MATHEMATICS
FOR MANAGEMENT
Assoc Prof Dr Zurni Omar
Noraziah Haji Man
Hawa Ibrahim
Fatinah Zainon
Azizan Saaban
Project Directors:
Module Writers:
Moderators:
Fatinah Zainon
Noraziah Haji Man
Assoc Prof Dr Zurni Omar
Hawa Ibrahim
Universiti Utara Malaysia
Raziana Che Aziz
Open University Malaysia
Developed by:
Printed by:
Table of Contents
Course Guide
Topic 1
ix-xiii
Matrix
1.1 Classifications/Types of Matrices
1.1.1 Row Matrix (Row Vector)
1.1.2 Column Matrix (Column Vector)
1.1.3 Square Matrix
1.1.4 Diagonal Matrix
1.1.5 Special Matrix
1.2 Matrix Operations
1.2.1 Equality of Matrix
1.2.2 Transpose
1.2.3 Matrix Addition
1.2.4 Matrix Subtraction
1.2.5 Scalar Multiplication
1.2.6 Matrix Multiplication
1.3 Determinant
1.3.1 Minor of Element aij
1.3.2
Topic 2
1
3
3
3
4
4
6
6
7
7
8
9
9
12
13
15
1.4
1.5
Inverse Matrix
Solving Linear Equation System Using Matrices
1.5.1 Matrix Equation
1.5.2 Inverse Matrix Method
1.5.3 Cramer's Rule
Summary
Key Terms
17
18
19
20
23
28
28
29
30
30
31
32
33
35
39
46
iv TABLE OF CONTENTS
Summary
Key Terms
51
51
Topic 3
52
52
53
57
59
60
63
64
Topic 4
65
65
68
71
72
75
77
79
82
83
Topic 5
Differentiation
5.1 Constant Rule
5.2 Power Rule
5.3 Constant Times a Function Rule
5.4 The Rules of Sums and Differences of Functions
5.5 Product Rule
5.6 Quotient Rule
5.7 Chain Rule
5.8 Power Rule (Special Case of Chain Rule)
Summary
Key Terms
84
85
85
86
87
90
91
93
95
99
99
Topic 6
Application of Differentiation
6.1 Second and Third Degree Differentiation
6.2 Total Cost Function (C )
6.3
100
101
102
103
104
105
108
108
TABLE OF CONTENTS v
108
109
112
113
114
115
119
119
Topic 7
Integration
7.1 Anti-derivatives
7.2 Definite Integrals
7.3 Integration by Substitution
Summary
Key Terms
120
120
125
128
132
132
Topic 8
Application of Integration
8.1 Finding Area Under a Graph
8.2 Application of Integration in Economics and Business
8.2.1 Consumers and Producers Surpluses
8.2.2 Finding Function from Its Marginal Function
Summary
Key Terms
133
134
138
138
142
147
147
Topic 9
Partial Differentiation
9.1 Functions of Multi-variable
9.2 Partial Derivatives
9.3 Higher order Partial Derivatives
Summary
Key Terms
148
149
153
156
159
159
Topic 10
160
161
167
172
173
Answers
174
vi TABLE OF CONTENTS
COURSE GUIDE
COURSE GUIDE
ix
INTRODUCTION
BBMP1103 Mathematics for Management is one of the courses offered by Faculty
of Business and Management at Open University Malaysia (OUM). This course is
worth three credit hours and should be covered over 15 weeks.
COURSE AUDIENCE
This is a core course for all students undertaking Bachelor Degree Business
Admin and Bachelor Degree Business Accounting programme.
As an open and distance learner, you should be acquainted with learning
independently and being able to optimise the learning modes and environment
available to you. Before you begin this course, please ensure that you have the
right course material, and understand the course requirements as well as how the
course is conducted.
STUDY SCHEDULE
It is a standard OUM practice that learners accumulate 40 study hours for every
credit hour. As such, for a three-credit hour course, you are expected to spend
120 study hours. Table 1 gives an estimation of how the 120 study hours could be
accumulated.
COURSE GUIDE
Study
Hours
60
10
Online participation
12
Revision
15
20
120
LEARNING OUTCOMES
By the end of this course, you should be able to:
1.
2.
3.
4.
COURSE SYNOPSIS
This course is divided into 10 topics. The synopsis for each topic can be listed as
follows:
Topic 1 discusses the classification of matrices, matrix operation and
determinants. These will be followed by solutions to the simultaneous linear
equations detail using the method of matrix inverse and Cramers rule.
Topic 2 discusses linear and quadratic functions, solves equations and sketch
graphs.
Topic 3 discusses the applications of linear and quadratic functions mainly in
Economics.
COURSE GUIDE
xi
Topic 4 discusses both exponential and logarithm functions and how these two
functions associate with one another.
Topic 5 discusses the rules of differentiation which make the process of obtaining
the derivatives for various functions simpler.
Topic 6 discusses the process of deriving higher level differentiation and the
function of total cost, total revenue and total profit in order to arrive at the
minimum cost as well as maximum revenue and profit.
Topic 7 will introduce integration as reversal process of differentiation. Further
discussion will be on indefinite integrals, and definite integrals, followed by
integration on algebra, and exponential and logarithm functions. The method
which will be introduced is integration by substitution.
Topic 8 discusses the application of integration i.e. finding area under a curve
and its application in Economics and Business. Marginal functions, producers
surplus and consumers surplus are the functions that will be discussed in detail.
Topic 9 discusses multi-variable functions with its derivatives which is known as
partial derivatives. This topic explains the first and second degree of partial
derivatives.
Topic 10 discusses the application of partial differentiation i.e. how to determine
the maximum and minimum points of functions of two variables as well as
applications of the business optimising functions with constraints.
xii
COURSE GUIDE
component, try to reflect on what you have already learnt thus far. By attempting
to answer the question, you should be able to gauge how well you have
understood the sub-section(s). Most of the time, the answers to the questions can
be found directly from the module itself.
Activity: Like Self-Check, the Activity component is also placed at various
locations or junctures throughout the module. This component may require you to
solve questions, explore short case studies, or conduct an observation or research.
It may even require you to evaluate a given scenario. When you come across an
Activity, you should try to reflect on what you have gathered from the module and
apply it to real situations. You should, at the same time, engage yourself in higher
order thinking where you might be required to analyse, synthesise and evaluate
instead of only having to recall and define.
Summary: You will find this component at the end of each topic. This component
helps you to recap the whole topic. By going through the summary, you should
be able to gauge your knowledge retention level. Should you find points in the
summary that you do not fully understand, it would be a good idea for you to
revisit the details in the module.
Key Terms: This component can be found at the end of each topic. You should go
through this component to remind yourself of important terms or jargon used
throughout the module. Should you find terms here that you are not able to
explain, you should look for the terms in the module.
References: The References section is where a list of relevant and useful
textbooks, journals, articles, electronic contents or sources can be found. The list
can appear in a few locations such as in the Course Guide (at the References
section), at the end of every topic or at the back of the module. You are
encouraged to read or refer to the suggested sources to obtain the additional
information needed and to enhance your overall understanding of the course.
PRIOR KNOWLEDGE
There is no prerequisite requirement for this course.
ASSESSMENT METHOD
Please refer to myVLE.
COURSE GUIDE
xiii
REFERENCES
Abdul Razak Yaakub. (2002). Pengenalan kepada matematik untuk pengurusan.
(Edisi Kedua). Sintok: Universiti Utara Malaysia.
Bittinger, M. L. & Ellenbogen, D. J. (2007). Calculus and its applications (9th ed).
Boston: Pearson International Edition
Haeussler, E. F., Richards, S. P., & Wood, R. J. (2004). Introductory mathematical
analysis for business, economics, and the life and social sciences (11th ed.).
New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
Kamran Sa'yan, & Ku Ruhana Ku Muhamud. (2002). Matematik untuk
pengurusan, ekonomi & sains sosial. Sintok: Universiti Utara Malaysia.
Lial/Miller (1980). Essential calculus with application (2nd ed.). England: Scott,
Foresman and Company.
Malim, M. Rozi, Maidinshah, H., Ishak, F., & Jamal, M. (1999). Business calculus.
Shah Alam: ITM.
Margaret, L. L., Charles, D. M., & Raymond, N. G. (1992). Finite mathematics and
calculus with applications (4th ed.). Harper Collins College Publishers.
Rahela, R., Fatinah, Z., & Hawa, I. (2005). Penyelesaian soalan-soalan dalam
matematik untuk pengurusan. Sintok: Universiti Utara Malaysia.
xiv
COURSE GUIDE
Topic Matrix
LEARNING OUTCOMES
By the end of this topic, you should be able to:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
INTRODUCTION
Labour
Material
D
10
5
Product
E
12
9
F
16
7
10 12 16
5 9 7
TOPIC 1
MATRIX
Matrices can be categorised into several classes or types. Later on, this topic will
discuss matrix operations each with its own properties which differ from the
operations of real numbers. The application of matrix is to solve simultaneous
equation systems. Two methods will be employed to solve the simultaneous
equation system, which are the inverse matrix method and the Cramer's rule. The
knowledge on finding the determinant of a given matrix is essential in order to
apply these methods.
Matrix is a rectangular array of numbers consisting of m horizontal rows and n
vertical columns,
a11
a
21
.
.
.
am1
.
...
.
.
...
.
am 2 ... amn
2 0 1
0 1 3
The above matrix consists of two rows and three columns. Hence, the dimension,
order, size or degree of the above matrix is 2 3. The dimension of a matrix is the
number of rows first, followed by the number of columns. The elements or
entries of the above matrix in the first row are 2, 0 and 1. While, the elements for
the second rows are 0, 1 and 3.
Generally, a matrix is denoted by a capital letter. On the other hand, every
element of the matrix will be denoted by smaller capitals with subscripts as
shown below:
a11
A a21
a31
a12
a22
a32
a13
a23
a33
TOPIC 1
MATRIX
Based on the matrix A above, we can conclude that A is a matrix with the
dimension of 3 3, where its elements or entries:
The dimension of the matrix A can be written at the lower right side of the letter,
in a form of a subscript, i.e. A33.
In general, a matrix A with the dimension of m n (matrix A with m rows and n
columns) is often written as Amxn. The elements of matrix A are denoted by aij ,
where i = 1, 2, , m and j = 1, 2, , n.
SELF-CHECK 1.1
If numbers are arranged in a non-rectangular form, can that still be
called a matrix? Explain.
1.1
CLASSIFICATIONS/TYPES OF MATRICES
Matrices can be categorised into several types based on its dimensions and
elements. Let us find out more.
1.1.1
Row matrix or row vector is a matrix with only one row, as illustrated by the
following matrices:
(a)
B13 1 0 1
1.1.2
(b)
B14 1 3 2 1
A matrix with only one column is called column matrix or column vector. The
following are samples of column matrices:
(a)
TOPIC 1
MATRIX
1
L31 0
3
1.1.3
(b)
3
2
L41
1
0
Square Matrix
A matrix with equal numbers of rows and columns is called square matrix. The
m x n matrix is square, if and only if, m = n . The examples of square matrices are
as follows:
3 2 1
1 2
(b) S33 3 1 0
(a) S 22
4
0
2 1 4
The elements on the main diagonal of any given square matrix are all the elements
which lie from the upper left corner to the lower right corner. The main diagonal
elements for matrix S22 above are 1 and 0. While, the main diagonal of matrix
S33 are 3, 1 and 4 .
