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KOLEJ POLY-TECH MARA
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LAB ACTIVITY 3 : A LOOK TO THE
FUTURE
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NURAINA NADIRAH BINTI SHAMSUL NIZAM

PTM160719568
SECTION 26
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A LOOK TO THE FUTURE

Chips Inside Your Brain

Have you ever thought it would be possible to be able to communicate with
computer by merely thinking? Researchers are working with various devices
(usually worn on the head) that can use your basic thoughts to move objects,
such as wheelchairs. However, the future will lie in implanted microchips that can
communicate directly with our nerve cells. Although their initial purpose will be
to treat a variety of medical conditions, they could eventually (and
controversially) be used to improve various brain functions of otherwise healthy
individuals.
For over a decade, doctors have been able to use deep brain stimulation (DBS)
to treat several disorders such as Parkinsons disease. As successful as it has
been for many patients, those implants simply send preset electrical impulses to
the brain. They do not involve an active communication between nerve cells and
machines. Researchers working on a chip known as ReNaChip hope to change
this by using a programmable computer chip that is responsive to what is silicon
chip can measure the
brainselectrical
activity and then
deliver the
appropriate stimulation
when and where its is
needed. Another brain
implant that is
currently being
developed aims to
help the blind regain
some sight. A
microhip is implanted in
the brains visual
cortex which is
responsible for
processing images. This
chip would
communicate wirelessly
with a camera
located inside special
eyeglasses worn by
the individual. The images captured by that camera would be processed by the
chip and then fed directly to the nerves in this area of the brain.
Getting close to the world of the unbelievable, researches are improving on the
ability of computer to read the thoughts of a stroke victim in order to allow her
move a robotic hand. Although the success rate is not 100% and the processing
is limited to basic movements, the patient has already been able to get the
robotic arm to hold a cup of cpffee by thinking about it. This research will
hopefully lead to improved, thought-controlled prosthetic devices for millions of
disabled individuals.
Many ethicists are concerned by the potential use of such chips to improve
human abilities instead of treating medical conditions. For example, with tiny
chips being able to store so much, people could use brain implants to improve
their memory. This can lead to a variety of scenarios where the individual with
the implants could have an unfair advantage over those who dont have them.
However, the others disagree, arguing that the integration of technology and

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biology is to be expected, and is nothing more than the next step in human
evolution.
If such a technology became widespread and affordable, would you opt to
receive a chip implant? Would you make a distinction between using one for a
medical condition and simply for improving your mental abilities? Do you think
future of humanity lies in the merging of technology with human biology?
THE SYSTEM UNIT

1. SYSTEM UNIT

System unit is a (system chassis) contains electronic components. The most

common personal computers are desktop, laptop, and mobile device.
DEKSTOP

Dekstop system units locate in separate case, tower unit (tower

computer) has vertical system unit, all-in one computer combines system
unit and monitor.

LAPTOP

Laptop (notebook) system units contain secondary storage devices and

input devices. Ultrabooks (ultra-portables, mini notebooks) are lighter,
thinner, and have longer battery life than other laptops.

TABLET

Tablet system units are located behind the monitor. They are smaller,
lighter, and generally less powerful than laptops and use a
virtualkeyboard. Mini tablets are smaller version of a tradition tablet.

MOBILE DEVICES

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Mobile devices (handheld computers) fit comfortably in one hand.

Smartphones are most popular type. System unit is located behind the
display screen.

COMPONENTS

Components is a each type of system unit has the same basic

component including system board, microprocessor and memory.

2. SYSTEM BOARD

The sytem board (mainboard or motherboard) controls all

communication for the computer system. All external and internal devices
and components connect to it.

Sockets provide connection points for chips (silicon chipps,

semiconductors, intergrated circuits) chips are mounted on
chip carriers.
Slots provide connection points for specialize cards or circuit
boards.
Bus lines provide pathways to support communication.

To efficiently and effectively use computers, you need to understand and

functionality of the basic components in the system board,
microprocessor, memory, expansion slots and cards, bus lines, ports and

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cables. Additionally, you need to understand how data and programs are
represented electronically.

