LECTURE
SLIDES
Prepared by
Brenda Leady
University of Toledo
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Muscle
Vertebrates have three types of muscle
that are classified according to their
structure, function, and control
mechanisms
1. Cardiac muscle
2. Smooth muscle
3. Skeletal muscle
Myofibrils
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One muscle
fiber (cell)
One fascicle
(bundle of
muscle fibers)
Connective tissue
Muscle
Myofibril
Tendons
Blood vessels
and nerves
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Muscle fiber
Myofibril
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Muscle fiber
Myofibril
I band
A band
Myofibril
Z line
Z line
Sarcomere
8
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Muscle fiber
Myofibril
I band
A band
Myofibril
Z line
Z line
Sarcomere
M line
Z line
Z line
H zone
I band
A band
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Muscle fiber
Myofibril
I band
A band
Myofibril
Z line
Z line
Sarcomere
M line
Z line
Z line
H zone
I band
A band
Thin
filament
Actin
10
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Sarcomere
M line
Z line
Z line
H zone
I band
A band
Thin
filament
Actin
Cross-bridge
11
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Muscle fiber
Myofibril
I band
A band
Myofibril
Z line
Z line
Sarcomere
M line
Z line
Z line
H zone
I band
A band
Thin
Actin
filament
Cross-bridge
12
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Relaxed
Shortened
Z line
A band
I band
A band
I band
unchanged reduced
H zone
M line
H zone
reduced
14
Actin
Each
Molecules
Chains
15
Myosin
Six
Tail
Two
Each
Myosin
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Thin filament
Actin
Tropomyosin
Troponin
Cross-bridge
Thick filament
Actin-binding site
ATP-binding site
Myosin tails
Cross-bridge
(2 hinges and 2 heads)
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Thin
filament
Thick
filament
H zone
Z line
Relaxed
M line
Shortened
H zone
Successive movements of
cross-bridges pull actin
toward the H zone.
Cross-bridge cycle
Four steps
1.
2.
3.
4.
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Binding:
When Ca2+ levels
are high, energized
cross-bridge can bind
to actin. (ADP + Pi are
already bound to the
cross-bridge.)
Ca2+
Z line
Thick filament
(myosin)
20
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Pi
2
Power stroke:
Release of Pi causes
cross-bridge to move
toward the H zone of
the sarcomere. This
power stroke moves
the actin filament
toward the H zone.
ADP is then released.
ADP
ATP
21
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Detaching:
ATP binds to myosin,
causing the crossBridge to detach from
the actin filament.
22
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Resetting:
Hydrolysis of ATP
to ADP+Pi provides
energy, which causes
the cross-bridge to
move away from the
H zone. ADP and Pi
remain bound to the
cross-bridge. Cycle
can begin again.
Energized
cross-bridge
23
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Binding:
When Ca2+ levels
are high, energized
cross-bridge can bind
to actin. (ADP + Pi are
already bound to the
cross-bridge.)
Ca2+
Z line
Thick filament
(myosin)
Pi
2
ADP
Power stroke:
Release of Pi causes
cross-bridge to move
toward the H zone of
the sarcomere. This
power stroke moves
the actin filament
toward the H zone.
ADP is then released.
ATP
Detaching:
ATP binds to myosin,
causing the crossBridge to detach from
the actin filament.
Resetting:
Hydrolysis of ATP
to ADP+Pi provides
energy, which causes
the cross-bridge to
move away from the
H zone. ADP and Pi
remain bound to the
cross-bridge. Cycle
can begin again.
Energized
cross-bridge
24
Regulation of contraction
Tropomyosin
Rod-shaped
molecule composed of 2
intertwined proteins
Arranged along length of actin thin filament
In absence of calcium, cover myosin-binding
sites
25
Troponin
Smaller
26
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Tropomyosin
Troponin
Actin
Myosin-binding
sites are hidden.
Actin-bindingsite
Energized cross-bridge
cannot bind to actin.
Ca2+
Myosin-binding sites
are exposed.
Cross-bridge
binds to actin
and generates
force.
27
Excitation-contraction coupling
Triggers contraction
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1
Opening of transverse tubule
to extracellular fluid
T-tubule
Muscle fiber
Sarcoplasmic
Plasma membrane reticulum
T-tubule
Ca2+
Ca2+
ATP
Ca2+ totroponin
Ca2+
channel
ADP + Pi
Cytosol
Myofibrils
3
Cytosol
Mitochondrion
Transverse
tubules
Sarcoplasmic
reticulum
29
Neuromuscular junction
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Myelin
Skeletal
muscle
fibers
Motor
neuron
Neuromuscular
junction
Axon terminal
Junctional
Junctional
folds
folds with
with ACh
ACh
receptors
receptors
Synaptic
vesicles
containing ACh
Na+
ACh receptor
Motor
end plate
ACh
Acetylcholinesterase
31
32
33
Oxidative fibers
Contain
Depends
Contain
Glycolytic fibers
Few
Contain
2.
3.
Slow-oxidative fibers
Fast-oxidative fibers
Fast-glycolytic fibers
Exercise
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32 m
32 m
37
Contracting muscle
exerts a force on bones
through its connecting
tendons
Contracting muscle
exerts only a pulling force
Muscles that bend a limb
are flexors
Muscles that straighten a
limb are extensors
Groups of muscles with
oppositely directed
motions at a joint are
antagonists
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Extensors relaxed
(quadriceps)
Extensors
contracted
Flexors
contracted
(hamstring)
Flexors relaxed
42
Animal locomotion
Water
Greatest
43
Gravity
Accelerating
important
Most
44
45
on FOUR occasions
Numerous
Mechanics
Resistance
Lift
47
Rickets
Improper
mineral deposition
Usually due to inadequate
dietary calcium intake or
inadequate absorption of
calcium from the small
intestine
Prevented or treated with
vitamin D
48
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Osteoporosis
Both
Occurs
when normal
balance between bone
formation and breakdown
is disrupted
Can
be minimized with
adequate calcium intake,
weight-bearing exercise,
and adequate dietary
Vitamin D
2 m
32 m
32 m
2 m
49
Myasthenia gravis MS
Characterized
weakness
Affects
Bodys
Treatments
50
Muscular dystrophy
Group
Progressive
Most
51