

MEISTER

appreciation extends to Erik Landsberg,

Director, and Robert Kastler, Production
Manager, both from the Department of
Imaging and Visual Resources, and David
Allison, who photographed the majority of
the objects that appear in this catalogue.
My thanks as well to Martin Senn for
his skill in making the color separations.
That Beverly Joel of pulp, ink.
developed a design for this book that is a
fitting foil to Brandts art will no doubt
become apparent to anyone reading these
pages: I deeply appreciate her creativity,
good humor, hard work, and the distinc
tive elegance of this finished product. Jason
Bests extraordinary talent as an editor
might be less evident but has been no less
critical to ensuring the quality of the
finished product. To both these talented
individuals I extend my heartfelt thanks,
and the three of us together commend
Elizabeth Smith for her attentive
proofreading.
Half of the reproductions in this
catalogue are made from prints that are
not in the Museum Collection, and I am
indebted to those who provided access to
their exceptional collections of Brandts
work and their attendant assistance:
John-Paul Kernot at the Bill Brandt Archive;
David Dechman; Edwynn Houk, Julie
Castellano, and Alexis Dean at Edwynn
Houk Gallery; Malcolm Daniel, Jeff
Rosenheim, Meredith Friedman, and Anna
Wall at The Metropolitan Museum of Art;
Sandy Phillips, Corey Keller, and Erin
OToole at the San Francisco Museum of
Modern Art; Terence Pepper, Helen
Trompeteler, and Georgia Atienza at the
National Portrait Gallery, London; Anne
Tucker and Del Zogg at the Museum
of Fine Arts, Houston; Sarah McDonald at

Getty Images/Hulton Picture Archive,

London; Michael Wilson and Polly Fleury
at the Wilson Centre for Photography;
Michael Mattis and Judith Hochberg;
Robert Stevens; Vince Aletti; and last but
certainly not least, Pryor Dodge, son of
Lyena Barjanski, who has shared his
extensive research and insights along with
his mothers extraordinary albums.
For instrumental help in my research
and for sharing his personal perspective on
Brandts work, I would like to express my
gratitude to Mark Haworth-Booth, curator
at the Victoria and Albert Museum from
1970 through 2004, whose distinguished
scholarship has shaped many subsequent
appreciations of Brandts work. Likewise,
I would like to thank Martin Barnes and
Marta Weiss at the Victoria and Albert
Museum; Hilary Roberts at the Imperial
War Museum; and Lindsey Stewart at
Bernard Quaritch, Ltd. Through our
informal conversations about aspects of
Brandts practice and the ways their own
work has shaped my understanding of
Brandts legacy, I would also like to thank
the artists Chris Killip and Paul Graham.
On a personal note, I feel fortunate
to enjoy the advice and friendship of
Harper Montgomery and Elise Meslow
Ryan, each of whom has helped with this
project over the years. I thank my parents,
Susie Hermanson and Terry Hermanson,
for their support of my passion for
photography since the sixth grade, and
my sisters (and most candid critics), Leslie
Lynch and Merril Hermanson. To my
husband, Adam, and our children,
Madeline and Lee, thank you for your
unending love, patience, and under
standing as I took time away from you
all to work on this.

I would like to echo Glenn Lowrys

expression of gratitude to Gregory
Annenberg Weingarten, Peter Schub, The
Robert Mapplethorpe Foundation, Heidi
and Richard Rieger, and Ronit and William
Berkman for their essential support of this
exhibition, to The International Council of
The Museum of Modern Art for a very
important travel grant, and to the John
Szarkowski Publications Fund (and all
who contributed to it) for making it
possible for the Museum of publish such
independent scholarship. Finally, I would
be remiss not to underscore my deep
gratitude to three individuals whom Ive
already mentioned but who nevertheless
have made essential contributions to the
development of this project and to the
overall collection of Bill Brandts work at
the Museum: David Dechman, an ardent
supporter and informed connoisseur of
Brandts work; Edwynn Houk, whose
gallery represents the Estate of Bill Brandt;
and John-Paul Kernot, Brandts stepgrandson and director of the Bill Brandt
Archive. My sincere appreciation as well
goes to Noya Brandt, Brandts wife from
1972 and a champion of his work before
and after his death in 1983, for sharing her
personal insights with me; it is fitting
that one of the most recent acquisitions to
the Museums collection of Brandts
photographs was given in her honor. It has
been a pleasure and a privilege to get to
know each of these individuals better
through this project.

10

11

I believe this power of seeing the world as

fresh and strange lies hidden in every
human being. In most of us it is dormant.
Yet it is there, even if it is no more than a
vague desire, an unsatisfied appetite that
cannot discover its own nourishment.
Vicariously, through another persons eyes,
men and women can see the world anew.
It is shown to them as something
interesting and exciting. There is given to
them again a sense of wonder.

I.

This should be the photographers aim, for

this is the purpose that pictures fulfill in
the world as it is to-day. To meet a need
that people cannot or will not meet for
themselves. We are most of us too busy,
too worried, too intent on proving
ourselves right, too obsessed with ideas,
to stand and stare.

Bill Brandt 1

Shadow and Light

The Life and Art of
Bill Brandt

Bill Brandt is a founding figure of photog

raphys modernist traditions whose visual
explorations of the society, landscape,
and literature of England are indispensable
to any understanding of photographic
history and, arguably, to our understanding
of life in Britain during the middle of the
twentieth century. Although perhaps not as
well-known as some of his contemp
orariesHenri Cartier-Bresson and Walker
Evans, for instancehe ranks among the
visionaries who, in the diversity of their
approach, established the creative potential
of photography based on observation of
the world around them. With a variety of
cameras (from the handheld Leica to
large-format view cameras) and sensibili
ties (from engaged to dispassionate, poetic
to clinical), these photographers distilled
life into art through the cameras lens.
Brandts distinctive visionhis ability to
present the mundane world as both fresh
and strangereveals traces of the influence
of Eugne Atget, Man Ray, and Brassa (an
unusual combination of egos and
approaches), drawing almost capriciously,
and often simultaneously, from each across
a career that is impossible to reduce to a
particular genre or style.
Brandt established his reputation
before the Second World War with the
publication of two books that featured his
early photographic studies of British life,
The English at Home (1936) and A Night in
London (1938), and he expanded upon
this social documentary work during the
war and in the decades that followed with
assignments for some of the leading
illustrated magazines of his day, a path
that led variously into extended investi
gations of portraiture and landscape
1 Bill Brandt, A Photographers London, in Camera in London
(London: The Focal Press, 1948), 15.