1.1.4
Diagonal Matrix
If a square matrix has at least one non-zero element on its main diagonal and all the
other elements are zero, the matrix is known as diagonal matrix or aij = 0 for i j.
Below are samples of such matrices:
(a)
P22
1.1.5
1 0
0 1
(b)
P33
1 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 3
Special Matrix
Identity Matrix, denoted by I is the diagonal matrix whose main diagonal entries
are 1s. Let us now look at examples of identity matrices.
(a)
I 22
1 0
0 1
(b)
I 33
1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
TOPIC 1
MATRIX
Zero matrix or null matrix, denoted by 0 is the matrix when all the elements of a
matrix are set to zero. Examples are as shown below:
(a)
032
0 0
0 0
0 0
(b)
0 0 0
023
0 0 0
SELF-CHECK 1.2
If there exists only one element in a matrix, can the matrix be
called square matrix? Explain.
EXERCISE 1.1
1.
Given:
(a)
3 1
B 6 2
1 0
(b)
C 1 5 8
(c)
6
D 9
4
3.
4.
a 0 0
Find the value(s) of a, that make 0 0 0 a diagonal matrix.
0 0 0
1 0 0
Is the matrix
an identity matrix? Clarify your answer.
0 1 0
Determine the classes for each of the matrices below:
(a)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
(b)
0
0
2
(c)
2 1 0
TOPIC 1
1.2
MATRIX
MATRIX OPERATIONS
In this subtopic, you will learn about the following matrix operations:
Equality of matrix
Transpose
Matrix addition
Matrix subtraction
Scalar multiplication
Matrix multiplication
1.2.1
Equality of Matrix
Matrices A = [aij] and B = [bij] are equal if and only if they have the same order
and
5 2 5 0.5
3
0 1 1 0
2
but 1 2 1 2 0
A matrix equation can be defined as a system of equation. For example, suppose that
q
3
q 1 2r
q 1 3 q
p 1 r 2r
5
q 4
q 1 5
q 5 1
q4
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TOPIC 1
MATRIX
1.2.2
Transpose
2 3 1
2 1 0
T
If A = 1 2 0 , then A 3 2 1
0 1 3
1 0 3
(b)
1 3
1 0 1
T
If B = 3 2 0 , then B 0 2
1 0
T
1.2.3
Matrix Addition
Adding two or more matrices is only feasible if all the matrices are of the same
dimension. The sum is obtained by adding the corresponding elements (i.e. the
elements that lie on the same position). The addition operation cannot be done if
the matrices have different dimensions.
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TOPIC 1
MATRIX
Examples:
(a)
1 0 2 4 1 4
2 2 1 3 1 5
(b)
2 2 0 1 2 0 3 4 0
4 1 3 3 2 0 7 1 3
(c)
2 3 7 1 3
1 5 3 1 3 , cannot be performed because the two matrices have
different dimension.
1.2.4
Matrix Subtraction
Two or more matrices can be deducted from another, as long as they have the
same dimension. To perform the subtraction operation, the corresponding
elements that lie on the same position of the respective matrices are subtracted
from the other. This subraction operation also cannot be performed if the
dimensions of the matrices are different.
Examples:
(a)
(b)
3 0 1 0 2 5 3 2 4
2 1 3 1 3 2 1 4 1
1 4 1 2 1 2 1 3 3
2 3 7 1 3
1 5 3 1 3 , the subraction cannot be carried out because the two
A B B A
A B B A
A B C A B C
A B C A B C
A O O A A
A O O A
TOPIC 1
1.2.5
MATRIX
Scalar Multiplication
(b)
If A =
1 0
2 3
5A
1 0 5(1) 5(0) 5 0
5
2 3 5(2) 5(3) 10 15
3 0 1
If B 2 1 3
1 4 1
3 0 1 1(3) 1(0) 1(1) 3 0 1
B (1) 2 1 5 1(2) 1(1) 1(5) 2 1 5
6 4 7 1(6) 1(4) 1(7) 6 4 7
1.2.6
Matrix Multiplication
AB Am n B s t C m t
Generally, suppose
a
AB 11
a21
a12
a22
c 11 c 12
c 21 c 22
b
b
a13 11 12
b
b
a23 21 22
b31 b32
b13
b23
b33
c 13
c 23
10
TOPIC 1
MATRIX
where;
(a)
1 1
0 2 ,
1 0
1 0 2
B 2 2
, and C 23 0 1 1
1 0
2 1
= 2 0
1 1 32
(b) BA= B22 A32 is not possible because the number of columns of matrix
B22 is not the same as the number of the rows of matrix A32.
(c)
AC33
A BC AB C
A B C AB AC and A B C AC BC
AB BA
AI IA A
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TOPIC 1
MATRIX
11
There are cases where the multiplication of two matrices is the matrix itself, i.e.
Given A = 0
0
1
2
1
2
1
, then AA =
2
1
0
1
2
1
2
0 1
1
0
2
1
0
2
0
1
2
1
2
0 1
1
0
2
1
0
2
0
1
2
1
2
1
A
2
1
SELF-CHECK 1.3
List several examples of idempotent matrices.
EXERCISE 1.2
1.
Suppose:
4 2
2 1
2 1 3
4 1 2
A=
, B 5 1 3 , C 0 6 and D 3 5
4
0
1
1 3
3 2
Find:
2.
(a)
(d)
3A
(g)
(AT)A
(b)
(e)
AB
A+B
(2A)(5C)
(c)
(f)
CD
(2A B)D
1 3
6
1 3 3
12
TOPIC 1
1.3
MATRIX
DETERMINANT
Example:
0 1
If A =
and B =
2 4
1 2 , determine
0 1
(a)
|A|
(b)
|B|
(c)
|AB|
(d)
|BA|
(e)
|A||B|
(f)
|B||A|
Solutions:
(a)
(b)
(c)
AB =
(d)
BA =
0 1
. Therefore, AB =
2 8
(0)(8) (1)(2) = 2
4 7
. Therefore, BA
2 4
(4)(4) (7)(2)
=
=
16 14
2
TOPIC 1
(e)
| A|| B| = (2)(1) = 2
(f)
a11
a21
a31
a12
a22
a32
MATRIX
13
a13
a23 , is obtained by:
a33
For entry a11 , we delete the entries in row 1 and column 1, as shown below:
a11
a
21
a31
a12
a22
a32
a13
a23
a33
a
This leaves the matrix 22
a32
called the minor of a11 .
a23
of order 2. The determinant of this matrix is
a33
a21
a31
a23
a
, and for a13 is 21
a33
a31
a22
.
a32
So, to find the determinant of any square matrix A of order 3 is given by:
A a11
a22
a32
a23
a
a12 21
a33
a31
a23
a
a13 21
a33
a31
a22
a32
a11 a22 a33 a23 a32 a12 a21a33 a23 a31 a13 a21a32 a22 a31
1.3.1
The minor of element aij is the determinant of the sub-matrix left after omitting
the i th row and j th column. For instance, suppose
1 4 1
A = 0 2 0
2 3 3
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14
TOPIC 1
MATRIX
2 0
2 0
= (2)(3) (0)( 3) = 6
3 3
2 3 3
m11 (i.e. 1) = 0
0 0
2 0
= (0)(3) (0)(2) = 0
2 3
2 3 3
m12 (i.e. 4) = 0
0 2
2 0
= (0)(3) (2)(2) = 4
2 3
2 3 3
m13 (i.e. 1) = 0
4 1
2 0
= (4)(3) (1)( 3) = 15
3 3
2 3 3
m21 (i.e. 0) = 0
1 1
2 0
= (1)(3) (1)(2) = 1
2 3
2 3 3
m22 (i.e. 2) = 0
1 4
2 0
= (1)( 3) (4)(2) = 11
2 3
2 3 3
m23 (i.e. 0) = 0
1 4 1
m31 (i.e. 2) = 0 2 0
2 3 3
1
4 1
2 0
= (4)(0) (1)(2) = 2
1 1
2 0
= (1)(0) (1)(0) = 0
0 0
2 3 3
1 4
2 0
= (1)(2) (4)(0) = 2
0 2
2 3 3
m33 (i.e. ) = 0
TOPIC 1
MATRIX
15
6 0 4
The minor matrix A is Minor A = 15 1 11
2 0 2
1.3.2
The cofactor of element cij is the minor of element mij multiplied by (-1)i+j. Hence,
the cofactor of element:
The following steps are required to compute the determinant of a matrix using
the cofactor expansion method :
Step 1:
Step 2:
16
TOPIC 1
MATRIX
Determinant A = |A|
Note:
0 4
1 11
0 2
15 2
1
0
11 2
EXERCISE 1.3
1.
2.
2 5
1 3
(c)
1 2 3
2 3 0
3 0 0
(a)
(b)
(b)
a b
b a
(d)
3 2 1
0 3 2
0 0 3
1 a
Calculate the value for a, given the determinant for
is 6.
2 4
a b
Find the determinant for 1 0 ?
2 4
TOPIC 1
MATRIX
17
INVERSE MATRIX
1.4
Inverse matrix is defined for square matrix only. However, not all the square
matrices have an inverse. If the determinant of a square matrix is equal to zero,
then the matrix has no inverse. A matrix without an inverse is known as singular
matrix.
1 a
a12
a11
1
Adjoint A
A
3
6 15 2
1
1
1
0 0
A 0
2
4 11 2
2
15
2
1
2
11
2
When a matrix A is multiplied by its inverse A-1, the following properties are
then true:
(a)
A A1 = I
(b)
A1 A = I
18
TOPIC 1
MATRIX
EXERCISE 1.4
1.
2.
Find the inverse (if there exist any) for the following matrices.
Then, prove that your answers are correct.
(a)
3 4
2 2
(c)
4 2 2
1 3 4
3 1 6
(b)
2 3 4
0 0 1
1 2 1
(d)
1 4 1
2 3 2
1 2 3
Given:
2 3
. Find A1 and show that (A1) 1 = A.
A
4 5
3.
Suppose:
a b
B
c d
1.5
(a)
Determine B 1 .
(b)
(c)
Verify BB 1 = B 1 B = I.
In this section, we shall illustrate methods by which matrices can be used to solve
a system of linear equations. The two methods are Matrix Inverse method and
Cramer's rule.
TOPIC 1
1.5.1
MATRIX
19
Matrix Equation
x
1 4 2 4
2 3 1 y 3
z
x 4 y 2z 4
2 x 3 y z 3
By equality of matrices, corresponding entries must be equal, so we obtain the
system:
x 4 y 2z 4
2 x 3 y z 3
Hence, this system of linear equations can be expressed in the form of matrix
equation system AX = B. Where A is the matrix obtained from the coefficients of
the variables, X is a column matrix obtained from the variables, and B is a
column matrix obtained from the constants.
