VDI 2056 october 1964, Criteria for assessing mechanical vibrations of machines Contents Page Summary Foreword 1 Purpose and scope of assessment criteria 2 Concepts and definitions 3 Code of practice for measurements 3.1. Instruments 3.2 Setting up test object 3.3 Measurement points a 3.4 Operating conditions during measurement 4 Assessment of vibration intensity 4,1. Levels of vibration intensity for general assessment 4.2. Assessment of special objects 4.3 Examples of assessment 1 damn assew wo NNN . VEREIN DEUTSCHER INGENIEURE ie ‘VDI—-Fachgruppe Schwingungstechnik AusschuS Beurteilungsmatistibe . UnterausechuS Beurtellungsmafstabe (ir VOI—Hendbuch Schwingungstechnik Maschinenschwingungen \YDI Specialist group on vibration technology Prat attec ton cieniea at Committee on assessment criteria Subcommittee on mechanical vibrationSummary Apart from noise abatement, itis also necessary, in mech: anicel engineenins and the desien and construction of for mechanical vibration to be kept hin reasonabis limits by elimunaung it at the source or by adopting suitabls isolation measures. The limits to be regarded as acceptable. in the sense of being both tech- nically necessary’ and economically justifiable, and the vibration intensity which can be permited in the individual case have been estabiisned after years of committee work by the VDI Vibration group after careful evaluation of the experience gained by manufacturers and users of prime niovers and driven machinery. The assessment criteria for vibration intensity recommended by the Committee follow the lines of the familiar Rathbone curves. The assessment criteria are based on tie vibration velocity: as the critical quantity. ‘They express the vibration intensity of harmonic vibrations and of mixtures of vibrations through the r.m.s. value of vibration velocity. Four sheets of eurves on double logarithm scale for batch-produced small and medium ‘machines, for heavy machines on heavy foundations and for turbomachines and machines on low-tuned lightweight foundations, show how the assessment standards are ‘matched to the prevailing requirements, Foreword ‘The first issue of this code, dated August 1960, was Prepared on the basis of contributions by the members of the “Assessment enteria tor machine vibration" subeom- mittee of the VDI Vibration group. This code had favourable reception both in Germany and in other ‘ountries. The consensus of opinion is that it achieved its objective, which was to create understanding between the ‘manufacturer and the user concerning what could justifiably bbe demanded in respect of vibration behaviour. The suit- ability of the measured variables and standards adopted and the conectness of the assessment proposals have been confirmed almost without exception during the years that have passed since then. In contracts, the VDI Richtlinie 2056 has been quoted increasingly and recognised by both manufacturers and users. Vibration specialists call it an important basis for their studies and reports, ‘The heavy demand for VDI Richtlinie 2056 has made a ‘new issue necessary. The responsible subcomunitiee ef the DI Vibration group has taken this opporiinity to revise ie code. i definition ‘ applicable only to sinewave 10h ihe vibration power, This ming during ay evaluation ofthe literature or experimental ‘as alio found necessary to spit up group Kvasie was previous known, into a rOUp M, Witt the sane eas an 2 new grotp for which the hams ee sre lower by a factor of Ne ‘ubcommittee Tor electicl engineering in the , SiapeardsAsosiation (DNA) has greta He DIN +15 65 (arafly dated Apri 19h tee men and assessment of the viation mee hoe muchares With ating 0m 0,7 to's KW we ment with this seeond ise of VDI Richie soot Members of second issue Dr. W.Baule.463 Bochum, Westphalian Miners Union Fund Dir. Dring. W-Benz, 5 Koln-Deutz, Klockner Humibolat- Deure AG Diclag:W. Biber, 89 Augsburg, MAN Augsburg Dr-lng. G. Bobbert, 7107 Neckarsulm, NSU.Werk Prof. D:-ing. F. Eisele, 8 Minchen TH Prof. Dring. K, Fedem, | Beclin TU (Chairman) Drclng. H. Fubtke, 7 Stutigar. Daimler-Benz AG Prof. Dring. H.W: Koch, 3 Heaover, TH Dr. rez.aat. E, Kramer, 68 Manaheim, Brown, Boveri & Cie, 4G = Prof. Dr. phil. E.Lubeke, 1 Berlin, Chairman of VDI Vibration Group Goenns. 