Received December 11, 2014, accepted December 22, 2014, date of publication January 9, 2015, date of current version

January 16, 2015.

Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/ACCESS.2015.2389659

Synchrophasor Measurement Technology in

Power Systems: Panorama and State-of-the-Art
FARROKH AMINIFAR1 , (Member, IEEE), MAHMUD FOTUHI-FIRUZABAD2 , (Fellow, IEEE),
AMIR SAFDARIAN2 , (Student Member, IEEE), ALI DAVOUDI3 , (Member, IEEE), AND
MOHAMMAD SHAHIDEHPOUR4,5 , (Fellow, IEEE)
1 School

of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran 11365-4563, Iran
of Excellence in Power System Control and Management, Department of Electrical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology,
Tehran 14588-89694, Iran
3 Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
4 Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL 60616, USA
5 Renewable Energy Research Group, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 22254, Saudi Arabia
2 Center

Corresponding author: M. Shahidehpour (ms@iit.edu)

ABSTRACT Phasor measurement units (PMUs) are rapidly being deployed in electric power networks
across the globe. Wide-area measurement system (WAMS), which builds upon PMUs and fast
communication links, is consequently emerging as an advanced monitoring and control infrastructure. Rapid
adaptation of such devices and technologies has led the researchers to investigate multitude of challenges and
pursue opportunities in synchrophasor measurement technology, PMU structural design, PMU placement,
miscellaneous applications of PMU from local perspectives, and various WAMS functionalities from the
system perspective. Relevant research articles appeared in the IEEE and IET publications from 1983
through 2014 are rigorously surveyed in this paper to represent a panorama of research progress lines. This
bibliography will aid academic researchers and practicing engineers in adopting appropriate topics and will
stimulate utilities toward development and implementation of software packages.
INDEX TERMS Phasor measurement unit (PMU), synchrophasor measurement technology (SMT),
wide-area measurement system (WAMS).
I. INTRODUCTION

Considerable efforts have been devoted to the subjects

of synchrophasor measurement technology (SMT), phasor
measurement unit (PMU), wide-area measurement system
(WAMS), and their applications to power systems.
The literature explored in this paper preparation includes
publications from the following IEEE and IET journals and
standards in the period of 1983 through 2014:
1- IEEE Transactions on Power Systems (formerly
IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems)
2- IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery
3- IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid
4- IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion
5- IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy
6- IEEE Transactions on Instrument and Measurement
7- IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems
8- IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics
9- IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics
10- IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics
11- IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications

VOLUME 2, 2014

12131415161718192021222324252627282930-

IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology

IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing
Proceedings of the IEEE
IEEE Power and Energy Magazine
IEEE Communications Magazine
IEEE Signal Processing Magazine
IEEE Industry Application Magazine
IEEE Systems Journal
IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Signal Processing
IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in
Power Electronics
IEEE Signal Processing Letter
IEEE Computer Applications in Power
IEEE Communications Surveys and Tutorials
IEEE Potentials
IEEE Security and Privacy
IEEE Intelligent Systems
IEEE Standards
IET Science, Measurement, and Technology
IET Generation, Transmission, and Distribution

2169-3536
2015 IEEE. Translations and content mining are permitted for academic research only.
Personal use is also permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission.
See http://www.ieee.org/publications_standards/publications/rights/index.html for more information.

1607

F. Aminifar et al.: SMT in Power Systems

31- Electronics Letters

32- Power Engineering Journal
The research issues elaborated in these publications are
classified into nine topics as follows:
1- SMT algorithms and PMU/WAMS structural issues
2- Generic introductions over SMT, PMU, and WAMS
3- PMU placement techniques
4- State estimation (SE) consisting of or based on
PMU data
5- Model validation, calibration, and extraction via PMU
data
6- Fault/event detection and location using PMU data
7- WAMS-based dynamic/stability monitoring and
prediction
8- WAMS-based control strategies
9- WAMS-based protection schemes
Among those listed above, categories 5 to 9 mainly
correspond to the applications of PMU data from either local
or wide-area perspectives. Fig. 1 shows the distribution of
papers with respect to each aforementioned category. It can be
observed that the most research has been devoted to the PMU
constructional issues, category 1, a prerequisite for the SMT
evolutions and developments of WAMS applications. The
next prolific research area belongs to dynamic/stability monitoring and prediction. This observation is justified given the
PMU prominent capability in capturing real-time and highresolution information in a continuous data-stream format.

FIGURE 1. Distribution of papers with respect to each category.

Fig. 2 illustrates the distribution of papers versus the

publication year. As shown, the chronological trend is highly
increasing, which reveals the enthusiasm of research and
engineering community in developing and materializing
PMU and WAMS applications.
The rest of this paper digests each aforementioned category
in a specific section and cites the relevant references.
II. CATEGORY 1: SMT ALGORITHMS AND
PMU/WAMS STRUCTURAL ISSUES

Along with the liberalization of global positioning

system (GPS), the precise system-wide synchronized
measurements (1 s) turned out to be feasible.
1608

FIGURE 2. Distribution of papers with respect to the publication year.

Combination of this opportunity with the phasor

measurement algorithms, which are based on the symmetrical component analysis and have already been developed
for digital protection purposes, led to the emergence of
SMT. Subsequently, PMU was designed, manufactured, and
successfully examined.
The accuracy of SMT has a direct bearing on the
effectiveness of PMU applications and relevant functions.
Accordingly, significant efforts have been dedicated to
the development of efficient and precise measurement
algorithms. Note as well that the majority of algorithms
were based on preliminary achievements of digital protection
relaying and were utilized by laboratory-scale or industrial
PMUs.
Algorithms for calculation of phasors and/or local system
frequency and rate of change of frequency are mainly
based on discrete Fourier transform (DFT) [1][5], Kalman
filtering method [6], [7], optimized observer-based filters [8],
coordinate transformation [9], modal Kalman filtering [10],
zero-crossing method [2], quadrature demodulation [2],
demodulation [11], direct-quadrature transformation [12],
Newton type algorithm [13], least-square filtering [14][17],
short-time Fourier transform [18], Pronys estimation
method [3], [19], z-transform and median filtering [20],
neural networks [21], Newton type algorithm combined
with least squares [22], constrained maximum likelihood
estimation [17], enhanced phase-locked loop system [23],
BlackmanHarris windowing technique [16], fast recursive
Gauss-Newton adaptive filter [24], [25], and other various
types of digital filters [26][39]. Augmented versions of DFT
consisting of smart DFT [40], [41], phasor-based DFT [42],
and shifting window average method DFT [43], [44] were
developed with the purpose of accuracy improvement.
Sample value adjustment was another idea in promoting the SMT accuracy grade [45]. Other algorithms
such as enhanced DFT [18], [46][48], adaptive dynamic
phasor estimator [49], partial sum based [50], multistage
least-square [50], modified empirical mode decomposition
filtering [51], and least-square method joint with short time
Fourier transform [52] were proposed with the objective
VOLUME 2, 2014

F. Aminifar et al.: SMT in Power Systems

of diminishing the impact of decaying dc component.

Filtering out the subsynchronous frequency components from
the signals associated with series-compensated transmission lines is another effort conducted in this context [53].
A full cycle data is a common requirement in most reviewed
algorithms, while phasor estimation based on phasorlets,
which are signal segments of a fraction of a cycle, was
established as well [54], [55]. A recursive wavelet transform
was also developed which is capable of estimating the phasor parameters in a quarter cycle of an input signal [56].
As sinusoidal waveform distortions are the major difficulty
in the phasor estimation, a wavelet analysis could
first discriminate the discontinuities followed by an
adaptive window algorithm to estimate the phasor
quantities [57].
The accuracy of phasor measurement under dynamic
conditions was improved by dynamic phasor estimates
based on least-square method [58][61], weighted least
square [62], Shanks method with autoregressive moving
average [63], DFT with Taylor derivatives [64], subspace
based approach [65], enhanced Complex Kalman filter [66],
consecutive DFT method [67], adaptive cascaded filters [68],
TaylorFourier transform [69], [70], interpolated dynamic
DFT-based estimator [71], and applying Taylor-LQG-Fourier
filters [72]. Additionally, a quasi-positive sequence DFT
algorithm was proposed as a single-phase measurement
system [73]. Inaccurate frequency calculation under electromechanical transient circumstances and particularly at load
buses has also motivated development of a new method on the
basis of simplified model of generators and loads and with the
objective of simulation studies [74]. Recently, a PMU simulator package built on the MATLAB-SIMULINK platform has
been designed with education purposes [75]. This simulator
yields a flexible environment for teaching phasor measurement and frequency estimation algorithms and phenomena.
In addition to simulated signals, real-world measured
point-on-wave data can be fed into this package.
Although the above mentioned measurement techniques
are mainly tailored for the transmission system conditions,
those suited for continuous monitoring of electrical quantities
in distribution networks in terms of synchronized phasors
have also been developed [76][79]. Harmonic distortion and
the impact of switching loads on the frequency estimation
were of particular concerns in these techniques [80][83].
Extension of synchrophasor algorithms to provide PMUs with
the capability of accurately estimating harmonic phasors has
been recently carried out in order to proliferation of PMU
applications in active distribution networks [84], [85].
The IEEE standard C37.118 for synchrophasors was compiled for many years and revised several times [86][93].
Since PMUs are subjected to inputs under transient conditions [94], the last version of this standard has covered
such attributes. In spite of the compatibility of commercial PMUs with the IEEE standard C37.118, laboratory
testing exposed noticeable disparities among the phasor
estimates of PMUs associated with various manufacturers.
VOLUME 2, 2014

This observation, indeed, is mainly due to the phasor

computation algorithms and necessitates quality assessment
techniques [68], [95][106], compliance analysis [107],
calibration
of
synchronized
phasor
measurements [108], [109], and field testing [110], [111]. The IEEE
standards C37.242 for synchronization, calibration, testing,
and installation of PMUs and C37.244 for phasor data concentrator (PDC) requirements have been recently published
to assist users to specify the performance and functional
requirements of typical PMUs and PDCs [112], [113].
Having experienced the effectiveness of synchrophasor
applications in strengthening the power system security,
new intelligent electronic devices (IEDs) are being enabled
to work as PMU devices [114]. Miscellaneous substation
devices such as protection relays, digital fault recorders,
PMU, etc. are being integrated by various vendors. Amongst,
multipurpose platform (MPP) is a newly introduced electronic equipment that combines the abilities of a power
quality (PQ) analyzer, an event logger, a PMU, and an
inter-area oscillation identifier, all in one device [115]. The
closed source of commercial PMU devices is perceived as
an obstacle to emerging innovations in the synchrophasor
development and application context. As an alternative, open
platforms for the development of PMU technology specifically by university researchers have been proposed, amongst
is OpenPMU [116].
The stochastic assessment of PMU availability is a crucial
requirement due to the growing reliance on the WAMS
infrastructure within the operation and control of power
systems [117][122]. Besides, spoofing attacks on the GPS
receiver of a PMU are a potential threat for the correct phase
angle reporting of voltage or current measurements provided
by the PMU [123][125]. Such spoofing attacks can induce
serious malfunctions in control center applications, e.g. angular stability monitoring, relying on the phase information
from measurements provided by PMUs.
Recent investigations on blackouts have revealed the indispensable role of the malfunction of monitoring/control infrastructures. In many occasions, the consequence of a severe
event could have been significantly reduced if the system
operators had a relatively accurate situational awareness on
the stressed power grid. Hence, the power system reliability assessment, which was previously being fulfilled with
the assumption of complete observability and controllability, should be revised incorporating the SCADA or WAMS
networks deficiencies [126].
Development of new applications to enhance the operation
of the electric grid based on high-reported rate PMU data
necessitates exploitation of high-bandwidth and networked
communication systems. For any particular transmission grid,
a comprehensive analysis to simulate, design, and test the adequacy of a communication and computation system is of an
extreme importance [127][129]. Advanced comprehensive
sampling techniques can be adopted to minimize communication bandwidth and delays while sending synchrophasors
[130].
1609

F. Aminifar et al.: SMT in Power Systems

III. CATEGORY 2: GENERIC INTRODUCTIONS OVER

SMT, PMU, AND WAMS

Following the actualization of precise measurement devices,

the first requirement for realizing the WAMS was the time
synchronized sampling over an entire power system in
order to simultaneously capture voltage and current phasor
quantities at specific instants of time [131]. Although most
communication systems such as leased lines, microwave,
or AM radio broadcast were envisaged as potential means
for the wide-area sampling synchronization, their accuracy
levels were deemed too coarse for the practical usage [132].
The application of multiplexed fiber optics for the sampling
synchronization purpose also suffered from insufficient precision [132]. In contrast, exploiting satellite signals transmitted by GPS or its Russians counterpart GLONAS was
considered as a feasible solution [133]. The precise satellite
signals available all over the world also let PMUs furnish the
measured data with time tags denoting the exact time of the
corresponding measurement.
Having realized the wide-area sampling synchronization,
preliminary successes of prototyped implemented systems
were reported [134], [135], and a broad spectrum of PMU and
WAMS applications was gradually opened up [136][138].
These judicious applications were recognized as effective
helps in reducing the frequency and severity of catastrophic
failures [139]. Moreover, the potential capabilities of PMU
data in both local and system-wide perspectives were identified among various solutions to detect the initiation and
propagation of severe disturbances and consequently to avert
brownouts or even blackouts [140]. This enthusiasm was
intensified by other basic facts consisting of (i) economic
pressures on the electricity market and on the grid operators
to maximally utilize the high voltage equipments, (ii) rather
quick changes in the system operating conditions rendered by
market-driven environments, and (iii) highlighted concerns
for enhancing the physical security of power grids [141].
To achieve the aforementioned potential benefits, advancements in other areas such as WAMS structural architecture
as well as control center hardware facilities and software
packages were further focused to match with proven advancements in SMT, PMU manufacturing, and communication
facilities. In addition to technical design issues [142][144],
these efforts comprised a process of business justification
of WAMS applications, a qualitative cost/benefit analysis
with a particular emphasis on the beneficiaries, and a
roadmap for WAMS implementations and its applications
development [145].
To date, various publications have reported the evolution
status of WAMS practical applications in different utilities
and countries. Among them are North America [146][149],
continental Europe [146], [147] Brazil [146], [147],
China [146], [147], [150], India [146], [147], Mexico [146],
Nordic countries [146], Russia [146], [147], Korea [151],
British Colombia Transmission Corporation and British
Colombia Hydro [152], and Bonneville Power

1610

Administration and Tennessee Valley Authority [153]. These

reports revealed the maturity of the elementary local and
system-wide SMT applications [154][156].
In contrast, more advanced functions of WAMS
realizing smart transmission grids are still in conceptual
stages [157], [158]. These functions could be categorized into
two different classes:
Some applications, although are theoretically well
developed, need widespread deployment of PMUs
making the whole power network observable.
Others are practically in the infancy period and are currently under investigation and research.
For the sake of illustration, a complete WAMS based state
measurement (which is going to serve instead of SE) belongs
to the first class and wide-area automatic control of power
systems lies within the second one. Obviously, with the current high rate of PMU deployment, the first class applications
would actualize in the near future; while the practicality
of the second class depends on the further advancements
in all power engineering, control strategies, communication
facilities, and the information technology discipline. In this
respect, there are some propositions consisting of a flexible
integrated phasor system to offer transmission owners access
to their phasor data [159], an IP-based decentralized and
data centric information that can securely support the next
generation grid [160], an adaptive routing algorithm over
packet switching networks to guarantee the quality of service
for the essential measured data [161], a novel cyber-physical
model through a cooperative information exchange between
the controllers embedded in the system and the network operator in future energy systems [162], and a set of strategies to
protect the anonymity of synchrophasor data against passive
traffic analysis attacks [163], [164]. The WAMS dependency
on high-performance communication systems and the impact
of ICT architecture on WAMS reliability were speculated
likewise in the existing literature [165][170].
Due to the early high-cost PMU manufacturing process as
well as its expensive installation costs in high voltage substations, the wide-area frequency monitoring network (FNET)
was developed in 2003 as a low-cost and rapidly deployable
alternative [171]. FNETs building block is the frequency
disturbance recorder (FDR), which is readily installable at
the 120-V distribution level. This infrastructure is mainly
to monitor the frequency of the network, and its potential
is expectedly limited compared with the WAMS. Although
FNET showed various advantages [172] in North America,
it is not broadly deployed in other countries. This observation could be due to limited applications of FNET along
with todays lowered PMU manufacturing and installation
expenses.
IV. CATEGORY 3: PMU PLACEMENT TECHNIQUES

Optimal PMU Placement (OPP) problem was focused in early

years after confirmation of WAMS potentials [173]. This task
was known as an underlying requirement in effective and

VOLUME 2, 2014

F. Aminifar et al.: SMT in Power Systems

consistent developments of WAMS infrastructures. Though

the OPP problem was justified in early stages by an emphasis on the considerable expenses of vast PMU installations,
the overwhelming set of power system data associated with
a large number of PMUs thereafter highlighted the OPP
necessity more and more [141], [174].
The OPP is inherently an NP-complete problem with a
solution space of 2N possible combinations for an N -bus electric power system [175]. Therefore, the OPP problem is considered as a combinatorial optimization problem and valuable
research has been accomplished in this area since 1993 [173].
Although the reported works could be categorized based on
the optimization methods employed, they are reviewed in the
following with the viewpoint of problem definition and investigated technical aspects. A more comprehensive taxonomy of
PMU placement methodologies was presented in [176].
Traditionally, the basic constraint of monitoring
infrastructures was the holistic network and elements observability. In this sense, majority of OPP algorithms have considered the network base case observability as the optimization
constraint. These efforts comprise a dual search algorithm
along with simulated annealing [174], genetic algorithms (GA) [175], [177], the immunity GA [178], integer linear programming [179][181], weighted least squares
algorithm [182], and recursive Tabu search method [183].
Further researches argued that the OPP problem might
have multiple optimal solutions among which the one
with maximum measurement redundancy is more
desirable [184][187]. Such a solution, in essence, leads to a
more precise SE and has higher robustness against element
outages. Other efforts underlined the growing reliance of
power system operation on the WAMS applications and
having a more reliable and robust WAMS infrastructure.
These works addressed the OPP problem with a set of constraints assuring the network complete observability at the
event of transmission line and/or PMU outages [184], [185],
[188][195]. Ensuring the network observability in both
normal condition and controlled islanding mode was accommodated in the OPP problem as well [196]. Other sorts of
technical constraints were also added to the OPP problem
with an intended specific functionality such as fault location
observability [197], bad data detection in SE [198], [199]
parameter error identification [200], reducing the variances
of the SE errors and increasing the local redundancy [201],
enhancing topology error processing [202], defending against
data injection attacks [164], generating the best estimate of the swing model [203], minimizing the error of
SE [204][206], and optimizing a useful metric which
accounts for three important requirements in power system
state estimation: convergence, observability, and performance
[207]. PMUs could also be strategically placed in power
networks to offer the detection and identification of parameter
error on a single-edge cutset (critical branch) or double-edge
cutsets (critical branch pairs) [208].
Concurrent optimization of placement of PMUs and communication links is another suggestion for the systems in
VOLUME 2, 2014

which the communication infrastructure is mainly expanded

for the synchrophasors collection [209], [210]. In the
technique proposed in [209], permanent and random
intermittent PMU outages are taken into account and the
steady-state availability of synchrophasor data at each bus
meets a prescribed level.
Optimizing the number and location of PMUs and smart
metering devices in future active distribution networks is
an urgently requested task [211]. Such a robust measurement infrastructure is essential for secure and optimal smart
distribution grid control and operation.
All of the aforementioned studies brought about a considerable evolution of the OPP algorithms. However, it would take
a rather long time for the deployment of all PMUs required
for the network basic/contingency-constrained observability.
Hence, staging (phasing) the OPP in time was investigated
as a pragmatic requirement [174], [212][215]. The multistage OPP was the name assigned to the envisaged problem.
In these studies, determination of PMU placement schemes
with a given limited depth-of-unobservability associated with
subsidiary stages was aimed. These techniques were further
extended by giving a higher priority to key buses such as those
required for transient and dynamic stability monitoring and
buses with high connectivity [216].
The OPP problem in either single- or multi-stage definition has also been tackled in probabilistic manners
taking the probability of elements outages into
account [120], [217][219]. More installation of PMU
devices in a power network would assure higher levels
of system security and electricity reliability. Having converted the reliability enhancement to monetary measures,
the OPP problem can be analyzed within a cost/benefit
framework [220].
The monitoring of power system dynamics with
a few PMUs was another perspective of the OPP
problem [221][224]. In this sense, dynamically coherent
areas of a power system were determined. Thereafter, the
sitting process of a given number of PMUs was performed
with the objective of maximizing the information content of
captured signals while minimizing their cross correlation.
As the notion of phasors does not correspond to dc transmission circuits, the OPP problem in hybrid ac/dc systems
should be accordingly revised [225]. Another practical aspect
regarding the limitation of PMU measurement channels is
letting the optimization algorithm to place more than one
PMU in a given substation. This relaxation can be economically desirable due to some common expenses of installing
two or more PMU devices in a same substation, such as
communication infrastructure procurement.
V. CATEGORY 4: STATE ESTIMATION (SE) CONSISTING
OF OR BASED ON PMU DATA