Example: Given a two-linear equation system:
x + 2y = 0
2x y = 5
1 2 x 0
It can be expressed as:
2 1 y 5
1 2
where: A
,
2 1
x
0
X and B as a matrix equation system.
y
5
20
TOPIC 1
MATRIX
2 1 3
A 1 2 1 ,
2 0 2
1.5.2
2 1 3 x 3
1 2 1 y 4 ,where
2 0 2 z 0
x
X y and
z
3
B 4 .
0
A system of linear equations can be written in matrix form, AX=B, where A is the
coefficient matrix. If we can determine the values of the entries in the unknown
matrix X, we have a solution of the system. An inverse of matrix A, A1 is use to
solve an equation of AX = B. Multiply both sides of equation AX=B by A1,
A1 ( AX ) A1 B
( A1 A) X A1 B
Example:
Solve
x + 2y = 3
2x y = 5
Step 2:
x
0
X and B
y
5
TOPIC 1
1 1 2
A1
5 2 1
Step 3:
1
5
2
5
MATRIX
21
2
5
2
5 0
1 5
2
1
2 0 2 z 0
2 1 3
x
3
A 1 2 1 , X y and B 4
2 0 2
z
0
22
TOPIC 1
Step 2:
MATRIX
A 1 1
1 2
1 1
2 2
2 1
2 2
2 2
0 1
3 2
1 1
1 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 3 2 0
1 0 2 10
20
4 0 4
2 10 2
5 5
5
4 2 5
Adjoint A = 0 10 5
4 2 5
0 10 5
20
4 2
5
1 1
5 10
1
= 0
1 1
5 10
1
4
1
4
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TOPIC 1
Step 3:
MATRIX
23
x 5 10
y 0 1
2
z
1
1
5 10
1
4 3 1
1
4 2
4
0 1
1
Thus, the solutions for the given simultaneous equations are x = 1, y = 2 and z = 1.
1.5.3
Cramer's Rule
Step 2:
a1n
b1
b2
bn
a1n
a2 n
a2 n
ith column
Step 3:
Ai
A
24
TOPIC 1
MATRIX
Example:
Solve x + 2y = 0
2x y = 5
using the Cramer's rule.
Solution:
Step 1:
1 2 x 0
Determine A for
2 1 y 5
A = (1)(1) (2)(2) = 5
Step 2:
Step 3:
A 1 10
2
5
A
A2
5
1
A 5
Example:
Solve 2x y + 3z = 3
x + 2y z = 4
2x 2z
=0
using the Cramers rule method.
Solution:
Step 1:
Determine A for
2 1 3 x 3
1 2 1 y 4
2 0 2 z 0
Copyright Open University Malaysia (OUM)
TOPIC 1
25
MATRIX
31
2 1
3 3
2 1
1
2 1 1 2 3 2 2 2 1 1
2 5 2 5
20
Step 2:
1
2
0
3
A1 4
0
A1 2 1
3 3
3 1
4
A2 2 1
31
3
2
1 , A2 1
2
2
2
3
4
0
3
2
1 , A3 1
2
2
1
2
0
2 3 2 1 4 20
3 3
3
31 2
2 1
4 1
1 4
2 3 1 3 4 2 2 4 31
2 15 2 5
40
A3 2 1
Step 3:
31
1 3
2
2 1 4 3 2 20
A1
A2
A3
20
1
20
40
2
20
20
1
20
3
4
0
26
TOPIC 1
MATRIX
ACTIVITY 1.1
What are the advantages of using matrices to solve linear equation systems
compared to algebra techniques (substitution/elimination)? Compile your
answer and share it with your coursemates during tutorial.
EXERCISE 1.5
1.
x + 2y = 14
2x y = 5
(b)
x + 2y + z = 7
x+y+z=4
3x + y + z = 2
2.
3.
3 x 2 y z b1
3 x 2 y z b2
x y z b3
where:
(a)
b 1 2,
b 2 2,
b 3 4.
(b)
b 1 8,
b 2 3,
b 3 6.
TOPIC 1
MATRIX
27
1 2
4 7
and B
. Find:
3 2.5
3 1
Given A
(a)
A 2B .
8 9
6 2
A.
(b)
7
9
3 0.5
6 3
3 4
9 11
9 4.5
B.
C.
D.
B. 25
C. 17
D. 17
B.
4 3
7 1
A.
2.
3 1 2 4
2 0 4 2 =
8
A. 4
0
3.
C. 16
4 0
16
D. 4
0
3 1 1
3 3 6
A. 1 1 4
1 1 2
3 1 1
1
B.
3 1 1
6
6 4 2
3 3 6
1
C.
1 1 4
6
1 1 2
3 1 1
D. 6 3 1 1
6 4 2
28
4.
TOPIC 1
MATRIX
1 1 1
x
1
Given A 3 2 1 , X y , B 2 , and A 1
z
1
2 5 3
Calculate the value of z.
A. 18
B. 10
C. 7
D. 18
You should now be able to perform matrix operations well, to obtain the
determinant and inverse of a matrix.
Matrix
Scalar Multiplication
Types/Classifications of Matrices
Matrix Multiplication
Equality of Matrix
Determinant
Transpose
Inverse Matrix
Matrix Addition
Cramers Rule
Matrix Substraction
Topic
Linear and
Quadratic
Functions
LEARNING OUTCOMES
By the end of this topic, you should be able to:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
INTRODUCTION
In the beginning of the 17th century, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz has introduced the
term function to mathematical vocabulary. This concept has become one of the
most fundamental mathematical concepts. In general, a function is a special type of
input-output relation that expresses how one quantity (the output) depends on
another quantity (the input). A function is a rule that assigns each value of x (input)
to only one value of y (output) which is denoted by symbol f (other symbols such as
g and h are also used). Usually, the symbol x is used to represent independent
variable as it is free to take any value, while the symbol y is used to denote
dependent variable as its value depends on the value taken by x.
y f x
or
read as "y is a function of x"
y g x
30
TOPIC 2
2.1
SELF-CHECK 2.1
Is a linear equation a function? Explain.
2.1.1
Linear Equations
y = 6 3x
(b)
2y + 6x = 9
Solutions:
Express the following equations in general form, i.e. y = mx + c. Then, calculate
the value for m (scalar for x) and the y-intercept, i.e. the value of c.
(a)
y = 6 3x
y = 3x + 6
(General form)
Therefore, m = 3 and c = 6.
(b)
2y + 6x = 9
2y = 6x + 9
y 3 x
9
2
Therefore, m = 3 and c
(General form)
9
.
2
TOPIC 2
2.1.2
31
Slope
If two points A(x1, y1) and B (x2, y2) are given, a slope can be derived by using
the formula below:
m
y2 y1
x2 x1
Examples:
Find the slope for each line that connects the two given points:
(a)
(b)
(c)
Solutions:
54
2 1
1
(a)
(b)
(c)
1 3
70
1 3
7
2
66
1 6
0
7
0
32
TOPIC 2
ACTIVITY 2.1
Why is it necessary to discuss the slope of a line? What is the
significance of a slope? Discuss during your tutorial.
2.1.3
There are various types of straight lines. Let us now look at each type.
(a)
Horizontal Line
y=a
Parallel to x-axis
Its slope is zero
Graph 2.1
Vertical Line
x= b
Parallel to y-axis
Its slope is undefined
(b)
Graph 2.2
(c)
Ascending-Slant Line
y = mx + c
Ascending line from left to right
Its slope is positive
Graph 2.3
TOPIC 2
(d)
33
Descending-Slant Line
y = mx + c
Descending line from left to right
Its slope is negative
Graph 2.4
2.1.4
Graphs Sketching
Find two different points that are on the line and plot them.
(In general, these are the y-intercept and x-intercept)
The y-intercept can be obtained by substituting x = 0 into the equation and
calculating the corresponding value for y. The x-intercept can be obtained
by substituting y = 0 into the equation and calculating the corresponding
value for x.
(b)
Examples:
Sketch graph for each of the following linear functions:
(a)
y = 2x 1
(b)
y = 4x
Solutions:
(a)
y = 2x 1
(i)
34
TOPIC 2
(ii)
Graph 2.5
(b)
y = 4x
(i)
(b)
The second point: Find any other point besides the x-intercept (as it is
the same as the y-intercept)
Let x = 2, y = 4(2)
y = 8
Hence, the second point is (2, 8).
TOPIC 2
35
Graph 2.6
2.2
Parallel lines are distinct lines lying in the same plane, never intersecting each
other. Parallel lines have the same slope.
Perpendicular lines, on the other hand, are lines that intersect each other at right
angles.
Two lines are said to be parallel if and only if they have the same slope.
.
Graph 2.7
Example:
Is line 2y 3x + 6 = 0 parallel to another line 4y = 6x + 3 ?
Solution:
Find the slope of each line:
36
TOPIC 2
2 y 3x 6 0
2 y 3x 6
3x
3
y
2
3
m1
2
4 y 6x 3
6
3
x
4
4
3
3
y x
2
4
3
m2
2
y
Since they have the same slope, these two lines are parallel.
Example:
Find an equation of a straight line that passes through point (2, 10) and parallel
to another straight line 5x y = 0.
Solution:
Determine the slope for line 5x y = 0.
5x y 0
y 5 x
y 5x
m5
The equation of a straight line is y = mx + c. (The slope for this equation is also 5
since the slope of the two lines are the same)
Now, substitute m = 5 into equation y = mx + c, i.e. y = 5x + c.
This line passes through point (2, 10). So, substitute x = 2 and y = 10 into
y = 5x + c.
10 = 10 c
10 + 10 = c
c = 20
The equation of a straight line that we are looking for is y = 5x + 20.
So, now we know when two lines are said to be parallel. How about
perpendicular? Let us see.
Two lines are said to be perpendicular if and only if the product of the
two slopes is 1.
Copyright Open University Malaysia (OUM)
TOPIC 2
37
Graph 2.8
Example:
Determine whether a straight line, y 2x = 1 is perpendicular to 2y + x = 2 or not.
Solution:
Calculate the slope for each line and multiply them.
2y x 2
y 2x 1
y 2x 1
m1 2
2 y x 2
x
y
1
2
1
m2
2
Since the multiplication of the two slopes is equal to 1, therefore the two lines
are perpendicular.
Example:
Find an equation of a straight line that passes through point (1, 2) and
perpendicular to a straight line x + 5y = 2.
Solution:
Determine the slope for line x + 5y = 2.
38
TOPIC 2
x 5y 2
5y x 2
x 2
y
5 5
1
m1
5
= 5(1) + c
=5+c
=c
=c
ACTIVITY 2.2
If the product of two slopes is equal to 1, are the lines perpendicular?
Explain.
TOPIC 2
39
EXERCISE 2.1
1.
y - intercept:
x
1
2
(a)
(c)
y = 3x
(b)
y = 5 5x
(d)
3y = 5 2x
2.