0. Mavs. 61 Darmstadt, Catt Se Dredng. H. Oberbeck, 46 Dortmund estialen G. Peters, 43 Essen, AEG Allgem. Elektrzitéts aft = Dipi-Pays. H,Plorger, 874 Bad Neustadt, Siemens- ‘Schucker-Werke AG Prof. Dring. H. Rothert, 1 riitats- Gesellschaft Digi-Pays. Th. Schwirzer, 1 Berlin, Siemens-Schucl Werke AG Dring. H. Steudel, $09 Leverkusen, Bayer-Werke Dir. Dr-ing HJ, Thomas, 43 Essen, AEG Allgem. Eiciaszitats- Gesellschaft Dring, J. Wachter, 433 Schuskert-Werke For the Secretary's Office Dipleing. G. Gerecke, 4 Dusseldorf 12 Committee responsible for revising the £ nck GmbH in, Elektr. Werke Berlin, AEG Allgem. rt Mihlheim-Ruhs, —Siemens- 1 Purpose and scope of assessment crit ‘The steady rise in ratings and speeds in modern mechanical engineering end in the electrical-machine sector, plus the ‘more exacting requirements arising therefrom in regard to {tue running, have brought the proplems of combating noise ‘and overcoming vibration urgently to the forefront. This code discusses only the mechanical vibrations arising from a machine, and not the sound energy radiated by ts individual vibrating components, ‘The vibrations Considered in this context are limited to those mechanical, vibrations above $Hz measurable at the surface, at bearings OF at fixing points. In general, the assessment of such ‘vibrations is carried out from the following viewpoints: [Mith mead to noise abatement, see VDI Richtlinle 2058, “Assessment and abatement of industil nose (uly 1960)# aid Ay (@) Nibration stressing in the machines themselves and ‘in their surroundings (bearings, connected machine components, foundations, ground) (@) Quality of work produced by production machines and equipment, eg. processing machines (©) Safeguarding trouble-ftee operation, which might otherwise be jeopardised by, for example, excessive rotor deflections when passing through resonant speets, loosening of fitional bonds hy shaking forces ete (@ The physical and mental strain on human beings.* Clearly, the vibration measurable at the surface can provide ‘only a rough guide to the vibration behaviour of 2 machine. ‘Such measurements do not have the validity of measure ments of actual vibration stresses or actual vibration induced deformation at the points in question, Nor can they say with any certainty whether or not the vibration stressing occurring in parts ofthe machine, e.g. through the natural frequencies of components coinciding with exci- tation frequencies, will induce local vibration stresses considerably higher than the surface measurements suggest More particularly, such measurements do not adequately cover the torsional vibration of rotating parts. Even if it were possible to make proper allowance. theoretically, for all the influencing factors mentioned above, the fesulting assessment specifications would be unduly complicated and therefore unsuitable for practical use. {In many cases, however, itis advantageous, and may even be decisive for the economic practicability of a test. for there to be a single quantity that ean be quoted 2s an index of vibration failure. As a working basi, therefore, it is necessary 10 adopt a quantity which can be measured easily, as well as a simplified scale for this quantity. The quantity measured and the scale applied must be such that, “in the majority of eases arising in practice, they lead to satisfactory assessment; i.e. an assessment which is not in conflict with practical findings to date. ‘To provide such a comprehensive quantity indicative in the simplest manner ofthe vibration behaviour of machines, the term ‘Vibration intensity’ is introduced and. defined below. On the basis of theoretical considerations and practical experience, the rma. yalue of the vibration Velocity is adopted as a measure of the vibration intensity. In critical cases and for special requirements such as arise, for example, in machine-tool building, it is not intended that the assessment of vibration behaviour on the basis of vibration intensity should take the place of exact measure- ment of the quantities which are of immediate interest, such