Power systems were traditionally monitored through the

supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) infrastructure and energy management system (EMS) installed at
control centers. Remote terminal units (RTUs) located in
1611

F. Aminifar et al.: SMT in Power Systems

substations and power plants nourishes SCADA by their

scalar data such as magnitude of voltage and current quantities, active and reactive powers, present settings of tap
changing and phase shifting transformers, and breakers
status. These raw datasets are refined by SE for reducing their
errors, compensating for unavailable values, and eliminating
bad data. The power system operators monitor and control
the system with the help of SE programs embedded in EMSs.
SMT helps conventional SE engines in two ways:
Its measurements are precisely synchronized and can
significantly eliminate the effect of time skew error in
the SE solution.
Its direct measurement of state variables, i.e., phase
angles in addition to magnitudes, brings a remarkable
enhancement in SE convergence and accuracy.
In the context of PMU data application in SE, the preliminary tasks are focused on the inclusion of PMU data
in the conventional SE program [226], [227]. Subsequently,
various modified versions of the SE formulation were investigated to comprise the voltage and current phase angles in
the estimation process of the system true state [228][242].
Observability/criticality analyses and bad data processing
have also been revisited in the presence of PMU measurements [243], [244]. In SE algorithms, each measurement
has a specific weight, which is inversely proportional to the
uncertainty associated with the measurement. Hence, further
research covered the computation of uncertainty associated
with two types of PMU measurements, designated as direct
measurement of quantities at the PMU-bus and indirect measurements of buses adjacent to the PMU-bus [245]. The other
technical concern in adding the PMU data to the conventional SE algorithms arises from dissimilar reporting rates of
SCADA and WAMS [246]. To overcome, the buffer length of
PMU measurements should be optimally determined which
can be also helpful in specifying the corresponding weights
in SE [247].
The underlying attribute of the reliability of SE process,
which is strongly dependent on the measurement redundancy,
was also revised to account for the impact of PMU data [248].
Since in some PMUs it is observed that the voltage and current
phasors exhibit phase biases, which degrade the conventional
SE performance, phasor-data-based SE algorithms were proposed for phasor angle bias correction [249], [250].
The above techniques necessitated the revision of SE
software packages; while the revised ones were still nonlinear
and cumbersome to tackle. Other alternatives to include the
additional PMU data in SE were developed in which the
existing SE software was left in place with no modification [251], [252]. In this method, the solution of SE with
traditional measurements is combined with PMU measurements in a post-processing linear estimator. Tracking SE
to reconstruct coherent system states can be considerably
enhanced by accommodation of PMU data [253].
Other research activities speculated the multi-area SE
problem where PMUs, scattered in various control areas
of a large-scale power system, improved the estimation
1612

accuracy and bad data processing efficiency [254].

Acceleration of a large-scale SE program as another
vital challenge was considerably overcome by distributed
SE algorithms in which PMUs were considered to coordinate the SE solution of each subsystem [201], [255][257].
The impact of conventional measurement failures on the SE
performance was also comprehensively explored where the
existence of even few PMUs was recognized very helpful in
preserving the SE performance [258].
SCADA scans RTU every 2-5 seconds. Hence, the inclusion of PMU data in the traditional SE, although is able
to improve its reliability and accuracy, does not alleviate
the SCADA slow and quasi-stationary images over the system status. It is expected that future WAMSs with plenary
PMUs would directly measure all state variables and the
conventional notion of SE may not exist anymore. These
programs with trivial computations will provide a dynamic
view of the network under supervision. This assumption
was made in few works comprising the calculation of state
variable uncertainty in a PMU-based SE algorithm [259],
the SE-based line outage detection with only
PMU data [260], [261], SE of a system whose parameters
are known to be within certain tolerance bounds [262], and
comparing some various SE formulations [263].
PMU devices might be synchronized with each other using
a precision time protocol (PTP), defined in the standard
IEEE 1588, particularly in substations where the series of
IEC 61850 standards have been introduced. The impact of
this synchronization solution on the measurements quality
was examined by applying a SE procedure. It was shown
that the accuracy of synchrophasor measurements meets
the values usually required for application in power
system SE [264].
Distribution class SE for application in smart distribution
grids is a new research topic where the SE is customarily
formulated in three-phase fashion tailored to the unbalanced
operation of distribution systems. The wide deployment of
synchrophasor measurements throughout the feeders can
bring about remarkable improvements in the distribution
system SE performance [265][268]. With the waveform
recording capability of nowadays PMU devices (fault recording functionality), the harmonic snapshot of power system
turns out to be feasible. These harmonic data can thereafter
nourish harmonic SE algorithm which was recently revised
based on harmonic phasor data [269].
VI. CATEGORY 5: MODEL VALIDATION, CALIBRATION,
AND EXTRACTION VIA PMU DATA

Along with the growing complexities of power systems,

rendered by the market-driven operation and integration of
intermittent energy resources, the simulation becomes the
only means to understand the behavior of such a huge system.
The power system operators and planners require realistic
component and system models in simulations to take proper
decisions in operation processes and planning studies. By the
time of installation of primary PMUs, pragmatic observations
VOLUME 2, 2014

F. Aminifar et al.: SMT in Power Systems

revealed a noticeable difference between the simulation

results and real-world outcomes captured by PMUs [270].
Accordingly, one of the early-realized applications of PMU
data was introduced as the improvement of the component
and system dynamic and steady-state models for both on-line
and off-line analyses.
Following to observations on inaccuracy of the existing models, considerable research activities were dedicated
to the problem of model verification and correction based
on PMU data. These works used a large library of disturbance recordings to eliminate single event abnormalities and led to revisions of some hydro turbine-governor
models [270] and power plant/generator dynamic models
and states [271][274]. Finding the erroneous components
in a complex and large-scale power system with thousands of elements was renowned as a challenging endeavor
and further WAMS-based simulation validation works were
conducted [275]. Additionally, PMU measurements were utilized to validate models of fixed speed induction generatorbased or converter-based wind farms during frequency
transients [276], [277]. These efforts mainly focused on the
validation of dynamic models of components because PMUs
can record the synchrophasors during the dynamics, something which was not feasible before. Application of PMU
measurements in the error identification of steady-state models of other components, such as transmission lines, revealed
a significant enhancement too [278], [279].
In addition to the validation and correction of component
models, some research efforts were devoted to the identification of the power system equivalent model. The realtime PMU data were employed to build the equivalent model
of the power system for transient stability control through
flexible AC transmission system (FACTS) devices [280].
A similar effort to develop an HVDC model for online
stability monitoring of the integrated ac/dc systems has been
carried out as well [281]. Estimating a reduced model to
represent the inter-area dynamics of power systems was
also investigated by PMU measurements [282][284]. The
method elaborated in [282] was then generalized to incorporate the effect of intermediate dynamic voltage control
equipments, such as static VAr compensator (SVC) and
synchronous condenser [285]. Recent research efforts in this
area were devoted to the PMU-based identification of grid
impedance matrices, which are necessary for the monitoring
and protection of modern power systems [286] and Thevenin
equivalent parameters [287]. The developed methods made
the dynamic tracking of parameter changes a viable capability. In other works, online identification of parameters
associated with the power system equivalent was investigated using the phase-plane trajectories of PMU measured
variables [288], or by the application of subspace system
identification techniques [289]. Tracking the system dynamic
response to generator tripping events is another superior
capability of synchrophasors in real-world practices [290].
Power systems dynamic responses cannot be assertively
simulated unless accurate load models are available.
VOLUME 2, 2014

System-wide load modeling in the transmission and

sub-transmission levels is heading toward the application
of WAMS synchronized data. The major reason for this
tendency is the high resolution of PMU data with phase angle
information.
Modelers intend to achieve more accurate models of components and the system, and they usually exploit complex and
data-mining-based black box models. On the opposite side,
model users which are system operators and planners seek
transparent and interpretable models for decision making
processes and post-event studies. To this end, a compromised
state of transparency versus accuracy of the models should be
sought [291].
VII. CATEGORY 6: FAULT/EVENT DETECTION AND
LOCATION BY PMU DATA

Electric power grids, in transmission and distribution levels,

are always prone to faults caused by a variety of situations
such as equipment failures, accidents, adverse weather, etc.
In faulted power systems, either the system is at risk in which
the customers electricity service is interrupted or the system
security is seriously threatened while its entire demands are
still being served. Accordingly, precise and fast detection and
location of network faults were historically perceived as a
crucial task in the system inspection, maintenance, and repair
processes. Note that application of phasor quantities in power
system protection goes back several years earlier than the
PMU emergence; its review is therefore out of the scope of
this paper. Here, merely the efforts in which the application
of PMU data has been explicitly declared are reviewed.
PMUs deployed at transmission line ends, in addition
to positive, negative, or zero sequence phasors, compute
three-phase values of bus voltage and line current as well.
Furthermore, the sampling clocks of various PMUs, located
several kilometers away, are precisely synchronized. These
features of PMU outputs actualized an advanced fault
detection and location algorithm, which has an adaptive
inherent and an ample robustness against system noise
and measurement errors [292], [293]. Additionally, the
deviation in line parameters caused by simplified calculation methods, ambient temperature, or aging phenomena,
was eliminated by an effective estimation technique
based on the PMU accurate data available at both ends
of transmission lines [292], [293]. These efforts, which
were devised for the situation of having permanent faults,
were next revised for arcing transient faults [294], [295].
Furthermore, the proposed algorithms in [292] and [293]
were further extended and tailored for three-terminal
and N-terminal (N3) transmission lines [296][298].
Fault detection and location in multi-terminal transmission lines were focused by other research activities
too [299][304]. Wide-area synchrophasor data collected
from many PMUs are materializing the system-wide fault
diagnosis and location algorithms [305].
The crucial task of fault detection and location was
explored by a multistate network inference in which phase
1613

F. Aminifar et al.: SMT in Power Systems

angles across the buses were modeled through a Markov

random field [306]. It was also argued that when a power system is under dynamic conditions, such as power oscillations,
the fault voltage and current cannot be expressed as standard
sinusoidal functions [307]. Hence, a fault location estimator
was devised in which the voltage and current waveforms
were considered as time-variant signals whose magnitude and
frequency are changing against time.
Fault detection and location in parallel transmission lines,
as a common practical configuration, were known as a more
complicated problem due to some phenomena such as mutual
coupling effect, shunt capacitance, etc. Algorithms based on
PMU data demonstrated acceptable performances for parallel transmission lines in either transposed or untransposed
arrangements [308], [309]. Series compensation of transmission lines has always been desired for some advantages
such as the increasing power transfer capability, controlling the network power flow, damping dynamic oscillations,
etc. Since the voltage drop of a series device is unknown
during fault periods, the protection of series-compensated
transmission lines has been a challenging subject to date.
PMU measurements at both ends of transmission lines
offered a great potential for detection and location of seriescompensated lines without requiring the voltage drop values
based on the compensation device model [310]. Although
transmission line parameters are required in some techniques,
PMU data can be directly used for online estimation of
series-compensated line parameters and Thevenins equivalent of the system to ensure considering the actual operating
conditions [311].
Phasor estimation algorithms embedded in PMU devices
offer calculation of signal harmonic contents up to higher
orders. This information, along with the symmetrical component data, was known very helpful in fault detection and
location of transmission lines as well as in discrimination
between permanent and transient faults [312]. This discrimination can be used in blocking reclosing of transmission lines
when permanent faults occur.
The majority of the aforementioned works used voltage
and current measurements at one or both ends of transmission lines. In another research, it was criticized that PMU
current inputs are usually fed through the protection cores
of current transformers; hence, the accuracy of PMU current measurements might be inadequate for a precise fault
location. This work, assuming a given bus admittance matrix
at the time of fault, has developed a new fault detection
and location approach which uses only PMU voltage measurements [313]. This approach is applicable in both transposed and untransposed transmission lines and was then
extended for multi-terminal lines [314]. The existing algorithms, although achieve a high accuracy in locating faults,
necessitate a broad deployment of PMUs which is not the
case in many designed WAMS networks or at least in the
transition period toward a plenary WAMS infrastructure.
Therefore, a fault-location algorithm based on fewer voltage
measurements for large-scale transmission networks has been
1614

proposed which can be promising due to its low cost and

practicality [315]. Phasor measurements could also be utilized in order to unveil power-line outages which is extremely
vital not only to prevent cascaded events but even for routine
monitoring and control tasks in smart power system control
centers [316][320].
Due to relatively large capacitance values in underground
cables, the detection and location of their faults were deemed
to be of technical difficulties compared to overhead transmission lines. PMU measurements, including voltage and
current phasors at a single end of a cable, were employed as
well in an efficient fault location algorithm [321]. Likewise,
two-terminal multi-section compound transmission lines,
which combine overhead lines with underground power
cables, suffer from effective protection solutions. These compound transmission lines are usually adopted to achieve a
compromise between construction cost and environmental
concerns. PMU data proposes powerful algorithms to locate
a fault; no matter the fault is on the overhead line or underground power cable [322].
A dominant portion of electricity interruptions is originated by the distribution system failures. Accurate locating
of faulted segments can significantly expedite the dispatch
of repair crews and restoration process. However, this task
is getting more difficult with modernization of distribution
grids by growing penetration of distributed energy resources.
Synchrophasor measurements, with superior resolution and
accuracy attributes, offer a practical and effective solution to
this challenge [323].
While a dynamic event can be initiated by a fault in the
transmission network, it may be caused by tripping a generator or switching a transmission line in or out. In addition to
the fault, the PMU data has demonstrated a salient potential
for event detection and location. A method was devised for
detection and location of generator trips based on generator
rotor angle measurements obtained using PMU data [324].
Unintentional islanding is among power system disturbances
in which a part of the network becomes isolated from the
rest. PMU phase angle measurements and frequency estimations are of great values for timely detection of islanding events [325], [326]. Additionally, PMU data revealed
prosperous outcomes in locating disturbance sources for
low-frequency oscillations in a real-world application [327].
Along with the quick proliferation of synchrophasor data
and recordings, advanced and intelligent techniques are being
proposed with the purpose of single/multiple events/faults
early detection and clustering [328][330].
VIII. CATEGORY 7: WAMS-BASED DYNAMIC/STABILITY
MONITORING AND PREDICTION

Todays SCADA systems are neither fast enough to track

dynamic events nor capable to monitor key stability indicators
such as phase angles. Besides, computation of phase angles
with SE algorithms is a time consuming process and is
executed every several minutes. Since the advent of WAMS
infrastructure, its salient feature in furnishing control centers
VOLUME 2, 2014

F. Aminifar et al.: SMT in Power Systems

with real-time dynamic situational awareness has remarkably

advanced the power system frequency/voltage stability monitoring and prediction. Real-world evidences and laboratorybased platforms have, thus far, confirmed such expected
advancements [331][340]; nonetheless, undergoing research
and development activities around the world would lead to
forthcoming supplementary advancements and achievements.
Primary research in this is focused on the application of
PMU data in determining whether an evolving event will
eventually be stable or unstable. Most of the transient stability assessment techniques, while simple in off-line applications, are too complicated for real-time uses. Decision
trees, as a type of classifier that can be constructed off-line
from a training set of examples, were used to classify
a transient swing as either stable or unstable on the
basis of real-time PMU data [341][343]. Moreover,
similar efforts were conducted based on the largest
windowed Lyapunov exponent index [344], [345], clustering
estimation integration along with a reduced-order modeling [344], [346], decoupled PQ integration [347], artificial
neural networks (ANN) [348], fuzzy neural networks [349],
ball-on-concave-surface mechanics system [288], support
vector machine classifier [350], [351], unscented
Kalman filter [351], and derivative of total angle separation
index [277].
Historically, power system operations have been challenged by stability margins, and dynamic stability (security)
assessment has been a vital function for operation centers.
Application of PMU data in this context was widely investigated and various practical experiences across the world
demonstrated its effectiveness and worth. Among pioneer
works was the use of a time-frequency-based approach
to classify the contingencies with respect to the loss of
voltage or frequency stability [353]. Other research on the
analysis, discrimination, interpretation, and visualization
of wide-area PMU measurements suited for dynamic phenomena was conducted through various methods including
the numerical algorithm for subspace state space system
identification [354], recursive adaptive stochastic subspace identification [355], Hilbert technique [356], energy
function method [357], empirical mode decomposition
approach [358], [359], hybrid DFT, finite-impulse response,
prototype algorithm, and least-square error methods [360],
decision trees [361][365], regression analysis [366], autoregressive moving average model [367], correlation and
autocorrelation functions analysis [368], [369], correlation
and partitioning around medoid clustering [370], regularized robust recursive least squares method [371], wavelet
shrinkage analysis [359], adaptive sampling Prony analysis [372], a model-based approach suited for unbalanced
power systems [373], and a characteristic ellipsoid technique [374]. As a crucial function, monitoring of inter-area
oscillations through the real-time PMU data and estimation of oscillation and damping characteristics were broadly
investigated as well [375][383]. Identification of dominant inter-area oscillation paths is another rigorous task
VOLUME 2, 2014

which can be simply executed from ambient measurement of

PMUs [327], [384].
Determination of security regions requires computational
efforts which grow dramatically with the number of critical
parameters to be evaluated. This difficulty could be tackled by
advanced boundary search methods based on PMU information [385]. The generator coherency determination in an interarea oscillation, which is based on the estimation of generator
rotor angle and speed variables [386], [387], was suited for
online applications based on WAMS infrastructure [388].
Additionally, voltage across an area of a network is a notion
to capture synchrophasor measurements at the border buses
and is used to monitor area stress and whether line trips occur
or not [389].
Voltage instability, caused by either an unexpected raise
in the load level or a loss of an important transmission line
or generator, has been concerned for many decades as the
origin of several collapses in many countries. The majority of
techniques developed for voltage security monitoring (VSM)
were usually computationally cumbersome for on-line applications. However, real-time PMU-data realized the on-line
VSM techniques, which were mostly based on the artificial
intelligence methods such as fuzzy neural networks [390].
It was also discovered that the voltage stability margins
derived on the basis of a constant-power load may be pessimistic for the systems with mixed load types including the
voltage-sensitive loads. For such situations, the wide-area
PMU data showed that voltage phasors contain enough information to detect the voltage stability margin directly from
their measurements [381], [391][396]. Further research
activities were also dedicated to this area, including the
application of Tellegens theorem to determine Thevenins
parameters [397], decision trees [342], [398], [399], algebraic
modeling of the system trajectory [400], [401], ANNs [402],
and a network decoupling transformation [403].
One of essential tools for network security monitoring is
the N 1 contingency analysis. The associated results help
system operators specify whether or not the power system
will remain intact at the event of single-order contingencies.
In case of any probable violation, the operator needs to apply
a set of preventive actions such as generation re-dispatch.
Resulted by computational burden of repeated power flow
studies, contingency analysis is usually fulfilled through
linear-sensitivity distribution factors (DFs), such as injection
shift factors, power transfer distribution factors, and line outage distribution factors. Conventionally, DFs are computed by
model-based approaches and might not absolutely correspond
to the system real situations. Instead, wide-area PMU data
actualize near real-time computation of adaptive DFs [404].
IX. CATEGORY 8: WAMS-BASED CONTROL STRATEGIES