Sarah Hermanson Meister

MEISTER

photography, with a strong emphasis on

contemporary cultural figures in Britain
and the countrys rich literary heritage. His
crowning artistic achievementdeveloped
primarily from 1945 to 1961is a series of
nudes that are both personal and
universal, sensual and strange, collectively
exemplifying the sense of wonder
paramount to Brandt. Considered against
the achievements of his peers, Brandts
work is unpredictable, not only in the
range of his subjects but also for his
printing style, which varied widely
throughout his career. It is, in part, this
wide-ranging approach that makes Brandt
such a compelling figure, yet the difficulty
it presents in arriving at a comprehensive
understanding of his lifes work has also
long complicated critical appraisals of him.
Brandts unfettered approach to
his art extended to his life as well. Born
to a prosperous German family, he lived
comfortably, if modestly, in England
throughout his adulthood, blending easily
with his affluent relatives there after
spending most of his twenties drifting
about continental Europe. Handsome and
reserved, he often enjoyed the attention of
more than one woman simultaneously,
suggesting an unconventional aspect of his
personality, if not quite bohemian. He had
a delicate constitution (suffering from
tuberculosis in childhood and diabetes as
an adult), a wry sense of humor, and a
purposefully apolitical perspective, particu
larly when considered against the political
backdrop of Europe at the time. Although
he would become something of an icon in
Britain, as the almost exhaustive circulation of his exhibitions by the Arts Council
of Great Britain and the British Council
suggests, he was not born British, and

though the material comfort of his family

enabled a lifestyle one might associate
with the upper classes, this was not
synonymous with British aristocracy. To
Brandt, though, all this was irrelevant:
art was what mattered.
Throughout his nearly fifty-year
career, Brandt embraced photographys
potential to use unadorned fact to create
arta central tenet of photographic
modernism. But to a degree unmatched by
his peers, he resolved the tension between
reality and fantasy by transcending (or
ignoring) either label. With characteristic
ambivalence, Brandt suggested through
his work that photographic truth simply
didnt matter or, perhaps, given the
political landscape in which he formed his
artistic identity, that it had been manipu
lated beyond the point where it had
meaning. Much has been written of Bill
Brandts mystery, of his willful evasiveness
on the subject of his own life, of the
incongruity of his creating such a personal
photographic vision while working often
on assignment, and of the difficulty of
naming a single subject or style that
approaches an adequate characterization
of his lifes work. Since his death in 1983,
every major book and exhibition that has
attempted to represent his career has done
so with a number of carefully chosen
thematic divisionsindeed, in Brandts
own first attempt to summarize his oeuvre,
a book titled Shadow of Light (1966), he did
the same, and the chapters he chose have
formed the backbone of Brandt retrospec
tives ever since. In that respect, this book
is no exception, for its structure respects
Brandts desire to have his work organized
thematically, not simply according
to some formal likeness. This book,

12

13

II.

however, fundamentally differs from those

prior in that its primary function is to
convey the art of Brandts photographic
achievement in all its unruly splendor.
In the past, discussion of the
dramatic evolution of Brandts printing
style has been relegated to the sidelines,
and while it is necessary to value the nearly
impenetrable darkness and muted tones
of his early prints from the 1930s, it is not
so simple to dismiss the forcefulness of his
later interpretations as an aging mans
bastard prints. Indeed, a significant part of
Brandts art is that the exposure of the
negative was, for him, only the beginning.
In many respects each Brandt print is
unique because the pervasiveness of his
hand in retouching his workto correct
and to enhance, with a variety of tools
means that it is rare to find two prints
presented in an identical manner.2
Whereas the sections of plates here
correspond roughly to Brandts dominant
subjects and to the structure he favored
for his own retrospective publications, a
significant difference is the expanded
consideration of the work Brandt made
during World War II, a survey that goes
much beyond the pictures he made of the
underground shelters in London during
the Blitz and the moonlit scenes of the
city during the Blackout that have long
stood as a synecdoche for his work during
that period. The organization of this essay
itself seeks to provide a fresh analysis of
Brandts art, with critical issues of his
artistic development addressed for perhaps
the first time in a chronological, rather
than thematic or project-based, context.

2 In the mid-1970s, Brandt began making prints specifically for

sale, in association with Marlborough galleries in New York and
London. The Marlborough prints were made from copy negatives
(and then mounted and signed). They are arguably Brandts least
inspiring prints, with a production-line uniformity to them, and
yet a number of these include evidence of Brandts retouching on
the final print, when it would have been much easier for him to
have made those adjustments at an interim stage.

For many generations, Brandts family

had operated a successful shipping and
banking business based in Hamburg,
Germany. That Brandts paternal grand
father was born in Russia and that his
father was born in London suggest the
expansive reach of the business and
explains how Brandts father (the youngest
of seven siblings) was, technically, a British
citizen.3 Bill Brandt actively promoted the
impression that he was British, but the
fact is he was born Hermann Wilhelm
Brandt in Hamburg in 1904, the second of
four brothers, and raised in a Germanspeaking household. There has been much
speculation concerning the reasons for
Brandts apparent disavowal of his roots,
but politics alone should suffice. In
response to one request, he wrote:
My wife tells me that you would like some
information about my life between 1953/69.
I am afraid nothing happened during those
years. Actually, nothing has ever happened
to me. I have never hitch-hiked through Russia,
nor has anybody ever telephoned me from
Peking in the middle of the night. Even with
such highlights, I find biographical chronologies
pathetic and boring. I think it would be less
conventional and much more interesting to
concentrate on photography and leave my life
alone. I hope you think so too.4

Brandt was intensely private, so although

his soft-spoken nature has been interpreted
as an attempt to mask the German accent
that persisted even after decades of living
in London, one might also consider it
a reflection of an artists reticence to speak
for his art. Brandts declining health as a
teenager in the years following World War I
Bill Brandt. Balloon Flying over the Northern Suburbs
of Paris, 1929. Gelatin silver print, 9 x 6 " (22.9 x
17.5 cm). Courtesy Edwynn Houk Gallery, New York

Bill Brandt. Ezra Pound, 1928. Gelatin silver print,

7 x 6" (19.1 x 16.2 cm). The Museum of Fine Arts,
Houston

3 Paul Delany, Bill Brandt: A Life (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford

University Press, 2004). All biographical details about Brandts life
are drawn from this book as well as Mark Haworth-Booths texts in
Bill Brandt: Behind the Camera, Photographs 19281983 (Oxford, U.K.:
Phaidon; New York: Aperture, 1985).
4 Bill Brandt to Katherine Kinear at the Arts Council of Great
Britain, March 11, 1970, Victoria and Albert Museum archives,
London. I am indebted to Mark Haworth-Booth for directing me
to the original letter.

MEISTER

led his parents to pull him from his

German boarding school, and he spent
more than four years in Swiss sanatoria
(first in Agra, then Davos) in an attempt to
cure his tuberculosis. Essentially all physical
activity was forbidden in these sequestered
alpine environments, which left Brandt
plenty of time to read, watch movies, and
experiment with a camera. His profound
interest in the visual and literary arts
the foundation of which can be traced
to his bourgeois family lifewas nurtured
during this period of forced passivity.
Brandt likely dabbled with
photography during his treatment in
Davos, but his first formal engagement
with the medium began in a Viennese
photography studio. In the spring of 1927,
he had been drawn to Vienna, where his
younger brother Rolf was then living, by
the prospect of having his tuberculosis
cured through psychotherapy.5 Although it
is unclear whether psychoanalysis deserves
credit, Brandt succeeded in stabilizing
his health, and he needed to decide
what to do with his life. It was Dr. Eugenie
Schwarzwald, a prominent Viennese
intellectual and philanthropist with
a particular interest in education, who is
credited with suggesting photography.
Brandt found a position as an apprentice in
the studio of Grete Kolliner, and he worked
there for much of 192728. His forceful
portrait of Ezra Pound (left) was made
during this time, employing the traditional
studio techniques of directed lighting,
shallow depth of field, and a plain
backdrop. The portrait is more than a
convincing likeness: the tight cropping
signaled Brandts avant-garde intent, and
he used the reductive means of Pounds
own poetry to convey the sitters intensity.
5 For about six months, Brandt was a patient of the Viennese
physician and psychoanalyst Wilhelm Stekel, who championed the
potential of this approach to treat tuberculosis.

