This example varies the operating frequency. Samples are taken at 60Hz, 40Hz, 20Hz, and 10Hz.

Calculations are given at one curve (one frequency) per page below. Plot of the results is all
together on page 5.
Here are the given machine parameters and inputs.
Rs 2.01 ohm
Xls 4.2 ohm
460

Van

Rr 2.59 ohm

XM 110 ohm

Xlr 4.2 ohm

RC 1350 ohm

Pr 3.0 hp

rad
b 2 60
sec
sr 0.0331

We set up the range of rotor speed as a function of frequency. We use a two-pole equivalent here.
The reactances are a function of frequency also.
i 0 1 1000

s 0.00001 i 0.001
i

rad
s 2 60
sec

s
XM XM
b

s
Xls Xls
b

r s 1 s
i
i

s
Xlr Xlr
b
1
r 375.856
3
s

Here are the machine calculations to get a torque vs speed curve. These are the same formulas as
used in earlier examples. I have included sample points as a check on my calculations.
Zin Rs j Xls
i

1
1

RC

Van

Te1

Ia ( 0.508 2.313i) A
3
Vag ( 254.844 2.517i) V
3

j Xls

3 Ir
i

Zin ( 24.042 109.523i)

j Xlr

Vag
i

0.033

2
Rr

33

s s

Po
i

Rr
i

Vag Van Ia Rs j Xls

i
i

j XM

1
s

Ia
i
Zin
i

Ir
i
Rr

3 Ir
i

2
Rr 1 si
3

45 W 1 s
i

Te1

33

6.246 J

Po 2.236 10 W
33

Next, 40 Hz calculations. They are the same as 60 Hz, except for the change in frequency.

Rs 2.01 ohm

Rr 2.59 ohm

Xls 4.2 ohm

Van

460
3

i 0 1 1000

Xlr 4.2 ohm

RC 1350 ohm

Pr 3.0 hp

rad
b 2 60
sec
sr 0.0331

1
r 375.856
3
s

r s 1 s
i
i

s 0.00001 i 0.001
i

s
XM XM
b

rad
s 2 40
sec

XM 110 ohm

s
Xls Xls
b

s
Xlr Xlr
b

s r
i
s
1

Zin Rs j Xls
i

1
RC

1
j XM

Zin ( 2.827 5.85i )

1
Rr
s

j Xlr

Van
Ia
i
Zin
i

Ia ( 17.786 36.801i ) A
3

Vag Van Ia Rs j Xls

i
i
Ir
i
Rr
s

Te2

Vag ( 198.29 123.771i) V

3

Vag
i
0.45

33

j Xls

3 Ir
i

2
Rr

s s

Po
i

33

3 Ir
i

Te2

2
Rr 1 si
3

45 W 1 s
i

97.82 J

Po 3.58 10 W
33

Next, 20 Hz.
Rs 2.01 ohm

Rr 2.59 ohm

Xls 4.2 ohm

Van

460
3

i 0 1 1000

Xlr 4.2 ohm

RC 1350 ohm

Pr 3.0 hp

rad
b 2 60
sec

sr 0.0331

1
r 375.856
3
s

r s 1 s
i
i

s 0.00001 i 0.001
i

s
XM XM
b

rad
s 2 20
sec

XM 110 ohm

s
Xls Xls
b

s
Xlr Xlr
b

s r
i
s
1

Zin Rs j Xls

RC

1
j XM

Zin ( 0.805 2.792i)

1
Rr
s

j Xlr

Van
Ia
i
Zin
i

Ia ( 25.313 87.819i ) A
3

Vag Van Ia Rs j Xls

i
i

Ir
i
Rr
s

Te3

Vag ( 91.755 141.079i) V

3

Vag
i
1.901

33

j Xls

3 Ir
i

2
Rr

s s

Po
i

3 Ir
i

Te3

33

2
Rr 1 si
3

45 W 1 s
i

254.198 J

Po 9.377 10 W
33

Next, 10 Hz
Rs 2.01 ohm

Rr 2.59 ohm

Xls 4.2 ohm

Van

460
3

i 0 1 1000

Xlr 4.2 ohm

RC 1350 ohm

Pr 3.0 hp

rad
b 2 60
sec

sr 0.0331

1
r 375.856
3
s

r s 1 s
i
i

s 0.00001 i 0.001
i

s
XM XM
b

rad
s 2 10
sec

XM 110 ohm

s
Xls Xls
b

s
Xlr Xlr
b

s r
i
s
1

Zin Rs j Xls
i

1
RC

1
j XM

Zin ( 1.528 1.388i)

1
Rr
s

j Xlr

Van
Ia
i
Zin
i

Ia ( 95.235 86.492i ) A
3

Vag Van Ia Rs j Xls

i
i

Ir
i
Rr
s

Te4

Vag ( 13.615 107.185i) V

3

Vag
i
4.802

33

j Xls

3 Ir
i

2
Rr

s s

Po
i

33

3 Ir
i

Te4

2
Rr 1 si
3

45 W 1 s
i

400.309 J

Po 1.547 10 W
33

Here are the results: the four curves plotted on the same axes. We see an increase in torque
with decreasing frequency. If our magnetic material is perfect, this will indeed be the case.
Unfortunately, saturation of the iron keept peak torques about the same or less than the rated
peak torque.