Find the equation of a straight line with slope 1 that passes through
point (3, 2).
3.
Given two points A (2, 4) and B (5, 12). Determine the equation of a
straight line that passes through them.
4.
5.
EXERCISE 2.2
Sketch a graph for each of the linear functions below:
2.3
(a)
y = 3x + 2
(c)
3y + 2x = 2
(b)
x
2
40
TOPIC 2
Graph 2.9
Meanwhile, if a is negative, then the parabola opens downward and the function
has a maximum value.
Graph 2.10
(b)
b
,
2a
4ac b 2
4a
TOPIC 2
(c)
41
=c
Hence, (0, c) is the y-intercept.
(d)
b b 2 4ac
2a
The graph crosses the x-axis or not, depends on the value of b 2 4ac.
(i)
When b 2 4ac > 0, the graph crosses the x-axis at two points.
(ii)
When b 2 4ac = 0, the graph crosses the x-axis at only one point.
(iii) When b 2 4ac < 0, the graph does not cross the x-axis.
(e)
Plot all the predetermined points from steps (a) to (d). Draw a smooth
curve passing through the points.
Examples:
Sketch graphs for each of the following quadratic functions:
(i)
f (x ) = x 2 4x
(ii)
f ( x ) = 3 2x x
(iii)
f (x ) = 2x 2 + 2x + 1
Solutions:
(i)
42
TOPIC 2
4
2 1
4
2
2
4 1 0 4
4 1
0 16
4
4
c=0
Then, the y-intercept is (0, 0).
x (x 4) = 0
The factored method gives:
x (x 4) = 0
x = 0,
x=4
or
b b 2 4ac
2a
b 2 4ac 4 4 1 0
2
16 0
16
x
4 16
2 1
44
2
44
44
, x
x
0
2
x 4, x 0
x
TOPIC 2
43
Thus, there are two x-intercepts, i.e. (0, 0) and (4, 0).
Therefore. The graph is:
Graph 2.11
(ii)
f ( x ) = 3 2 x x , where a = 1, b = 2, c = 3.
b
2a
2
2 1
2
2
x 1
4ac b 2
4a
4 1 3 2
4 1
12 4
4
16
y
4
y4
y
44
TOPIC 2
x = 3, x = 1
Graph 2.12
b
y f
2a
1
Substitute x into the function
2
2
4
1
x
2
1
y f
2
2
1
1
y 2 2 1
2
2
1
y 2 1 1
4
1
y
2
Copyright Open University Malaysia (OUM)
TOPIC 2
1 1
Hence, the turning point is , .
2 2
2x 2 + 2x + 1 = 0
Use the quadratic formula method.
b b 2 4ac
2a
2
2
b 4ac 2 4 2 1
x
48
4
Graph 2.13
45
46
TOPIC 2
ACTIVITY 2.3
Why do you think quadratic equation has a parabola shape? Share your
answer during tutorial.
EXERCISE 2.3
Sketch graphs for each of the quadratic functions below:
(a)
f(x) = x2 6x + 5
(b)
f(x) = x2 + 4
(c)
f(x) = x2 2x 3
(d)
f(x) = x2 16
(e)
f(x) = (x 1)(3 x)
2.4
INTERSECTION POINT
The point of intersection between two graphs can be obtained by solving the
equations simultaneously.
Example:
Find the intersection point for lines 2x + y = 4 and x y = 2.
Solution:
Solve the two equations simultaneously. Add the two equations together to
eliminate y.
(+)
2x + y = 4
xy = 2
3x = 6
x = 2
TOPIC 2
47
6x + 12y = 18
6x + 3y = 18
9y = 0
y = 0
a = 1, b = 2, c = 3
48
TOPIC 2
2 4 4 1 3
2 1
2 16
2
2 4
x
2
2 4
x
2
2
x
2
x 1
x
,
,
,
2 4
2
6
x
2
x 3
x
y = 2(3)
y = 6
When x = 1, y = 2(1)
y=2
Thus, the intersection points are (3, 6) and (1, 2).
Further discussions on function can be found in the following website:
http://mathworld.wolfram.com/Function.html
TOPIC 2
49
ACTIVITY 2.4
When two graphs cross each other, what can we say about their respective
value of x and y at the intersection point?
EXERCISE 2.4
Find the intersection points for each of the following equations:
(a)
2x + y = 10 and 6x + y = 14
(b)
3x + y 2 = 0 and 3x 4y + 8 = 0
(c)
2x 3y = 7 and 3x + 2y = 4
(d)
y = 8 x2 and 4x y + 11 = 0
(e)
y = 2x2 3x and y = x2 2
(f)
y = x2 + 6x + 2 and y = 2x2 + 2x + 5
2.
Form the linear equation for a line that passes through point
3, 1 and having slope 7.
A. y 7 x 21
B. y 7 x 22
C. y 7 x 20
D. y 3 x 7
, L2 : y x 9
C. L1 : y 3 x 7 , L2 : y 3 x 7
D. L1 : 3 x y 7 0 , L2 : x y 1 0
50
TOPIC 2
3.
4.
5.
A.
B.
C.
D.
B.
TOPIC 2
C.
51
D.
Function
Parabola
Intersection Point
Quadratic Function
Linear Function
Topic
Application of
Linear and
Quadratic
Functions
LEARNING OUTCOMES
By the end of this topic, you should be able to:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
INTRODUCTION
There are many applications of linear and quadratic functions in our daily lives.
However, in this topic only its application in economic field will be discussed.
The discussion of market equilibrium point involves the demand and supply
functions and their intersection point. Likewise, the discussion of break-even
point analysis involves the cost, revenue and profit functions. The shape of
quadratic function graph is a parabola. So, the maximum or minimum value of a
quadratic function can be obtained from its turning point.
3.1
For every price level of a product, there exists a matched quantity of the product
which is demanded by consumers over a certain period of time. In general, the
higher the price is, the lower the quantity desired and when the price goes down,
the quantity demanded will go back up. Suppose the price for a unit of a product
Copyright Open University Malaysia (OUM)
TOPIC 3
53
is p and the matching demanded quantity is q, then the equation which links p
and q is called demand equation. This demand function has a negative slope.
Graph 3.1
Generally, the higher the unit price of a product is, the more quantity offered by
the producer. When the price goes down, the supplied quantity will be reduced.
If the price for a unit of a product is p and the matching supplied quantity is q,
then the equation which links p and q is known as supply equation. This supply
function has a positive slope.
Graph 3.2
3.1.1
The market reaches its equilibrium level when supply and demand are equal.
The equilibrium point can be derived by obtaining the intersection point between
the demand and supply equations.
54
TOPIC 3
Graph 3.3
Example:
Determine which of the following equations are the demand and supply
equations. Then, obtain the market equilibrium point.
(a)
p + 2q = 100
(b)
3p = q + 125
Solution:
Determine the slope for each equation.
(a)
p + 2q = 100
p = 2q + 100
The slope is 2 (negative).
Thus, the equation p + 2q = 100 is a demand equation.
(b)
3 p q 125
q
3
125
3
1
(positive).
3
Thus, the equation 3p = q + 125 is a supply equation.
The slope is
TOPIC 3
55
p + 2q
3p + 6q
() 3p q
7q
= 100
= 300
= 125
= 175
q = 25
p + 2(25) = 100
p + 50 = 100
p = 50
The market equilibrium point is (25, 50).
Example:
Given a demand function, q d = p 2 100 p + 2500 and a supply function qs = 0.5 p 2 50.
(a)
Determine the price at market equilibrium point if the price domain is 5 p 50.
(b)
Solution:
(a)
Equating the demand and supply functions to find the value for p.
2
b b 2 4ac
2a
= 10000 5100
= 4900
56
TOPIC 3
100 4900
2 0.5
100 70
1
p 100 70
p 100 70
p 170
p 30
p = 170 does not lie in the given price domain, hence it is not the solution.
Therefore, the price at the market equilibrium point is RM30.
(b)
= 0.5(30) 2 50
= 0.5(900) 50
= 450 50
= 400
The corresponding supply quantity is 400.
ACTIVITY 3.1
If you are an entrepreneur, would you be satisfied if the
equilibrium point is met? Elaborate your reason(s).
EXERCISE 3.1
1.
2.
1
1
q 8 and p
q 12 , respectively.
300
180
TOPIC 3
3.2
57
Fixed costs are costs that are independent of the production level such as
insurance cost.
Total Cost = Fixed Costs + Variable Costs
Total revenue is the money received from products sold.
Total Revenue = (Unit Price) (Total Quantity Sold)
Profit is the difference between total revenue and total cost.
Profit = Total Revenue Total Cost
Example:
A factory produces a certain type of product worth RM200. The costs of its raw
material and labour are RM30 and RM15 per unit, respectively. Fixed costs are
RM100,000.
(a)
(b)
Solution:
(a)
TOPIC 3
58
(b)
Example:
Assuming the cost of producing 10 units of a given product is RM40, while that
of 20 units is RM70. If the cost C is linearly related to production quantity q, find:
(a)
(b)
Solution:
Linear equation: C = mq + k (1)
Substitute q = 10, C = 40 and q = 20, C = 70 into equation (1) to form two
equations, i.e.
40 = 10m + k and 70 = 20m + k.
Subtract one equation from the other to eliminate k and then obtain the value for m.
()
(a)
70
40
30
3
= 20m + k
= 10m + k
= 10m
=m
(b)
C = 3q + 10
= 105 + 10
= 115
TOPIC 3
3.2.1
59
Graph 3.4
TR = TC : Break-even point
TR < TC : Business suffering loss
TR > TC : Business generating profit
Example:
A company is selling a product at the price of RM45 per unit. Variable costs per
unit is RM33, while fixed costs is RM450,000. How many units have to be sold to
break even?
Solution:
Break-even point: Total Revenue = Total Cost
Total Revenue = (Unit Price) (Total Quantity Sold)
= 45q
Total Cost = Variable Costs + Fixed Costs
= 33q + 450,000
Therefore, 45q = 33q + 450,000
45q 33q = 450,000
12q = 450,000
q = 37,500
Hence, 37,500 units have to be sold to reach the break-even point.
60
TOPIC 3
SELF-CHECK 3.1
Which part of the graph in Graph 3.4 should be avoided by an
entrepreneur? Explain.
EXERCISE 3.2
1.
2.
3.3
2p = 100q 600
(b)
p = 50q + 600
Revenue function;
(b)
Cost function;
(c)
(d)
Maximum value can be obtained from the turning point on the parabola which
opens downward and minimum value can be obtained from the turning point on
the parabola which opens upward.
Example:
A company learnt that the demand function for its product is p = 48 3q, where
p represents the unit price and q is the quantity demanded for the product.
(a)
(b)
(c)
TOPIC 3
61
Solution:
(a)
(b)
pq
(48 3q) q
48q 3q 2
The revenue function is a quadratic, therefore its turning point (x,y) will be
used as it provides the maximum point. The x-coordinate is the quantity
which the revenue is maximised.