15

Its success notwithstanding, this portrait

bears little in common with the hundreds
that would define Brandts contribution to
the genre during and after World War II,
where he would capture his sitters in their
homes or other familiar surroundings, and
where their expressions would often
suggest a dreamlike aura (see, for example,
pp. 1045).6
It was in Austria that Brandt made the
acquaintance of two women with whom
he would remain close for decades. Just
after leaving the sanatorium, he met Lyena
Barjansky, a sixteen-year-old of Russian
descent who attended Schwarzwalds
school for girls, and, in the fall of 1928, Eva
Boros, whom Kolliner had taken on as
another apprentice in her studio. Eva was
Hungarian and four years older than Lyena,
but these two young women became
Brandts constant companions, traveling
and living together throughout continental
Europe. The scrapbook albums kept by Eva
and Lyena, filled with photographs of and
by Brandt, are extraordinary records of this
generative period in Brandts life and are
revealing in terms of his interests and travel,
as well as the very casual and personal
nature of his early explorations with a
cameraa distinct counterpoint to his
studio experience (facing).7 The nature of
Brandts romantic, or physical, relationship
with each woman is unclear, so this
arrangement may not have been as radical
as it seems, but it speaks to his magnetism
and to his willingness to defy social
conventions, by appearance if nothing else.
In April 1932, during a trip to Spain, Eva
became Brandts wife, but it was several
years before they lived under the same roof,
which suggests a third possible factor in this
unusual arrangement: a fear of being

reinfected with tuberculosis, from which

Eva continued to suffer periodically
throughout her life.
The trio moved to Paris in 1930,
although they continued to travel
throughout the continent. Brandt started
working as an informal apprentice in the
studio of Man Ray, the American expatriate
painter and photographer fourteen years
his senior who had become a key figure in
both the Dada and Surrealist movements. It
was at this time that Brandt developed his
Surrealist sensibilityhis obvious delight in
the uncanny aspects of the everyday that
permeates much of his work. Even if Man
Ray was not actively instructing Brandt,
from his work Brandt could not have failed
to notice his printing experimentation,
particularly with the female nude, which
would later find echoes in Brandts own
practice.8 The French photographer Eugne
Atget, whose documents of Paris had
captured the imagination of the Surrealists
shortly before his death in 1927 and whose
first monograph (required reading for any
aspiring photographer) appeared in 1930,
was another defining influence.9 Inspired
by Atgets simultaneously methodical
and poetic exploration of Paris, particularly
its mannequins and shop windows, Brandt
wandered through the city with his camera.
One of the best of his resulting images
was featured in Minotaure (the Surrealistoriented magazine that had succeeded
La Rvolution surraliste), at the center of
an article by Ren Crevel in 1934 (right).10
Paris in 1930 was teeming with
photographers of extraordinary talent, but
it was the Hungarian-born Brassa who
managed to make his name synonymous
with the city, most emphatically with the
publication of Paris de Nuit (Paris by

6 Underscoring the need for more attention to the chronology of

Brandts career, his portrait of Pound is often published alongside
the postwar portraits, as if the intervening decades were
immaterial.

8 Many years later Brandt told Man Ray: You went out so often
that I did not learn much from you directly. But what I did was go
through all the drawers and files that I would not have dared touch
when you were in the studio. So I learnt a great deal when you were
not there. Ian Fraser, Bill Brandt in Camera, The World of Interiors,
February 1983: 80; quoted in Delaney, 6263. Man Ray used the
term Rayograph to refer to his cameraless photographs, but more
relevant to Brandts darkroom work, he would use solarization
(which reversed some tones from positive to negative during the
printing process) and various screens to achieve his desired effect
from a given negative.

7 Two of Eva Boross scrapbooks are in the collection of the

Victoria and Albert Museum, London. Lyena Barjanskys scrapbooks
are in the collection of her son, Pryor Dodge, in New York. Brandt
would ultimately include at least a dozen pictures that appear in
the scrapbooks in The English at Home.

9 Eugne Atget, Atget: Photographe de Paris (New York: E. Weyhe,

1930), with an introduction by Pierre Mac Orlan.
10 Ren Crevel, La grande mannequin cherche et trouve sa peau,
Minotaure 5 (May 1934): 1819.

(facing, top row) Pages 17 and 18 from Lyena Barjanskys

first album chronicling her time with Bill Brandt,

including Brandt family photographs and images
of Eva Boros and Lyena in Vienna, 192829. Lyena
Barjansky Collection, courtesy of Pryor Dodge
(facing) Individual pages from Lyena Barjanskys second
album. Lyena Barjansky Collection, courtesy of Pryor
Dodge. (middle row, left) Page 11, Paris, 1930; (middle row,
right) Page 23, Paris, 1931; (bottom row, left) Page 26,
Barcelona, April 1932; (bottom row, right) Page 34, London,
193132
(above) Minotaure, May 1934, p. 18. Brandts photograph

(March aux Puces, Paris, c. 1930) illustrates an article by

Ren Crevel
MEISTER

16

Night) in 1933. Brassa was Brandts only

contemporary with a similarly fluid
approach to photographic realism, and
Brandt paid close attention to his example.
Brandts photograph of a prostitute in
Hamburgs red-light district is a direct
homage, although Brassas subjects were
real women he encountered at work on the
street, while Brandt used Eva as a model
(facing, left).11 It was only with the
publication of A Night in London in 1938
that Brandt demonstrated the full extent of
Brassas influenceand how he made it
his own. The similar titles were likely
dictated by their shared publisher, Arts et
Mtiers Graphiques, and both books
feature glimpses into a range of noctural
urban circumstances, although access to
the affluent came more easily to Brandt,
who had a number of family members and
their servants who could pose for him.12
Brandt embraced the inky black expanses
that appeared frequently in Brassas
work and the hyper-glossy surfaces that
amplified this effect, which were favored
for their superior reproducibility, but his
pictures manifested a distinctly less
sensational flairBrandt was more
interested in looking at the mundane
world with a sense of wonder.13 Of course,
in the early and mid-1930s in Paris,
opportunities for Brandt to publish his
work were few and far between: Andr
Krtsz, Germaine Krull, Henri CartierBresson, Ilse Bing, and many othersin
addition to Brassawere actively seeking
jobs for the illustrated press. Brandts
decision to settle permanently in London
allowed him to sidestep this competition,
and it was in the British capital that he
transformed the avant-garde esprit into
his own art.
11 A clear model for this photograph appears in Paris de Nuit
(Paris: Arts et Mtiers Graphiques, 1933), pl. 30. Even before the
book was published, it is highly likely that Brandt would have
seen Brassas photographs based on the photographers mutual
acquaintances in Paris.
12 See Anne Wilkes Tucker, Brassa: Man of the World in
Brassa: The Eye of Paris (Houston: The Museum of Fine Arts, 1998),
6163, for a detailed comparison of Brandt and Brassa.

III.

rightly, also considered a foreigner. He

had the advantage of seeing this world as
fresh and strange but with access
typically not afforded to outsiders. His
favorite subject was undoubtedly his
uncles parlormaid, known to the family as
Pratt, and he photographed her repeatedly,
once even arranging his camera so that
he could appear with her (facing, right).17
The art of these photographs lies in their
ability to present each subject with an
air of transparency, asking viewers to
stand and stare but without judgment:
the miners returning to daylight and the
racegoers at Ascot are seen with an
impassiveness that is often overlooked by
those seeking to establish a political
position for Brandt.
Less than two years after moving to
London, Brandt published his first book,
The English at Home, in February 1936.
It wasnt easy to find a publisher, but Brian
Batsford, who had published the English
edition of Brassas Paris de Nuit in 1933,
thought its subject in a novel-sized format
had the potential for commercial success,
perhaps based on his 1935 publication of
Paul Cohen-Portheims The Spirit of
London.18 The English at Home would
become Brandts calling card. His familial
connections to affluent, if not aristocratic,
social spheres in England provided an
intimate look at their costumes and habits
in a way that had eluded Brassa, who
photographed the Parisian elite almost
surreptitiously, from a distance or through
a window. But Brandt was careful to
balance this work with images from across
the social spectrum, and there is an
equanimity to his approach that imbues
his Workmens Restaurant (c. 1934; p. 62)
with the dignity of the Clubmens

14 Brandt lived at 43 Belsize Avenue, and Eva had her own

apartment, less than a ten-minute walk away. Lyena remained
in Paris.