Succeeding monitoring, trending, and prediction of transient, dynamic, and voltage stability metrics, proper control and remedial actions are to be taken in time for
preserving the power system security and averting major
supply interruptions. PMU measurements are instantaneous
1615

F. Aminifar et al.: SMT in Power Systems

and have a high resolution; hence, they can be used to

take local/centralized corrective/preventive control actions
for transient, dynamic, and voltage stability, as well as
thermal constraints [405][407]. It is worth noting that the
standard message format of PMU and PDC data, described
in the IEEE standard C37.118, has a command type which
can convey the control signals toward the PMU locations.
This category has the least mature suite of applications and
presently very few WAMS-based control applications are in
use. Any malfunction of automated controls could produce
unintended consequences for grid operations. Prosperous
deployments of these controls require rigorous control system
engineering with approved robustness under a variety of
operating conditions, controller tuning and testing, controller
self-diagnostics, etc. However, with the enduring research
and development activities, the deployment of WAMS-based
controls on a wider scale is anticipated in the near future.
Comprehensive simulation platforms, such as secure operation of sustainable power systems which offers real-time
simulations in closed-loop, are essentially requested for
hastening the validation process of wide-area applications
[408]. One practical challenge, which has been ignored in
majority of research activities, belongs to the signal latencies
in the wide-area control. This attribute can degrade or even
deteriorate the performance of control systems and has to be
accounted for in studies and implementations.
For a long time, it was well perceived that quick measurements in the early stage of a disturbance would estimate
its behind transient energy, and a quick control action, e.g.,
generation dropping or switching, could counteract the disturbance and stabilize the system. Primary research revealed
that the transient energy could be quantified through PMU
measurements for activating control actions [409], [410].
Applying wide-area PMU measurements to solve special dynamic stability problems is very intricate. In the
last decade, an extensive research body was dedicated to
this context. Developing a decentralized/hierarchical control
approach with significant advantages of reliability and flexibility for inter-area oscillatory modes was among the pioneers [411]. Improving power system dynamic performance
was also testified by means of WAMS-based controllers of
automatic voltage regulators (AVRs) [107], [412], power
system stabilizers (PSSs) [413], high-voltage DC (HVDC)
transmission lines [414][417] FACTS devices [418][424],
energy storage devices [413], [417], [423], [424], variablespeed wind farms [425], or doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) wind farms [426]. Some research efforts were
dedicated for designing control systems compensating for the
communication limited bandwidth and latencies in feedback
and command signals [415], [422], [427][435]. Wide-area
power system damping controllers resilient to communication
failures have also been researched and effectively accomplished [436], [437].
In terms of voltage security control, the PMU data was
utilized and revealed a great enhancement in steering the
power system away from the critical points of the voltage
1616

collapse [438]. This vital task was done by activation

of available reactive-power reserves [391], [439], freezing
of tap changers [391], adjusting shunt power electronic
devices such as SVCs and active/hybrid filters [440], or
integrating dynamic voltage restorers [441]. With the raising
interest to deploy PMU devices in the future distribution
networks, the volt/var control of feeders would be
accordingly heightened [442].
Another achievement in the field of WAMS-based control
is related to the virtual synchronous islanded operation of an
isolated grid while it is not electrically connected to the main
network [443][446]. Since the island is held in synchronism,
its reconnection to the main system can be performed at any
time with minimum transient effects and with no potential
out-of-synchronism damages.
Following to any power system black or brownout, the
restoration strategies should be taken in use whose main
objective is to maximize the restored demand in the shortest
period of time. Three different stages of restoration efforts
are conceived as black-start of generating units, network
reenergizing, and load restoration. SMT can be of a great
assistance in either of above stages by accelerating the processes, optimizing the paths, and limiting unsuccessful tries.
A sectionalizing method for the build-up strategy in power
system restoration is among effective solutions in which each
island is preserved fully observable by means of PMU measurements [447]. The amount of restorable load is essential
in the proper design of the restoration process and sequences.
This task can be promisingly conducted by the access to
WAMS data [448]. It should be also noted that due to the
limited number of switching devices, the restorable load
has a discrete nature and this feature should be necessarily
accounted for in the load restoration processes.
X. CATEGORY 9: WAMS-BASED PROTECTION SCHEMES

Recent operational challenges imposed on transmission networks, raised by the restructuring, the intermittent renewable
energy resources, series compensation, and highly loaded
transmission systems, dictate an evolution in system and
component protection wisdoms. The advent of SMT along
with computer-based relaying proposed another dimension,
namely protection, to the field of WAMS-based applications. Special protection schemes (SPSs), remedial action
schemes, and modern adaptive protection algorithms were
proposed as direct consequences of integration of communication and protection systems [449], [450]. PMU measurements led to the enhancement of dependability and security of the traditional protection methods, development of
adaptive auto reclosing schemes [451], as well as protection
schemes based on data-mining [452]. It was also argued that
backup protection systems with only local measurements can
malfunction when the system is highly stressed, and widearea PMU data can significantly promote their performances
[453][456]. Additionally, the real-time design and operation
of system intentional islanding in the face of a potential
cascade was realized with the help of PMU data [457][459].
VOLUME 2, 2014

F. Aminifar et al.: SMT in Power Systems

To counteract the system instability, splitting the system into

islands is an effective remedial action scheme (RAS) enabled
by wide-area synchrophasor data [348]. It has to be emphasized that the most critical barrier against implementation of
many theoretically-proven protection algorithms is the signaling latency whose trend is continuously lessening with the
advancements in communication and processing technologies
and deployment of dedicated communication media.
Early efforts for applying PMU data in the field of
power system protection regarded the development of adaptive out-of-step relaying to make the relay blocking and
tripping settings more attuned to the prevailing system
conditions [460], [461]. Further research extended the
PMU-based protection paradigm for the distance protection [462][464], the current differential protection of
multi-terminal and series-compensated lines [465][467], the
precise discrimination of in-zone or out-of-zone faults [468],
and the overhead line protection accounting for the arc resistance [469]. Also, PMU data enhanced the fault type detection
by means of the parameter fitting method or ANNs [14].
Load shedding at particular load buses is recognized
as the last but effective resort in sustaining the system
continuity after a frequency, angular, or voltage instability threat [391], [470]. Two major load shedding schemes
are based on under-frequency and under-voltage criteria.
Traditionally, these schemes are designed and operate independently from each other. Due to intrinsic coupling of frequency and voltage anomalies and their probable coincidence,
it however makes more sense to have an integrated scheme
for voltage and frequency load shedding. PMU data from
different areas of a power system are helpful in the adaptive
integrated frequency and voltage load shedding scheme [471],
[472].
Although deployment of PMU devices in distribution
systems, because of very close phase angles in a given distribution network, does make less sense, their capability in synchronized measurements and calculation of signal harmonic
contents resulted in some research efforts. The development
of PMU-based adaptive protection schemes for distribution
systems with high penetration of distributed generation has
demonstrated satisfactory outcomes [473].
XI. CONCLUSIONS

This paper presents a comprehensive survey on the subject

of SMT and its relevant issues and applications. Since the
presence of omissions is bound to be there, the authors would
like to apologize for any errors or omissions and hope that
additional references will be advanced as discussion to this
paper. This bibliography illuminates the current engineering
wisdom pertaining to advanced sets of PMU and WAMS
applications. Presently, a clear consensus is heading toward
the WAMS-based dynamic/stability monitoring, trending and
prediction, automated control strategies, and wide-area special protection schemes. Such advancements will provide the
tools for monitoring, protection, and control of emerging
modern power systems in the smart grid paradigm.
VOLUME 2, 2014

REFERENCES
[1] A. G. Phadke, J. S. Thorp, and M. G. Adamiak, A new measurement
technique for tracking voltage phasors, local system frequency, and rate
of change of frequency, IEEE Trans. Power App. Syst., vol. PAS-102,
no. 5, pp. 10251038, May 1983.
[2] M. M. Begovic, P. M. Djuric, S. Dunlap, and A. G. Phadke, Frequency
tracking in power networks in the presence of harmonics, IEEE Trans.
Power Del., vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 480486, Apr. 1993.
[3] T. Lobos and J. Rezmer, Real-time determination of power system
frequency, IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas., vol. 46, no. 4, pp. 877881,
Aug. 1997.
[4] R. Agha Zadeh, A. Ghosh, G. Ledwich, and F. Zare, Analysis of phasor measurement method in tracking the power frequency of distorted
signals, IET Generat., Transmiss. Distrib., vol. 4, no. 7, pp. 759769,
Jul. 2010.
[5] P. Romano and M. Paolone, Enhanced interpolated-DFT for synchrophasor estimation in FPGAs: Theory, implementation, and validation
of a PMU prototype, IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas., vol. 63, no. 12,
pp. 28242836, Dec. 2014.
[6] H. C. Wood, N. G. Johnson, and M. S. Sachdev, Kalman filtering applied
to power system measurements relaying, IEEE Trans. Power App. Syst.,
vol. PAS-104, no. 12, pp. 35653573, Dec. 1985.
[7] A. A. Girgis and W. L. Peterson, Adaptive estimation of power system
frequency deviation and its rate of change for calculating sudden power
system overloads, IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 585594,
Apr. 1990.
[8] V. Eckhardt, P. Hippe, and G. Hosemann, Dynamic measuring of frequency and frequency oscillations in multiphase power systems, IEEE
Trans. Power Del., vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 95102, Jan. 1989.
[9] R. W. Menzies and G. B. Mazur, Advances in the determination of
control parameters for static compensators, IEEE Trans. Power Del.,
vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 20122017, Oct. 1989.
[10] J. L. Pinto de Sa and L. Pedro, Modal Kalman filtering based impedance
relaying, IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 7884, Jan. 1991.
[11] I. Kamwa, M. Leclerc, and D. McNabb, Performance of demodulationbased frequency measurement algorithms used in typical PMUs, IEEE
Trans. Power Del., vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 505514, Apr. 2004.
[12] Z. Yao, Fundamental phasor calculation with short delay, IEEE Trans.
Power Del., vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 12801287, Jul. 2008.
[13] V. V. Terzija, N. B. Djuric, and B. D. Kovacevic, Voltage phasor and
local system frequency estimation using Newton type algorithm, IEEE
Trans. Power Del., vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 13681374, Jul. 1994.
[14] A. Poeltl and K. Frohlich, Two new methods for very fast fault type
detection by means of parameter fitting and artificial neural networks,
IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 14, no. 4, pp. 12691275, Oct. 1999.
[15] F. Badrkhani Ajaei, M. Sanaye-Pasand, M. Davarpanah, A. Rezaei-Zare,
and R. Iravani, Compensation of the current-transformer saturation
effects for digital relays, IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 26, no. 4,
pp. 25312540, Oct. 2011.
[16] D. Dotta and J. H. Chow, Second harmonic filtering in phasor measurement estimation, IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 12401241,
Apr. 2013.
[17] T. Routtenberg and L. Tong, Joint frequency and phasor estimation
under the KCL constraint, IEEE Signal Process. Lett., vol. 20, no. 6,
pp. 575578, Jun. 2013.
[18] R. K. Mai, Z. Y. He, L. Fu, B. Kirby, and Z. Q. Bo, A dynamic
synchrophasor estimation algorithm for online application, IEEE Trans.
Power Del., vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 570578, Apr. 2010.
[19] J. A. de la O Serna, Synchrophasor estimation using Pronys method,
IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas., vol. 62, no. 8, pp. 21192128, Aug. 2013.
[20] T. T. Nguyen and X. J. Li, Application of a z-transform signal model and
median filtering for power system frequency and phasor measurements,
IET Generat., Transmiss. Distrib., vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 7279, Jan. 2007.
[21] I. Kamwa, R. Grondin, V. K. Sood, C. Gagnon, V. T. Nguyen, and
J. Mereb, Recurrent neural networks for phasor detection and adaptive
identification in power system control and protection, IEEE Trans.
Instrum. Meas., vol. 45, no. 2, pp. 657664, Apr. 1996.
[22] I. Sadinezhad and V. G. Agelidis, Slow sampling online optimization
approach to estimate power system frequency, IEEE Trans. Smart Grid,
vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 265277, Jun. 2011.
[23] M. Karimi-Ghartemani, B.-T. Ooi, and A. Bakhshai, Application of
enhanced phase-locked loop system to the computation of synchrophasors, IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 2232, Jan. 2011.
1617

F. Aminifar et al.: SMT in Power Systems

[24] P. K. Dash, K. R. Krishnanand, and M. Padhee, Fast recursive

GaussNewton adaptive filter for the estimation of power system frequency and harmonics in a noisy environment, IET Generat., Transmiss.
Distrib., vol. 5, no. 12, pp. 12771289, Dec. 2011.
[25] P. K. Dash and S. Hasan, A fast recursive algorithm for the estimation
of frequency, amplitude, and phase of noisy sinusoid, IEEE Trans. Ind.
Electron., vol. 58, no. 10, pp. 48474856, Oct. 2011.
[26] J. A. de la O, H. J. Altuve, and I. Diaz, A new digital filter for phasor
computation. I. Theory [power system protection], IEEE Trans. Power
Syst., vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 10261031, Aug. 1998.
[27] H. J. Altuve, I. Diaz, and J. A. de la O, A new digital filter for phasor
computation. II. Evaluation [power system protection], IEEE Trans.
Power Syst., vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 10321037, Aug. 1998.
[28] J. A. de la O, New family of digital filters for phasor computation, IEEE
Trans. Power Del., vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 8691, Jan. 2000.
[29] J. A. de la O Serna and K. E. Martin, Improving phasor measurements
under power system oscillations, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 18, no. 1,
pp. 160166, Feb. 2003.
[30] J. A. de la O Serna, Reducing the delay of phasor estimates under
power system oscillations, IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas., vol. 56, no. 6,
pp. 22712278, Dec. 2007.
[31] T. Lin and A. Domijan, Recursive algorithm for real-time measurement
of electrical variables in power systems, IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 21,
no. 1, pp. 1522, Jan. 2006.
[32] T. Lin and A. D. Jun, Novel complex filter with recursive algorithm
for phasor computation in power-quality monitoring, IET Generat.,
Transmiss. Distrib., vol. 153, no. 3, pp. 283290, May 2006.
[33] M. D. Kusljevic, Adaptive resonator-based method for power system
harmonic analysis, IET Sci., Meas. Technol., vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 177185,
May 2008.
[34] I. Kamwa, A. K. Pradhan, and G. Joos, Adaptive phasor and frequencytracking schemes for wide-area protection and control, IEEE Trans.
Power Del., vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 744753, Apr. 2011.
[35] J. A. de la O Serna and J. Rodrguez-Maldonado, Instantaneous oscillating phasor estimates with Taylor K -Kalman filters, IEEE Trans. Power
Syst., vol. 26, no. 4, pp. 23362344, Nov. 2011.
[36] J. A. de la O Serna and J. Rodrguez-Maldonado, TaylorKalman
Fourier filters for instantaneous oscillating phasor and harmonic estimates, IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas., vol. 61, no. 4, pp. 941951,
Apr. 2012.
[37] J. K. Hwang and P. N. Markham, Power system frequency estimation
by reduction of noise using three digital filters, IEEE Trans. Instrum.
Meas., vol. 63, no. 2, pp. 402409, Feb. 2014.
[38] I. Kamwa, S. R. Samantaray, and G. Joos, Wide frequency range adaptive phasor and frequency PMU algorithms, IEEE Trans. Smart Grid,
vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 569579, Mar. 2014.
[39] J. K. Hwang, Reduction of noise in measurements of phasor angles
by using two digital filters, IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 29, no. 1,
pp. 5260, Feb. 2004.
[40] J.-Z. Yang and C.-W. Liu, A precise calculation of power system frequency and phasor, IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 494499,
Apr. 2000.
[41] J.-Z. Yang and C.-W. Liu, A precise calculation of power system frequency, IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 361366, Jul. 2001.
[42] D. Fan and V. Centeno, Phasor-based synchronized frequency measurement in power systems, IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 22, no. 4,
pp. 20102016, Oct. 2007.
[43] P. Zhang, H. Xue, and R. Yang, Shifting window average method for
accurate frequency measurement in power systems, IEEE Trans. Power
Del., vol. 26, no. 4, pp. 28872889, Oct. 2011.
[44] P. Zhang, H. Xue, R. Yang, and J. Zhang, Shifting window average
method for phasor measurement at offnominal frequencies, IEEE Trans.
Power Del., vol. 29, no. 3, pp. 10631073, Jun. 2004.
[45] M. Akke and J. S. Thorp, Sample value adjustment improves phasor
estimation at off-nominal frequencies, IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 25,
no. 4, pp. 22552263, Oct. 2010.
[46] C.-S. Yu, A discrete Fourier transform-based adaptive mimic phasor
estimator for distance relaying applications, IEEE Trans. Power Del.,
vol. 21, no. 4, pp. 18361846, Oct. 2006.
[47] M. R. Dadash Zadeh and Z. Zhang, A new DFT-based current phasor
estimation for numerical protective relaying, IEEE Trans. Power Del.,
vol. 28, no. 4, pp. 21722179, Oct. 2013.
1618