as the force arising in bearings and fixing points. The vibration intensity is, however, intended to provide in the senoral caze-—and With the simplest resources an assessment With the greatest probability of truth, ‘The scale proposed in the light of these considerations for the assessment of vibration behaviour and the code of practice for making the necessary vibration measurements fo determine the vibration intensity are defined below, and specified sufficiently unequivocally to make them useful as 2 basis of understanding in a comparatively wide circle of the parties involved, and more particularly between manu- facturer aud user. "At the same time, the assessment scale has been graduated ina way wich meets the requirements of the Practical user. The level to be assigned to a given merit Eategory as a yardstick for assessment purposes in a specific fase Will depend, among other factors, on the size of the ‘equipment under test and on the application concerned, and the work will need to be separately agreed between the Parties involved. 2 Concepts and definitions Of the possible variables which could be used as the “cite forthe ‘Assessment ofthe eet of mechanical vibrations ‘on human beings" are ad down in VDI Richilinie 2057 (October 1963) criterion of the vibration intensity, including vibration displacements, vibration velocity y, acceleration a etc. the fone which has been adopted is the vibration velocity v in rilimetres per second. For harmonic vibration, ic. for vibration of purely sinewave form with vibration velocity = 9 cos cf, and also for vibrations composed of several components differing in frequency, the quantity used for measuring the wbration intensity is the root mean square value of the vibration VelOCHY, Hyp The value Of Yyys can be measured directly by electrical vibration-measuring instruments, provided that these have in indicating instrument witha squaredaw charaetenstc. If the nonharmonic, periotie or nonperiodie vibrations are available in recorded form, the cms, value of the velocity can be determined as the root mean square of the instantaneous values »(@) according to the following equation: mf eon] b oO and if, for the angular amplitudes of the 11 oF the emaplitu are found, If the vibration picture is analy: frequencies 1, @2y--++.@p, U vibration displacements 6 the vibration velocities 9y, #2 determinative value of the velocity is A Osten? + tes? +t Ge) aff +a oo) sien Sacto ate ree anemeere according to eqn. 1 or 2 may be abandoned in favour of forming the root mean square from 0.7 times the maximum, ‘Vale Pyygy and 0,7 times the minimusn value ¥pjy, of the vibration velocity amplitude: ms = {# rms max’ * Yrms min’) G) = | (46 Cmax? + Yin?) The largest rms. value of the vibration velocity measured or calculated by the above formulas at_ functionally {important points on a machine ora transmission component (Ge. particularly at the bearings) is termed the vibration intensity 3 Code of practice for measurements 3.1 Instruments ‘The vibration of the machines to be tested can be measured, . indicated or recorded, by instruments working on ‘mechanical or electrical principles. in the ideal case, the megsuring instrument consists of a vibration pickup with a velocity-sensing mechanical— electrical transducer in an indicating device with square-iaw characteristic. In this case, the indication will correspond directly with the measure variable specified, ie. the rms. value of the vibration velocity, independently of the frequency and the structure of the vibration process being, measured. type rectifiers, can give false readings when complex vibration is involved. ‘They should therefore only be used ‘wien vibration processes with a low harmonic content* are being measured. ‘Upper harmonic content of velocity, deined by 100 G22 + Hy? +. iy, smaller thannl PI “mecharfical displacemont-measuring instruments ean_ only “be ised: for determining the vibration intensity if the _wibjation is approximately harmonic and the frequency of ‘vibration is known, or if, in the case of complex vibration ‘with discrete components, a frequency analysis is carried ‘out. For itis only in this way that the rms. value of the Yibration velocity’ can be determined mathematically by The measuring instrument. should have a sufficiently wide linear working-frequency range? 