17 Another view of Pratt in the dining room of Brandts uncle

appears as the sixth plate in The English at Home, and Pratt is the
protagonist in Brandts 1939 Picture Post article The Perfect
Parlourmaid, in which this self-portrait appears.

Brandt and Eva moved to London in April

1934.14 Supported in part by his parents,
who would join the rest of the family in
England shortly before the outbreak of the
war, Brandt set about applying the lessons
he had learned on the continent to his
photographic explorations of the city that
he would call home for the rest of his life.
By the late 1940s, after Brandt had esta
blished himself as a regular contributor to
the illustrated press, he wrote, As a matter
of fact I am able to forget photography
almost completely when I am not working
and never carry a camera except on an
assignment.15 Yet this was not the case in
1934. It would be more than two years
before Brandt received a commission to
do a photo-story and two years after that
before he could rely upon these assign
ments as a regular source of income.
Fortunately, his pursuit of the English
through the lens of his camera needed no
external motivation.
The absence of regular assignments
allowed Brandt the luxury of photog
raphing whatever caught his eye, and this
frequently included friends and family
members going about their everyday lives
or posing for his camera. His photographs
were factual, and they rang true whether
or not he had arranged the scene. He was
fascinated by the British social hierarchies,
and he worked diligently to create a
visual inventory of distinctly English types:
palace guards, bobbies, tailors, miners,
homemakers, schoolchildren, nurses,
professors, huntsmen, racegoers, and more.
Brandts attentiveness to the distinctions of
social class, that most British of preoccu
pations,16 helped cement his identity as a
British photographer, even while he was,

15 Brandt, Camera in London, 13.

16 Richard Howells, Self Portrait: The Sense of Self in British
Documentary Photography, in National Identities 4, no. 2
(2002): 104.

18 Mark Haworth-Booth, The English at Home, in Bill Brandt:

Behind the Camera, Photographs 19281983, 12.

13 Many of Brassas prints from this era are 11-by-14 inches,

with a glossy, ferrotyped surface. The vast majority of Brandts
printsbefore and after the warare on 8-by-10-inch semi-gloss
paper, but there are a significant number of early prints that
echo the surface and size of Brassas work.

MEISTER

17

Bill Brandt. Hamburg, St. Pauli District, c. 1933. Gelatin

silver print, 8 x 6" (20.3 x 15.9 cm). Courtesy of Edwynn
Houk Gallery, New York

Bill Brandt with Pratt, c. 1939. Gelatin silver print,

5 x 4" (13 x 10.5 cm). Lyena Barjansky Collection,
courtesy of Pryor Dodge

18

below (p. 45). The apparently hypnotic

power of Brandts flash in prosaic settings
across class boundaries suggests the ways in
which he was adapting the surrealist lessons
he had learned in Paris to his own purposes.
Despite the books positive critical
reception, The English at Home was far from
a commercial success.21 Brandt continued to
receive a modest allowance from his
parents, but magazine work held the key to
increased financial stability. It was Tom
Hopkinson, the editor of Picture Post and
Lilliput magazines throughout the 1940s,
who wrote the first profile of Brandt in
1942, which begins with his description of
meeting the artist for the first time:

Sanctuary that appeared opposite it. One

contemporary reviewer noted: It is
because each scene or figure has interested
him purely for itself that his pictures are so
good and carry such implications. He does
not only set out to illustrate the contrast
between rich and poor; he takes his
pictures and the contrast is there. The best
of them arewhat can one call them?
pictorial epigrams, surprisingly, vividly,
exactly, seen.19
In all subsequent books and, indeed,
in the vast majority of his prints, Brandts
work is reproduced almost exclusively in a
slightly vertical, rectangular format. But at
this early stage, Brandt was still consider
ing a variety of presentation methods
the examples of the jumble of pictures on
the pages of Evas and Lyenas albums, as
well as on the pages of several popular
German, French, and British weekly
illustrated magazines being fresh in his
mind. Almost a quarter of the plates
present strong horizontal rectangles and
are printed sideways to maximize the
image size on the page, requiring the
viewer to flip the book in order to look at
the picture in its proper orientation.20
The pictures are paired, most often
to elaborate a narrative sequence, although
there are a handful that might be charac
terized as describing the class contrasts
that provide the backdrop for the book
(right, top). Despite Brandts success in
describing his titular subject, there is an air
of strangeness that persists throughout,
such as in his rendering of the Billingsgate
porter with an enormous fish balanced
nonchalantly atop his head (p. 65), or the
childrens party in Kensington, where the
balloons suspended in midair act as
surrogates for the privileged innocents
19 G. W. Stonier, Ourselves in Photograph, New Statesman,
February 29, 1936: 318; quoted in Delany, 110.
20 This had been the same solution used to include Atgets
horizontal images in Atget: Photographe de Paris, although in that
instance the trim size was significantly more generous.

19

Some time in the spring of 1936 a young man

came into the office where I was working. He
was tall and slim, sunburned, with golden hair
brushed back. He had a rather narrow mouth
with thin lips, long forehead and chin, and very
clear blue eyes. He wore a grey flannel suit,
had a voice as loud as a moth, and the gentlest
manner to be found outside a nunnery.

Altogether, he did not seem a very likely
person to be given a job on a weekly picture
paper. However, he carried under his arm a
book, and in the book were photographs taken
by himself. They were remarkable photographs,
and they showed more sharply than I had
ever seen before how a human eye and a piece
of mechanism can combine, not so much to
record the world as to impose a particular
vision of the world upon it.22

The office in which Hopkinson was

working in 1936 was of Weekly Illustrated,
the magazine founded two years prior by
the innovative Hungarian-born publisher
Stefan Lorant.23 Brandts first picture in
Weekly Illustrated was published on May
23, 1936; his first story, Opera in a Country
(top) Plates 39 and 40 from The English at Home, 1936

21 Brandt reminisced with Brian Batsford in 1978 that even at a

price of five shillings, it was soon remaindered. His letter is quoted
in Mark-Haworth Booth, Bill Brandt: Behind the Camera,
Photographs 19281983, 13.

(bottom) Plates 4 and 5 from A Night in London, 1938

22 Tom Hopkinson, Bill BrandtPhotographer, Lilliput 11, no. 2

(August 1942), 130.
23 Weekly Illustrated was the first of three magazines founded in
London by Lorant, the other two being Lilliput (June 1937) and
Picture Post (October 1, 1938). By June 1940, Lorant had moved to
the United States, and Hopkinson succeeded him as editor at
Picture Post and Lilliput.