R = 48q 3q 2
where a = 3, b = 48, c = 0
Therefore:
b
2a
48
2 3
48
6
8
R = 48q 3q 2
= 48(8) 3(64)
= 384 192
= 192
Thus, the maximum revenue is RM192.
Example:
Given a cost function, C = q 2 6q + 16.
(a)
(b)
62
TOPIC 3
Solution:
(a)
The cost function is a quadratic, therefore its turning point (x, y) will be
used as it provides minimum point. The x-coordinate is the quantity which
the cost is minimised.
C q q 2 6q 16 where a 1, b 6, c 16
q
q
b
2a
6
2 1
q3
C (q) = q 2 6q + 16
= 3 2 6(3) + 16
= 9 18 + 16
= 7
ACTIVITY 3.2
Is it possible for a quadratic function to have both minimum and
maximum values? Explain your answer.
EXERCISE 3.3
Company BC learnt that the demand function for its product is
q = 1850 5p, where p represents the unit price and q is the quantity
demanded for the product.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
TOPIC 3
63
2.
B. 8
C. 46
D. 80
B. RM100
C. RM800
D. RM6,200
4.
A. 2,750q 5
B. 2,750p 5pq
C. 2,750q 5q2
D. 2,750p 5p2
A. 0
5.
B. 25
C. 50
D. 275
B. RM2,750
C. RM378,125
D. RM753,500
The market equilibrium point is obtained by solving the demand and supply
equations simultaneously.
The break-even point is obtained by solving the revenue and cost equations
simultaneously.
Copyright Open University Malaysia (OUM)
64
TOPIC 3
In this topic, we have covered the maximum value for the revenue function
as well as the minimum value for the cost function by using the turning point
method.
This is feasible as the two functions are quadratic and that the method only
works for quadratic functions, while differentiation method can be used to
determine maximum or minimum values for any type of functions.
Break-even point
Minimum value
Cost function
Profit function
Demand function
Revenue function
Equilibrium point
Supply function
Maximum value
Topic Exponential
and
Logarithmic
Functions
LEARNING OUTCOMES
By the end of this topic, you should be able to:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
INTRODUCTION
4.1
PROPERTIES OF EXPONENTIALS
66
TOPIC 4
(1)
axa y ax a y
(2)
a x b x ( ab) x
(3)
ax
a x y
ay
(4)
ax a
bx b
(5)
(a x ) y a x y
(6)
a x
(7)
a0 1
(8)
a1 a
(9)
ay
1
ax
a
y
Examples:
Find the values of
(a)
(d)
32 33
2
(b)
(22 )3
(e)
1
2
(b)
(c)
42
(f)
3
2
(c)
42
Solutions:
(a)
32 33
32 3
2 3
26
64
3
3
(d)
1
32
1
32
223
(e)
1
1 3
2
2
23
8
23
8
(f)
32
3
22
2
1 1
9 4
4
TOPIC 4
67
Examples:
Solve
(a)
82 x = 2
(c)
2 x 2 x1
1
8
1
e
(b)
e 2 x 1
(d)
3 x 9 4- x = 0
Solutions:
(a)
82 x 2
3 2x
2 2
6x
(c)
(b)
(Equate the base)
(Compare the exponent)
6x 1
1
x
6
1
2 x 2 x 1
8
2 x x 1 23
2 x 1 3
2 x 2
x 1
1
e
2 x 1
e
e 1
2 x 1 1
2 x 2
x 1
e 2 x 1
3x 9 4 x 0
2
(d)
3x 32
2
4 x
x2 8 2 x
x2 2 x 8 0
x 2 x 4 0
x 2, x 4
ACTIVITY 4.1
Between linear and exponential functions, which one has the most
rapid change in its values? Explain.
68
TOPIC 4
EXERCISE 4.1
Find the values of
(a)
3 3 4
(d)
1 3
8
(b)
23 8
(e)
1
5
(c)
27 3
(f)
42 21
EXERCISE 4.2
Solve
x
4.2
(a)
1
16
4
(b)
e x 3 1
(d)
2x8x = 2
(e)
5x
1
25
(c)
4x 2x+1 = 0
(f)
e e
x2
x 2
1
e
There are two general shapes of exponentials graphs. The shapes depend on the
base value of the exponential functions.
(a)
y a x where a > 1
y ax
Graph 4.1
TOPIC 4
(b)
69
y ax
Graph 4.2
x
Following are the properties of the graph of exponential function f ( x) a
(i)
(ii)
There is no x-intercept.
(ii)
1
4
1
2
70
TOPIC 4
(ii)
Graph 4.3
Example:
x
1
Sketch a graph of y .
2
Solution:
(i)
x
1
2
1
4
(ii)
Graph 4.4
TOPIC 4
4.3
71
LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS
ay = x
Exponential Form
Example:
Convert the following equations, from logarithmic to exponential forms:
(a)
log 3 9 = 2
(b)
log 10 y = 4
(c)
log 2 8 = 3
Solution:
(a)
32 = 9
(b)
104 = y
(c)
23 = 8
Example:
Convert the following equations, from exponential to logarithmic forms:
(a)
25 = 32
(b)
100 = 1
(c)
53 = y
Solution:
(a)
log 2 32 = 5
(b)
log 10 1 = 0
(c)
log 5 y = 3
72
TOPIC 4
ACTIVITY 4.2
Is logarithmic function a reciprocal operation for exponential
function? Why? Explain.
4.4
PROPERTIES OF LOGARITHMS
1.
log a a = 1
2.
log a mx = xlog a m
3.
log a m =
4.
5.
6.
log b m
(Logarithm base interchangeable formula)
log b a
M
N
Examples:
Using the above properties, find the value for:
1
(a)
log 3 81
(b)
ln
(d)
log 4 2
(e)
log 4 2 log 4 8
(c)
loga 1
(f)
log 6 54 log 6 9
TOPIC 4
73
Solutions:
(a)
log 3 81 log 3 34
(b)
4log 3 3
4 1
1
1
ln log e
e
e
log e e 1
(c)
log a 1 log a a 0
0 log a a
1log e e
11
1
(d)
log 4 2 log 4 4
(e)
(f)
log 4 42
log 4 4 2
2log 4 4
1
log 4 4
2
1
54
9
log 6 6
2 1
Examples:
Find the value of x.
(a)
(b)
logx (6 x) = 2
(c)
log3 x = 2
(d)
log x = 1
(e)
log2 x 4 + log 2 4x = 12
(f)
Solutions:
Find the value of x.
(a)
log 2 x 1 log x 6
(b)
2x 1 x 6
2x x 6 1
x5
log x 6 x 2
x2 6 x
x2 x 6 0
x 3 x 2 0
x 3, x 2
x 3 will be ignored as the base x 0
So, x 2
(c)
log 3 x 2
x3
x9
(d)
log x 1
log10 x 1
x 101
74
(e)
TOPIC 4
log 2 x 4 log 2 4 x 12
(f)
log 2 x 4 4 x 12
x
log
log 4
x 1
x
4
x 1
x 4x 4
3 x 4
4
x
3
4
x
3
log 2 4 x 12
5
4 x5 212
212
22
x5 210
x5
x 210 5
x 22
x4
EXERCISE 4.3
1.
2.
4.
(b)
log2 y = x
(c)
log10 0.1 = 1
3.
log5 25 = 2
102 = 100
(b)
a0 = 1
(c)
23 =
1
8
log2 16
(b)
log8 2
(c)
ln e
(d)
log4 1
4
(e)
ln 1 +1g 100
(f)
log2 1 log2 4
4
(c)
log8 64 = x 1
log2 x = 0
(b)
logx 1 1
3
(d)
logx (2x + 8) = 2
(e)
(f)
log3 (x + 1) = log3 (x 1) + 1
TOPIC 4
75
ACTIVITY 4.3
4.5
1.
2.
There are two general shapes of logarithmic graphs. They depend on the base
value of the logarithmic functions.
(a)
Graph 4.5
(b)
Graph 4.6
76
TOPIC 4
The following are the properties of the graph of logarithmic function f (x) = log a x.
(a)
There is no y-intercept.
(b)
(c)
(d)
Example:
Sketch a graph of y = log 2 x.
Solution:
(a)
y = log2 x
2y = x
(b)
y
1
4
1
2
(c)
Graph 4.7
TOPIC 4
77
Example:
Sketch a graph of y = log 1/2 x
Solution:
y
(a)
1
x
2
(b)
y
1
2
1
4
(c)
Graph 4.8
4.5.1
P = P0 ert
where
P
P0
r
t
78
TOPIC 4
Example:
Suppose the total number of residents in a given town is 20,000 and the rate of
growth of the residents is 5% per year.
(a)
(b)
How many years will it take for the number of residents to double?
Solution:
(a)
Substitute all the given values into the formula to find the value of P.
P = 20,000e 0.05(6)
= 20,000e 0.3
= 26,997
Hence, the number of the town residents after six more years is 26,997.
(b)
P Po e rt
2 Po Po e0.05t
2 Po
e0.05t
Po
2 e0.05t
log e 2 0.05t
ln 2 0.05t
ln 2
t
0.05
t 13.863
The numbers of residents will double in about 14 years.
TOPIC 4
79
P = P0 e -rt
Example:
Suppose a radioactive element is going through power decay after t days based
on exponential function P = 100 e 0.075t. How much of the quantity is left after 20
days?
Solution:
Substitute t = 20 into the formula to find the value for P.
P = 100 e 0.075(20)
= 100 e 1.5
= 100 (0.22313)
= 22.313
4.5.2
The total amount of money, denoted by S is the compound amount for a sum of
money P compounding after n-th year, where the interest is payable k times at
the rate of r% per annum, is given by the formula below:
S P 1
k
nk
where:
S = Compound amount or the prospective value
P = Initial investment or the principal value
r = Interest rate per annum
k = Number of interest paid (compound) in a year
n = Number of year/s
Example:
If RM1,000 is invested at the rate of 6% per annum, compounding (payable)
every quarterly, what would the total amount be in the account after 10 years?
Solution:
S = ?, P = 1000,
r = 6% = 0.06,
n = 10
80
TOPIC 4
Then
S P 1
k
nk
0.06
S 1000 1
S 1000 1.015
10 4
40
S 1000 1.81402
S 1814.02
Example:
Determine the principal amount of a loan, given that the prospective amount
payable after 10 years is RM21,589.20 and the compound rate of 8% per annum,
compounding (payable) on a yearly basis.
Solution:
S = 21,589.20,
P = ?,
r = 8% = 0.08,
n = 10
Then
S P 1
k
nk
0.08
21589.20 P 1
10 1
21589.20 P 1.08
10
21589.20 P 2.15892
21589.20
2.15892
P 10000
P
for
questions
TOPIC 4
81
EXERCISE 4.4
1.
2.
3.
(a)
(b)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(b)
(c)
(d)
82
TOPIC 4
Is x
1
2
1
x2
A. Yes
2.
Given 2x 8x = 4. Solve x.
A.
3.
1
2
5.