0 allow all she {requency components of significance for a vibration intensity determination to be indicated with correct ampli- ‘ude, [ts range of modulation and climatic working ranee* ‘must. meet the measuring conditions concerned, The Yibration pickup shall be sufficiently selective to prevent the indication of vibration parallel to. the measuring Girection from being falsified by vibration at right angles 0 this direction. Other measuring errors may be caused by stray magnetic of electric fields, multiple earthing of pickups and indicating instruments, and by loud airbome sound. Methods of determining and avoiding disturbing influences of this kind are piven in DIN 45 664. Tt is desirable that the uncertainty of measurement of the instrument should not exceed + 105. Demands for accuracy more exacting than this are difficult to fulfil with the facilities available at Present. in addition, the error limits of each measurement are affected by the coupling conditions between the pickup and the test object and by the reaction of the pickup on the ‘object-? To keep the measuring error as small as possible, it is important to ensure satisfactory coupling and to use an instrument having a covibrating mass which is only a small percentage of the locally vibrating mass of the test objec. Onno account should the mass ratio exceed 1/10. 32 Setting up the test object ‘Owing to the marked influence exerted by the method of setting up, reproducible results are only obtainable by giving the test object a distinctly soft_mounting or suspension Jow-tuned by the addition of spring elements. 22.1 Lew-uned mounting or suspension of test object Unless agreed to the contrary, the test object is mounted or suspended on its own in a sufficiently low-iuned manner to bring all natural frequencies of the spring-plustest-object system below one-quarter of the frequency of the exciting fundamental i. for machines with revolving masses, below fonequarter of the lowest working speed arising. In addition, the covibrating mass of the suspension shall not exceed 1/10 of the mass of the test object. Fig. 1 shows the suspension in diagrammatic form. 222 Anchoring tat object to sww-tuned bedplate If itis feared that out-of-balance effects, bearing effects and magnetic disturbances may not become fully operative until the test object is fixed down (for example through frame resonances), it will be desirable to carry out a test under fixing conditions similar to those used in practice, For small: and medium-sized motors, for example, the motor or the group of machines to be tested should be bolted to a bedplate of ample rigidity which, in tur, is adequately low- ‘tuned in all directions and rests On soft springs or soft foam See DIN AS 661 and 45662 {epee codec xy vgn vis concen Guped maieamcer ee nasmartenaeen pedal pci ses tat nts te et, sean rodeo Got et orien ei uence ee Se A ae pene Sea mem ‘code ta bdng peeled Shichi setae Pipers of an electlcal instrument. for measuring vibration Fatty to the extent necessary to. ensure Ut the additional feors, which are_dependent on the prinple of the messing {etNenr and its arrangement, do not exceed 10% Bee DIN AS 664 Fig. 1 Arrangement of adequately flexible suspension for batch testing rubber. Since the mass and dimensions of the bedplate have 2 pronounced influence on the results obtained, it will be necessary for agreement to be reached on these points Plates suy,ported on links or bars are not necessarily suitable for tests of this kind, since they are usually not free from resonance points, and they therefore allow the disturbance frequencies associated with them to come into undue prominence. 