[48] A. Rahmati and R. Adhami, An accurate filtering technique to mitigate

transient decaying DC offset, IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 29, no. 2,
pp. 966968, Apr. 2014.
[49] R. K. Mai, L. Fu, Z. Y. Dong, B. Kirby, and Z. Q. Bo, An adaptive
dynamic phasor estimator considering DC offset for PMU applications,
IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 26, no. 3, pp. 17441754, Jul. 2011.
[50] S.-R. Nam, J.-Y. Park, S.-H. Kang, and M. Kezunovic, Phasor estimation
in the presence of DC offset and CT saturation, IEEE Trans. Power Del.,
vol. 24, no. 4, pp. 18421849, Oct. 2009.
[51] Z. Jiang, S. Miao, and P. Liu, A modified empirical mode decomposition
filtering-based adaptive phasor estimation algorithm for removal of exponentially decaying DC offset, IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 29, no. 3,
pp. 13261334, Jun. 2014.
[52] R. K. Mai, L. Fu, Z. Y. Dong, K. P. Wong, Z. Q. Bo, and H. B. Xu,
Dynamic phasor and frequency estimators considering decaying DC
components, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 27, no. 2, pp. 671681,
May 2012.
[53] R. Rubeena, M. R. D. Zadeh, and T. P. S. Bains, An accurate offline
phasor estimation for fault location in series-compensated lines, IEEE
Trans. Power Del., vol. 29, no. 2, pp. 876883, Apr. 2014.
[54] J. A. de la O Serna, Phasor estimation from phasorlets, IEEE Trans.
Instrum. Meas., vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 134143, Feb. 2005.
[55] J. A. de la O Serna, Reducing the error in phasor estimates from
phasorlets in fault voltage and current signals, IEEE Trans. Instrum.
Meas., vol. 56, no. 3, pp. 856866, Jun. 2007.
[56] J. Ren and M. Kezunovic, Real-time power system frequency and phasors estimation using recursive wavelet transform, IEEE Trans. Power
Del., vol. 26, no. 3, pp. 13921402, Jul. 2011.
[57] J. Ren and M. Kezunovic, An adaptive phasor estimator for power system waveforms containing transients, IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 27,
no. 2, pp. 735745, Apr. 2012.
[58] J. A. de la Serna, Dynamic phasor estimates for power system oscillations, IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas., vol. 56, no. 5, pp. 16481657,
Oct. 2007.
[59] W. Premerlani, B. Kasztenny, and M. Adamiak, Development and
implementation of a synchrophasor estimator capable of measurements
under dynamic conditions, IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 23, no. 1,
pp. 109123, Jan. 2008.
[60] F. Badrkhani Ajaei, M. Sanaye-Pasand, M. Davarpanah, A. Rezaei-Zare,
and R. Iravani, Mitigating the impacts of CCVT subsidence transients on
the distance relay, IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 27, no. 2, pp. 497505,
Apr. 2012.
[61] S. Das and T. Sidhu, A simple synchrophasor estimation algorithm considering IEEE standard C37.118.1-2011 and protection requirements,
IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas., vol. 62, no. 10, pp. 27042715, Oct. 2013.
[62] M. A. Platas-Garza and J. A. de la O Serna, Dynamic phasor and
frequency estimates through maximally flat differentiators, IEEE Trans.
Instrum. Meas., vol. 59, no. 7, pp. 18031811, Jul. 2010.
[63] A. T. Muoz and J. A. de la O Serna, Shanks method for dynamic phasor
estimation, IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas., vol. 57, no. 4, pp. 813819,
Apr. 2008.
[64] R. K. Mai, Z. Y. He, L. Fu, W. He, and Z. Q. Bo, Dynamic phasor
and frequency estimator for phasor measurement units, IET Generat.,
Transmiss. Distrib., vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 7383, Jan. 2010.
[65] P. Banerjee and S. C. Srivastava, A subspace-based dynamic phasor
estimator for synchrophasor application, IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas.,
vol. 61, no. 9, pp. 24362445, Sep. 2012.
[66] J. C.-H. Peng and N. C. Nair, Enhancing Kalman filter for tracking ringdown electromechanical oscillations, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 27,
no. 2, pp. 10421050, May 2012.
[67] H. Xue, D. Song, and R. Yang, Consecutive DFT method for instantaneous oscillating phasor measurement, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 28,
no. 4, pp. 46344644, Nov. 2013.
[68] A. J. Roscoe, I. F. Abdulhadi, and G. M. Burt, P and M class phasor measurement unit algorithms using adaptive cascaded filters, IEEE Trans.
Power Del., vol. 28, no. 3, pp. 14471459, Jul. 2013.
[69] P. Castello, J. Liu, C. Muscas, P. A. Pegoraro, F. Ponci, and A. Monti,
A fast and accurate PMU algorithm for P+M class measurement of
synchrophasor and frequency, IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas., vol. 63,
no. 12, pp. 28372845, Dec. 2014.
[70] M. A. Platas-Garza and J. A. de la O Serna, Polynomial implementation
of the TaylorFourier transform for harmonic analysis, IEEE Trans.
Instrum. Meas., vol. 63, no. 12, pp. 28462854, Dec. 2014.
VOLUME 2, 2014

F. Aminifar et al.: SMT in Power Systems

[71] D. Petri, D. Fontanelli, and D. Macii, A frequency-domain algorithm for

dynamic synchrophasor and frequency estimation, IEEE Trans. Instrum.
Meas., vol. 63, no. 10, pp. 23302340, Oct. 2014.
[72] L. F. Sanchez-Gomez and J. A. de la O Serna, Dynamic phasor estimates
under the Bellmans principle of optimality: The Taylor-LQG-Fourier
filters, IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas., vol. 62, no. 12, pp. 31373147,
Dec. 2013.
[73] T. Xia and Y. Liu, Single-phase phase angle measurements in electric
power systems, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 844852,
May 2010.
[74] J. Nutaro and V. Protopopescu, Calculating frequency at loads in simulations of electro-mechanical transients, IEEE Trans. Smart Grid, vol. 3,
no. 1, pp. 233240, Mar. 2012.
[75] D. Dotta, J. H. Chow, and D. B. Bertagnolli, A teaching tool for phasor measurement estimation, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 29, no. 4,
pp. 19811988, Jul. 2014.
[76] A. Carta, N. Locci, C. Muscas, and S. Sulis, A flexible GPS-based
system for synchronized phasor measurement in electric distribution networks, IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas., vol. 57, no. 11, pp. 24502456,
Nov. 2008.
[77] A. Carta, N. Locci, and C. Muscas, GPS-based system for the measurement of synchronized harmonic phasors, IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas.,
vol. 58, no. 3, pp. 586593, Mar. 2009.
[78] R. Malpani, Z. Abbas, and K. S. Swarup, High precision frequency
estimation using internet-based phasor measurement unit, IEEE Trans.
Power Syst., vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 607614, May 2010.
[79] I. Kamwa, S. R. Samantaray, and G. Jos, On the accuracy versus transparency trade-off of data-mining models for fast-response
PMU-based catastrophe predictors, IEEE Trans. Smart Grid, vol. 3,
no. 1, pp. 152161, Mar. 2012.
[80] G. V. de Andrade, S. R. Naidu, M. Neri, and E. G. da Costa, Estimation
of the utilitys and consumers contribution to harmonic distortion, IEEE
Trans. Instrum. Meas., vol. 58, no. 11, pp. 38173823, Nov. 2009.
[81] A. Carta, N. Locci, and C. Muscas, A PMU for the measurement of
synchronized harmonic phasors in three-phase distribution networks,
IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas., vol. 58, no. 10, pp. 37233730, Oct. 2009.
[82] M. A. Donolo, V. A. Centeno, and Y. Liu, Improving frequency measurements: Switching loads, IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 21, no. 4,
pp. 18031808, Oct. 2006.
[83] M. A. Platas-Garza and J. A. de la O Serna, Dynamic harmonic analysis
through TaylorFourier transform, IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas., vol. 60,
no. 3, pp. 804813, Mar. 2011.
[84] M. Chakir, I. Kamwa, and H. Le Huy, Extended C37.118.1 PMU algorithms for joint tracking of fundamental and harmonic phasors in stressed
power systems and microgrids, IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 29, no. 3,
pp. 14651480, Jun. 2004.
[85] M. Bertocco, G. Frigo, C. Narduzzi, and F. Tramarin, Resolution
enhancement by compressive sensing in power quality and phasor measurement, IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas., vol. 63, no. 10, pp. 23582367,
Oct. 2014.
[86] IEEE Standard for Synchrophasers for Power Systems,
IEEE Standard 13441995(R2001), Mar. 2001.
[87] IEEE Standard for Synchrophasor Measurements for Power Systems,
IEEE Standard C37.118.12011, Dec. 2011.
[88] IEEE Standard for Synchrophasor Data Transfer for Power Systems,
IEEE Standard C37.118.22011, Dec. 2011.
[89] IEEE Standard for Synchrophasors for Power Systems,
IEEE Standard C37.1182005, Jun. 2005.
[90] K. E. Martin et al., IEEE standard for synchrophasors for power systems, IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 7377, Jan. 1998.
[91] K. E. Martin et al., Exploring the IEEE standard C37.118-2005 synchrophasors for power systems, IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 23, no. 4,
pp. 18051811, Oct. 2008.
[92] M. A. Donolo and V. A. Centeno, Accuracy limits for synchrophasor
measurements and the IEEE standard, IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 23,
no. 1, pp. 504505, Jan. 2008.
[93] K. E. Martin et al., An overview of the IEEE standard C37.118.2
Synchrophasor data transfer for power systems, IEEE Trans. Smart Grid,
vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 19801984, Jul. 2014.
[94] A. G. Phadke and B. Kasztenny, Synchronized phasor and frequency
measurement under transient conditions, IEEE Trans. Power Del.,
vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 8995, Jan. 2009.
VOLUME 2, 2014

[95] M. A. Donolo and V. A. Centeno, A fast quality assessment algorithm

for phasor measurements, IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 20, no. 4,
pp. 24072413, Oct. 2005.
[96] D. Macii, D. Petri, and A. Zorat, Accuracy analysis and enhancement of
DFT-based synchrophasor estimators in off-nominal conditions, IEEE
Trans. Instrum. Meas., vol. 61, no. 10, pp. 26532664, Oct. 2012.
[97] P. Castello, M. Lixia, C. Muscas, and P. A. Pegoraro, Impact of the model
on the accuracy of synchrophasor measurement, IEEE Trans. Instrum.
Meas., vol. 61, no. 8, pp. 21792188, Aug. 2012.
[98] D. Belega and D. Petri, Accuracy analysis of the multicycle synchrophasor estimator provided by the interpolated DFT algorithm, IEEE Trans.
Instrum. Meas., vol. 62, no. 5, pp. 942953, May 2013.
[99] A. J. Roscoe, Exploring the relative performance of frequency-tracking
and fixed-filter phasor measurement unit algorithms under C37.118 test
procedures, the effects of interharmonics, and initial attempts at merging
P-class response with M-class filtering, IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas.,
vol. 62, no. 8, pp. 21402153, Aug. 2013.
[100] G. Barchi, D. Macii, D. Belega, and D. Petri, Performance of synchrophasor estimators in transient conditions: A comparative analysis,
IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas., vol. 62, no. 9, pp. 24102418, Sep. 2013.
[101] U. Pogliano, J. Braun, B. Voljc, and R. Lapuh, Software platform for
PMU algorithm testing, IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas., vol. 62, no. 6,
pp. 14001406, Jun. 2013.
[102] G. Barchi, D. Macii, and D. Petri, Synchrophasor estimators accuracy:
A comparative analysis, IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas., vol. 62, no. 5,
pp. 963973, May 2013.
[103] H. Liu, T. Bi, and Q. Yang, The evaluation of phasor measurement
units and their dynamic behavior analysis, IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas.,
vol. 62, no. 6, pp. 14791485, Jun. 2013.
[104] D. Belega, D. Macii, and D. Petri, Fast synchrophasor estimation by
means of frequency-domain and time-domain algorithms, IEEE Trans.
Instrum. Meas., vol. 63, no. 2, pp. 388401, Feb. 2014.
[105] D. R. Gurusinghe, A. D. Rajapakse, and K. Narendra, Testing and
enhancement of the dynamic performance of a phasor measurement unit,
IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 29, no. 4, pp. 15511560, Aug. 2004.
[106] S. Das and T. Sidhu, Detecting synchrophasors computed over
fault/switching transients, IET Generat., Transmiss. Distrib., vol. 8,
no. 9, pp. 16161625, Sep. 2014.
[107] I. Kamwa, S. R. Samantaray, and G. Joos, Compliance analysis of
PMU algorithms and devices for wide-area stabilizing control of large
power systems, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 17661778,
May 2013.
[108] Q. Zhang, V. Vittal, G. T. Heydt, N. Logic, and S. Sturgill, The integrated
calibration of synchronized phasor measurement data in power transmission systems, IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 26, no. 4, pp. 25732581,
Oct. 2011.
[109] Y.-H. Tang, G. N. Stenbakken, and A. Goldstein, Calibration of phasor
measurement unit at NIST, IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas., vol. 62, no. 6,
pp. 14171422, Jun. 2013.
[110] R. E. Wilson and P. S. Sterlina, Verification of measured transmission system phase angles, IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 11, no. 4,
pp. 17431747, Oct. 1996.
[111] R. E. Wilson, PMUs [phasor measurement unit], IEEE Potentials,
vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 2628, Apr. 1994.
[112] IEEE Guide for Synchronization, Calibration, Testing, and Installation
of Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs) for Power System Protection and
Control, IEEE Standard C37.2422013, Mar. 2013.
[113] IEEE Guide for Phasor Data Concentrator Requirements for Power
System Protection, Control, and Monitoring, IEEE Standard
C37.2442013., Mar. 2013.
[114] P. Castello, P. Ferrari, A. Flammini, C. Muscas, and S. Rinaldi, A new
IED with PMU functionalities for electrical substations, IEEE Trans.
Instrum. Meas., vol. 62, no. 12, pp. 32093217, Dec. 2013.
[115] T. Atalik et al., Multipurpose platform for power system monitoring
and analysis with sample grid applications, IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas.,
vol. 63, no. 3, pp. 566582, Mar. 2014.
[116] D. M. Laverty, R. J. Best, P. Brogan, I. Al Khatib, L. Vanfretti, and
D. J. Morrow, The OpenPMU platform for open-source phasor measurements, IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas., vol. 62, no. 4, pp. 701709,
Apr. 2013.
[117] F. Aminifar, S. Bagheri-Shouraki, M. Fotuhi-Firuzabad, and M. Shahidehpour, Reliability modeling of PMUs using fuzzy sets, IEEE Trans.
Power Del., vol. 25, no. 4, pp. 23842391, Oct. 2010.
1619

F. Aminifar et al.: SMT in Power Systems

[118] Y. Wang, W. Li, P. Zhang, B. Wang, and J. Lu, Reliability analysis

of phasor measurement unit considering data uncertainty, IEEE Trans.
Power Syst., vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 15031510, Aug. 2012.
[119] P. Zhang and K. W. Chan, Reliability evaluation of phasor measurement
unit using Monte Carlo dynamic fault tree method, IEEE Trans. Smart
Grid, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 12351243, Sep. 2012.
[120] R. J. Albuquerque and V. L. Paucar, Evaluation of the PMUs measurement channels availability for observability analysis, IEEE Trans. Power
Syst., vol. 28, no. 3, pp. 25362544, Aug. 2013.
[121] C. Murthy, A. Mishra, D. Ghosh, D. S. Roy, and D. K. Mohanta,
Reliability analysis of phasor measurement unit using hidden
Markov model, IEEE Syst. J., vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 12931301, Dec. 2014.
[122] C. Murthy, K. A. Varma, D. S. Roy, and D. K. Mohanta, Reliability
evaluation of phasor measurement unit using type-2 fuzzy set theory,
IEEE Syst. J., vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 13021309, Dec. 2014.
[123] X. Jiang, J. Zhang, B. J. Harding, J. J. Makela, and
A. D. Dominguez-Garcia, Spoofing GPS receiver clock offset of
phasor measurement units, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 28, no. 3,
pp. 32533262, Aug. 2013.
[124] Z. Zhang, S. Gong, A. D. Dimitrovski, and H. Li, Time synchronization
attack in smart grid: Impact and analysis, IEEE Trans. Smart Grid, vol. 4,
no. 1, pp. 8798, Mar. 2013.
[125] C. Bonebrake and L. R. ONeil, Attacks on GPS time reliability, IEEE
Security Privacy, vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 8284, May/Jun. 2014.
[126] F. Aminifar, M. Fotuhi-Firuzabad, M. Shahidehpour, and A. Safdarian,
Impact of WAMS malfunction on power system reliability assessment,
IEEE Trans. Smart Grid, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 13021309, Sep. 2012.
[127] P. Kansal and A. Bose, Bandwidth and latency requirements for smart
transmission grid applications, IEEE Trans. Smart Grid, vol. 3, no. 3,
pp. 13441352, Sep. 2012.
[128] D. Anderson, C. Zhao, C. H. Hauser, V. Venkatasubramanian,
D. E. Bakken, and A. Bose, Intelligent design real-time simulation for
smart grid control and communications design, IEEE Power Energy
Mag., vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 4957, Jan./Feb. 2012.
[129] D. Ghosh, T. Ghose, and D. K. Mohanta, Communication feasibility
analysis for smart grid with phasor measurement units, IEEE Trans. Ind.
Informat., vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 14861496, Aug. 2013.
[130] S. Das and T. Singh Sidhu, Application of compressive sampling in synchrophasor data communication in WAMS, IEEE Trans. Ind. Informat.,
vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 450460, Feb. 2014.
[131] A. G. Phadke et al., Synchronized sampling and phasor measurements for relaying and control, IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 9, no. 1,
pp. 442452, Jan. 1994.
[132] A. G. Phadke, Synchronized phasor measurements in power systems,
IEEE Comput. Appl. Power, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 1015, Apr. 1993.
[133] B. J. Cory and P. F. Gale, Satellites for power system applications,
Power Eng. J., vol. 7, no. 5, pp. 201207, Oct. 1993.
[134] T. W. Cease and B. Feldhaus, Real-time monitoring of the TVA power
system, IEEE Comput. Appl. Power, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 4751, Jul. 1994.
[135] B. Fardanesh, S. Zelingher, A. P. S. Meliopoulos, G. J. Cokkinides,
and J. Ingleson, Multifunctional synchronized measurement network
[power systems], IEEE Comput. Appl. Power, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 2630,
Jan. 1998.
[136] R. O. Burnett, Jr., M. M. Butts, and P. S. Sterlina, Power system applications for phasor measurement units, IEEE Comput. Appl. Power, vol. 7,
no. 1, pp. 813, Jan. 1994.
[137] A. Gomez-Exposito and A. Abur, Foreword for the special section on
synchrophasor applications in power systems, IEEE Trans. Power Syst.,
vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 19071909, May 2013.
[138] C. Dufour and J. Belanger, On the use of real-time simulation technology
in smart grid research and development, IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 50,
no. 6, pp. 39633970, Nov./Dec. 2014.
[139] G. T. Heydt, C. C. Liu, A. G. Phadke, and V. Vittal, Solution for the crisis
in electric power supply, IEEE Comput. Appl. Power, vol. 14, no. 3,
pp. 2230, Jul. 2001.
[140] D. Novosel, M. M. Begovic, and V. Madani, Shedding light on blackouts, IEEE Power Energy Mag., vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 3243, Jan./Feb. 2004.
[141] D. Karlsson, M. Hemmingsson, and S. Lindahl, Wide area system
monitoring and controlTerminology, phenomena, and solution implementation strategies, IEEE Power Energy Mag., vol. 2, no. 5, pp. 6876,
Sep./Oct. 2004.
[142] M. Zima, M. Larsson, P. Korba, C. Rehtanz, and G. Andersson, Design
aspects for wide-area monitoring and control systems, Proc. IEEE,
vol. 93, no. 5, pp. 980996, May 2005.
1620