MEISTER

House (at the celebrated Glyndebourne),

appeared the following week. However
auspicious this may have seemed to Brandt,
regular assignments (or, more commonly
in the 1930s, the use of his existing pictures)
were elusive. Hopkinson may have imme-
diately recognized the uniqueness of
Brandts achievement, but while Lorant was
in charge, he had his own favorites.24
Despite, or perhaps thanks to, the dearth of
assignments, Brandt was able to continue
his pursuit of the English and to concen
trate his attention on his next book.
In 1937, Brandt ventured to the
industrial towns of Northern England, an
area that had been severely impacted by
the Depression. He left no record of what
motivated him to travel there, nor does he
appear to have been on assignment. At
first glance, the images that resulted from
his trip can be taken as an investigation of
the deep poverty and dire conditions that
had attracted the attention of a number
of social reformers, and indeed, Brandt
made a few great pictures that bear
unequivocal witness to the devastating
unemployment that plagued the region at
the time (see pp. 7475). But there is a
subtle ambiguity to many of his images as
well: the social implications inherent in
the blackened structures of the industrial
landscape or even the photographs of the
domestic lives of the miners (both of
which find parallels with the pictures he
was making in London during the same
period) are balanced against or even
eclipsed by an obvious aesthetic intent. It
would be unfair to suggest that Brandt was
indifferent to the circumstances before his
camera, and yet in the face of such a major
social issue, the recurring visual leitmotifs
(soot-covered surfaces of both buildings

and people) and the private existence of

these pictures (unpublished for more than
a decade) suggest that he found it difficult
to resist the artistic potential he sensed in
these subjects.
The publication of Brandts second
book, A Night in London, in June 1938
cemented his artistic alliance with the city.
The distinctively neutral sensibility
remained consistent with his earlier work,
although here the sequence of pictures
unfolds chronologically, beginning with
twilight and ending just after dawn. It is
a signal of Brandts growing confidence as
an artist (and the parallel confidence of his
publishers) that he could capture the
nocturnal life of London as Brassa had
done in Paris. There were several unique
aspects of Brandts book, most notably his
ability to weave together images from
across the social spectrum. Brassas
particular talent for capturing illicit,
marginalized, or unconventional activity
stands in stark contrast to the normalcy of
Brandts imagerythe routines of the
upper and working classes unfold across
the pages (facing, bottom). And yet despite
the absorbing impression these pictures
give of Brandt roaming through the
London night and capturing his subjects
unaware, a significant number of the
images feature his family members playing
particular roles: the apparent affair taking
place in Soho Bedroom (1934; p. 53) or the
ambiguous exchange in Street Scene, London
(1936; p. 56) are all staged for Brandts
camera.25 This artifice was irrelevant for
Brandt so long as the pictures rang true,
which they did without exception.
There are no horizontal photo
graphs in A Night in London, only gently
vertical rectangles, which hints that Brandt

24 Felix Man (born Hans Baumann) and Kurt Hutton (born Kurt
Hbschmann) had both worked for Lorant in Munich and arrived in
London not long after him, at which time they anglicized their
names to help obtain assignmentslike Brandt, understandably
wanting to minimize their affiliation with Germany.

25 Mark Haworth-Booth identifies many of these individuals in

Bill Brandt: Behind the Camera, p. 26. See also Delaney, pp. 1123,
120, 1289.

84

3
World War II

85

For decades now, two iconic series of work have stood as synonymous with Bill
Brandts activity during World War II: his photographs of London by moonlight during the Blackout and of makeshift underground shelters during the Blitz. The reality
is that his wartime production was much more varied, which is key to understanding
the overall evolution of Brandts work. By 1939, Brandt could expect regular assignments from the illustrated press, although his editors also drew liberally from work
he had pursued independently. Lilliput published a sequence of Brandts pictures
of London during the Blackout in December 1939, and again in August 1942.1 Brandt
described the appeal of this nocturnal work: Night photography is often a very
leisurely way of taking pictures. The main thing you need is patience. But you also
have plenty of time. After midnight, in particular, there is hardly anybody about, you
can do almost anything without being disturbed. There are rarely any watchers, and
you are seldom troubled even by passing cars. Night photography can indeed be a
quiet and pleasurable sort of game.2
Brandt was commissioned by the British Ministry of Information
to take pictures of the improvised shelters that had appeared in the wake of the
first German air raids on London in September 1940. In early November, Brandt photographed in Tube stations, wine cellars, shop basements, and cryptsanywhere
Londoners sought protection. This project was the antithesis of his moonlit nocturnes, using artificial lighting to document crowded, cramped spaces. The artist
Henry Moore had received a similar commission, and his drawings appeared opposite several of Brandts photographs in Lilliput.3 Moores and Brandts shelter pictures
were also included in the exhibition Britain at War, which was presented at MoMA
from May to September 1941.4
Virtually every retrospective consideration of Brandts work distills
his wartime activity to these two bodies of work, a decision initially made by Brandt
himself in his first retrospective book, Shadow of Light (1966). The remainder of the
plates in this section, considered with the stories listed and reproduced on pages
195203, tell a decidedly more complicated story: almost without exception these
photographs were made for Lilliput, Picture Post, or Harpers Bazaar. Brandt, like every
inhabitant of London, was profoundly changed by the war, and the same was true of
the city itself. He used these assignments to expand his oeuvre: through his portrait
commissions and his photographs of the British landscape, in particular, he found
new ways to position himself as a British photographer.

1 The first appeared in Blackout in London, Lilliput 5, no. 6

(December 1939): 5518; followed by London by Moonlight,
Lilliput 11, no. 2 (August 1942): 13140.
2 Bill Brandt, Pictures by Night, in L. A. Mannheim, ed., The
Rollei Way: The Rolleiflex and Rolleicord Photographers Companion
(London and New York: The Focal Press, 1952), 185; reprinted in
Nigel Warburton, Bill Brandt: Selected Texts and Bibliography
(Oxford, U.K.: Clio Press, 1993), 41.
3 Shelter Pictures, Lilliput 11, no. 6 (December 1942): 47382.
4 Brandts work was unattributed, as were all other photographs
in the exhibition.

Deserted Street in Bloomsbury. 1942

92

Crowded, Improvised Air-Raid Shelter in a Liverpool Street Tube Tunnel. 1940

93

Liverpool Street Underground Station Shelter. 1940

98

BathThe Circus. 1942

Packaging Post for the War. c. 1942

99

Bombed Regency Staircase, Upper Brook Street, Mayfair. c. 1942

144

6
Nudes

145

If it was Brandts images of London in the 1930s that established his reputation as a
photographer, it was the series of nudes he made in the decades after the Second
World War that solidified his reputation as an artist. The disembodied breasts, knees,
and elbows are at once sensuous and surprisingly chaste, as if the female form were
needed for its graphic beauty, its gender almost accidental. Lawrence Durrell described this quality when he wrote, one forgets the human connotation as if one
were reading a poem.1 For all their flesh, these nudes are not about desire, although
they flirt with fetish. There is an ambivalence that is typical of Brandt, concerned with
neither passion, love, nor hate.2 Their position in the history of the genre is unique.
Brandt made a handful of female nudes before Lilliput published his
first in February 1942, but these adopt tropes that Man Ray (and others) had explored
in the late 1920s. The earliest works that Brandt chose to include in his groundbreaking Perspective of Nudes (1961) date from 1945 and feature nudes in incongruously
domestic interiors at twilight. With a large, wide-angle, fixed-focus mahogany-andbrass Kodak camera designed to inventory estates and crime scenes, Brandt placed
his models in a Victorian wonderland, delighting in his cameras ability to present
the world in a way the eye could not see. He then moved closerthe space and the
figures become more distorted, and one senses a disquieting proximity when one
recalls these are, in fact, pictures of real women. Finally, in the late 1950s Brandt
found that he could use his modern camera to achieve his desired effects on the
rocky beaches of England and France.3
On the occasion of the retrospective he organized of Brandts
work in 1969, John Szarkowski wrote of the nudes: These picturesat first viewing, strange and contortedreveal themselves finally as supremely [poised] and untroubled works. In photography only Edward Weston has made nudes of equal
power. A comparison is instructive. The models in Westons pictures retain a degree
of their identity; they remain, in part, specific women seen in the sunlight of specific
fine mornings. Brandts late nudes in contrast seem to be no women and all women,
as anonymous and as moving as a bleached and broken sculpture, fresh from the
earth.4 This reference to the sculptural quality of Brandts nudes is an apt one. The
connection between Brandt and Henry Moore was first established by their shared
fascination with sleeping figures in the makeshift underground shelters during the
Blitz, and their friendship grew from there. Brandt photographed the sculptor more
than any other artist, and the resonance between their biomorphic forms in two and
three dimensions enhances the appreciation of both artists work.