3. MICROPROCESSOR

Microprocessor is most personal computers, the central processing unit (CPU)

or processor is contained on a single chip called the microprocessor. Its has two
basic components which is a control unit and ALU.

MICROPROCESSOR CHIPS

Microprocessor chips a word is the number of bits that can be

accessed by the microcessor at one time. Clock speed represents
the number of times the CPU can fetch and process data or
instructions in a second.

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Multiple processors can provide multiple independent CPU. Parallel

processing requires programs that allow multiple processors to work
together to run large complex programs.

SPECIALITY PROCESSORS
Speciality Processors include graphics coprocessors, also known
as GPU or graphics processing unit (processes graphic images) and
processors in auto mobiles (monitor fuel efficiency, satellite
entertainment and tracking systems).

4. MEMORY

Memory holds data, instructions and information. There are three types of
memory chips.
RAM
RAM (random access memory) chips are called temporary or volatile
storage because their contents are lost if power is disrupted.
Cache memory is a high speed holding area for frequently used data
and information.
DIMM (dual in line memory module) is used to expand memory.
Virtual memory divides large programs into parts that are read into
RAM as needed.
ROM
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ROM (read-only memory) chips are non-volatile storage and control

essential system operations.

FLASH MEMORY
Flash memory does not lose its contents when power is removed.

5. PORTS

Ports are connecting sockets on the outside of the system unit.

STANDART PORTS
i.
ii.

iii.

iv.

VGA (Video Graphics Adapter) and DVI (Digital Video Interface)

Provide connect ions to monitors.
USB (Universal Serial Bus)
Widely used to connect keyboards, mice, printers and storage
devices, one port can connect several devices to system unit.
FireWire
Provides high-speed connections to FireWire devices such as
camcorders and storage devices.
Ethernit
High-speed networking port that has become a standard for many
of todays computers.

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SPECIALIZED PORTS
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.

SATA (External Serial Advanced Technology Attachment)

High speed connections to large secondary storage devices.
HDMI (High Definition Attachment)
High definition digital audio and video.
MIDI
For large ital.
MINIDP (MiniDP, MDP)
Large monitors.
THUNDERBOLT
High speed connections to up to seven separate devices connected
one to another.

6. EXPANSION SLOTS AND CARDS

Most computer allow users to expand their systems by providing

expansionslots on their system boards to accept expansion cards.
Example of expansion cards include ;

Graphics Cards
Sound Cards
Network Interface Cards (NIC)
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Network Adapter Cards

Wireless Network Cards

PLUG AND PLAY

The ability for a computer to recognize and configure a device

without human interaction.

PC CARDS PLUG into PCMCIA SLOTS

EXPRESS CARDS SLOTS

Accept credit card-sized expansion cards.

7. BUS LINES

Bus Lines also known as buses, provide data pathways that connect various
system components. Bus witdh is the number of bits that can travel
simultaneously. System buses connect CPU and memory. Expansion buses
connect CPU and slots.

EXPANSION BUSES
i.

ii.
iii.

USB (universal Serial Bus)

Connect from one USB device to another to a common point (hub)
and then onto the system board.
FireWire Bus
Similar to USB bus but more specialized.
PCI Express (PCIe) Bus
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Each connected device.

CAPLES
Caples are used to connect external devices to the system unit via ports.

8. POWER SUPPLY

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Power Supply is units convert AC to DC power desktops. AC adapters

power laptops and tablets recharge batteries.

9. ELECTRONIC REPRESENTATION

Human voices create analog (continuous) signals ; computers only

recognize digital electronic signals.
NUMERIC REPRESENTATION

Data and instructions can be represented electronically with a twostate or binary system of numbers (0 and 1). Each 0 or 1 is called a
bit. A byte consists of 8 bits. Hexadecimal system (hex) uses 16
digits to represent binary numbers.

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CHARACTER ENCODING
I.

II.

III.

10.

ASCII
American Standard Cord for Information Interchange. Historically
used for persona computers.
EBCDIC
Extend Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code. Historically used
for mainframe computers.
Unicode
16-bit code, most widely used standard.

CAREERS IN IT

CAREERS IN IT
Computer technicians repair and install computer components
and system. Certification in computer reapir or associate degree

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from professional schools is require. Salary range is $31,000 to
$46,000.

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