3.2. Testing machines with variabo torgua ‘When machines operating with nonuniform angular velocity of their rotating parts are likely to experience reaction torques through inertia effects in equipment driven, by them or in their own components (flywheels) steps shall be taken to ensure that the other vibrations can be measured without being influenced by these effects 3.2.4 Testing inthe operating conditions When tests according to Section 3.2.1 or 3.2.2 are not adequate, or are impracticable for large machines, it will necessary for the measurement to be made under at ‘operating conditions. The same applies to the retesting of small machines if dismantung is not feasible or is too mv to expect. When special circumstances are involved detailed provisions shall be made for individual ces 3.3 Measurement points The points selected for making meas surements on the Fig.2 Example showing possible setction of smell machineeqhipment to be tested shall be those at which vibration nergy is transmitted to the mounting or to other par For machines with rotating masses, these aze primarily the ~ bearings of a machine and'its mounting feet or flanges. In any particular case, it is advisable for the points where ‘measurements are made to be selected in the light of the type and size of machine involved, and for agreement to be reached in this connection; for example, taking small batch-produced electric motors by way of illustration, the measuitement points shown in Fig. 2 in the three co-ordinate directions x, y and z might be chosen, To enable the results ‘of measurements made on prime movers, particularly turbines and electrical machines, to be compared more rapidly, the co-ordinate direction z should be standardised as parallel with the rotor axis. On turbines, the measure- ment will preferably be made on the journal bearings in the horizontal direction at right angles to the axis and at the level of the shaft centre line x in the vertical direction perpendicularly above the shaft centre line y and also in the ‘axial direotion at about the same level as the shaft 2. 3.4 Operating condi 1s during measurement in each casey the operating conditions under which the measurements are to be made shall be defined; points to be specified, for example, are whether the vibration measure- ‘ent shall be earred out with the machine idling or under full load (not possible when mounted according to Section B21), or when the test object is cold (Le. at the ‘emperature established during a. short period of light munning) or at the normal working temperature. For machines with a fixed operating speed, the measurement shall be made at this speed. When the machine operates ‘ith changing. speeds, the, measurement shall ber mae throughout te Wink! workingspeed ange, = Oat any resonance conditions arising wil be detected. 4. Assessment of vibration intensity 4.1 Levels of vibration intonsity for general assessment From analogue studies in mechanics and from experience gained so far, it can be deduced that vibrations with the fame rms. velocity* can be regarded, to a first approxi- mation, as equivalent. Even an increase in the velocity to 16 times is distinctly perceptible or detectable in its effects and of importance for the stressing of the machine. For this reason a ratio of 1,6 is regarded as a suitable progression in the assessment scale, both from subjective consider- ations and also in view of the effects mentioned in the introduction. On the other hend, a reduction of the velocity measured in a specific cade, or normally occurring, in a ratio of 1,6 : 1, Le. to x 0,6, calls at the very least for ‘an appreciable outlay. ‘A human being is aware of vibration which does not produce effects detectable in any other way, and therefore the start of any assessment seale must be based on the limit cof human perception. If this velocity is taken as the approximate starting point and increased in a progression of 116, the preferred mumber series of Table 1 is obtained. ‘Table 1 can be used as the basis of a general classification which is not tied to groups of objects and which is not Weighted. Hence the concept of vibration intensity does, not contain any weighting. For harmonic vibrations, the limiting values of Ym. listed in Table 1 can be represented as straight lines in a doublelogarithm displacement amplitude/frequency dia- gram in accordance with the relationship Ym = 1) [2=%J282nf; these straight lines with parameter ppg show how the vibration—displacement amplitude $ in micrometres