B. 0
Calculate 1 lg
A. 10
4.
B. No
C.
1
4
D.
1
2
1
.
10
B. 1
C. 1
D. 10
B. 5000(1.02)40
C. 5000(1.015)30
D. 5000(1.015)40
The population P of a city after two years starting from year 1990
0.06
. What is the growth rate?
is given by P = 100 000e
A. 1%
B. 2%
C. 3%
D. 6%
Exponential function and its inverse, i.e. logarithm function, form graphs
reflection upon a line y = x.
TOPIC 4
Exponential Function
Logarithm Function
Growth
Compound Interest
Decay
83
Topic
Differentiation
LEARNING OUTCOMES
By the end of this topic, you should be able to:
1.
2.
3.
4.
INTRODUCTION
In this topic, you will be exposed to the process of obtaining derivatives for
functions which can be differentiated. The process of finding the derivative is
called differentiation. Differentiating a function by direct use of the definition of
a derivative can be tedious, i.e. applying the limit definition. Thus, a set of
differentiation rules has been derived from the limit method to simplify the
process. The rules are completely mechanical and efficient procedures for
differentiation. Nevertheless, for those who are interested in the proofs of the
rules, they may refer to Calculus books for verification.
The common notation used to denote differentiation of a function, with respect to
dy
a variable x, is f ( x) and is pronounced as f prime x and
(pronounced dee y,
dx
dee x).
If f ( x) can be found, f is said to be differentiable, and f ( x) is called the
derivative of function f with respect to variable x or differentiation of f over x.
Copyright Open University Malaysia (OUM)
TOPIC 5
DIFFERENTIATION
CONSTANT RULE
5.1
(b)
(c)
If y = 3x 0 , then y
(d)
(e)
If y = log 7, then y = 0.
dy
0 , as x 0 = 1.
dx
POWER RULE
5.2
If f (x)
= x 6 , then
dy
dx
= 6 x 6 1
= 6x
(b)
If h w
1
3
, then h w w
3
5
w5
3
Hence, h w w
5
3
1
5
3 8
w 5
5
Copyright Open University Malaysia (OUM)
85
86
TOPIC 5
DIFFERENTIATION
If y 3 x 4 , then
(c)
d
x
dx
4
x
3
4
x
3
4
3
4
1
3
1
3
5.3
dy
d
9
x 4
dx
dx
9 4 x 4 1
9 4 x3
36 x 3
Example:
Given f x 4 x 3 . Find f (x).
Solution:
Convert f (x) into exponential form or power form.
1
f x 4 x3 2
3
4x 2
TOPIC 5
DIFFERENTIATION
87
Therefore;
f x 4
d 32
x
dx
3 2 1
4 x
2
3 2
4 x
2
1
6 x 2 or 6 x
5.4
(a)
If f (x) = g(x) + h(x), where g (x) and h (x) exist, then f (x) = g (x) + h (x)
(b)
If f (x) = g(x) h(x) , where g(x) and h (x) exist, then f (x) = g (x) - h (x)
Example:
(a)
Suppose f (x) = 3x
2 1
) + 0
Suppose f (x) = 10x 5 6x . According to Rule IV, f (x) = g(x) h(x), where
= 1 0 (5 x 5 1 ) 6 (1 x 1 1 )
= 1 0 (5 x 4 ) 6 ( x 0 )
= 50x
88
(c)
TOPIC 5
DIFFERENTIATION
Suppose f (x) = 5x 4 8x 3 + 3x 2 x + 12 .
Differentiation is performed on each expression of f (x).
f '(x)
Example:
Given f x
5 x 4 3
2
. Find f (x).
Solution:
Simplify f (x):
5 x 4 15
2
4
5 x 15
2
2
5
15
x4
2
2
f x
Therefore, f x
d 5 x 4 d 15
dx 2 dx 2
5
4 x41 0
2
20 x 3
2
10 x 3
Example:
Given f x
7 x3 x
. Find f (x).
2 x
Solution:
Convert f (x) by writing it in exponential form or power form.
TOPIC 5
f x
DIFFERENTIATION
7 x3 x
1
2x 2
x
7 x3
1 1
2x 2 2x 2
7 3 1 1 1 1
x 2 x 2
2
2
5
7
1 1
x2 x2
2
2
7 5 5 1 1 1 1 1
Therefore, f x x 2 x 2
2 2
2 2
3
1
35
1
x2 x 2
4
4
Example:
3
8
5
f x x 7x x
f x
3
5
8 8 1 3 3 1
13 135 1
7 x5 x5
x
5
5
5
13 85 56 53 3 52
x x x
5
5
5
8
13x 5 56 x 5 3x
2
5
89
90
TOPIC 5
5.5
DIFFERENTIATION
PRODUCT RULE
f ( x ) h ( x ) g ( x ) g ( x ) h ( x )
Example:
If f (x) = 2 x (3 x 2 2). Determine the derivative for f (x).
Solution:
Let g(x) = 2x and h(x) = (3x 2 2) .
Then g(x) = 2 and h(x) = 6x
Therefore f (x)
= 6x 2 4 + 12x 2
= 18x 2 4
Example:
If f (x) = (x + 3)( 4x 2 + 2x). Determine the derivative for f (x).
Solution:
Let g(x) = x + 3
g (x) = 1
Therefore f(x)
Example:
Given s (t ) = (8 7t )(t 2 - 2) . Determine s'( t ) .
TOPIC 5
DIFFERENTIATION
Solution:
d 2
d
t 2 t 2 2 8 7t
dx
dx
2
8 7t 2t t 2 7
s t 8 7t
16t 14t 2 7t 2 14
21t 2 16t 14
Example:
Given y = ( x 2 + 3x 2)( 2 x 2 x 3)
Solution:
dy
d
d
x 2 3x 2 2 x 2 x 3 2 x 2 x 3 x 2 3 x 2
dx
dx
dx
x 2 3x 2 4 x 1 2 x 2 x 3 2 x 3
4 x3 x 2 12 x 2 3x 8 x 2 4 x3 6 x 2 2 x 2 3x 6 x 9
4 x3 11x 2 11x 2 4 x3 4 x 2 9 x 9
8 x3 15 x 2 20 x 7
5.6
QUOTIENT RULE
If y f x
f x
g x
h x
h x g x g x h x
h x
Example:
Given f x
x
x 1
91
92
TOPIC 5
DIFFERENTIATION
Solution:
f x
x 1
d
d
x x x 1
dx
dx
2
x 1
x 11 x 1
2
x 1
x 1 x
2
x 1
x 1
Example:
y
2x 3
4x 1
Solution:
dy
dx
4 x 1
d
d
2 x 3 2 x 3 4 x 1
dx
dx
2
4 x 1
4 x 1 2 2 x 3 4
2
4 x 1
8 x 2 8 x 12
4 x 1
14
4 x 1
Example:
y
8x2 2 x 1
x2 5x
TOPIC 5
DIFFERENTIATION
93
Solution:
dy 8 x 2 2 x 1
dx
x2 5x
x 2 5x dxd 8 x 2 2 x 1 8x2 2 x 1 dxd x 2 5x
2
x2 5x
5 x 16 x 2 8 x 2 2 x 1 2 x 5
16 x
5x
2 x 2 80 x 2 10 x 16 x 3 40 x 2 4 x 2 10 x 2 x 5
5x
16 x 3 82 x 2 10 x 16 x 3 44 x 2 12 x 5
5x
38 x 2 2 x 5
5x
CHAIN RULE
5.7
dy dy du
dx du dx
Example:
Given y = (1 + x ) 4 . Determine
dy
.
dx
Solution:
Step 1:
dy
du
and
are easy to calculate.
du
dx
Let u = 1 + x, then y = u 4
Step 2:
Calculate
dy
du
and
.
du
dx
Copyright Open University Malaysia (OUM)
94
TOPIC 5
DIFFERENTIATION
y = u4 ,
When u = 1 + x, and
du
=1
and
Then
dx
Step 3:
dy
= 4u 3
du
dy
.
dx
dy dy du
dx du dx
4u 3 1
4u 3
Step 4:
dy
into expressions of x.
dx
dy
, gives
Substitute u = 1 + x into
dx
dy
= 4(1 + x) 3.
dx
Calculate
Example:
Determine
dy
, given y = (3 + x 3 )4.
dx
Solution:
(a)
Let u = (3 + x 3 ), hence y = u 4
(b)
Then
(c)
du
= 3x 2 and
dx
dy
= 4u 3
du
dy dy du
dx du dx
= 4u3 ( 3x 2 )
(d)
Substitute u = (3 + x 3 ) into
dy
.
dx
3
dy
4 3 x3 3x 2
dx
12 x 2 3 x 3
TOPIC 5
DIFFERENTIATION
Example:
3
(a)
(b)
Then
(c)
(d)
du
dy 3 12
u
= 4x and
du 2
dx
dy dy du
dx du dx
3 1
u 2 4x
2
dy
Substitute u = ( 2x 2 + 1) into
.
dx
1
dy 3
2 x 2 1 2 4 x
dx 2
1
6 x 2 x 2 1 2
5.8
POWER RULE
(SPECIAL CASE OF CHAIN RULE)
n 1
g x .
Example:
Given y = (3x + 4)7. Find y(x).
Solution:
Let g(x) = 3x + 4, then g(x) = 3 and n = 7.
Therefore y(x) = 7(3x + 4)71(3)
= 21(3x + 4)6
Copyright Open University Malaysia (OUM)
95
96
TOPIC 5
DIFFERENTIATION
Example:
Given y = (13 x 4 )5 . Find y ' ( x) .
Solution:
Let g(x) = (13 x 4 ), then g(x) = 4x 3 and n = 5.
Therefore y(x) = 5(13 x 4 ) 51 ( 4x 3 )
= 20 x 3 (13 x 4 ) 4
Example:
Differentiate function y = (3x 2 2x + 1)1/2 .
Solution:
1
1 d
dy 1
3 x 2 2 x 1 2
3x2 2 x 1
dx 2
dx
1
1
3 x 2 2 x 1 2 6 x 2
2
3x 2 2 x 1
1
2
3x 1
Example:
2x 2
Differentiate function f x 3
x3
Solution:
2x 2
f x 3
x3
31
d 2x 2
dx x 3
d
d
2 x 3
2 x 2 2 x 2 x 3
2x 2
dx
dx
3
2
x3
x 3
2x 2
3
x3
x 3 2 2 x 2 1
x 3
TOPIC 5
DIFFERENTIATION
2x 6 2x 2
x 3
2
4
2x 2
3
2
x 3 x 3
2x 2
3
x3
EXERCISE 5.1
Find the first degree differentiation for the following functions:
(a)
f (x) = 15
(b)
f (x ) = 5x 0
(c)
y = 6e 3
(d)
y = 81n 2
(e)
y = x 3 (x 4 )
(f)
h (s ) = x 5
(g)
p(r ) r
(h)
s (t )
2
3
1
3
t5
(i)
y 4 x5
(j)
y x5
(k)
y 4 8 x2
(l)
f ( x) 5 x 2
(n)
f ( x) 2
(p)
f ( x)
(r)
y = (1 + x ) (1 2x )4
(t)
(v)
y = (2x 1)2
(x)
y 3x 2 2 x 1
(z)
2x 2
f ( x)
x3
(m) f (x) = 3x + 7
(o)
(q)
y = x 2 + 4x + 8
f ( x)
4 x3 7 x 4
x
(s)
y = (2x 1) (x + 1)4
(u)
4 x3 1
x2 1
(w) y = ( x 2 + 4)5
(y)
f ( x) x 5 x
2
3
4
x
x
4
5( x 4 3)
2
x 1
x2 2
97
98
TOPIC 5
DIFFERENTIATION
ACTIVITY 5.1
Join the discussion on rules of differentiation at:
http://www.maths.fsnet.co.uk/Maths%20A.htm
1.