400

300

Te1
Te2
Te3

200

Te4

100

0
0

100

200
r

300

In this example, we change frequency in the same manner and at the same increments as before.
But we also change input voltage at by the identical factor in each case. This is Constant Volts per
Hertz. Otherwise, the calculations are the same as those above.
Rs 2.01 ohm

Rr 2.59 ohm

Xls 4.2 ohm

Van

460
3

i 0 1 1000

Xlr 4.2 ohm

RC 1350 ohm

Pr 3.0 hp

rad
b 2 60
sec
sr 0.0331

s 0.00001 i 0.001
i

s
XM XM
b

rad
s 2 60
sec

XM 110 ohm

r s 1 s
i
i

Van
i

s
Xls Xls
b
460
3

s
b

s
Xlr Xlr
b

Here is the constant

Volts per Hertz
declaration.
1
r 375.856
3
s

Zin Rs j Xls
i

1
RC

1
j XM

1
Rr
s

Van
i

Zin ( 24.042 109.523i)

j Xlr

Ia
i
Zin
i

Ia ( 0.508 2.313i) A
3

Vag Van Ia Rs j Xls

i
i
i

Ir
i
Rr
s

Te1

Vag ( 254.844 2.517i) V

3

Vag
i
0.033

33

j Xls
3 Ir
i

2
Rr

s s

Po
i

3 Ir
i

Te1

33

2
Rr 1 si
3

45 W 1 s
i

6.246 J

Po 2.236 10 W
33

Next, 40 Hz and the input voltage reduced by a factor of 40/60.

Rs 2.01 ohm

Rr 2.59 ohm

Xls 4.2 ohm

i 0 1 1000

Xlr 4.2 ohm

RC 1350 ohm

Pr 3.0 hp

s
XM XM
b

460

Van
i

sr 0.0331

s r
i

rad
b 2 60
sec

s
Xls Xls
b

s
Xlr Xlr
b

s
b

Zin Rs j Xls

RC

1
j XM

Zin ( 2.827 5.85i )

1
Rr
s

Van
i

1
r 375.856
3
s

r s 1 s
i
i

s 0.00001 i 0.001

rad
s 2 40
sec

XM 110 ohm

j Xlr

Ia
i
Zin

Ia ( 11.858 24.534i ) A
3

Vag Van Ia Rs j Xls

i
i
i
Ir
i
Rr
s

Te2

Vag ( 132.193 82.514i ) V

3

Vag
i
0.45

33

j Xls

3 Ir
i

2
Rr

s s

Po
i

3 Ir
i

Te2

33

2
Rr 1 si
3

45 W 1 s
i

43.476 J

Po 1.599 10 W
33

Next, 20 Hz and 1/3 of the input voltage.

Rs 2.01 ohm

Rr 2.59 ohm

Xls 4.2 ohm

i 0 1 1000

Xlr 4.2 ohm

RC 1350 ohm

Pr 3.0 hp

s
XM XM
b
Van
i

460
3

sr 0.0331

s r
i

rad
b 2 60
sec

1
r 375.856
3
s

r s 1 s
i
i

s 0.00001 i 0.001

rad
s 2 20
sec

XM 110 ohm

s
Xls Xls
b

s
Xlr Xlr
b

s
b

Zin Rs j Xls
i

1
RC

1
j XM

Rr
s

Van
i

Zin ( 0.805 2.792i)

j Xlr

Ia
i
Zin
i

Ia ( 8.438 29.273i ) A
3

Vag Van Ia Rs j Xls

i
i
i

Ir
i
Rr
s

Te3

Vag ( 30.585 47.026i ) V

3

Vag
i
1.901

33

j Xls

3 Ir
i

2
Rr

s s

Po
i

3 Ir
i

Te3

33

2
Rr 1 si
3

45 W 1 s
i

28.244 J

Po 1.139 10 W
33

Next, 10Hz and 1/6 of the voltage.

Rs 2.01 ohm

Rr 2.59 ohm

Xls 4.2 ohm

i 0 1 1000

Xlr 4.2 ohm

RC 1350 ohm

Pr 3.0 hp

s
XM XM
b
Van
i

460
3

sr 0.0331

s r
i

rad
b 2 60
sec

1
r 375.856
3
s

r s 1 s
i
i

s 0.00001 i 0.001

rad
s 2 10
sec

XM 110 ohm

s
Xls Xls
b

s
Xlr Xlr
b

s
b
1

Zin Rs j Xls
i

1
RC

1
j XM

Rr
s

Van
i

Zin ( 1.528 1.388i)

j Xlr

Ia
i
Zin
i

Ia ( 15.872 14.415i ) A
3

Vag Van Ia Rs j Xls

i
i
i

Ir
i
Rr
s

Te4

Vag ( 2.269 17.864i ) V

3

Vag
i
4.802

33

j Xls

3 Ir
i

2
Rr

s s

Po
i

3 Ir
i

Te4

33

2
Rr 1 si
3

45 W 1 s
i

11.12 J

Po 1.284 10 W
33

Here are the results. There is a significant improvement in performance. Saturation is not normally
problem in this method. There is some reduction in torque capability due to armature resistance.
That is often remedied by adding a little voltage to compensate for the voltage drop across the
armature resistance. MathCAD does allow you to try this "voltage boost" if you wish.

20

Te1
Te2
Te3

10

Te4

10

100

200
r

300