[143] J. Thorp, A. Abur, M. Begovic, J. Giri, and R. Avila-Rosales, Gaining

a wider perspective, IEEE Power Energy Mag., vol. 6, no. 5, pp. 4351,
Sep./Oct. 2008.
[144] Y. W. Law, M. Palaniswami, G. Kounga, and A. Lo, WAKE: Key
management scheme for wide-area measurement systems in smart grid,
IEEE Commun. Mag., vol. 51, no. 1, pp. 3441, Jan. 2013.
[145] D. Novosel, V. Madani, B. Bhargava, K. Vu, and J. Cole, Dawn of the
grid synchronization, IEEE Power Energy Mag., vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 4960,
Jan./Feb. 2008.
[146] A. G. Phadke and R. M. de Moraes, The wide world of wide-area
measurement, IEEE Power Energy Mag., vol. 6, no. 5, pp. 5265,
Sep./Oct. 2008.
[147] J. Giri, D. Sun, and R. Avila-Rosales, Wanted: A more intelligent grid,
IEEE Power Energy Mag., vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 3440, Mar./Apr. 2009.
[148] R. B. Bobba et al., Enhancing grid measurements: Wide area measurement systems, NASPInet, and security, IEEE Power Energy Mag.,
vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 6773, Jan./Feb. 2012.
[149] E. Litvinov, X. Luo, M. Lelic, Y. Hu, B. Avramovic, and D. Novosel,
Developing technology road maps: A case study for synchophasor
deployment, IEEE Power Energy Mag., vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 97106,
Mar./Apr. 2014.
[150] X. Xie, Y. Xin, J. Xiao, J. Wu, and Y. Han, WAMS applications in
Chinese power systems, IEEE Power Energy Mag., vol. 4, no. 1,
pp. 5463, Jan./Feb. 2006.
[151] J. Kim et al., Study of the effectiveness of a Korean smart transmission
grid based on synchro-phasor data of K-WAMS, IEEE Trans. Smart
Grid, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 411418, Mar. 2013.
[152] D. Atanakovic, J. H. Clapauch, G. Dwernychuk, J. Gurney, and H. Lee,
First steps to wide area control, IEEE Power Energy Mag., vol. 6, no. 1,
pp. 6168, Jan./Feb. 2008.
[153] K. E. Martin and J. R. Carroll, Phasing in the technology, IEEE Power
Energy Mag., vol. 6, no. 5, pp. 2433, Sep./Oct. 2008.
[154] J. De La Ree, V. Centeno, J. S. Thorp, and A. G. Phadke, Synchronized
phasor measurement applications in power systems, IEEE Trans. Smart
Grid, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 2027, Jun. 2010.
[155] V. Terzija et al., Wide-area monitoring, protection, and control of
future electric power networks, Proc. IEEE, vol. 99, no. 1, pp. 8093,
Jan. 2011.
[156] J. Giri, M. Parashar, J. Trehern, and V. Madani, The situation room:
Control center analytics for enhanced situational awareness,
IEEE Power Energy Mag., vol. 10, no. 5, pp. 2439, Sep./Oct. 2010.
[157] A. Bose, Smart transmission grid applications and their supporting
infrastructure, IEEE Trans. Smart Grid, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 1119,
Jun. 2010.
[158] S. Horowitz, A. G. Phadke, and B. Renz, The future of power transmission, IEEE Power Energy Mag., vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 3440, Mar./Apr. 2010.
[159] A. Armenia and J. H. Chow, A flexible phasor data concentrator design
leveraging existing software technologies, IEEE Trans. Smart Grid,
vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 7381, Jun. 2010.
[160] Y.-J. Kim, M. Thottan, V. Kolesnikov, and W. Lee, A secure decentralized data-centric information infrastructure for smart grid, IEEE
Commun. Mag., vol. 48, no. 11, pp. 5865, Nov. 2010.
[161] C.-L. Chuang, Y.-C. Wang, C.-H. Lee, M.-Y. Liu, Y.-T. Hsiao, and
J.-A. Jiang, An adaptive routing algorithm over packet switching networks for operation monitoring of power transmission systems, IEEE
Trans. Power Del., vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 882890, Apr. 2010.
[162] M. D. Ili, L. Xie, U. A. Khan, and J. M. F. Moura, Modeling of future
cyberphysical energy systems for distributed sensing and control, IEEE
Trans. Syst., Man, Cybern. A, Syst., Humans, vol. 40, no. 4, pp. 825838,
Jul. 2010.
[163] B. Sikdar and J. H. Chow, Defending synchrophasor data networks
against traffic analysis attacks, IEEE Trans. Smart Grid, vol. 2, no. 4,
pp. 819826, Dec. 2011.
[164] T. T. Kim and H. V. Poor, Strategic protection against data injection attacks on power grids, IEEE Trans. Smart Grid, vol. 2, no. 2,
pp. 326333, Jun. 2011.
[165] M. Chenine and L. Nordstrm, Modeling and simulation of wide-area
communication for centralized PMU-based applications, IEEE Trans.
Power Del., vol. 26, no. 3, pp. 13721380, Jul. 2011.
[166] K. Zhu, M. Chenine, and L. Nordstrm, ICT architecture impact on wide
area monitoring and control systems reliability, IEEE Trans. Power
Del., vol. 26, no. 4, pp. 28012808, Oct. 2011.
VOLUME 2, 2014

F. Aminifar et al.: SMT in Power Systems

[167] M. Qiu, H. Su, M. Chen, Z. Ming, and L. T. Yang, Balance of security

strength and energy for a PMU monitoring system in smart grid, IEEE
Commun. Mag., vol. 50, no. 5, pp. 142149, May 2012.
[168] S. Cui, Z. Han, S. Kar, T. T. Kim, H. V. Poor, and A. Tajer, Coordinated
data-injection attack and detection in the smart grid: A detailed look at
enriching detection solutions, IEEE Signal Process. Mag., vol. 29, no. 5,
pp. 106115, Sep. 2012.
[169] C.-H. Lo and N. Ansari, The progressive smart grid system from
both power and communications aspects, IEEE Commun. Surveys Tuts.,
vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 799821, third quarter 2012.
[170] D.-H. Shin, S. He, and J. Zhang, Robust, secure, and cost-effective
design for cyber-physical systems, IEEE Intell. Syst., vol. 29, no. 1,
pp. 6669, Jan./Feb. 2014.
[171] Z. Zhong et al., Power system frequency monitoring network (FNET)
implementation, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 20, no. 4, pp. 19141921,
Nov. 2005.
[172] Y. Zhang et al., Wide-area frequency monitoring network (FNET)
architecture and applications, IEEE Trans. Smart Grid, vol. 1, no. 2,
pp. 159167, Sep. 2010.
[173] T. L. Baldwin, L. Mili, M. B. Boisen, Jr., and R. Adapa, Power system
observability with minimal phasor measurement placement, IEEE Trans.
Power Syst., vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 707715, May 1993.
[174] D. Dua, S. Dambhare, R. K. Gajbhiye, and S. A. Soman, Optimal multistage scheduling of PMU placement: An ILP approach, IEEE Trans.
Power Del., vol. 23, no. 4, pp. 18121820, Oct. 2008.
[175] F. J. Marin, F. Garcia-Lagos, G. Joya, and F. Sandoval, Genetic algorithms for optimal placement of phasor measurement units in electrical
networks, Electron. Lett., vol. 39, no. 19, pp. 14031405, Sep. 2003.
[176] N. M. Manousakis, G. N. Korres, and P. S. Georgilakis, Taxonomy of
PMU placement methodologies, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 27, no. 2,
pp. 10701077, May 2012.
[177] M. Shahraeini, M. S. Ghazizadeh, and M. H. Javidi, Co-optimal placement of measurement devices and their related communication infrastructure in wide area measurement systems, IEEE Trans. Smart Grid, vol. 3,
no. 2, pp. 684691, Jun. 2012.
[178] F. Aminifar, C. Lucas, A. Khodaei, and M. Fotuhi-Firuzabad, Optimal
placement of phasor measurement units using immunity genetic algorithm, IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 10141020, Jul. 2009.
[179] B. Gou, Optimal placement of PMUs by integer linear programming,
IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 15251526, Aug. 2008.
[180] R. Kavasseri and S. K. Sirnivasan, Joint placement of phasor and power
flow measurements for observability of power systems, IEEE Trans.
Power Syst., vol. 26, no. 4, pp. 19291936, Nov. 2011.
[181] R. Kavasseri and S. K. Srinivasan, Joint placement of phasor and conventional power flow measurements for fault observability of power systems, IET Generat., Transmiss. Distrib., vol. 5, no. 10, pp. 10191024,
Oct. 2011.
[182] N. M. Manousakis and G. N. Korres, A weighted least squares algorithm
for optimal PMU placement, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 28, no. 3,
pp. 34993500, Aug. 2013.
[183] N. C. Koutsoukis, N. M. Manousakis, P. S. Georgilakis, and G. N. Korres,
Numerical observability method for optimal phasor measurement
units placement using recursive Tabu search method, IET Generat.,
Transmiss. Distrib., vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 347356, Apr. 2013.
[184] S. Chakrabarti, E. Kyriakides, and D. G. Eliades, Placement of synchronized measurements for power system observability, IEEE Trans. Power
Del., vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 1219, Jan. 2009.
[185] B. Milosevic and M. Begovic, Nondominated sorting genetic algorithm
for optimal phasor measurement placement, IEEE Trans. Power Syst.,
vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 6975, Feb. 2003.
[186] S. M. Mazhari, H. Monsef, H. Lesani, and A. Fereidunian, A multiobjective PMU placement method considering measurement redundancy
and observability value under contingencies, IEEE Trans. Power Syst.,
vol. 28, no. 3, pp. 21362146, Aug. 2013.
[187] M. Esmaili, K. Gharani, and H. A. Shayanfar, Redundant observability PMU placement in the presence of flow measurements considering
contingencies, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 28, no. 4, pp. 37653773,
Nov. 2013.
[188] F. Aminifar, A. Khodaei, M. Fotuhi-Firuzabad, and M. Shahidehpour,
Contingency-constrained PMU placement in power networks, IEEE
Trans. Power Syst., vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 516523, Feb. 2010.
[189] S. Chakrabarti and E. Kyriakides, Optimal placement of phasor
measurement units for power system observability, IEEE Trans. Power
Syst., vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 14331440, Aug. 2008.
VOLUME 2, 2014

[190] N. H. Abbasy and H. M. Ismail, A unified approach for the optimal PMU
location for power system state estimation, IEEE Trans. Power Syst.,
vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 806813, May 2009.
[191] R. Emami and A. Abur, Robust measurement design by placing synchronized phasor measurements on network branches, IEEE Trans. Power
Syst., vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 3843, Feb. 2010.
[192] C. Rakpenthai, S. Premrudeepreechacharn, S. Uatrongjit, and
N. R. Watson, An optimal PMU placement method against measurement
loss and branch outage, IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 22, no. 1,
pp. 101107, Jan. 2007.
[193] S. Azizi, A. S. Dobakhshari, S. A. Nezam Sarmadi, and
A. M. Ranjbar, Optimal PMU placement by an equivalent linear
formulation for exhaustive search, IEEE Trans. Smart Grid, vol. 3,
no. 1, pp. 174182, Mar. 2012.
[194] S. Azizi, G. B. Gharehpetian, and A. S. Dobakhshari, Optimal integration of phasor measurement units in power systems considering
conventional measurements, IEEE Trans. Smart Grid, vol. 4, no. 2,
pp. 11131121, Jun. 2013.
[195] K. G. Firouzjah, A. Sheikholeslami, and T. Barforoushi, Reliability
improvement of power system observability with minimum phasor
measurement units, IET Generat., Transmiss. Distrib., vol. 7, no. 2,
pp. 118129, Feb. 2013.
[196] L. Huang, Y. Sun, J. Xu, W. Gao, J. Zhang, and Z. Wu, Optimal
PMU placement considering controlled islanding of power system, IEEE
Trans. Power Syst., vol. 29, no. 2, pp. 742755, Mar. 2014.
[197] K.-P. Lein, C.-W. Liu, C.-S. Yu, and J.-A. Jiang, Transmission network
fault location observability with minimal PMU placement, IEEE Trans.
Power Del., vol. 21, no. 3, pp. 11281136, Jul. 2006.
[198] J. Chen and A. Abur, Placement of PMUs to enable bad data detection in
state estimation, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 21, no. 4, pp. 16081615,
Nov. 2006.
[199] B. Gou and R. G. Kavasseri, Unified PMU placement for observability
and bad data detection in state estimation, IEEE Trans. Power Syst.,
vol. 29, no. 6, pp. 25732580, Nov. 2014.
[200] L. Zhang and A. Abur, Strategic placement of phasor measurements for
parameter error identification, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 28, no. 1,
pp. 393400, Feb. 2013.
[201] W. Jiang, V. Vittal, and G. T. Heydt, A distributed state estimator utilizing
synchronized phasor measurements, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 22,
no. 2, pp. 563571, May 2007.
[202] J. Chen and A. Abur, Enhanced topology error processing via optimal measurement design, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 23, no. 3,
pp. 845852, Aug. 2008.
[203] A. Chakrabortty and C. F. Martin, Optimal measurement allocation algorithms for parametric model identification of power systems,
IEEE Trans. Control Syst. Technol., vol. 22, no. 5, pp. 18011802,
Sep. 2014.
[204] V. Kekatos, G. B. Giannakis, and B. Wollenberg, Optimal placement
of phasor measurement units via convex relaxation, IEEE Trans. Power
Syst., vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 15211530, Aug. 2012.
[205] E. Caro, R. Singh, B. C. Pal, A. J. Conejo, and R. A. Jabr,
Participation factor approach for phasor measurement unit placement in
power system state estimation, IET Generat., Transmiss. Distrib., vol. 6,
no. 9, pp. 922929, Sep. 2012.
[206] Q. Li, T. Cui, Y. Weng, R. Negi, F. Franchetti, and M. D. Ilic, An
information-theoretic approach to PMU placement in electric power systems, IEEE Trans. Smart Grid, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 446456, Mar. 2013.
[207] X. Li, A. Scaglione, and T.-H. Chang, A framework for phasor measurement placement in hybrid state estimation via GaussNewton, IEEE
Trans. Power Syst., vol. 29, no. 2, pp. 824832, Mar. 2014.
[208] L. Zhang and A. Abur, Single and double edge cutset identification in
large scale power networks, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 27, no. 1,
pp. 510516, Feb. 2012.
[209] J. Huang, N. E. Wu, and M. C. Ruschmann, Data-availabilityconstrained placement of PMUs and communication links in a power
system, IEEE Syst. J., vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 483492, Jun. 2014.
[210] F. H. Fesharaki, R.-A. Hooshmand, and A. Khodabakhshian,
Simultaneous optimal design of measurement and communication
infrastructures in hierarchical structured WAMS, IEEE Trans. Smart
Grid, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 312319, Jan. 2014.
[211] J. Liu, F. Ponci, A. Monti, C. Muscas, P. A. Pegoraro, and S. Sulis,
Optimal meter placement for robust measurement systems in active
distribution grids, IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas., vol. 63, no. 5,
pp. 10961105, May 2014.
1621

F. Aminifar et al.: SMT in Power Systems

[212] R. F. Nuqui and A. G. Phadke, Phasor measurement unit placement techniques for complete and incomplete observability, IEEE Trans. Power
Del., vol. 20, no. 4, pp. 23812388, Oct. 2005.
[213] B. Gou, Generalized integer linear programming formulation for
optimal PMU placement, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 23, no. 3,
pp. 10991104, Aug. 2008.
[214] R. Sodhi, S. C. Srivastava, and S. N. Singh, Multi-criteria decisionmaking approach for multistage optimal placement of phasor measurement units, IET Generat., Transmiss. Distrib., vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 181190,
Feb. 2011.
[215] M. H. F. Wen, J. Xu, and V. O. K. Li, Optimal multistage PMU placement
for wide-area monitoring, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 28, no. 4,
pp. 41344143, Nov. 2013.
[216] A. Pal, G. A. Sanchez-Ayala, V. A. Centeno, and J. S. Thorp, A PMU
placement scheme ensuring real-time monitoring of critical buses of
the network, IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 29, no. 2, pp. 510517,
Apr. 2014.
[217] F. Aminifar, M. Fotuhi-Firuzabad, M. Shahidehpour, and A. Khodaei,
Probabilistic multistage PMU placement in electric power systems,
IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 841849, Apr. 2011.
[218] Y. Wang, C. Wang, W. Li, J. Li, and F. Lin, Reliability-based incremental
PMU placement, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 29, no. 6, pp. 27442752,
Nov. 2014.
[219] O. Gomez, M. A. Rios, and G. Anders, Reliability-based phasor measurement unit placement in power systems considering transmission line
outages and channel limits, IET Generat., Transmiss. Distrib., vol. 8,
no. 1, pp. 121130, Jan. 2014.
[220] F. Aminifar, M. Fotuhi-Firuzabad, and A. Safdarian, Optimal PMU
placement based on probabilistic cost/benefit analysis, IEEE Trans.
Power Syst., vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 566567, Feb. 2013.
[221] I. Kamwa and R. Grondin, PMU configuration for system dynamic
performance measurement in large, multiarea power systems, IEEE
Trans. Power Syst., vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 385394, May 2002.
[222] I. Kamwa, A. K. Pradhan, and G. Joos, Automatic segmentation of
large power systems into fuzzy coherent areas for dynamic vulnerability
assessment, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 22, no. 4, pp. 19741985,
Nov. 2007.
[223] I. Kamwa, A. K. Pradhan, G. Joos, and S. R. Samantaray, Fuzzy
partitioning of a real power system for dynamic vulnerability assessment, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 13561365,
Aug. 2009.
[224] M. Dehghani, B. Shayanfar, and A. R. Khayatian, PMU ranking based on
singular value decomposition of dynamic stability matrix, IEEE Trans.
Power Syst., vol. 28, no. 3, pp. 22632270, Aug. 2013.
[225] F. Aminifar, M. Fotuhi-Firuzabad, A. Safdarian, and M. Shahidehpour,
Observability of hybrid AC/DC power systems with variable-cost
PMUs, IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 29, no. 1, pp. 345352,
Feb. 2014.
[226] J. S. Thorp, A. G. Phadke, and K. J. Karimi, Real time voltage-phasor
measurement for static state estimation, IEEE Trans. Power App. Syst.,
vol. PAS-104, no. 11, pp. 30983106, Nov. 1985.
[227] A. G. Phadke, J. S. Thorp, and K. J. Karimi, State estimation with phasor
measurements, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 233238,
Feb. 1986.
[228] S. Chakrabarti, E. Kyriakides, G. Ledwich, and A. Ghosh, Inclusion
of PMU current phasor measurements in a power system state estimator, IET Generat., Transmiss. Distrib., vol. 4, no. 10, pp. 11041115,
Oct. 2010.
[229] A. Gmez-Expsito, A. Abur, A. de la Villa Jan, and C. Gmez-Quiles,
A multilevel state estimation paradigm for smart grids, Proc. IEEE,
vol. 99, no. 6, pp. 952976, Jun. 2011.
[230] T. Yang, H. Sun, and A. Bose, Transition to a two-level linear state
estimatorPart I: Architecture, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 26, no. 1,
pp. 4653, Feb. 2011.
[231] T. Yang, H. Sun, and A. Bose, Transition to a two-level linear state
estimatorPart II: Algorithm, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 26, no. 1,
pp. 5462, Feb. 2011.
[232] G. Valverde, S. Chakrabarti, E. Kyriakides, and V. Terzija, A constrained
formulation for hybrid state estimation, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 26,
no. 3, pp. 11021109, Aug. 2011.
[233] M. Gl, A. Abur, and F. Galvan, Metrics for success: Performance
metrics for power system state estimators and measurement designs,
IEEE Power Energy Mag., vol. 10, no. 5, pp. 5057, Sep./Oct. 2012.
1622