If f ( x) x 4 5 x, then f (1) is
A. 0
2.
B. 4
3.
4.
If y
3
2
D. 12x3 x
3
2
8(9 3x)5
, then y =
5
8(9 3 x)5
25
A. 24(9 3 x) 4
B.
8(9 3x)5
C.
25
D. 24(9 3 x) 4
If y
A.
5.
B. 3x 3 x
C. 12x
D. 9
2
, then g ( x)
x
If g ( x) 3 x 4
A. 3 +
C. 5
3 2x 2
, then y =
x2
3
2
x2
B.
6
x3
C.
4
x3
D.
3 4x
x4
B. 34
C. 46
D. 60
TOPIC 5
DIFFERENTIATION
99
If f (x) = g(x) h(x), where g(x) and h(x) exist, then f (x) = g(x) h(x)
If f (x) = g(x) h(x), where g(x) and h(x) exist, then f (x) = h(x) g(x) + g(x)
h(x)
If y f x
f x
g x
h x
h x g x g x h x
h x
dy dy du
If y = f (u), where u = g(x), then y x
dx du dx
If y g x , then y n g x
n
n 1
g x .
Chain Rule
Product Rule
Constant Rule
Quotient Rule
Power Rule
Topic
Application of
Differentiation
LEARNING OUTCOMES
By the end of this topic, you should be able to:
1.
2.
Solve the functions of total costs, total revenue and total profit in
economic and business world;
3.
4.
5.
INTRODUCTION
TOPIC 6
APPLICATION OF DIFFERENTIATION
101
6.1
This topic will cover differentiation up to the third degree only. Application of
the rules of differentiation repeatedly will support the process of obtaining the
required level or degree of differentiation.
Example:
Given y = 4x 3 12 x 2 + 6x + 2.
Derive y .
Solution:
y 4 3x 2 12 2 x 6
12 x 2 24 x 6
y 12 2 x 24 1
24 x 24
102
TOPIC 6
APPLICATION OF DIFFERENTIATION
Example:
Determine
d 3 y
dx
given y 2 x 1 x 2 1
Solution:
dy
2 1x 2 2 x
dx
2 x 2 2 x
d 2 y
dx
2 2 x 3 2
4 x 3 2
d 3 y
dx
4 3x 4
12 x 4
EXERCISE 6.1
1.
2.
6.2
y 4 x3 12 x 2 6 x 2
(b)
2
x2
y 4 x2
(c)
y 2 x 1 x 2 1
(b) y 4 x3 12 x 2 6 x 24
Total cost function is the total cost required to produce x units of a product. In
short, it is the cost required to conduct a business.
TOPIC 6
APPLICATION OF DIFFERENTIATION
103
Fixed Costs
(b)
Variable Costs
Example:
If the production costs for one unit of a children toy are RM5 while its fixed costs
are RM7,000,
(a)
(b)
What is the total cost for producing 100 units of the above toy?
Solution:
(a)
(b)
= 7000 + 5(100)
= 7000 + 500
= 7500
6.2.1
The average total cost function, C ( x) is the total cost for producing one unit of a
product.
C x
C x
x
104
TOPIC 6
APPLICATION OF DIFFERENTIATION
Example:
Given the total cost function, C (q) = 2q + 40. What is the average total cost function?
Solution:
The average total cost function, C q
C q
q
2q 40
q
40
2
q
6.2.2
1
3
x
x
10
(a)
(b)
(c)
Calculate the rate of change for cost (assuming the cost is in RM) when 4
units of product are produced.
Solution:
(a)
(b)
1
2x 0
10
1
x
5
TOPIC 6
APPLICATION OF DIFFERENTIATION
105
(c)
1
C '(4) (4)
5
If four units of product are produced, i.e. x = 4, then
4
5
Hence, the rate of change for cost when 4 units of product are produced is
RM0.80 per unit.
6.2.3
In business and economic, the cost is usually reduced (minimised) to obtain the
highest (maximised) production revenue and total profit.
Steps to minimise the cost function, C (x):
1.
2.
3.
Example:
If C (q ) = 0.01q 2 + 5q + 100 is the cost function.
(a)
(b)
(c)
Solution:
(a)
C q
q
0.01q 2 5q 100
q
100
0.01q 5
q
(b)
(i)
106
TOPIC 6
C q
APPLICATION OF DIFFERENTIATION
dC
0.01 100q 2
dq
and C q
(ii)
d 2C
200q 3
dq 2
200
3
q
dC
0
dq
When
0.01
100
0
q2
100
0.01
q2
q 2 10000
q 100
d 2 C 200
d 2C 200
,
when
q
=
100,
dq 2
q3
dq 2 1003
Therefore
(c)
d 2C
0 , then C ( x) will have a minimum value when q = 100.
dq 2
100
q
C 100 0.01100 5
100
100
TOPIC 6
APPLICATION OF DIFFERENTIATION
107
EXERCISE 6.2
1.
If the production costs for one unit of a product are RM10 while its
fixed costs are RM5,000.
(a) Find the cost function.
(b) What is the total cost for producing 200 units of the above product?
(c) Derive the average cost function.
(d) Determine the ultimate total cost function.
2.
100000
1500 0.2q
q
(a)
(b)
(c)
3.
4.
5.
108
6.3
TOPIC 6
APPLICATION OF DIFFERENTIATION
Total revenue function, R(x) is the revenue received from production and sales of
x unit of the product.
If p is the unit price and x is the quantity of the product, then
Total Revenue Function, R(x) = Price Quantity
= px
6.3.1
The average total revenue function, R ( x) is the revenue received from selling
one unit of a product, i.e. R x
6.3.2
R x
x
Ultimate total revenue function is the rate of change of total revenue over
quantity of a product:
Ultimate Total Revenue Function = R(x)
Example:
The demand function of a product is given by p = 200q + 500.
(d)
(e)
Solution:
(a)
TOPIC 6
APPLICATION OF DIFFERENTIATION
109
SELF-CHECK 6.1
What are the definitions for ultimate and marginal? What is the
significance of these two terms?
6.3.3
In business and economy, the total revenue is usually maximised to achieve the
maximum profit.
Steps to maximise the revenue function, R(x):
1. Find R( x) and R( x) .
2. Let R(x) = 0 and solve for x. Suppose x = b and b has to be
positive.
3. If R(b) 0 , then x = b is the quantity or level of production
which maximises the revenue.
Example:
80 q
.
4
Determine the quantity which maximises the total revenue.
Obtain the price which maximises the total revenue.
Solution:
(a)
80 q
q
4
q2
20q
4
110
TOPIC 6
APPLICATION OF DIFFERENTIATION
To maximise the total revenue, the ultimate total revenue function has to be
zero and R q 0 .
Ultimate total revenue function, R q 20
q
2
and R q
1
2
q
0
2
q
20
2
q 40
(b)
80 q
. At the quantity of q = 40,
4
80 40
p 40
4
10
Given p q
Hence, the price has to be fixed at RM10 in order to maximise the revenue.
Example:
A research has been conducted to determine the import tax of a unit of electronic
item made in a foreign country. The demand on that particular item is given by a
function D(t) = 8000 20t, where D denote the demand quantity (in hundreds
units) and t represent the import tax (in RM unit)
(a)
(b)
Calculate the import tax which needs to be imposed to maximise the tax revenue.
(c)
(d)
Obtain the quantity of the required electronic item at the tax level which
maximises its revenue.
Solution:
(a)
R (t ) ( D )(t )
(8000 20t)t
8000t 20t 2
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TOPIC 6
(b)
R (t )
APPLICATION OF DIFFERENTIATION
111
= 8000t 20t 2
dR
8000 40t
dt
dR
0 , then 8000 40t = 0
When
dt
40t = 8000
t = 200
R(t ) = 40
When t = 200, R(200) 0 then the total import tax which need to be
imposed is RM200 to maximise the tax revenue.
(c)
R (a ) = 8000t 20t 2
= 8000(200) 20(200) 2
= 1600000 800000
= 800000
Therefore, the maximum tax revenue is RM800,000.
(d)
D (t ) = 8000 20t
= 8000 20(200)
= 4,000
To reach the level of tax which maximises its revenue, 4,000 units of
electronic item have to be imported.
112
TOPIC 6
APPLICATION OF DIFFERENTIATION
EXERCISE 6.3
1.
p = 0.001q 2 + 840.
2.
3.
6.4
(a)
(b)
(c)
(b)
(b)
The total profit or loss function, (x), is obtained from the production of a single
unit product. In general:
TOPIC 6
APPLICATION OF DIFFERENTIATION
113
Solution:
Given p = 400 2q and C q q 160
2000
q
2000
q 160
q
q
q 2 160q 2000
Total Profit = Total Revenue Total Cost
= R (q) C (q)
= pq C ( q)
= (400 2q ) q (q 2 160q 2000)
= 3q 2 + 240q 2000
6.4.1
The average total profit is the profit obtained from the production of a single unit
product.
x
x
Example:
Given the demand function for a product is p ( x) 8 0.025 x and the total
cost function is C ( x) 500 7 x. Find
(a)
(b)
(c)
Functions for the average total cost, average total revenue and average total
profit.
Solution:
(a)
= 8x 0.025x 2
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114
(b)
TOPIC 6
APPLICATION OF DIFFERENTIATION
8 x 0.025 x 2 500 7 x
0.025 x 2 x 500
(c)
C x
x
500 7 x
x
500
7
x
R x
R x
x
8 x 0.025 x 2
x
8 0.025 x
x
0.025 x 2 x 500
x
500
0.025 x 1
x
6.4.2
x R x C x
Example:
Suppose the total cost function, C (x ) = 0.05x 2 3x + 500 and the function for total
revenue is R (x ) = 3x 0.01x 2 . Obtain:
(a)
TOPIC 6
(b)
APPLICATION OF DIFFERENTIATION
115
Functions for the average total cost, average total revenue and average total
profit.
Solution:
(a)
(b)
= 0.06(2x) + 6
= 0.12x + 6
Or
'(x)
6.4.3
= R '(x) C '(x)
= (3 0.02x) (0.10x 3)
= 0.12x + 6
116
TOPIC 6
APPLICATION OF DIFFERENTIATION
(b)
(c)
(d)
Calculate the price which will maximise the profit. Show that the profit is
maximised.