1 Lawrence Durrell, preface to Perspective of Nudes by Bill Brandt

(London: The Bodley Head; New York: Amphoto, 1961), 5.
2 Brandts late nudes, made between 1977 and 1980, which
are not included here, might be considered an exception.
3 In Perspective of Nudes, Brandt arranges his images into six
loosely thematic suites, but with few exceptions, his work from
this fifteen-year period can be distilled into the three groups
described here.
4 John Szarkowski, Bill Brandt, in The Museum of Modern
Art Members Newsletter, Fall 1969, n.p. This piece was republished
along with sixteen photographs chosen by Brandt in Album,
no. 1 (February 1970): 1213.

Hampstead, London. 1945

146

Micheldever, Hampshire. 1948

147

Nude. 1953

162

Campden Hill, London. 1958

163

London. 1952

180

Taxo dAval, France. 1958

181

Seaford, East Sussex Coast. 1957

190

Additive
Techniques
Additive techniques are marks added to
the surface of the photograph to modify
the image. Marks can be added with
a brush, graphite, or porous pointed pen.
They can be dabs or spots, linear or in
patches of black, blue, white, or gray.
Some inks or dyes may fade over time,
rendering the retouched area more
visible than when the marks were first
applied. Washes were a particularly
favorite medium for Brandt, found on
forty percent of the prints examined at
MoMA; he employed graphite and
porous pointed pen as well.

191

wash

opaque black wash

Detail of Giants Causeway, Antrim (1946; p. 138).
The field of view shown is 2.4 mm x 2.4 mm

Opaque washes were frequently used by Brandt.

He added heavily pigmented black washes, either
a gouache or an opaquing medium specifically
formulated for use on photographs, to create
dense shadows. In a detail of Giants Causeway,
Antrim, for example, Brandt has applied the black
wash to reinforce the checkerboard pattern of
the rock formations, in some areas creating
shadows where there were none. In Barmaid at the
Crooked Billet, Tower Hill, he used several patches
of black wash to add depth and uniformity to the
shadowy background. He applied the passages
thickly, so much so that brushstrokes can be seen
by the naked eye upon close inspection, while
particles of pigment are visible as sandy texture
under magnification. In addition to black washes,
a white opaque wash could hide dark spots, or it
could add highlights to a darker area. In Jean
Dubuffet, Brandt applied white gouache to the iris
and whites of the eye to lighten and brighten
the details.

white gouache
Detail of Jean Dubuffet (1960, p. 121, right). The field
of view is 6 cm x 6 cm

wash (with abrasion and scratch)

Detail of Losing at the Horse Races, Auteuil, Paris
(1932, p. 34). The field of view is 8 mm x 8 mm

graphite

porous pointed pen

graphite
Detail of Barmaid at the Crooked Billet, Tower Hill.
The field of view is 4 cm x 4 cm

porous pointed pen (with abrasion)

Detail of Jean Dubuffet. The field of view is 3 cm x
3 cm

In later years Brandt expanded his tool kit to

include porous pointed pen, also known as felttip marker. Marketed to artists as early as 1946,13
these pens with their semi-transparent color
were used to similar effect as a wash but were
remarkably convenient, which likely appealed to
Brandt, in addition to their ready adherence
to the water-resistant emulsion. Identifiable in
specular light by its iridescence and even, fluid
line, the dye in these ubiquitous pens may
have faded or shifted over time, now appearing
light blue in color.

opaque black wash

Detail of Barmaid at the Crooked Billet, Tower Hill
(1939; p. 54). The field of view is 2.5 mm x 2.5 mm

illustrated glossary

transparent wash
Detail of Vastrival Beach, Normandy (1954, p. 178).
The field of view is 1.7 cm x 1.7 cm

graphite
Detail of Vastrival Beach, Normandy. The field of
view is 1 cm x 1 cm

The photographer employed more transparent

washes as well, either by thinning the black wash
or using neural-toned watercolors, which allowed
him to approximate mid-tones or gradations
of tone. In Vastrival Beach, Normandy, Brandt
used the wash to further delineate an area of
rocks, while in Losing at the Horse Races, Auteuil,
Paris, he dabbed on a darker wash to greatly
enhance a mustache and beard.

Readily available and easy to use, graphite is sold

in grades of hardness. Brandt used this medium
in two ways: to outline or enhance compositional
elements in sharp, clean lines, such as the eyebrows
and facial features of the title subject in Barmaid
at the Crooked Billet, or applied in a circular
motion to create mid-tone shadows, such as in the
background of Vastrival Beach, where the marks
mimic the rounded composition of the rocks. This
style of marking was cited in the instructional
guides of the day alongside cross-hatching and
parallel linear marks.

13 Margaret Holben Ellis, The Porous Pointed Pen as Artistic

Medium, in Shelia Fairbrass, ed., The Institute of Paper Conservation:
Conference Papers, Manchester 1992 (London: Institute of Paper
Conservation, 1992), 1118.

194

195

Bill Brandts increasingly regular contri

butions to illustrated publications during
the years that spanned World War II
proved to be highly productive and
generative for his career. While Brandts
wartime work has become synonymous
with his images of London during the
Blackout and the Blitz, his output during
these years was in fact much more diverse
and would lay the groundwork for the
wide range of genres he would explore in
the decades that followed.
Artists frequently contributed to
illustrated publications during the early
half of the twentieth century, a particularly
common practice among the modernist
photographers working on the continent;
such an opportunity could offer an artist a
platform and an audience, as well as a
source of income. While Brandt had a
photograph published as early as May 1932
in the German magazine Der Querschnitt,
with others published in 1934 in Weekly
Illustrated and Minotaure, it was not until
the late 1930s that he began to carve out a
place for himself within the field. What
began as a chance to publish photographs

Gustav Dors
London Rediscovered
by Bill Brandt in 1938

verve
JanuaryMarch 1939: 10714
Three of Brandts photo
graphs are paired with Dor
engravings from the 1870s.
In May 1939, Lilliput would
expand this concept to
include seven pairings, calling
the story Unchanging
London, Brandts second

taken in and around London would

blossom during the war years into
assignment-driven work, undertaken
primarily for Lilliput, Picture Post, and
Harpers Bazaar, that would become the
impetus for Brandt to expand his subject
matter and to begin photographing, in
earnest, landscapes, architecture, portraits,
and nudes.
Lilliput and Picture Post were both
founded by the visionary publisher Stefan
Lorant, who was lauded for his contri
butions to modern photojournalism and,
specifically, for his emphasis on picture
essays and intuitive layouts and designs, a
skill he honed in Munich during his tenure
as the editor of Mnchner Illustrierte
Zeitung. Lorant worked briefly as the
founding editor of Weekly Illustrated
before launching Lilliput (in July 1937) and
Picture Post (with Edward G. Hulton, on
October 1, 1938). Tom Hopkinson, who
first met Brandt in 1936 while working
as an assistant editor at Weekly Illustrated,
followed Lorant to Lilliput in 1938; he
assumed the position of editor there in
July 1940 when Lorant, a Hungarian

national and former German resident, was

denied British citizenship and emigrated
to the United States. With Lilliput s niche as
a sophisticated cultural magazine and
Picture Posts strong populist bent, Brandts
involvement with both publications
allowed him to focus on a broad range of
subjects in photographs that would be seen
by two distinct audiences. Hopkinson, in
particular, regarded Brandt as a photog
rapher of singular talent, and Brandt was
given the opportunity to photograph the
people and places around the United
Kingdom as he saw fit, in addition to his
war-specific assignments.
The photo-stories reproduced below,
organized chronologically, suggest the
breadth of Brandts activity leading up to
and throughout the war, complemented
by citations for major articles not illustra
ted. Unless relevant to his postwar practice,
individual pictures or stories consisting
of previously published material are not
mentioned. Images reproduced as plates
are noted with the page number on which
they appear.

for the publication. The

opening image in Lilliput is a
slightly cropped version of
Rainswept Roofs (p. 39), and
the last is Evening in Kenwood
(p. 67). Brandts first article
for Lilliput, London Night,
appeared in June 1938 and
featured eight photographs,
seven of which were
included his collection
A Night in London, which
apeared that same year.

