BIS103- Vitamin - Co-enzyme Relationships

Many co-enzymes, required for biochemical reactions, are not synthesized de novo by humans, so the co-enzyme or a related precursor must be
eaten by humans. These compounds (the co-enzyme or related precursor) are vitamins (from VITal AMINes). A vitamin is an organic compound
required by an organism as a vital nutrient in limited amounts. Vitamins do not include minerals, nor essential fatty acid or amino acids, which are
needed in much higher amounts. Vitamin refers to one or more compounds that can be converted into a specific co-eznyme, so vitamin B3, for
example, refers to multiple compounds that can be converted to the same co-enzyme. Not all vitamins are co-enzymes and not all co-enzymes are, or
derived from, vitamins (that is, humans can synthesize the co-enzyme de novo).
KNOW BOLD ITEMS- Name and FUNCTION OF CO-ENZYME ( Not the abbreviated name, nor associated disease).
Co-enzyme name and
abbreviation
FOR MIDTERM 1:
Thiamine
pyrophosphate, TPP
Flavin Adenine
Dinucleotide, FAD

Vitamin for
humans

B
name

Thiamine
(thiamin)
Riboflavin

B1

Nicotinamide
Dinucleotide
(phosphate),
NAD, (NADP)
Coenzyme A
CoASH/CoA, (also in
Acyl Carrier Protein,
ACP)
Lipoic Acid
(LA)/lipoamide

Niacin (nicotinic
B3
acid, nicotinamide)

Oxidation/reduction
(electron transfer)

Pantothenic Acid

An Acyl carrier
Acetyl is a 2C acyl
unit

Not a vitaminsynthesized by
humans

B2

B5

Function
Decarboxylation of
alpha keto acids
Oxidation/reduction
(electron transfer)

Reductive acylation

Comments

Deficiency Disease

Always protein bound

Beriberi

Can be found in 3 forms: FAD

(fully oxidized), FADH (semireduced or semi-oxidized,
FADH2 (fully reduced); almost
always protein bound
Hydride transfer= 2 electrons, 1
proton, both at same time, found
only as fully oxidized NAD+, or
fully reduced NADH.
Free or enzyme bound (to
participate in reaction has to bind
to enzyme), but then can be
released.
Typically covalently bound to
enzyme

Ariboflavinosis

Pellagra (black tongue in

dogs)
Deficiency rare, doesnt
have specific name
N/A