depends on the vibration frequency f in hertz Unless indicated to the contrary, the term ‘ms, velocity” as tied from now on stands for the 1m.s. value of the vibration Telocity, while the displacement amplitude is the ‘equivalent’ peak ‘alue of the vibration displacement of a purely harmon vibration with the same rans. velocity. con the number of vibrations per minute for constant velocity Yymse a8 shown in Fig. 3. Strictly speaking, the relationships between Yrmg £ and f apply only to purely harmonic vibration, and therefore the only purpose for which the table of straight lies can be applied to vibrations ‘with an upper harmonic content exceeding 25% (referenced ‘to the velocity and defined by 100 ./(¥_* +957 +.. Ww} is in order to determine the equivalent vibration and displacement amplitude of a purely harmonic vibration having the same rms. velocity. ‘The co-ordinate system of the straightline chart is so divided that half the distance between the co-ordinate lines {s approximately equal to the = 10% uncertainty of ‘measurement regarded as permissible for the measuring instruments concerned (see Section 3.1), For frequencies lower than 10 Hz, the seale levels must not be limited by a constant value of the r.ms. velocity ms show how the vibration-displacement amplitude $ in large deflections (ranging up to infinity) would be allow- able. In the frequency region below 10 fz, there are no substantiated measurements available at the’ present time for providing a reliable basis of assessment, and therefore, for frequencies under 10 Hz or 600 vibrations/min, a constant displacement amplitude { is specified as the necessary limit for this level; the boundary lines core: sponding to this are shown as broken lines in Figs. 3, 6 and 7. Differences in assessment between manufacturer and user will be positively avoided if it is agreed that the ‘manufacturer classifies with an allowence of a% to allow for the uncertainty in measurement associated with the rm... measuring instrument used by him. while the user, for his part, concedes a tolerance of b%, shich allows for the Lineertainty in measurement of the rs. measuring instru- rent used by him for checking purposes. It should not be assumed here that the a and b% of the uncertainty of ‘measurement will be below 10%. 4.2. Assessment of special objects For given groups of objects, the maximum r.m.s. value of the Vibration velocity occurring in the object observed acoording to speed, measuring points and measuring direction can be assigned to quality ranges marked from ‘good” to ‘unsatisfactory’ to denote the assessment levels of the object, The boundaries of the assessment levels are fixed by the r.m.s. velocity in millimetres pep second, and hence by the meastre of the vibration intensity. ‘The question as to what vibration intensities must be assigned to the limits of the individual assessment levels depends on the size of the vibrating object, the mounting ‘Table 1 Levels of vibration intensity for frequencies over 10 Hz Equivalent Range of stage telon cfnm amplitude beloning Designation veisety to 50 iz ‘of level Sms $034 450 cquty Over Uptoand Over including 071 O12 mm/s 1208 mms nai rms rmin/s fuim/s rams mm/s rims min/s ini mms, Uproand includingars a8 displacement amplitude 8, f9 Limits of vibration-intensity level EMS, WeCCFY Yamge Mmm /s L 25 31S 40 50 63 8 100 125 160 200 250 315 400 $00 630 Wloration frequency fy Hzcation displacement = ‘asplacement amplitude 3, j4m T T Ps. velocity toms + 4Smm/s satisfactory shooak good ast oas 20k 20k 16LN OE sail AY a \ os oe \eraze. iit of men \ pereection| oof (O89 ost os E ost oe oof. 08 owl. ozs 25 6 20 25 HS 40 50 63 80 10 5 160 20 250 51S 400 S00 630 e020 wD bration frequency 1 HE 15 20 25 30 40 $060 8 0 0 200 280900 400 S00 600 800 X00 5000 ‘ 30 40 $0 60x10? 