Bill Brandts
Published Photo-Stories
19391945
Sarah Hermanson Meister and Marley Blue Lewis

p. 47
MEISTER

196

197

Day in the Life of an Artists Model

picture post
January 28, 1939: 3437
The first of four Picture Post
Day in the Life of features
for Brandt. The surrealist
commercial artist, whom we
see painting the artists
model, is Rolf Brandt, Bills
brother. This story would be
followed by Nippy. The
Story of Her Day... (March 4,
1939) (a nippy being a
nickname for waitresses who
worked in J. Lyons & Co.
brand tea houses around
England); A Barmaids Day
(April 8, 1939), featuring Alice,
the barmaid at the Crooked

Billet pub in Stepney (see pp.

5455 for two unpublished
pictures from this story); and
The Perfect Parlourmaid
(July 29, 1939), which
followed Pratt, the parlor
maid in the home of Brandts
uncle. Variant images from
the feature on Pratt appear
on pages 46, 47, and 48;
Brandts self-portrait with
Pratt, the final image in the
article, is on page 17. Perhaps
wanting to retain control
over images he deemed more
successful, Brandt frequently

Daybreak at the
Crystal Palace

Enough of All This!

picture post

April 1, 1939: 5457

February 11, 1939: 5455

supplied variants of what

would come to be his
best-known images to Picture
Post, although this was
not the case with Lilliput.

A series of eight
photographs taken in the
gardens of the Crystal
Palace. In these pictures,
Brandt experimented with
perspective and cropping
to create a surreal effect
for the overgrown and
decaying statues.

Blackout in London

picture post
This story contains images
by Brandt of children
living in squalor and dire
conditions in Londons
East End neighborhood,
illustrating an article about
rent strikes and poverty. It
marks one of Brandts last
social critiques published
before Britain declared war
on Germany, after which
Picture Post maintained a
stalwart position focused
on publishing nationalistic,
morale-boosting stories
on the home front.

lilliput

England at War:
Life Goes On in the Dark

December 1939: 55158

life

For Brandts first war

assignment, he was
commissioned by Lilliput to
document the spirit of the
blackout in London with
this photo-story of eight
cityscapes. A number of the
images published in this
issue have since become
some of Brandts most iconic
photographs. In the first
edition of Brandts retro
spective collection, Shadow
of Light (1966),the second
image from this story

appears with four street

lights shining brightly,
underscoring Brandts
willingness to adapt his
printing from a particular
negative; a daytime view of
the same street appears
on page 63.
p. 86

Twenty-Four Hours in
Piccadilly Circus

lilliput
September 1939: 23340
Here Lilliput adopts the
chronoglogical sequencing
of A Night in London from
the previous year, following
a formula that Picture Post
had used.

Autumn in a
Forgotten Wood

lilliput

January 1, 1940: 4041

October 1940: 34345

Brandts first photo-story in

an American publication;
four of the images from
Blackout in London are
reproduced (at left, the first,
sixth, seventh, and eighth
pages).

Three early landscape photographs taken by Brandt, and

his only photo-story for
Lilliput in 1940, although a
number of his images were
published singly.

A Simple Story
about a Girl

p. 88

Nightwalk a dream
phantasy in photographs

Spring in the Park

A Day on the River

picture post

picture post

coronet

May 10, 1941: 1821

July 12, 1941: 1215

January 1941: 4754

lilliput
September 1941: 23542

The female model for this

photo essay is Marjorie
Beckett, Brandts companion
for more than thirty years;
the bearded man is Rolf
Brandt. Here, Brandt
attempts to depict one
womans dreams throughout
the course of a night. While
much of Brandts work
has a dreamlike quality and
surrealist undertones, in no
work following this story
would Brandt attempt
such a literal representation.

I Look at Bournemouth
by J. B. Priestley

What Are All These

Children Laughing At?

picture post

picture post

June 21, 1941: 2023

This Was the War-Time

Derby!

picture post
July 5, 1941: 1317

published photo-stories

August 23, 1941: 1617

A love story narrated by

eight photographs and
accompanying text about a
young woman seeking an
adventure who happens to
meet a young soldier while
walking in a local park.
An unusually sentimental
story by Brandt, perhaps
explained by the fact that
the idea originated not with
him but with Lilliput
assistant editor Kaye Webb.

206

B oo ks by t he
A rt i st
The English at Home. Introduction
by Raymond Mortimer. London:
B. T. Batsford Ltd., 1936.
A Night in London. Introduction
by James Bone. London:
Country Life; New York: Charles
Scribners Sons, 1938. Published
as Londres de Nuit, with introduction by Andr Lejard, Paris:
Arts et Mtiers Graphiques, 1938.
Camera in London. Introduction
by Bill Brandt and text by
Norah Wilson. London: The
Focal Press, 1948.
Literary Britain. Introduction by
John Hayward. London: Cassell
and Company Ltd., 1951.
Perspective of Nudes. Preface by
Lawrence Durrell and introduction by Chapman Mortimer.
London: The Bodley Head; New
York: Amphoto, 1961. Published
as Perspectives sur le Nu, Paris:
Les ditions Prisma, 1961.
Shadow of Light: A Collection
of Photographs from 1931
to the Present, first edition.
Introduction by Cyril Connolly
and notes by Marjorie Beckett.
London: The Bodley Head;
New York: The Viking Press,
1966. Published as Ombres
dune le: Une collection de
photographies de 1931 nos jours,
with introduction by Michel
Butor, Paris: ditions le
Blier-Prisma, 1966.

The Land: Twentieth Century

Landscape Photographs Selected
by Bill Brandt. Edited by Mark
Haworth-Booth. Texts by
Jonathan Williams, Aaron Scharf,
and Keith Critchlow. London:
The Gordon Fraser Gallery
Ltd., 1975; New York: Da Capo
Press, 1976.
Shadow of Light, second edition.
Original introduction by Cyril
Connolly with additional
introduction by Mark HaworthBooth. London: The Gordon
Fraser Gallery Ltd.; New York:
Da Capo Press, 1977. Published
as Ombre de Lumire, Paris:
Chne, 1977.
Bill Brandt: Nudes 19451980.
Introduction by Michael Hiley.
London: The Gordon Fraser
Gallery Ltd.; Boston: The New
York Graphic Society/Little,
Brown and Company, 1980.
Bill Brandt: Portraits.
Introduction by Alan Ross.
London: The Gordon Fraser
Gallery Ltd.; Austin: University
of Texas Press, 1982.
London in the Thirties: Bill
Brandt. Introduction by Mark
Haworth-Booth. London:
The Gordon Fraser Gallery Ltd.,
1983; New York: Pantheon
Books, 1984.
Literary Britain, second edition.
Foreword by Sir Roy Strong and
original introduction by John
Hayward with additional text by
Tom Hopkinson and afterword
by Mark Haworth-Booth.
London: Victoria and Albert
Museum, in association with
Hurtwood Press, 1984.

