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Module 05 - Variation of Surface Temperature

Earth closest to the sun in January at 147 million km at point called Perihelion
(peri:close)
Farthest from the sun at 152 million km at point called aphelion (ap:far away)
Variation in rad intensity of 7% between the two points

Heat capacity of air is twice that of land while heat capacity of water is 60x that of
land.

Factors that contribute to waters ability to ace a temperature regulator

Tilt of the Earths axis

The Earths axis of rotation is not perpendicular to its orbital/ecliptic plane


Instead, it is tilter or offset by 23.5 degrees from the ecliptic plane and the
northern axis aligns with the star Polaris

Daily variation in air temp controlled by net rad which is the balance
between incoming and outgoing solar and infrared radiation
Where incoming radiation exceeds outgoing radiation, the net
radiation is positive creating a sensible heat flux into the air and the
air temperature rises.
Because air is a poor conductor the initial heating only affects air next to
ground
As energy accumulates convection begins and heats higher portions of the
atmosphere
The atmosphere continues to warm after the noon hour. Max temp is reached
between 3-5 PM.
However when outgoing energy exceeds incoming energy, net rad is
neg so the air loses sensible heat to the surface and the air temp
falls with temperature at its coolest just before sunrise

Circle of illumination separates the illuminated portion of the earth with


the part that isnt illuminated
Circle touches artic and antartic circles at 66.5 degrees North and South
on both solstices

Equinoxes: subpolar point is at the equator

Seasons Spring Summer Autumn and Winter

ULTIMATELY THE CHANGE INSOLATION IS GREATEST TOWARDS THE POLES

DIFFERENT TYPES OF ZONES ARE SUMMARIZED IN THE REVIEW QUESTION


ABOVE

Differential Heating between Land and Water

Differential Heating Between Land and Water

Continentality

Following pic is summarized in a Q above

Module 06 - Climate Change

Anthropogenic Climate Forcing

Contributes to cooling

Textbook notes
Ch. 5, summary on pg 118
UV rad: 0,1-0.4 um
Visible rad:0.4-0.7um
Infrared rad:0.7-100 um

Amount of energy E, in a photon is proportional to the frequency f of the


radiation. E=hf
H is Plancks constant at roughly 6x10-34 joule-seconds
Kirchoffs law: states emissivity of a substance at a given wavelength is
equal to the absorptivity if that substance at the same wavelength
Shortwave rad: rad emitted by the sun eg: uv, visible and infrared
wavelengths are 0.15-3.0um
Longwave: rad emitted by Earth which only includes infrared 3-100um
Albedo:reflectivity of surfaces
Rayleigh: also known as selective scattering, scatters some wavelengths
more than others. Scattering by gas molecules makes sky blue
Mie scattering is non-selective, scattering by aerosols, including cloud
droplets, makes clouds and fog white

Amount of scattering is inversely proportional to the wavelength of the


radiation raised to the 4th power (-4)
Shorter wavelengths are scattered more than long ones
Atmosphere is better at absorbing longwave rad from earth than
shortwave rad from the sun
Greenhouse effect occurs because the atmosphere allows the
transmissions of shortwave rad but greenhouse gases and clouds absorb
longwave rads. Earth is 33 degrees warmer than it would be without this
effect.
Max amount of solar rad that can be received anywhere in the earthatmosphere system is the solar constant. Solar rad received at the surface
is less than the solar constant due to the effects of the suns angle and
atmospheric attenuation.

As sun angle decreases the amount of solar rad striking a surface will
decrease due to two reasons
Given amount of rad will be spread over an increasingly larger area and
the solar beam will experience greater depletion due to a longer path
length

Seasons occur due to

Earth revolving around the sun


The axis is tilted and
The north end of the axis always points to the north star polaris

Chapter 6
4 factors that determine a planets temp

Solar output
Distance from the sun
Albedo and
Greenhouse effect

Because heat is transferred from areas of higher temp to areas of lower


temp, convection transports heat from the warmer surface to the cooler
atmosphere and advection transports head form the warmer equatorial
regions to the cooler polar regions

Advection: horizontal transfer across a fluid caused by movement within


the fluid

Urban heat island: microclimate created by a city in which temps are


higher than they are in surrounding regions

Flux convergence: input energy>output energy causing temp increase


Flux divergence: input energy<output energy causing temp decrease

As a result of daytime radiative surplus the surface will warm and

sensible heat will flow from the surface to the ground by conduction
sensible heat will flow from the surface to the atmosphere by
convection and
latent heat will flow to the atmosphere by convection as water
evaporates at the surface and condenses in the air

As a result of night time radiative deficit, the surface will cool and

opposite of 1st point above


opposite of 2nd point above

latent heat will flow from the atmosphere by convection as water


vapor condenses on the surface as dew
Ch6 summary on pg 146
https://www.scribd.com/doc/128605799/1A03-Lab-2-A2L-QuizAnswers-Lab-Sections-10-11-15-16
lab/quiz answers?
Pg 137-140 for equations

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