CC606 HYDROLOGY

(2 CREDIT)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Basic of Hydrology
Rainfall Data Analysis
Surface Runoff
Hydrograph Analysis
Flood Routine and Frequency
Basic concept of urban drainage

Assessment
Quiz min 2 (10%)
Test 2 (30%)
Tutorial 4 (30%)
Assignment/Project min 2 (30%)
Total Continuous Assessment Mark 100%
sarinorjka01@yahoo.com.my

Concept of hydrology

Definition
Hydrology is the science that takes into
account the water in the world, existence, and
the distribution cycle, chemical and physical
properties, and reactions to the environment,
including relationships with living things.
Space covers the entire history of existence of
water on the earth

Water measurement unit

a) In water Depth
(mm, cm, m, inch, feet)
b) In the form of Volume
(cm3, m3, liter, cube feet, meter hecta(m-ha)
c) In the form of Flow Rate
(liter/sec/minutes/hours,m3/s)

Distribution of hydrology

Data
Collection

Scope
1. Predict Flood
2. Planning of water
resources development
3. Reduce Impact
4. Water Management

5. Planning for development

of ground water resources

Analysis

Sample data
1. Monthly
2. Water Level Recorder Chart
3. Evaporation Data
4. Humidity
5. Sweat

HIDROLOGY DATA CRITERIA

Trusted
Continuously

Hydrological Data
To design and analyze any project in hydrology,
the hydrological data necessary and sufficient.
Climate data : Tropical and subtropical
Meteorology data : wind, air, humidity
(meteorological department)
Rain record, stream flow, ground water level
JPS
Stream water quality JPS and JAS

Hydrological Cycle
A transition cycle of water (water
transfer) that occur on earth consistently
and naturally

Component of Hydrological Cycle

Precipitation (P) - Curahan

Evapotranspiration (E) Sejat Peluhan
Evaporation - Sejatan
Transpiration (T) - Pepeluhan
Surface Run-Off (R) Larian Permukaan
Infiltration (I) Penyusupan
Ground Water (G) Air Bumi
Condensation (C) Pemeluwapan
Convection - Olakan

Basic Components of the hydrological

Cycle
Precipitation
The transfer from vapor form to liquid form. It is a
continuous process in which water is evaporated from
oceans, moves inland as moist air masses.
The precipitation that falls from clouds onto the land surface.
For example - rain , snow, dew, hills

Evaporation /Evapotranspiration
The transfer of water from liquid form to vapor form. Rainfall
is retained in the soil near where it falls and returns to the
atmosphere

Transpiration (T)
Water inside of plants is transferred from the plant to the
atmosphere as water vapor

Infiltration (I)
Infiltration is the physical process involving movement of water
through the boundary area where the atmosphere interfaces
with the soil. Part of rain water infiltrated to the soil due to
gravitational force and pressure different.

Surface Runoff (R)

The transfer of liquid form within a catchment areas surface
runoff that flows over the land surface and through channels,
subsurface runoff that infiltrates the surface soils and moves
laterally towards the stream

Effect of land use toward hydrological

cycle

Land slide
Land erosion
Flood
Global Warming
Land Pollution
Water Pollution
Air Pollution

Hydrolologic Continuity Equation

(The Water Balance)
A statement about water balance and water
conservation law occurring in a clearly defined
catchment area.
dS/dt = I O
dS/dt = rate of storage change
I = amount of water input
O = amount of water output

Example of Calculation
A storage allow to received inflow and outflow
respectively at rate 10 and 15 m3/s for 24 hours.
Calculate the change of volume in that storage
in 24 hours.
dS/dt = I O
dS = (I O) dt
dS = (10-15) m3/s x[ 24 x 60 x 60]s
dS = - 4.32 x 105 m3

In two month Padang Melati district predict to

received rain 240 mm. Evaporation is 80 mm and
infiltration 20 mm. The catchment are is 56 km2 .
Estimate the volume of surface runoff.
R=PETI
P = 240 mm
E = 80 mm
T=0
I = 20 mm

R =PETI
= 240 80 -20
= 140 mm @ 0.14 m
Volume of surface runoff
= R x Area
= (0.14) x ( 56 x 106)
= 7.84 x 106 m3

Problem Set
1. Explain the hydrological process below
Infiltration
Transpiration
Base Flow

2. There are two rivers flow into the catchment area

1500 km2. The total discharge of two rivers are
7.5 x 1010 m3/year. Record are made showing the
loss due to the transpiration is 10% of the
monthly rainfall. Determine the average monthly
rainfall for the catchment area.

3. Sungai Kinta catchment is expected to receive 240mm

of rain. Transpiration is approximately 55 mm and the
infiltration is estimated 20 mm. The catchment area is
65 km2. Estimate the volume of runoff.
4. The streams storage reach at a particular time is 72 x
103 m3. At that time the inflow and outflow of the
stream are 16m3/s and 25 m3/s respectively. Two hours
later the inflow and outflow are 23 m3/s and 30 m3/s
respectively. Calculate the change and the new storage
of the reach at the end of two hours.

5.The drainage area of a village is 2.59 x 1010 m2. If the

mean annual runoff is determined to be 19.82 m3/s and
the average annual rainfall is 20 cm, estimated the
evapotranspiration losses for the area in cm/year.
6.Within 6 months of the Sungai Lui catchment area is
estimated to receive rainfall of 350 mm. Evaporated in
the estimate of 100 mm and diffusion into the
subsurface is estimated to 40 mm. Estimate the volume
in cubic meters of area to be stored in the reservoir if
the basin area is 85 km2.
7.Calculate the average daily evaporation rate in
(ha.cm)/day on annual evaporation from lake with a
surface area of 25 x 106 m2 is 320 cm. (1ha = 10000 m2)

Unit Converter Exercise

65 km2

72000 m3/year
8.5 x 103 m3/year
157 cm

82 mm

482 mm3

300 ml

57 cm3

360 mm2

250 cm3/month -

m2
cm3/day
cm3/month
m
m
m3
cm3
m3
m2
m3/s