B oo ks a bou t
t he A rt i st
Bill Brandt. Introduction by
Norman Hall. New York and
London: Marlborough, 1976.
Bill Brandt: A Retrospective
Exhibition. Foreword by Valerie
Lloyd and introduction by
David Mellor. Bath, United
Kingdom: The Royal
Photographic Society, National
Centre of Photography, 1981.
Bill Brandt. Introduction and
afterword by Mark HaworthBooth. Milan: Gruppo Editoriale
Fabbri S.P.A., 1982 (Italian
edition); Paris: Union des
Editions Modernes, 1984 (French
edition).

Sers, Philippe, ed. Atelier Man

Ray 19201935: Berenice Abbott,
Jacques-Andr Boiffard, Bill
Brandt, Lee Miller. Essay by
Romo Martinez. Paris: Centre
Georges Pompidou, 1982.
Bill Brandt: Behind the Camera,
Photographs 19281983.
Text by Mark Haworth-Booth
and David Mellor. Oxford, United
Kingdom: Phaidon; New York:
Aperture, 1985.
Bill Brandt: Vintage Photographs.
Introduction by David Travis.
Chicago, Illinois: Edwynn Houk
Gallery, 1985.

Roegiers, Patrick. Bill Brandt:

Essai. Paris: Pierre Belfond, 1990.
Jeffrey, Ian, ed. Bill Brandt:
Photographs, 19281983. London:
Thames and Hudson, in
association with the Barbican
Art Gallery, 1993.

Cheatle, Zelda, and Adam Lowe,

eds. Bill Brandt: The Assemblages.
Kyoto, Japan: Kyoto Shoin, 1993.

Bill Brandt: Photographs

19321957 and Books. London:
Bernard Quaritch Ltd., 2008.

Warburton, Nigel, ed. Bill

Brandt: Selected Texts and
Bibliography. Oxford, United
Kingdom: Clio Press, 1993.

Huxley-Parlour, Giles, ed. Bill

Brandt. Text by David Wootton.
London: Chris Beetles Ltd.,
2009.

Bill Brandt. Introduction by Ian

Jeffrey. Paris: Centre nationale
de la photographie/Photo Poche,
1994 (French edition); New York:
Thames and Hudson/Photofile,
2007 (English edition); Tokyo:
Sogensha Japan, 2012 (Japanese
edition).

207

P hoto C r e d i ts
All works by Bill Brandt are 2013
Bill Brandt Archive Ltd.
Unless listed below, photographs of
works of art reproduced in this volume
have been provided by the owners or
custodians of the works, who are
identified in the captions or in the list
of plates.
Individual works of art appearing here
may be protected by copyright in the
United States or elsewhere and may
not be reproduced without the
permission of the rights holders. In
reproducing the images contained in
this publication, the Museum obtained
the permission of the rights holder
whenever possible. Should the
Museum have been unable to locate a
rights holder, notwithstanding goodfaith efforts, it requests that any
contact information concerning such
rights holders be forwarded, so that
they may be contacted for future
editions.

Brandt: The Photography of

Bill Brandt. Foreword by David
Hockney and essays by Bill Jay
and Nigel Warburton. London:
Thames and Hudson; New York:
Harry N. Abrams, 1999.

Courtesy Vince Aletti 2013 Hearst

Magazines; photography by David
Allison: pages 29, 2023 (bottom).
Courtesy David Dechman and Michel
Mecure; photography by David Allison:
pages 43, 119, 120 (left), 125, 146, 150,
153 (right), 15558, 159 (right), 16264,
17273, 175 (right), 17677.
Courtesy Pryor Dodge; photography
by David Allison: pages 14, 17 (right).
Courtesy Edwynn Houk Gallery/Bill
Brandt Archive; photography by David
Allison: pages 17 (left), 25, 38, 40, 42,
4445, 50, 51 (left), 5760, 6263, 65,
68, 7274, 76, 8183, 8688, 9091, 93,
9798, 104 (left), 105 (left), 11012, 115,
124, 12729, 13435, 142, 152, 159 (left).
Courtesy Michael Mattis; photography
by David Smith: pages 36, 80, 102.
Digital images 2013 The Metropolitan
Museum of Art. Image Source: Art
Resource, NY: pages 39, 100, 151.
The Museum of Modern Art, New York,
Imaging and Visual Resources: page 126;
photography by David Allison: pages
35, 37, 49, 51 (right), 61, 64, 85, 94, 96, 98
(right), 99, 104 (right), 109, 114, 116,
12223, 136, 138, 143, 154, 165, 180;
photography by Peter Butler: pages
195203 (except as indicated
elsewhere here); photography by
Thomas Griesel: pages 15, 18, 23, 26, 34,
46, 52, 54, 92, 95, 103, 121, 145, 147, 170,
178; photography by James Mathews:
page 205 (right); photography by Soichi
Sunami: pages 204, 205 (left);
photography by John Wronn: pages 33,
41, 48, 53, 5556, 67, 69, 71, 75, 7779,
89, 106, 113, 115 (right), 11718, 120 (right),
13133, 137, 139, 14041, 149, 153 (left),
16061, 16669, 171, 174, 175 (left), 177,
179, 181.

Brandt Icons. Text by Nigel

Warburton. London: Bill Brandt
Archive, 2004.
Brandt Nudes: A New Perspective.
Original preface
by Lawrence Durrell from
Perspective of Nudes with
additional text by Mark
Haworth-Booth. London: Bill
Brandt Archive, 2004 (limited
edition); London: Thames and
Hudson, 2012 (trade edition).

Delany, Paul. Bill Brandt: A Life.

Stanford, California: Stanford
University Press, 2004.

Courtesy Robert Stevens; photography

by David Allison: pages 200, 201 (top).

James, Peter, and Richard Sadler.

Homes Fit for Heroes: Photographs
by Bill Brandt, 19391943.
Stockport, United Kingdom:
Dewi Lewis Publishing, 2004.

Selected
Bibliography
All books listed in chronological order

MEISTER

Thank you for downloading this preview of Bill Brandt: Shadow and Light.
To continue reading, purchase the book by clicking here.
MoMA publications are available to individual customers in several ways.
MoMA Online
www.Momastore.org
MoMA Mail Order
Tel. (toll-free): 800 447 6662
Fax: 212 333 1127
MoMA Stores
The MoMA Design and Book Store
11 West 53 Street, New York, NY 10019
Tel.: 212 708 9400
The MoMA Design Store, SoHo
81 Spring Street, New York, NY 10012
Tel.: 646 613 1367
MoMA Books
The Museum of Modern Art, 2nd Floor
Independent, chain, and online bookstores offer MoMA titles worldwide.
Contact your favorite bookstore to inquire about new and recent MoMA
titles. If the title you are seeking is unavailable, please inform your bookstore
that MoMA titles can be ordered from our trade distributors.
Trade Orders
Most MoMA publications are distributed to the trade in the United States
and Canada by Artbook | D.A.P. and outside the United States and Canada
by Thames & Hudson, Ltd.
Bookstores, book distributors, and libraries should direct all orders, invoice
questions, and title, price, and availability inquiries to:
ArtbooK | D.A.P.
155 Sixth Avenue, 2nd Floor
New York, NY 10013-1507
Tel.: 800 338 2665
www.artbook.com
Thames & Hudson Distributors, Ltd.
Littlehampton Book Services
Faraday Close, Durnington, Worthing
West Sussex, BN13 2RB
Tel.: +44 (0) 1903 828501
www.thamesandhudson.co.uk