8,9) 500 ep?) 9 6000 gop f000 1S 20 2S 50 60x10 stration Fig. 4 Example of assesment timite for vibration behaviaur for machine Group K. Small machines secording to definition on p. 11 (for fronnarmonte vibrations: this s valid only forthe equivalent displacement amplituce Spay 59 thet Segui = VM emg ep. fev = Vrms Tay where fis the reference frequency)oo soe ak 3 T cisplacement amplitude Syum % T 3 T os osh on os LE oz lL ons: wh NS ovis L 02s 15 Example of exessment (fornenhsrmonie bretions, ony 100 — 80 “o bration displacement = 2s unsatisfoctory just Satistactory —\ rms. velocity Yomst? trnm/s ash 20k ao Neg Limit of ruman perception ae ° No \ 125 16 20 25 315 40 80 63 60 100 125 160 200 250 315 400 S00 630 600 1000 vibration frequency fy Hz ‘20 25:30 40 5060 80 100 150 200 250300 400 S00 40 600 10” 1500 1s ad 2s a0 0 GOH! 1000 sm “po “eo? limits of vibration behaviour for machine Group M. Medium-sized machines secording id for equlvalanecsplacerent amplitude.unsatistactory satisfactory 10 563 @ 10 BS 16 20 25 05 40 50 63 80 10 BS 180 200 250 31S 400 ‘bration frequency f, Mz See to 1s 2025 30 40 80 DBO 100 T0200 ST HHT HO 300 S00 a00 1800. 2500, 4000 6000 | 10000 20000 400° 600” 1000 +2000°"""3000 “saan 8000 1500 ‘erations/min Examole of exosmont tints of vibrat Fis. 6 Fsnnormonte wbrations, only wll for eau behaviour for machine Group G. Large machines according to definition on p. 11 (Yor nt caplscement amplitude).200 | 160 rt 100 60. as 8 88 Cars exciocemert amotitase 1m 3 Typ 2s T aok 10 a.7 Example of ssasiment limits of vibration behaviour for mach . t vibration behaviour for machine Group T. Machines and turbomech lige foundations sccorsing to denen on p11 tor nontarmonie wrations, valid only fr equivalent average lnts of human pereepen oration dlsplacement § unsotisfectery ms. veectty Nome t@mmn/s Nor ~ 70 BS 6 2 25 HS 40 50 63 80 (00 125 160 200 250 31S 400 ‘oration frequency f, ME isa 2530 40 0 60 80 "0 150 200 250 300 400 000 1s 7500 4000 000 10000 20000 p00 ‘20007000 “"”” S000 6000 15000 vbratiens/min lisplocemert amplitude. = Ines are mounted ow Sued,gementssthe pve: cf i fe requirements to be inet by machines with moving oF fing parts. It isfecommended that, in each cae, speci is be inade covering the various types of machines ing arrangements. 225° > ae Hit Soprontntony it can be sald thatthe wbration ty of a machine rated as good’ at one of the levels of fe Tvl be designated as ‘satisfactory’ in the next level, atisfactoryin he level after that, and beyond this Unsatisfactory” Examples of assessment view of the empirical nature of the data available, it pried desirable to select, from the full range of machines Ba equipment to be assessed, the following groups, which ffer in their basis of assessment: foup K: Individual-motion parts of prime movers and [riven machines which, in the operating state, are per- wntly attached (o the machine as a whole, including rrdculaly batch-built electric motors up to about 15 KW. oup M: Medium-sized machines, particularly electric Froters of 15—75kW without special foundations, per franently installed motion parts and machines (up to about BOOK) having only rotating parts and mounted on special ffoundations. IGroup G: Relatively large machines installed on high-tuned, rigid or heavy foundations, lage prime movers and riven machines having only rotating masses. Group T: Large prime movers and diiyen machines heving only rotating masses installed on lo¥-tuned foundations, e.g. wrbomachinery assemblies, and, in particular, units installed on foundations designed on lightweight con- struction principles. Group D: Machines and motion parts having mass effects ‘which cannot be balanced and installed on high-iuned ‘mountings (rigidly mounted). Group S: Machines and motion plants having mass effects which cannot be balanced and installed on, low-tuned ‘mountings flexibly mounted) also machines with revolving, Toosely attached masses, such’as beater shafts of mills and, finally, fiee-standing machines with varying imbalances which ‘cannot be compensated, e.g, centrifuges. Further examples are: vibratory screons, dynamic materials-testing ‘machines and vibratory machines used in process engineering. ‘The first four groups will be selected as examples of the method of astessment, since for these itis already possible to discern some measure of standardisation in assessment J (Gee Rathbone, T.C.: Power plant engineering, 1939, 43, QM” pp. 721-724, snd Wekstattblatt 221/22, Munich, 1953), ‘For these groups, proven limits of assessment