[234] G. N. Korres and T. A. Alexopoulos, A constrained ordering for solving

the equality constrained state estimation, IEEE Trans. Power Syst.,
vol. 27, no. 4, pp. 19982005, Nov. 2012.
[235] M. Gol and A. Abur, A robust PMU based three-phase state estimator using modal decoupling, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 29, no. 5,
pp. 22922299, Sep. 2014.
[236] J. Zhang, G. Welch, G. Bishop, and Z. Huang, A two-stage Kalman filter
approach for robust and real-time power system state estimation, IEEE
Trans. Sustainable Energy, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 629636, Apr. 2014.
[237] Y. Chakhchoukh, V. Vittal, and G. T. Heydt, PMU based state estimation
by integrating correlation, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 29, no. 2,
pp. 617626, Mar. 2014.
[238] F. Aminifar, M. Shahidehpour, M. Fotuhi-Firuzabad, and S. Kamalinia,
Power system dynamic state estimation with synchronized phasor measurements, IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas., vol. 63, no. 2, pp. 352363,
Feb. 2014.
[239] M. Gol and A. Abur, LAV based robust state estimation for systems measured by PMUs, IEEE Trans. Smart Grid, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 18081815,
Jul. 2014.
[240] H. Zhu and G. B. Giannakis, Power system nonlinear state estimation
using distributed semidefinite programming, IEEE J. Sel. Topics Signal
Process., vol. 8, no. 6, pp. 10391050, Dec. 2014.
[241] S. G. Ghiocel et al., Phasor-measurement-based state estimation for
synchrophasor data quality improvement and power transfer interface
monitoring, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 29, no. 2, pp. 881888,
Mar. 2014.
[242] N. Kashyap, S. Werner, Y.-F. Huang, and T. Riihonen, Power system state estimation under incomplete PMU observabilityA reducedorder approach, IEEE J. Sel. Topics Signal Process., vol. 8, no. 6,
pp. 10511062, Dec. 2014.
[243] M. Gol and A. Abur, Observability and criticality analyses for power
systems measured by phasor measurements, IEEE Trans. Power Syst.,
vol. 28, no. 3, pp. 33193326, Aug. 2013.
[244] M. Brown Do Coutto Filho, J. C. Stacchini de Souza, and
M. A. Ribeiro Guimaraens, Enhanced bad data processing by phasoraided state estimation, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 29, no. 5,
pp. 22002209, Sep. 2014.
[245] S. Chakrabatri and E. Kyriakides, PMU measurement uncertainty considerations in WLS state estimation, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 24,
no. 2, pp. 10621071, May 2009.
[246] P. M. Ashton, G. A. Taylor, M. R. Irving, I. Pisica, A. M. Carter, and
M. E. Bradley, Novel application of detrended fluctuation analysis for
state estimation using synchrophasor measurements, IEEE Trans. Power
Syst., vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 19301938, May 2013.
[247] Q. Zhang, Y. Chakhchoukh, V. Vittal, G. T. Heydt, N. Logic, and
S. Sturgill, Impact of PMU measurement buffer length on state estimation and its optimization, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 28, no. 2,
pp. 16571665, May 2013.
[248] J. B. A. London, S. A. R. Piereti, R. A. S. Benedito, and N. G. Bretas,
Redundancy and observability analysis of conventional and PMU measurements, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 16291630,
Aug. 2009.
[249] L. Vanfretti, J. H. Chow, S. Sarawgi, and B. Fardanesh, A phasor-databased state estimator incorporating phase bias correction, IEEE Trans.
Power Syst., vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 111119, Feb. 2011.
[250] P. Yang, Z. Tan, A. Wiesel, and A. Nehorai, Power system state estimation using PMUs with imperfect synchronization, IEEE Trans. Power
Syst., vol. 28, no. 4, pp. 41624172, Nov. 2013.
[251] M. Zhou, V. A. Centeno, J. S. Thorp, and A. G. Phadke, An alternative for
including phasor measurements in state estimators, IEEE Trans. Power
Syst., vol. 21, no. 4, pp. 19301937, Nov. 2006.
[252] A. Simes Costa, A. Albuquerque, and D. Bez, An estimation fusion
method for including phasor measurements into power system real-time
modeling, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 19101920,
May 2013.
[253] M. Glavic and T. Van Cutsem, Reconstructing and tracking network state
from a limited number of synchrophasor measurements, IEEE Trans.
Power Syst., vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 19211929, May 2013.
[254] L. Zhao and A. Abur, Multi area state estimation using synchronized phasor measurements, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 20, no. 2,
pp. 611617, May 2005.
[255] W. Jiang, V. Vittal, and G. T. Heydt, Diakoptic state estimation using
phasor measurement units, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 23, no. 4,
pp. 15801589, Nov. 2008.
VOLUME 2, 2014

F. Aminifar et al.: SMT in Power Systems

[256] A. K. Singh and B. C. Pal, Decentralized dynamic state estimation

in power systems using unscented transformation, IEEE Trans. Power
Syst., vol. 29, no. 2, pp. 794804, Mar. 2014.
[257] J. Du, S. Ma, Y.-C. Wu, and H. Vincent Poor, Distributed hybrid power
state estimation under PMU sampling phase errors, IEEE Trans. Signal
Process., vol. 62, no. 16, pp. 40524063, Aug. 2014.
[258] M. J. Rice and G. T. Heydt, The measurement outage table and state estimation, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 353360, May 2008.
[259] S. Chakrabarti, E. Kyriakides, and M. Albu, Uncertainty in power system state variables obtained through synchronized measurements, IEEE
Trans. Instrum. Meas., vol. 58, no. 8, pp. 24522458, Aug. 2009.
[260] J. E. Tate and T. J. Overbye, Line outage detection using phasor angle
measurements, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 23, no. 4, pp. 16441652,
Nov. 2008.
[261] Y. Zhao, J. Chen, A. Goldsmith, and H. Vincent Poor, Identification of
outages in power systems with uncertain states and optimal sensor locations, IEEE J. Sel. Topics Signal Process., vol. 8, no. 6, pp. 11401153,
Dec. 2014.
[262] C. Rakpenthai, S. Uatrongjit, and S. Premrudeepreechacharn, State
estimation of power system considering network parameter uncertainty
based on parametric interval linear systems, IEEE Trans. Power Syst.,
vol. 27, no. 1, pp. 305313, Feb. 2012.
[263] G. N. Korres and N. M. Manousakis, State estimation and observability
analysis for phasor measurement unit measured systems, IET Generat.,
Transmiss. Distrib., vol. 6, no. 9, pp. 902913, 2012.
[264] M. Lixia, A. Benigni, A. Flammini, C. Muscas, F. Ponci, and A. Monti,
A software-only PTP synchronization for power system state estimation
with PMUs, IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas., vol. 61, no. 5, pp. 14761485,
May 2012.
[265] D. A. Haughton and G. T. Heydt, A linear state estimation formulation
for smart distribution systems, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 28, no. 2,
pp. 11871195, May 2013.
[266] M. Pau, P. A. Pegoraro, and S. Sulis, Efficient branch-current-based
distribution system state estimation including synchronized measurements, IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas., vol. 62, no. 9, pp. 24192429,
Sep. 2013.
[267] C. Muscas, S. Sulis, A. Angioni, F. Ponci, and A. Monti, Impact of different uncertainty sources on a three-phase state estimator for distribution
networks, IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas., vol. 63, no. 9, pp. 22002209,
Sep. 2014.
[268] C. Muscas, M. Pau, P. A. Pegoraro, and S. Sulis, Effects of measurements and pseudomeasurements correlation in distribution system state
estimation, IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas., vol. 63, no. 12, pp. 28132823,
Dec. 2014.
[269] C. Rakpenthai, S. Uatrongjit, N. R. Watson, and S. Premrudeechacharn,
On harmonic state estimation of power system with uncertain network
parameters, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 28, no. 4, pp. 48294838,
Nov. 2013.
[270] D. N. Kosterev, Hydro turbine-governor model validation in pacific
northwest, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 11441149,
May 2004.
[271] Z. Huang, P. Du, D. Kosterev, and S. Yang, Generator dynamic
model validation and parameter calibration using phasor measurements
at the point of connection, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 28, no. 2,
pp. 19391949, May 2013.
[272] L. Fan, Z. Miao, and Y. Wehbe, Application of dynamic state and
parameter estimation techniques on real-world data, IEEE Trans. Smart
Grid, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 11331141, Jun. 2013.
[273] N. Zhou, D. Meng, and S. Lu, Estimation of the dynamic states of
synchronous machines using an extended particle filter, IEEE Trans.
Power Syst., vol. 28, no. 4, pp. 41524161, Nov. 2013.
[274] P. Overholt, D. Kosterev, J. Eto, S. Yang, and B. Lesieutre, Improving
reliability through better models: Using synchrophasor data to validate
power plant models, IEEE Power Energy Mag., vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 4451,
May/Jun. 2014.
[275] J. Ma, D. Han, W.-J. Sheng, R.-M. He, C.-Y. You, and J. Zhang,
Wide area measurements-based model validation and its application, IET Generat., Transmiss. Distrib., vol. 2, no. 6, pp. 906916,
Nov. 2008.
[276] J. M. Kennedy, B. Fox, T. Littler, and D. Flynn, Validation of fixed
speed induction generator models for inertial response using wind farm
measurements, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 26, no. 3, pp. 14541461,
Aug. 2011.
VOLUME 2, 2014

[277] Y. Zhang, J. Bank, E. Muljadi, Y.-H. Wan, and D. Corbus, Angle

instability detection in power systems with high-wind penetration using
synchrophasor measurements, IEEE J. Emerg. Sel. Topics Power
Electron., vol. 1, no. 4, pp. 306314, Dec. 2013.
[278] J. Zhu and A. Abur, Improvements in network parameter error identification via synchronized phasors, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 25, no. 1,
pp. 4450, Feb. 2010.
[279] G. Sivanagaraju, S. Chakrabarti, and S. C. Srivastava, Uncertainty in
transmission line parameters: Estimation and impact on line current differential protection, IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas., vol. 63, no. 6, pp. 1496
1504, Jun. 2014.
[280] C.-S. Yu and C.-W. Liu, Self-correction two-machine equivalent model
for stability control of FACT system using real-time phasor measurements, IET Proc.-Generat., Transmiss. Distrib., vol. 149, no. 4,
pp. 389396, Jul. 2002.
[281] L. He and C.-C. Liu, Parameter identification with PMUs for instability detection in power systems with HVDC integrated offshore
wind energy, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 29, no. 2, pp. 775784,
Mar. 2014.
[282] J. H. Chow, A. Chakrabortty, L. Vanfretti, and M. Arcak, Estimation of
radial power system transfer path dynamic parameters using synchronized
phasor data, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 564571,
May 2008.
[283] A. Chakrabortty, J. H. Chow, and A. Salazar, A measurement-based
framework for dynamic equivalencing of large power systems using widearea phasor measurements, IEEE Trans. Smart Grid, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 68
81, Mar. 2011.
[284] A. Vahidnia, G. Ledwich, E. Palmer, and A. Ghosh, Identification and
estimation of equivalent area parameters using synchronised phasor measurements, IET Generat., Transmiss. Distrib., vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 697704,
Apr. 2014.
[285] A. Chakrabortty, J. H. Chow, and A. Salazar, Interarea model estimation
for radial power system transfer paths with intermediate voltage control
using synchronized phasor measurements, IEEE Trans. Power Syst.,
vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 13181326, Aug. 2009.
[286] J. Yang, W. Li, T. Chen, W. Xu, and M. Wu, Online estimation and
application of power grid impedance matrices based on synchronised
phasor measurements, IET Generat., Transmiss. Distrib., vol. 4, no. 9,
pp. 10521059, Sep. 2010.
[287] S. M. Abdelkader and D. J. Morrow, Online tracking of Thvenin
equivalent parameters using PMU measurements, IEEE Trans. Power
Syst., vol. 27, no. 2, pp. 975983, May 2012.
[288] K. Sun, S. T. Lee, and P. Zhang, An adaptive power system equivalent for real-time estimation of stability margin using phase-plane
trajectories, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 915923,
May 2011.
[289] R. Eriksson and L. Sder, Wide-area measurement system-based subspace identification for obtaining linear models to centrally coordinate controllable devices, IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 26, no. 2,
pp. 988997, Apr. 2011.
[290] P. Du and Y. Makarov, Using disturbance data to monitor primary
frequency response for power system interconnections, IEEE Trans.
Power Syst., vol. 29, no. 3, pp. 14311432, May 2014.
[291] I. Kamwa, S. R. Samantaray, and G. Jos, On the accuracy versus
transparency trade-off of data-mining models for fast-response PMUbased catastrophe predictors, IEEE Trans. Smart Grid, vol. 3, no. 1,
pp. 152161, Mar. 2012.
[292] J.-A. Jiang, J.-Z. Yang, Y.-H. Lin, C.-W. Liu, and J.-C. Ma, An
adaptive PMU based fault detection/location technique for transmission
lines. I. Theory and algorithms, IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 15, no. 2,
pp. 486493, Apr. 2000.
[293] J.-A. Jiang, Y.-H. Lin, J.-Z. Yang, T.-M. Too, and C.-W. Liu, An
adaptive PMU based fault detection/location technique for transmission
lines. II. PMU implementation and performance evaluation, IEEE Trans.
Power Del., vol. 15, no. 4, pp. 11361146, Oct. 2000.
[294] Y.-H. Lin, C.-W. Liu, and C.-S. Chen, A new PMU-based fault detection/location technique for transmission lines with consideration of arcing
fault discriminationPart I: Theory and algorithms, IEEE Trans. Power
Del., vol. 19, no. 4, pp. 15871593, Oct. 2004.
[295] Y.-H. Lin, C.-W. Liu, and C.-S. Chen, A new PMU-based fault detection/location technique for transmission lines with consideration of arcing fault discriminationPart II: Performance evaluation, IEEE Trans.
Power Del., vol. 19, no. 4, pp. 15941601, Oct. 2004.
1623

F. Aminifar et al.: SMT in Power Systems

[296] J.-A. Jiang, C.-S. Chen, and C.-W. Liu, A new protection scheme for
fault detection, direction discrimination, classification, and location in
transmission lines, IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 3442,
Jan. 2003.
[297] Y.-H. Lin, C.-W. Liu, and C.-S. Yu, A new fault locator for
three-terminal transmission lines using two-terminal synchronized
voltage and current phasors, IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 17, no. 2,
pp. 452459, Apr. 2002.
[298] C.-W. Liu, K.-P. Lien, C.-S. Chen, and J.-A. Jiang, A universal fault
location technique for N-terminal (N q3) transmission lines, IEEE
Trans. Power Syst., vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 13661373, Jul. 2008.
[299] S. M. Brahma, New fault-location method for a single multiterminal
transmission line using synchronized phasor measurements, IEEE Trans.
Power Del., vol. 21, no. 3, pp. 11481153, Jul. 2006.
[300] J. Izykowski, E. Rosolowski, M. M. Saha, M. Fulczyk, and P. Balcerek,
A fault-location method for application with current differential relays
of three-terminal lines, IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 22, no. 4,
pp. 20992107, Oct. 2007.
[301] G. Manassero, E. C. Senger, R. M. Nakagomi, E. L. Pollini, and
E. C. N. Rodrigues, Fault-location system for multiterminal transmission lines, IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 25, no. 3, pp. 14181426,
Jul. 2010.
[302] Z. Y. He et al., Dynamic fault locator for three-terminal transmission
lines for phasor measurement units, IET Generat., Transmiss. Distrib.,
vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 183191, Feb. 2013.
[303] T.-C. Lin, P.-Y. Lin, and C.-W. Liu, An algorithm for locating faults
in three-terminal multisection nonhomogeneous transmission lines using
synchrophasor measurements, IEEE Trans. Smart Grid, vol. 5, no. 1,
pp. 3850, Jan. 2014.
[304] Q. Jiang, B. Wang, and X. Li, An efficient PMU-based fault-location
technique for multiterminal transmission lines, IEEE Trans. Power Del.,
vol. 29, no. 4, pp. 16751682, Aug. 2004.
[305] A. Salehi-Dobakhshari and A. M. Ranjbar, Application of synchronised
phasor measurements to wide-area fault diagnosis and location, IET
Generat., Transmiss. Distrib., vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 716729, Apr. 2014.
[306] M. He and J. Zhang, A dependency graph approach for fault detection
and localization towards secure smart grid, IEEE Trans. Smart Grid,
vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 342351, Jun. 2011.
[307] Z. Y. He, R. K. Mai, W. He, and Q. Q. Qian, Phasor-measurement-unitbased transmission line fault location estimator under dynamic conditions, IET Generat., Transmiss. Distrib., vol. 5, no. 11, pp. 11831191,
Nov. 2011.
[308] C.-S. Chen, C.-W. Liu, and J.-A. Jiang, A new adaptive PMU based protection scheme for transposed/untransposed parallel transmission lines,
IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 395404, Apr. 2002.
[309] N. Kang and Y. Liao, Double-circuit transmission-line fault location
utilizing synchronized current phasors, IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 28,
no. 2, pp. 10401047, Apr. 2013.
[310] C.-S. Yu, C.-W. Liu, S.-L. Yu, and J.-A. Jiang, A new PMU-based fault
location algorithm for series compensated lines, IEEE Trans. Power
Del., vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 3346, Jan. 2002.
[311] A. H. Al-Mohammed and M. A. Abido, A fully adaptive PMU-based
fault location algorithm for series-compensated lines, IEEE Trans.
Power Syst., vol. 29, no. 5, pp. 21292137, Sep. 2014.
[312] C. J. Lee, J. B. Park, J. R. Shin, and Z. M. Radojevie, A new twoterminal numerical algorithm for fault location, distance protection, and
arcing fault recognition, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 21, no. 3,
pp. 14601462, Aug. 2006.
[313] S. M. Brahma and A. A. Girgis, Fault location on a transmission line
using synchronized Voltage measurements, IEEE Trans. Power Del.,
vol. 19, no. 4, pp. 16191622, Oct. 2004.
[314] S. M. Brahma, Fault location scheme for a multi-terminal transmission
line using synchronized voltage measurements, IEEE Trans. Power Del.,
vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 13251331, Apr. 2005.
[315] Q. Jiang, X. Li, B. Wang, and H. Wang, PMU-based fault location using
voltage measurements in large transmission networks, IEEE Trans.
Power Del., vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 16441652, Jul. 2012.
[316] H. Zhu and G. B. Giannakis, Sparse overcomplete representations for
efficient identification of power line outages, IEEE Trans. Power Syst.,
vol. 27, no. 4, pp. 22152224, Nov. 2012.
[317] H. Sehwail and I. Dobson, Applying synchrophasor computations to a
specific area, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 28, no. 3, pp. 35033504,
Aug. 2013.
1624

