2.1, 2.2, 2.

3 biology quiz
Describe the structure of an atom.
Atoms are the smallest basic unit of matter.
Describe what is meant by the term element.
One particular type of atom, cannot be broken down into a simpler substance by ordinary chemical means.
Give examples of elements.
Hydrogen, oxygen, gold, and aluminum.
What is the difference among atoms that make one element different from another element?
The number of protons or neutrons it has.
What determines the properties of elements?
-The electrons in the atoms
Define compound and give an example.
Compound: a substance made of atoms of different elements bonded together by covalent bonding.
Example: Water and Carbon dioxide.
Define ion.
Ion: an atom that has gained or lost one or more electrons.
Explain how ions are formed.
Ions are formed when electrons are transfered from one atom to another.
Give examples of positive ions and negative ions.
Positive: When it loses 1 electron (on the outer)
Explain how ionic bonds are formed.
They form through the electrical force between oppositely charged ions.
Explain how covalent bonds are formed.
When atoms share a pair of electrons.
Define molecule and give an example.
Molecules: 2 or more atoms held together by covalent bonds. Example: Oxygen.

What distinguishes one element from another

All elements have different protons and atoms in their form
Describe the formation of an ionic compound
When a element loses an electron to another element a ionic bond forms
What is the difference between an ionic bond and a covalent bond
An ionic bond forms through electrical force between oppositely charged ions while covalent bonds
form when atoms share a pair of electrons
How does a molecule differ from an atom
Molecules are made up of two or more atoms held together while an atom is the smallest form of
matter
Explain why a hydrogen atom can become either an ion or a part of a molecule
Atoms are most stable when the outer electron level is the most full. Because it can lose an
electron and become an ion or share with another hydrogen atom and become a molecule

What happens to electrons in outer energy levels when two atoms form a covalent bond?
-atoms share pairs of electron

Explain why a hydrogen atom can become either an ion or part of a molecule

-the electron can be lost to form an ion

-the electron can be shared to form a covalent bond

What determines whether an atom becomes a positive ion or negative ion

If it loses an electron it is positive ion; if it gains an electron it is a negative ion

cohesion
attraction among molecules of a substance; water molecules stick together; example: water beads
on recently washed car
adhesion
attraction among molecules of different substances; water molecules stick to other things; example:
helps plants transport water from their roots
solution
mixture of substances that is the same throughout--a homogenous mixture
solvent
the substance that is present in the greater amount and that dissolves another substance
solute
substance that dissolves in a solvent

2.2
hydrogen bond
Attraction between a slightly positive hydrogen atom and a slightly negative atom, often oxygen or
nitrogen
how are hydrogen bonds similar to ionic bonds?
both formed by the attraction of oppositely charged atoms, ionic bonds with charged ions and hydrogen bonds with
slightly charged hydrogen.

Which of the following properties of water is not caused by hydrogen bonding?

pH

What are some (3) properties related to hydrogen bonds?

high specific heat, adhesion, and cohesion

What causes hydrogen bonds to form between polar molecules?

Polar molecules have partially charged regions that attract other polar molecules.
How do polar molecules form hydrogen bonds?
opposite charges of polar molecules can interact to form hydrogen bonds
What is the difference between a polar molecule and a non-polar molecule? How does this
affect how they interact?
polar molecules are like magnets with poles. They have a region with a slight positive charge and a
region with a slight negative charge. Polar molecules have unequal pulls on the molecules they
share. Non-polar molecules do not have these regions, so they share electrons more equally.
high specific heat
Water property where it takes a long time for water to change temperature; important so it can
regulate the temperature and the water in an organism would not freeze when it is cold or boil when
it is hot
cohesion, give an example you would observe in daily life
attraction among molecules of a substance
example: water droplets on a window
adhesion, give an example you would observe in daily life
An attraction between molecules of different substances
example: water in a plants vascular system sticking to the walls of the vessels going against gravity
from the roots to the leaves

What are solvent and solutes in a beverage you drink?

solvent: water, solute: cool aid

What determines whether a compound will dissolve in water?

solvent
solution
A homogeneous mixture of two or more substances
solvent
substance that is present in the greater amount and that dissolves another substance
solute
substance that dissolves in a solvent
What term describes the sugar in a glass of lemonade?
Solute
What types of substances dissolve easily in water?
ions and polar molecules
What types of substances do not dissolve easily in water?
non polar molecules, such as fats and oils

acid
compound that releases a proton- hydrogen ion (H+)-when it dissolves in water
bases
compounds that remove H+ ions from a solution
pH

what a solution's acidity, or H+ is measured by

If cells have a higher hydrogen concentration than blood, which has a higher PH cells or
blood and why?
PH, buffers
What is the pH of a neutral solution?
7
Cells have higher H+ concentrations than blood. Which has a higher pH?
blood has a higher pH because the H+ concentration is not as high as cells'. according to the pH scale the less
concentration you have, the higher (number) you are on the actual scale

Buffer
Is a compound that can bind to an H+ ion when H+ concentration increases and can release an H+ iom when the H+
concentration decreases

2.3
Why is carbon often called the building block of life?
Carbon atoms are the basis of the molecules that make up most living things.
What ability allows carbon atoms to form a large number of molecules?
Carbon atoms can form covalent bonds with up to four other atoms, including other carbon atoms.
Carbohydrate
Function: broken down as a source of chemical energy; part of cell structure Example sugars, starches, cellulose
Lipid
broken down as a source of chemical energy; part of cell structure Example: fats, oils, phospholipids
Protein
many functions, including movement, transport, chemical catalysts Example: enzymes, hemoglobin
Nucleic acid
store genetic information, build proteins Example: DNA, RNA
What determines a protein's structure and function?
the order of amino acids and interactions between amino acids (hydrogen bonds and sulfur-sulfur bonds)
Fatty acids
Chains of carbon atoms bonded to hydrogen atoms
What are nucleic acids made of?
nucleotides, which are composed of a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogen-containing base
The prefix mono- means "one," and the prefix poly- means "many." How are these meanings related to the
terms monomer and polymer?
A monomer is a single subunit; a polymer is a molecule made of many monomers.

What is the relationship between a polymer and a monomer ?

A monomer is a single unit. While a polymer is monomers linked together.

Explain how both nucleic acids and proteins are polymers be sure to describe the
monomers that make up the Polymer
Nucleic acids are polymers because they are long chains of nucleotides which are also monomers.
While proteins are polymers because they have long chains of amino acids.
How are carbohydrates and lipids similar? How are they different?
Carbohydrates and lipids. Contain energy. However carbohydrates dissolve in water while lipids do
not.

the most basic carbohydrates are simple sugars, or.....?

monosaccharides
what is the monomer of lipid
fatty acid
true or false:
lipids give us energy but it is harder to break down
true
list the 4 main types of carbon-based molecules
carbohydrates, lipids, protein, nucleic acid
monomers of protein
amino acids
true or false:
lipids are used to build and repair
false: proteins are used to build and repair
There are two general types of nucleic acids:
DNA and RNA
Explain how the bonding properties of carbon atoms result in the large variety
of carbon-based molecules in living things
carbon atoms are able to from 4 types of covalent bond which ends up as molecules