graded >) according to. velocity “and| with doubled progression are | ited in Table 2. sii Spniion, a motor or machine comes into that ropa of Table 2in which the largest value measured occurs Tee unctionally important point (Le. particularly at bearings) cup G_ machines, the assessment often dis- | dokltes between horaantal and vertical mization inthe Lingus eto Rathbone. In most cases, the horizontal | Manes te been allowed to reach value twice that of r the vertical vibration, Since machines with iow-tuned the fees gre now ted sa separate group, it would j— funeaifat les stringent assesment of the horizontal spear rations for Groups G and T is no longer i teanserraheothet hand i pennited in many cases fusible, SP ration es ver : i ass a8 Groupe D and 5, 10 which reciprocating i Machines ¢jariulr belong, are extremely diver in rmacines Snd mass effects, and hence also in their enstcin eis ean, ib a preset ettemely Beha gf cm ints ee sha ta ie fr he zal (0 gall more this tue in iw of the fact first fou OURS hic hightuned in respet of al the that a mo quencies emied by engines sot atsinabe EStne is function, and veaie Intensity levels and examples of assossment for Tobe 2 Vion erro Hs mela acad mace (TOP nal act ee rou land earvoechies (GIOUP so tition on pees 11 ‘Vibration |, Equivalent ‘mensy | amplicudseat Heras” | limits of ive me BE. _| Example of assesment ees Za|GE 3] sorindviduat machine soups? Belge F 3 —— ES |£2% | Group] Group] Grou] Group e| wy e | Tt 0,28 } 0.28) 08 | 128 | os as] 063 0d O71 nl ao | aus wae 7 i 12] 46 | 5. | Ber 00d wae ce | is|2s | s (tate 28 = {ee 008 28 | 490 ss | sts 4s | vp _sion is nen rin ‘ fete en 7 7a {10 | 348 |unsatis-} “an: Teory| __ factory uit a 1,2 | 16 x0 | | aasatis: - { \ tae tory aye | j | luesaus « ye | | me satis | factor las | 63. | i | ny 2 i i ‘With Section 1 point () specially taken into acount For Group D, rams, velocities of 20-30 ram‘s. and in certain cases higher than this, may arse without any Complaint neceseanly resulting, "When moments arse, considerable deflection may occur at locations remote from the fixing points. Flexibly mounted machines of Group $ ate given fee- dom, “The intention is that they shall deflect under the forces imposed. In this way, an isolating action i tained, so thatthe forces transmitted to the surroundings ar smal The vibration set up on a soft mounting by the free forces of the machine is to be taken a its full Yue, Oving tothe tlastic yield of the object supported, this vibration is always greater than shown by the calculations for aga body or Rouming. For hshapeet motor rms. vebaties of Tim/s and above may occur. Even highe:veloeies mat tence ey tcgs ants whee ches eee ance peak. On passing tirough resonance plats braugh eon the wollen: Focmay © pease trance ee pe ae of $00 mm/s to occur brieily. lar as the assessment of velocity 1 concerned tf clear that the ‘riteia prevaling here’are ‘ifeem rom ‘hose applying in the case of, for example cece motors that is required is that the shaking tation shall not use any damage, sich as causing parts to sake off fracturing of connected pipework and electrics! ionds, See high vibration velocities are rarely, if ever. noticed in highspeee motors, itis posible at low fe a SpA Sehistes to eee which make impression on the observer without endanger: ing the plant, “Allowance shouldbe made for ths in Suoh cists, however, she vibration veloetes end ration displacements wan be reduced by aditinal mass idly ached to the machine. For paycholopial reson’ iti "a for audible or perce ine angenly than, would rent from “jon fables to the ¥, iue formed in these axes; on the other hand, they do not ap, =: ce with eqn. 3 in Seviion 2. 7" torsional vibrations or bending vi aE Ghality standards apply only to transverse and axial parts. 6 vortlos ofthe evi ae x, yand 2 an © 1964: VDI-Verl GmbH, Disseldort ‘Translated under Hence by Peter Peregrnus Ltd. ‘UDC 534.647: 389.63 (083.132) ‘Published by Peter Peregsinus Ltd, PO Box 8, Southgate House, Stevenage, Herts. SG1 LHQ, England. Telephone 0438 3311, 2 “Telex 261176, Telegrams Voltampere Stevenage. fos Painted by Stephen Austin & Sons Ltd. Hertford England