[318] R. Emami and A. Abur, External system line outage identification using
phasor measurement units, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 28, no. 2,
pp. 10351040, May 2013.
[319] C. Chen, J. Wang, and H. Zhu, Effects of phasor measurement uncertainty on power line outage detection, IEEE J. Sel. Topics Signal
Process., vol. 8, no. 6, pp. 11271139, Dec. 2014.
[320] J.-C. Chen, W.-T. Li, C.-K. Wen, J.-H. Teng, and P. Ting, Efficient
identification method for power line outages in the smart power grid,
IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 29, no. 4, pp. 17881800, Jul. 2014.
[321] Z. Xu and T. S. Sidhu, Fault location method based on single-end
measurements for underground cables, IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 26,
no. 4, pp. 28452854, Oct. 2011.
[322] C.-W. Liu, T.-C. Lin, C.-S. Yu, and J.-Z. Yang, A fault location technique for two-terminal multisection compound transmission lines using
synchronized phasor measurements, IEEE Trans. Smart Grid, vol. 3,
no. 1, pp. 113121, Mar. 2012.
[323] J. Ren, S. S. Venkata, and E. Sortomme, An accurate synchrophasor
based fault location method for emerging distribution systems, IEEE
Trans. Power Del., vol. 29, no. 1, pp. 297298, Feb. 2004.
[324] K. Mei, S. M. Rovnyak, and C.-M. Ong, Clustering-based dynamic event
location using wide-area phasor measurements, IEEE Trans. Power
Syst., vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 673679, May 2008.
[325] Z. Lin et al., Application of wide area measurement systems to islanding
detection of bulk power systems, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 28, no. 2,
pp. 20062015, May 2013.
[326] R. Sun and V. A. Centeno, Wide area system islanding contingency
detecting and warning scheme, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 29, no. 6,
pp. 25812589, Nov. 2014.
[327] J. Ma, P. Zhang, H.-J. Fu, B. Bo, and Z.-Y. Dong, Application of phasor
measurement unit on locating disturbance source for low-frequency oscillation, IEEE Trans. Smart Grid, vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 340346, Dec. 2010.
[328] L. Xie, Y. Chen, and P. R. Kumar, Dimensionality reduction of synchrophasor data for early event detection: Linearized analysis, IEEE
Trans. Power Syst., vol. 29, no. 6, pp. 27842794, Nov. 2014.
[329] O. P. Dahal, S. M. Brahma, and H. Cao, Comprehensive clustering of
disturbance events recorded by phasor measurement units, IEEE Trans.
Power Del., vol. 29, no. 3, pp. 13901397, Jun. 2014.
[330] W. Wang et al., Multiple event detection and recognition through sparse
unmixing for high-resolution situational awareness in power grid, IEEE
Trans. Smart Grid, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 16541664, Jul. 2014.
[331] J. Rasmussen and P. Jorgensen, Synchronized phasor measurements of
a power system event in eastern denmark, IEEE Trans. Power Syst.,
vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 278284, Feb. 2006.
[332] R. J. Murphy, Disturbance recorders trigger detection and protection,
IEEE Comput. Appl. Power, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 2428, Jan. 1996.
[333] O. Samuelsson, M. Hemmingsson, A. H. Nielsen, K. O. H. Pedersen,
and J. Rasmussen, Monitoring of power system events at transmission and distribution level, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 21, no. 2,
pp. 10071009, May 2006.
[334] D. J. Trudnowski, J. W. Pierre, N. Zhou, J. F. Hauer, and M. Parashar,
Performance of three mode-meter block-processing algorithms for automated dynamic stability assessment, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 23,
no. 2, pp. 680690, May 2008.
[335] J. F. Hauer et al., Use of the WECC WAMS in wide-area probing tests
for validation of system performance and modeling, IEEE Trans. Power
Syst., vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 250257, Feb. 2009.
[336] S.-J. Tsai et al., Frequency sensitivity and electromechanical propagation simulation study in large power systems, IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst.
I, Reg. Papers, vol. 54, no. 8, pp. 18191828, Aug. 2007.
[337] P. Korba and K. Uhlen, Wide-area monitoring of electromechanical
oscillations in the nordic power system: Practical experience, IET Generat., Transmiss. Distrib., vol. 4, no. 10, pp. 11161126, Oct. 2010.
[338] A. Borghetti, C. A. Nucci, M. Paolone, G. Ciappi, and A. Solari,
Synchronized phasors monitoring during the islanding maneuver of
an active distribution network, IEEE Trans. Smart Grid, vol. 2, no. 1,
pp. 8291, Mar. 2011.
[339] V. Salehi, A. Mohamed, A. Mazloomzadeh, and O. A. Mohammed,
Laboratory-based smart power system, part I: Design and system
development, IEEE Trans. Smart Grid, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 13941404,
Sep. 2012.
[340] V. Salehi, A. Mohamed, A. Mazloomzadeh, and O. A. Mohammed,
Laboratory-based smart power system, part II: Control, monitoring,
and protection, IEEE Trans. Smart Grid, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 14051417,
Sep. 2012.
VOLUME 2, 2014

F. Aminifar et al.: SMT in Power Systems

[341] S. Rovnyak, S. Kretsinger, J. Thorp, and D. Brown, Decision trees for

real-time transient stability prediction, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 9,
no. 3, pp. 14171426, Aug. 1994.
[342] R. Diao, V. Vittal, and N. Logic, Design of a real-time security assessment tool for situational awareness enhancement in modern power systems, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 957965, May 2010.
[343] T. Guo and J. V. Milanovic, Probabilistic framework for assessing the
accuracy of data mining tool for online prediction of transient stability,
IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 29, no. 1, pp. 377385, Jan. 2014.
[344] C.-W. Liu, J. S. Thorp, J. Lu, R. J. Thomas, and H.-D. Chiang, Detection
of transiently chaotic swings in power systems using real-time phasor
measurements, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 12851292,
Aug. 1994.
[345] J. Yan, C.-C. Liu, and U. Vaidya, PMU-based monitoring of rotor angle
dynamics, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 26, no. 4, pp. 21252133,
Nov. 2011.
[346] C.-W. Liu and J. S. Thorp, Application of synchronised phasor measurements to real-time transient stability prediction, IET Generat.,
Transmiss. Distrib., vol. 142, no. 4, pp. 355360, Jul. 1995.
[347] C.-W. Liu and J. S. Thorp, New methods for computing power system dynamic response for real-time transient stability prediction, IEEE
Trans. Circuits Syst. I, Fundam. Theory Appl., vol. 47, no. 3, pp. 324337,
Mar. 2000.
[348] F. Hashiesh, H. E. Mostafa, A.-R. Khatib, I. Helal, and M. M. Mansour,
An intelligent wide area synchrophasor based system for predicting and
mitigating transient instabilities, IEEE Trans. Smart Grid, vol. 3, no. 2,
pp. 645652, Jun. 2012.
[349] C.-W. Liu, M.-C. Su, S.-S. Tsay, and Y.-J. Wang, Application of a novel
fuzzy neural network to real-time transient stability swings prediction
based on synchronized phasor measurements, IEEE Trans. Power Syst.,
vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 685692, May 1999.
[350] F. R. Gomez, A. D. Rajapakse, U. D. Annakkage, and I. T. Fernando,
Support vector machine-based algorithm for post-fault transient stability
status prediction using synchronized measurements, IEEE Trans. Power
Syst., vol. 26, no. 3, pp. 14741483, Aug. 2011.
[351] J. C. Cepeda, J. L. Rueda, D. G. Colom, and D. E. Echeverra, Real-time
transient stability assessment based on centre-of-inertia estimation from
phasor measurement unit records, IET Generat., Transmiss. Distrib.,
vol. 8, no. 8, pp. 13631376, Aug. 2014.
[352] E. Ghahremani and I. Kamwa, Online state estimation of a synchronous
generator using unscented Kalman filter from phasor measurements
units, IEEE Trans. Energy Convers., vol. 26, no. 4, pp. 10991108,
Dec. 2011.
[353] I. Kamwa, R. Grondin, and L. Loud, Time-varying contingency screening for dynamic security assessment using intelligent-systems techniques, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 526536, Aug. 2001.
[354] N. Zhou, J. W. Pierre, and J. F. Hauer, Initial results in power system
identification from injected probing signals using a subspace method,
IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 21, no. 3, pp. 12961302, Aug. 2006.
[355] S. A. Nezam Sarmadi and V. Venkatasubramanian, Electromechanical
mode estimation using recursive adaptive stochastic subspace identification, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 29, no. 1, pp. 349358, Jan. 2014.
[356] A. R. Messina, V. Vittal, D. Ruiz-Vega, and G. Enriquez-Harper,
Interpretation and visualization of wide-area PMU measurements using
Hilbert analysis, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 21, no. 4, pp. 17631771,
Nov. 2006.
[357] J. H. Chow, A. Chakrabortty, M. Arcak, B. Bhargava, and A. Salazar,
Synchronized phasor data based energy function analysis of dominant
power transfer paths in large power systems, IEEE Trans. Power Syst.,
vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 727734, May 2007.
[358] A. R. Messina and V. Vittal, Extraction of dynamic patterns from widearea measurements using empirical orthogonal functions, IEEE Trans.
Power Syst., vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 682692, May 2007.
[359] A. R. Messina, V. Vittal, G. T. Heydt, and T. J. Browne,
Nonstationary approaches to trend identification and denoising of
measured power system oscillations, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 24,
no. 4, pp. 17981807, Nov. 2009.
[360] J.-Z. Yang, C.-W. Liu, and W.-G. Wu, A hybrid method for the estimation
of power system low-frequency oscillation parameters, IEEE Trans.
Power Syst., vol. 22, no. 4, pp. 21152123, Nov. 2007.
[361] K. Sun, S. Likhate, V. Vittal, V. S. Kolluri, and S. Mandal, An online
dynamic security assessment scheme using phasor measurements and
decision trees, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 22, no. 4, pp. 19351943,
Nov. 2007.
VOLUME 2, 2014

[362] I. Kamwa, S. R. Samantaray, and G. Joos, Development of rule-based

classifiers for rapid stability assessment of wide-area post-disturbance
records, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 258270, Feb. 2009.
[363] I. Kamwa, S. R. Samantaray, and G. Joos, Catastrophe predictors from
ensemble decision-tree learning of wide-area severity indices, IEEE
Trans. Smart Grid, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 144158, Sep. 2010.
[364] S. R. Samantaray, I. Kamwa, and G. Joos, Ensemble decision trees
for phasor measurement unit-based wide-area security assessment in the
operations time frame, IET Generat., Transmiss. Distrib., vol. 4, no. 12,
pp. 13341348, Dec. 2010.
[365] M. He, V. Vittal, and J. Zhang, Online dynamic security assessment
with missing PMU measurements: A data mining approach, IEEE Trans.
Power Syst., vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 19691977, May 2013.
[366] B. A. Archer, U. D. Annakkage, B. Jayasekara, and P. Wijetunge,
Accurate prediction of damping in large interconnected power systems
with the aid of regression analysis, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 23,
no. 3, pp. 11701178, Aug. 2008.
[367] V. S. Peric and L. Vanfretti, Power-system ambient-mode estimation
considering spectral load properties, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 29,
no. 3, pp. 11331143, May 2014.
[368] D. J. Trudnowski, Estimating electromechanical mode shape from synchrophasor measurements, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 23, no. 3,
pp. 11881195, Aug. 2008.
[369] G. Ghanavati, P. D. H. Hines, T. I. Lakoba, and E. Cotilla-Sanchez,
Understanding early indicators of critical transitions in power systems
from autocorrelation functions, IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. I, Reg. Papers,
vol. 61, no. 9, pp. 27472760, Sep. 2014.
[370] A. Kaci, I. Kamwa, L. A. Dessaint, and S. Guillon, Synchrophasor data
baselining and mining for online monitoring of dynamic security limits,
IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 29, no. 6, pp. 26812695, Nov. 2014.
[371] N. Zhou, D. J. Trudnowski, J. W. Pierre, and W. A. Mittelstadt,
Electromechanical mode online estimation using regularized robust RLS
methods, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 23, no. 4, pp. 16701680,
Nov. 2008.
[372] J. C.-H. Peng and N.-K. C. Nair, Adaptive sampling scheme for monitoring oscillations using Prony analysis, IET Generat., Transmiss. Distrib.,
vol. 3, no. 12, pp. 10521060, Dec. 2009.
[373] R. H. Salim and R. A. Ramos, A model-based approach for small-signal
stability assessment of unbalanced power systems, IEEE Trans. Power
Syst., vol. 27, no. 4, pp. 20062014, Nov. 2012.
[374] J. Ma, Y. V. Makarov, R. Diao, P. V. Etingov, J. E. Dagle, and
E. De Tuglie, The characteristic ellipsoid methodology and its application in power systems, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 27, no. 4,
pp. 22062214, Nov. 2012.
[375] N. R. Chaudhuri and B. Chaudhuri, Damping and relative mode-shape
estimation in near real-time through phasor approach, IEEE Trans.
Power Syst., vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 364373, Feb. 2011.
[376] N. Kakimoto, M. Sugumi, T. Makino, and K. Tomiyama, Monitoring of
interarea oscillation mode by synchronized phasor measurement, IEEE
Trans. Power Syst., vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 260268, Feb. 2006.
[377] N. Zhou, J. W. Pierre, and D. Trudnowski, A stepwise regression method
for estimating dominant electromechanical modes, IEEE Trans. Power
Syst., vol. 27, no. 2, pp. 10511059, May 2012.
[378] P. McNabb, D. Wilson, and J. Bialek, Classification of mode damping and amplitude in power systems using synchrophasor measurements and classification trees, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 28, no. 2,
pp. 19881996, May 2013.
[379] L. Dosiek and J. W. Pierre, Estimating electromechanical modes and
mode shapes using the multichannel ARMAX model, IEEE Trans.
Power Syst., vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 19501959, May 2013.
[380] D. Cai, P. Regulski, M. Osborne, and V. Terzija, Wide area inter-area
oscillation monitoring using fast nonlinear estimation algorithm, IEEE
Trans. Smart Grid, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 17211731, Sep. 2013.
[381] C. Zheng, V. Malbasa, and M. Kezunovic, Regression tree for stability margin prediction using synchrophasor measurements, IEEE Trans.
Power Syst., vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 19781987, May 2013.
[382] Z. Tashman, H. Khalilinia, and V. Venkatasubramanian,
Multi-dimensional Fourier ringdown analysis for power systems
using synchrophasors, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 29, no. 2,
pp. 731741, Mar. 2014.
[383] K. Sun, Q. Zhou, and Y. Liu, A phase locked loop-based approach to
real-time modal analysis on synchrophasor measurements, IEEE Trans.
Smart Grid, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 260269, Jan. 2014.
1625

F. Aminifar et al.: SMT in Power Systems

[384] Y. Chompoobutrgool and L. Vanfretti, Identification of power system

dominant inter-area oscillation paths, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 28,
no. 3, pp. 27982807, Aug. 2013.
[385] Y. V. Makarov et al., PMU-based wide-area security assessment:
Concept, method, and implementation, IEEE Trans. Smart Grid, vol. 3,
no. 3, pp. 13251332, Sep. 2012.
[386] P. Tripathy, S. C. Srivastava, and S. N. Singh, A divide-by-differencefilter based algorithm for estimation of generator rotor angle utilizing
synchrophasor measurements, IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas., vol. 59,
no. 6, pp. 15621570, Jun. 2010.
[387] E. Ghahremani and I. Kamwa, Dynamic state estimation in power
system by applying the extended Kalman filter with unknown inputs
to phasor measurements, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 26, no. 4,
pp. 25562566, Nov. 2011.
[388] M. Jonsson, M. Begovic, and J. Daalder, A new method suitable for
real-time generator coherency determination, IEEE Trans. Power Syst.,
vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 14731482, Aug. 2004.
[389] I. Dobson, Voltages across an area of a network, IEEE Trans. Power
Syst., vol. 27, no. 2, pp. 9931002, May 2012.
[390] C.-W. Liu, C.-S. Chang, and M.-C. Su, Neuro-fuzzy networks for voltage security monitoring based on synchronized phasor measurements,
IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 326332, May 1998.
[391] B. Milosevic and M. Begovic, Voltage-stability protection and control
using a wide-area network of phasor measurements, IEEE Trans. Power
Syst., vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 121127, Feb. 2003.
[392] S. Corsi and G. N. Taranto, A real-time voltage instability identification
algorithm based on local phasor measurements, IEEE Trans. Power
Syst., vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 12711279, Aug. 2008.
[393] R. Sodhi, S. C. Srivastava, and S. N. Singh, A simple scheme for wide
area detection of impending voltage instability, IEEE Trans. Smart Grid,
vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 818827, Jun. 2012.
[394] I. R. Pordanjani, Y. Wang, and W. Xu, Identification of critical components for voltage stability assessment using channel components transform, IEEE Trans. Smart Grid, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 11221132, Jun. 2013.
[395] S. Dasgupta, M. Paramasivam, U. Vaidya, and V. Ajjarapu, Real-time
monitoring of short-term voltage stability using PMU data, IEEE Trans.
Power Syst., vol. 28, no. 4, pp. 37023711, Nov. 2013.
[396] J.-H. Liu and C.-C. Chu, Wide-area measurement-based voltage stability
indicators by modified coupled single-port models, IEEE Trans. Power
Syst., vol. 29, no. 2, pp. 756764, Mar. 2014.
[397] I. Smon, G. Verbic, and F. Gubina, Local voltage-stability index
using Tellegens theorem, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 21, no. 3,
pp. 12671275, Aug. 2006.
[398] R. Diao et al., Decision tree-based online voltage security assessment
using PMU measurements, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 24, no. 2,
pp. 832839, May 2009.
[399] H. Khoshkhoo and S. M. Shahrtash, Fast online dynamic voltage instability prediction and voltage stability classification, IET Generat., Transmiss. Distrib., vol. 8, no. 5, pp. 957965, May 2014.
[400] M. Glavic and T. Van Cutsem, Wide-area detection of voltage instability
from synchronized phasor measurements. Part I: Principle, IEEE Trans.
Power Syst., vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 14081416, Aug. 2009.
[401] M. Glavic and T. Van Cutsem, Wide-area detection of voltage instability
from synchronized phasor measurements. Part II: Simulation results,
IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 14171425, Aug. 2009.
[402] D. Q. Zhou, U. D. Annakkage, and A. D. Rajapakse, Online monitoring
of voltage stability margin using an artificial neural network, IEEE
Trans. Power Syst., vol. 25, no. 3, pp. 15661574, Aug. 2010.
[403] W. Xu, I. R. Pordanjani, Y. Wang, and E. Vaahedi, A network decoupling
transform for phasor data based voltage stability analysis and monitoring, IEEE Trans. Smart Grid, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 261270, Mar. 2012.
[404] Y. C. Chen, A. D. Dominguez-Garcia, and P. W. Sauer, Measurementbased estimation of linear sensitivity distribution factors and applications, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 29, no. 3, pp. 13721382, May 2014.
[405] G. C. Zweigle and V. Venkatasubramanian, Wide-area optimal control of electric power systems with application to transient stability for
higher order contingencies, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 28, no. 3,
pp. 23132320, Aug. 2013.
[406] C. W. Taylor, D. C. Erickson, K. E. Martin, R. E. Wilson, and
V. Venkatasubramanian, WACS-wide-area stability and voltage control
system: R&D and online demonstration, Proc. IEEE, vol. 93, no. 5,
pp. 892906, May 2005.
1626

[407] C. Liu et al., A systematic approach for dynamic security assessment and
the corresponding preventive control scheme based on decision trees,
IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 29, no. 2, pp. 717730, Mar. 2014.
[408] H. Morais, P. Vancraeyveld, A. H. Birger Pedersen,
M. Lind, H. Johannsson, and J. Ostergaard, SOSPO-SP: Secure
operation of sustainable power systems simulation platform for real-time
system state evaluation and control, IEEE Trans. Ind. Informat., vol. 10,
no. 4, pp. 23182329, Nov. 2014.
[409] S. E. Stanton, C. Slivinsky, K. Martin, and J. Nordstorm, Application
of phasor measurements and partial energy analysis in stabilizing large
disturbances, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 297306,
Feb. 1995.
[410] D. N. Kosterev, J. Esztergalyos, and C. A. Stigers, Feasibility study of
using synchronized phasor measurements for generator dropping controls in the Colstrip system, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 13, no. 3,
pp. 755761, Aug. 1998.
[411] I. Kamwa, R. Grondin, and Y. Hebert, Wide-area measurement based
stabilizing control of large power systems-a decentralized/hierarchical
approach, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 136153,
Feb. 2001.
[412] D. Molina, G. K. Venayagamoorthy, J. Liang, and R. G. Harley,
Intelligent local area signals based damping of power system oscillations
using virtual generators and approximate dynamic programming, IEEE
Trans. Smart Grid, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 498508, Mar. 2013.
[413] J. Ma et al., Application of dual Youla parameterization based adaptive
wide-area damping control for power system oscillations, IEEE Trans.
Power Syst., vol. 29, no. 4, pp. 16021610, Jul. 2014.
[414] X. M. Mao, Y. Zhang, L. Guan, X. C. Wu, and N. Zhang, Improving
power system dynamic performance using wide-area high-voltage direct
current damping control, IET Generat., Transmiss. Distrib., vol. 2, no. 2,
pp. 245251, Mar. 2008.
[415] J. He, C. Lu, X. Wu, P. Li, and J. Wu, Design and experiment of wide
area HVDC supplementary damping controller considering time delay in
China southern power grid, IET Generat., Transmiss. Distrib., vol. 3,
no. 1, pp. 1725, Jan. 2009.
[416] Q. Gao and S. M. Rovnyak, Decision trees using synchronized phasor
measurements for wide-area response-based control, IEEE Trans. Power
Syst., vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 855861, May 2011.
[417] J. Ma, T. Wang, Z. Wang, and J. S. Thorp, Adaptive damping control
of inter-area oscillations based on federated Kalman filter using wide
area signals, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 16271635,
May 2013.
[418] M. Zarghami, M. L. Crow, and S. Jagannathan, Nonlinear control of
FACTS controllers for damping interarea oscillations in power systems,
IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 25, no. 4, pp. 31133121, Oct. 2010.
[419] N. R. Chaudhuri et al., Wide-area power oscillation damping control
in nordic equivalent system, IET Generat., Transmiss. Distrib., vol. 4,
no. 10, pp. 11391150, Oct. 2010.
[420] A. Chakrabortty, Wide-area damping control of power systems using
dynamic clustering and TCSC-based redesigns, IEEE Trans. Smart Grid,
vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 15031514, Sep. 2012.
[421] A. E. Leon, J. M. Mauricio, A. Gomez-Expsito, and J. A. Solsona,
Hierarchical wide-area control of power systems including wind farms
and FACTS for short-term frequency regulation, IEEE Trans. Power
Syst., vol. 27, no. 4, pp. 20842092, Nov. 2012.
[422] M. Mokhtari, F. Aminifar, D. Nazarpour, and S. Golshannavaz,
Wide-area power oscillation damping with a fuzzy controller compensating the continuous communication delays, IEEE Trans. Power Syst.,
vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 19972005, May 2013.
[423] J. Ma, T. Wang, X. Gao, S. Wang, and Z. Wang, Classification and
regression tree-based adaptive damping control of inter-area oscillations
using wide-area signals, IET Generat., Transmiss. Distrib., vol. 8, no. 6,
pp. 11771186, Jun. 2014.
[424] T. Wang, Z. Wang, J. Liu, J. S. Thorp, and Y. Yang, Classification and
regression tree-based adaptive damping control of inter-area oscillations
using wide-area signals, IET Generat., Transmiss. Distrib., vol. 8, no. 9,
pp. 15161527, 2014.
[425] A. E. Leon and J. A. Solsona, Power oscillation damping improvement
by adding multiple wind farms to wide-area coordinating controls, IEEE
Trans. Power Syst., vol. 29, no. 3, pp. 13561364, May 2014.
[426] M. Mokhtari and F. Aminifar, Toward wide-area oscillation control
through doubly-fed induction generator wind farms, IEEE Trans. Power
Syst., vol. 29, no. 6, pp. 29852992, Nov. 2014.
VOLUME 2, 2014

F. Aminifar et al.: SMT in Power Systems

[427] D. Dotta, A. S. e Silva, and I. C. Decker, Wide-area

measurements-based two-level control design considering signal
transmission delay, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 24, no. 1,
pp. 208216, Feb. 2009.
[428] N. R. Chaudhuri, S. Ray, R. Majumder, and B. Chaudhuri, A new
approach to continuous latency compensation with adaptive phasor power
oscillation damping controller (POD), IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 25,
no. 2, pp. 939946, May 2010.
[429] N. R. Chaudhuri, B. Chaudhuri, S. Ray, and R. Majumder, Wide-area
phasor power oscillation damping controller: A new approach to handling
time-varying signal latency, IET Generat., Transmiss. Distrib., vol. 4,
no. 5, pp. 620630, May 2010.
[430] N. R. Chaudhuri, D. Chakraborty, and B. Chaudhuri, An architecture for
FACTS controllers to deal with bandwidth-constrained communication,
IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 188196, Jan. 2011.
[431] S. Wang, W. Gao, J. Wang, and J. Lin, Synchronized sampling technology-based compensation for network effects in WAMS
communication, IEEE Trans. Smart Grid, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 837845,
Jun. 2012.
[432] S. Wang, X. Meng, and T. Chen, Wide-area control of power systems
through delayed network communication, IEEE Trans. Control Syst.
Technol., vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 495503, Mar. 2012.
[433] L. Cheng, G. Chen, F. Zhang, G. Li, and W. Gao, Adaptive time delay
compensator (ATDC) design for wide-area power system stabilizer,
IEEE Trans. Smart Grid, vol. 5, no. 6, pp. 29572966, Nov. 2014.
[434] K. Zhu and L. Nordstrom, Design of wide-area damping systems based
on the capabilities of the supporting information communication technology infrastructure, IET Generat., Transmiss. Distrib., vol. 8, no. 4,
pp. 640650, 2014.
[435] K. Zhu, M. Chenine, L. Nordstrom, S. Holmstrom, and G. Ericsson,
Design requirements of wide-area damping systemsUsing empirical
data from a utility IP network, IEEE Trans. Smart Grid, vol. 5, no. 2,
pp. 829838, Mar. 2014.
[436] S. Zhang and V. Vital, Design of wide-area power system damping
controllers resilient to communication failures, IEEE Trans. Power Syst.,
vol. 28, no. 4, pp. 42924300, Nov. 2013.
[437] S. Zhang and V. Vittal, Wide-area control resiliency using redundant communication paths, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 29, no. 5,
pp. 21892199, Sep. 2014.
[438] M. Glavic et al., See it fast to keep calm: Real-time voltage control under
stressed conditions, IEEE Power Energy Mag., vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 4355,
Jul./Aug. 2012.
[439] H.-Y. Su and C.-W. Liu, An adaptive PMU-based secondary voltage
control scheme, IEEE Trans. Smart Grid, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 15141522,
Sep. 2013.
[440] G. Fusco and M. Russo, Self-tuning regulator design for nodal voltage
waveform control in electrical power systems, IEEE Trans. Control Syst.
Technol., vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 258266, Mar. 2003.
[441] F. Badrkhani Ajaei, S. Afsharnia, A. Kahrobaeian, and S. Farhangi,
A fast and effective control scheme for the dynamic voltage restorer,
IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 26, no. 4, pp. 23982406, Oct. 2011.
[442] R. Bottura and A. Borghetti, Simulation of the volt/var control in distribution feeders by means of a networked multiagent system, IEEE Trans.
Ind. Informat., vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 23402353, Nov. 2014.
[443] R. J. Best, D. J. Morrow, D. M. Laverty, and P. A. Crossley,
Synchrophasor broadcast over Internet protocol for distributed generator
synchronization, IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 25, no. 4, pp. 28352841,
Oct. 2010.
[444] R. J. Best, D. J. Morrow, D. J. McGowan, and P. A. Crossley,
Synchronous islanded operation of a diesel generator, IEEE Trans.
Power Syst., vol. 22, no. 4, pp. 21702176, Nov. 2007.
[445] R. J. Best, D. J. Morrow, D. M. Laverty, and P. A. Crossley, Techniques
for multiple-set synchronous islanding control, IEEE Trans. Smart Grid,
vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 6067, Mar. 2011.
[446] N. C. Seeley, C. Craig, and T. Rainey, Advances in power generator
control: Precise control of power systems islands using time-synchronized
measurements, IEEE Ind. Appl. Mag., vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 4452,
Mar./Apr. 2014.
[447] S. A. Nezam Sarmadi, A. S. Dobakhshari, S. Azizi, and A. M. Ranjbar,
A sectionalizing method in power system restoration based on WAMS,
IEEE Trans. Smart Grid, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 190197, Mar. 2011.
[448] W. Liu, Z. Lin, F. Wen, and G. Ledwich, A wide area monitoring system
based load restoration method, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 28, no. 2,
pp. 20252034, May 2013.
VOLUME 2, 2014

[449] J. Bertsch, C. Carnal, D. Karlson, J. McDaniel, and K. Vu, Wide-area

protection and power system utilization, Proc. IEEE, vol. 93, no. 5,
pp. 9971003, May 2005.
[450] S. Horowitz, D. Novosel, V. Madani, and M. Adamiak, Systemwide protection, IEEE Power Energy Mag., vol. 6, no. 5, pp. 3442,
Sep./Oct. 2008.
[451] H. Khorashadi-Zadeh and Z. Li, Design of a novel phasor measurement unit-based transmission line auto reclosing scheme, IET Generat.,
Transmiss. Distrib., vol. 5, no. 8, pp. 806813, Aug. 2011.
[452] E. E. Bernabeu, J. Thorp, and V. Centeno, Methodology for a security/dependability adaptive protection scheme based on data mining,
IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 27, no. 1, pp. 104111, Jan. 2012.
[453] J. Ma, J. Li, J. S. Thorp, A. J. Arana, Q. Yang, and A. G. Phadke, A fault
steady state component-based wide area backup protection algorithm,
IEEE Trans. Smart Grid, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 468475, Sep. 2011.
[454] P. V. Navalkar and S. A. Soman, Secure remote backup protection
of transmission lines using synchrophasors, IEEE Trans. Power Del.,
vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 8796, Jan. 2011.
[455] P. K. Nayak, A. K. Pradhan, and P. Bajpai, Wide-area measurementbased backup protection for power network with series compensation,
IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 29, no. 4, pp. 19701977, Aug. 2014.
[456] P. Kundu and A. K. Pradhan, Synchrophasor-assisted zone 3 operation,
IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 29, no. 2, pp. 660667, Apr. 2014.
[457] N. Senroy and G. T. Heydt, A conceptual framework for the controlled
islanding of interconnected power systems, IEEE Trans. Power Syst.,
vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 10051006, May 2006.
[458] K. Sun, K. Hur, and P. Zhang, A new unified scheme for controlled
power system separation using synchronized phasor measurements,
IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 26, no. 3, pp. 15441554, Aug. 2011.
[459] R. Franco, C. Sena, G. N. Taranto, and A. Giusto, Using synchrophasors
for controlled islandingA prospective application for the Uruguayan
power system, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 20162024,
May 2013.
[460] V. Centeno, J. De La Ree, A. G. Phadke, G. Michel, R. J. Murphy, and
R. O. Burnett, Jr., Adaptive out-of-step relaying using phasor measurement techniques, IEEE Comput. Appl. Power, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 1217,
Oct. 1993.
[461] V. Centeno, A. G. Phadke, A. Edris, J. Benton, M. Gaudi, and G. Michel,
An adaptive out-of-step relay [for power system protection], IEEE
Trans. Power Del., vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 6171, Jan. 1997.
[462] B. Grcar, J. Ritonja, B. Polajzer, and A. M. Stankovic, Estimation
methods using dynamic phasors for numerical distance protection, IET
Generat., Transmiss. Distrib., vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 433443, 2008.
[463] K. Seethalekshmi, S. N. Singh, and S. C. Srivastava, Synchrophasor
assisted adaptive reach setting of distance relays in presence of UPFC,
IEEE Syst. J., vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 396405, Sep. 2011.
[464] K. Seethalekshmi, S. N. Singh, and S. C. Srivastava, A classification
approach using support vector machines to prevent distance relay maloperation under power swing and voltage instability, IEEE Trans. Power
Del., vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 11241133, Jul. 2012.
[465] J. S. Thorp, A. G. Phadke, S. H. Horowitz, and M. M. Begovic, Some
applications of phasor measurements to adaptive protection, IEEE Trans.
Power Syst., vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 791798, May 1998.
[466] S. Dambhare, S. A. Soman, and M. C. Chandorkar, Adaptive current
differential protection schemes for transmission-line protection, IEEE
Trans. Power Del., vol. 24, no. 4, pp. 18321841, Oct. 2009.
[467] M. M. Eissa, M. E. Masoud, and M. M. M. Elanwar, A novel back up
wide area protection technique for power transmission grids using phasor
measurement unit, IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 270278,
Jan. 2010.
[468] J.-A. Jiang, C.-W. Liu, and C.-S. Chen, A novel adaptive PMU-based
transmission-line relay-design and EMTP simulation results, IEEE
Trans. Power Del., vol. 17, no. 4, pp. 930937, Oct. 2002.
[469] Z. Radojevic and V. Terzija, Numerical algorithm for overhead lines
protection and disturbance records analysis, IET Generat., Transmiss.
Distrib., vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 357363, Mar. 2007.
[470] C. P. Reddy, S. Chakrabarti, and S. C. Srivastava, A sensitivity-based
method for under-frequency load-shedding, IEEE Trans. Power Syst.,
vol. 29, no. 2, pp. 984985, Mar. 2014.
[471] J. Tang, J. Liu, F. Ponci, and A. Monti, Adaptive load shedding based
on combined frequency and voltage stability assessment using synchrophasor measurements, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 28, no. 2,
pp. 20352047, May 2013.
1627

F. Aminifar et al.: SMT in Power Systems

[472] S. Abdelwahid, A. Babiker, A. Eltom, and G. Kobet, Hardware

implementation of an automatic adaptive centralized underfrequency
load shedding scheme, IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 29, no. 6,
pp. 26642673, Dec. 2014.
[473] S. M. Brahma and A. A. Girgis, Development of adaptive protection
scheme for distribution systems with high penetration of distributed generation, IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 5663, Jan. 2004.

AMIR SAFDARIAN (S11) received the B.Sc. degree from Tehran

University, Tehran, Iran, in 2008, and the M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees from the
Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, in 2010 and 2014, respectively,
where he is currently an Associate Researcher with the Smart Grid
Laboratory, Department of Electrical Engineering. He is also collaborating
with the Power Systems and High Voltage Engineering Research Group,
Department of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Aalto University,
Espoo, Finland. He was a recipient of the 2013 IEEE Power System Operation Transactions Prize Paper Award. His research interests include power
system reliability, distribution network operation and planning, and smart
grid issues.

FARROKH AMINIFAR (S07M11) is currently an Assistant Professor

with the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of
Tehran, Tehran, Iran. He has been collaborating with the Robert W. Galvin
Center for Electricity Innovation, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago,
IL, USA, since 2009. His current research interests include wide-area
measurement systems, reliability modeling and assessment, and smart-grid
technologies. He has served as the Guest Editor-in-Chief and an Editor of
three Special Issues of the IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SMART GRID. He received
the IEEE Best Ph.D. Dissertation Award from the Iran Section for his
research on the probabilistic schemes for the placement of pharos measurement units. He was a recipient of the 2013 IEEE/Power System Operation
Transactions Prize Paper Award.

ALI DAVOUDI (S04M11) received the Ph.D. degree in electrical and computer engineering from the University of Illinois at
UrbanaChampaign, USA, in 2010. He was with SolarBridge Technologies,
Champaign, IL, USA, Texas Instruments Inc., Rochester, MN, USA, and
Royal Philips Electronics, Rosemont, IL. He is currently an Assistant Professor with the Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Texas,
Arlington, TX, USA. He is an Associate Editor of the IEEE TRANSACTIONS
ON ENERGY CONVERSION, the IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS,
and the IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON TRANSPORTATION ELECTRIFICATION. His research
interests are in various aspects of modeling and control of power electronics
and finite-inertia power systems.

MAHMUD FOTUHI-FIRUZABAD (F14) received the B.S. degree from

the Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, in 1986, the M.S. degree
from Tehran University, Tehran, in 1989, and the M.S. and Ph.D. degrees
from the University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada, in 1993 and
1997, respectively, all in electrical engineering. He joined the Department
of Electrical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, in 2002, where
he is currently a Professor and the President. He is a member of the Center
of Excellence in Power System Management and Control with the Sharif
University of Technology.

1628

MOHAMMAD SHAHIDEHPOUR (F01) is currently the Bodine Chair

Professor and Director of the Robert W. Galvin Center for Electricity
Innovation with the Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL, USA.
He is a Research Professor with King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah,
Saudi Arabia, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, China, and
the Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran. He was a recipient of
the Honorary Doctorate from the Polytechnic University of Bucharest,
Bucharest, Romania, in 2009. He is the IEEE Distinguished Lecturer, the
Chair of the IEEE Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Conference and the
Great Lakes Symposium on Smart Grid and the New Energy Economy in
2012, and the Editor-in-Chief of the IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SMART GRID.
He was also a recipient of the IEEE PES Outstanding Power Engineering
Educator Award in 2012.

VOLUME 2, 2014