Solution:
(a)
R(q) = pq
= (40 2q) q
= 40q 2q 2
(b)
C q
C q
q
=> C q q C q
100
q4
4q 100
(c)
(d)
d
4q 36
dq
d
When
0
dq
4q + 36 = 0
4q = 36
q =9
When q = 9,
d2
4 0.
dq 2
= 22
Therefore, p = RM22 will maximise the profit.
TOPIC 6
APPLICATION OF DIFFERENTIATION
117
EXERCISE 6.4
1.
2.
3.
(b)
(c)
(d)
Find the price for which the company will maximise its profit,
by using differentiation method.
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
118
TOPIC 6
APPLICATION OF DIFFERENTIATION
ACTIVITY 6.1
Can fixed cost be a variable? Why?
Given f ( x) 3x 2 12 x 9 .
(a)
(b)
2.
C. (2,0)
D. (2, 3)
B. Maximum point
C. Inflection point
D. No conclusion
(b)
3.
B. (-6,-24)
B. 3 x 0.01x 2
C. 0.05 x 2 3 x 500
D. 0.06 x 2 500
B. 3 0.02x
C. 0.12 x 6
D. 0.06 x 2 6 x 500
B. 6
C. 12
D. 50
TOPIC 6
APPLICATION OF DIFFERENTIATION
119
total revenue
R
, R .
quantity
q
Average Revenue =
Average Profit =
dR
.
dq
total profit
, .
quantity
q
d
.
dq
Topic
Integration
LEARNING OUTCOMES
By the end of this topic, you should be able to:
1.
2.
3.
INTRODUCTION
7.1
ANTI-DERIVATIVES
d
F x f x then the integration of a function f (x) is F (x), because of their
dx
inverse relationship.
If
TOPIC 7
INTEGRATION
121
f x dx F x c
where
f (x) : Integrand
F'(x)
: Anti-derivative
dx
F'(x) = f(x)
: Integral sign
d 2
x 2x
dx
(b)
d 2
x 4 2x
dx
(c)
d 2
x 100 2 x
dx
1.
k dx kx c, k is a constant.
2.
n
x dx
x n 1
c , n 1 .
n 1
f ( x) dx k
f ( x) dx , k is a constant.
122
TOPIC 7
INTEGRATION
4.
f ( x) g ( x) dx f ( x) dx g ( x) dx
5.
f ( x) g ( x) dx f ( x) dx g ( x) dx
6.
dx e x c
kx
e dx
7.
ek x
c
k
,
k is a constant.
1dx =
(b)
5dx = 5 x c
(c)
100 dx = 100 x c
(d)
dx x c
(e)
e dx ex c
xc
1
x dx x dx
(b)
3
x dx
x2
c
2
x 31
x4
c
c
3 1
4
3
1
2
x 2 2 32
x dx x dx
x c
3
3
2
(c)
(d)
1
x 2
1
3
c
c
dx
x
dx
x3
2
2 x 2
(e)
x dx ln x c
TOPIC 7
INTEGRATION
123
x 31
x4
3
c 3 c
3 1
4
1
1 1
(b)
5 xdx 5 xdx 5 ln x c
(c)
3x
3 4
x xc
4
(d)
2x
x 2 dx 2 x 5 dx x 2 dx (Applying Rule 5)
2 6 1 3
1
1
x x c x 6 x3 c
6
3
3
3
(e)
2 x x x 1 dx
2x
(e)
x3 x 2
x c (Integrate one at a time)
3
2
x x
1 dx
1
1
5
x 2 dx x 2 dx
5
x2
x2
124
TOPIC 7
INTEGRATION
x2 x2
2x 2 2x 2
c
7
3
7
3
2
2
x4 x2
x 4 dx
(f)
1
dx (Simplify the expression, as there is no rule for division integration)
x2
(a)
e dx e
(b)
e dx
2x
100 x
(c)
e2 x
c
2
e100 x
dx
c
100
(d)
e 2 dx
(e)
4e
2 4 x
x
2
x
e
c 2e 2 c
1
2
dx
4e2 4 x
c e 2 4 x c
4
ACTIVITY 7.1
An inverse of differentiation is integration. Is there a mathematical process
which does not have an inverse?
TOPIC 7
INTEGRATION
125
EXERCISE 7.1
Integrate each of the following:
3.
dx
8 p dx
4.
5.
6.
7.
x 1 x dx
1.
9.
2.
3u 2 du
3
8.
e dt
1 x 2 x dx
x
0.07 t
7.2
1
3
x 2 dx
x
x
3
x
5
2
x 2x 1
x 4 dx
10.
12.
x 4 e
11.
e dx
ex dx
3s 4
ds
dx
DEFINITE INTEGRALS
f x dx F x
b
F b F a
where a is the lower limit and b is the upper limit of the integration.
Example:
1 x
3
dx
Solution :
3
x4
34 14
x dx
4 1
4 4
80
81 1
20
4
4 4
3
126
TOPIC 7
INTEGRATION
Example:
1
0
e 2 x dx
Solution:
e2 x
e 21 e 2 0
e
dx
0
2
2
2 0
1
2x
e 2 e0 e2 1
2 2
2 2
Example:
1
dx
x
Solution:
ln x 1 ln e ln1 1 0 1
e
f dx
and
g dx
cf x dx c f x dx ;
b
1.
2.
f x g x dx f x dx g x dx; and
3.
f x g x dx f x dx g x dx
Example:
3
1
3x3 dx
TOPIC 7
INTEGRATION
127
Solution:
3
x4
34 1
81 1
3
x
dx
3
3
3
1
4 4
4 1
4 4
80
3 3 20 60
4
3
Example:
e
1
2 x dx
x
Solution :
e
1
e1
e
1
2 x dx 1 dx 1 2 x dx
x
x
ln x 1 x 2
1
e
ln e ln1 e 2 1
1 0 e 2 1
2 e2
ACTIVITY 7.2
What is the term given to the values of a and b for the interval [a, b]?
EXERCISE 7.2
Find the values of the following integrations:
x3 dx
2.
x 1 x dx
(t 2 2t 8)dt
4.
2 y y dy
6.
4
y dy
8.
1.
3.
5.
7.
8
1
2
1
4
1
4
1
2
1
4
x 3 x 2 x dx
e5 dx
x 1
dx
x
128
TOPIC 7
INTEGRATION
INTEGRATION BY SUBSTITUTION
7.3
2x
x 2 1 dx
Solution:
Identify u and du,
u = g(x), u is assumed without power. Therefore, u = x2 + 1 and hence,
du = 2x dx.
Step 1:
2
2
2 x x 1 2 dx x 1 2 2 x dx u 2 du
Step 3:
1
2 32
2
u
du
u c
Step 4:
3
2 2
x 1 2 c
Example:
x
x2 3
dx
Solution:
Step 1:
u x2 3
1
du 2 x dx x dx du
2
Copyright Open University Malaysia (OUM)
TOPIC 7
Step 2:
Step 3:
1
du
1 1
dx 2 1 u 2 du
2
2
x 3
u2
x
Integrate
1
1 u2
2 1
2
Step 4:
INTEGRATION
1 12
u du with respect to u.
2
c u2 c
x 3 3 2 c
Example:
ln x
dx
x
Solution:
u ln x,
du
dx
x
Step 1:
Step 2:
ln x
Step 3:
dx
u du
x
u2
c
2
Step 4:
ln x
2
c
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129
130
TOPIC 7
INTEGRATION
Example:
x
dx
1
Solution:
Step 1:
u x2 1
Step 2:
du
x dx
2
du 2 x dx
du
x
x dx
1 du
x2 1 dx x2 1 u2 2 u
Step 3:
1
ln u c
2
Step 4:
1
ln x 2 1 c
2
ACTIVITY 7.3
1.
2.
TOPIC 7
INTEGRATION
131
EXERCISE 7.3
Integrate the following:
1.
3.
5.
2 t 4 8t 2 dx
e x 2 dx
4.
ds
6.
s
3
3x
2.
1 2s
dx
4x2 5
x2 x
4 3x
2
2 x3
dx
x 1
dx
2x 1
x
dx
x
x2
A.
x
2.
5x
5
3
3 32
D. x c
2
B.
3
e 5 x 1 c
5x 1
3
C. e 5 x c
5
4
D. e 5 x c
5
3x 2
( x3 8)2 dx
1
A.
c
8 x3
4.
2 12
C.
x c
3
dx
A. e 5 x c
3.
2
B. x 2 c
3
3x
x3
c
B.
(8 x3 )3
x3
1
c
C.
c D.
3(8 x3 )3
8 x3
( x 3 5) 20 dx
( x 3 5) 21
A.
c
21
( x 3 5) 21
c
C.
63
x3 ( x3 5) 21
B.
c
21
x 3 ( x 4 5) 21
D.
c
21
Copyright Open University Malaysia (OUM)
132
TOPIC 7
5.
INTEGRATION
6 x 3dx
1
1
15
A.
B. In 6
C.
1
1
15 2
D.
1
ln 6
6
k dx kx c,
n
x dx
k is a constant.
x n 1
c , n 1 .
n 1
dx
1
dx ln x c
x
f ( x) g ( x) dx f ( x) dx g ( x) dx
f ( x) g ( x) dx f ( x) dx g ( x) dx
kx
e dx
f ( x) dx k
f ( x) dx , k is a constant.
dx e x c
ek x
c , k is a constant.
k
Indefinite Integrals
Integration by Substitution
Topic
Application
of Integration
LEARNING OUTCOMES
By the end of this topic, you should be able to:
1.
2.
3.
4.
INTRODUCTION
One of the applications of integration is to find the area of a region. This topic
will specifically focus on finding the area between a graph and the x-axis and the
area between two graphs. Later, integration is used to determine consumers and
producers surplus. The applications of integration in economic and business,
includes finding the cost, revenue and profit functions from their respective
marginal functions.
134
TOPIC 8
APPLICATION OF INTEGRATION
8.1
Suppose f (x) is continuous and that f (x) 0 in the interval [a, b].
Then, the area under the graph f (x) and above the x-axis, from x
= a to x = b is A f x dx .
b
Graph 8.1
Example:
Find the area under y = 2x from x = 0 to x = 2.
Solution:
Graph 8.2
The sketch shows that the graph y = 2x is always above the x-axis when x is
positive, therefore the area A is:
2
0
2 x dx x 2 4 0 4 unit 2 .
0
TOPIC 8
APPLICATION OF INTEGRATION
135
Suppose f (x) and g (x) are continuous in the interval [a, b] where f (x) g
(x), i.e. f (x) is always above g (x). Then, the area between the graphs f (x)
and g (x) in the interval [a, b] is given by:
A f x g x dx
a
b
Graph 8.3
Example:
Find the area between graphs y = x 2 and
y = x.
Solution:
Step 1:
Sketch the graphs to determine which one is above and which is below.
Graph 8.4
Step 2:
x2 x
x2 x 0
x x 1 0
x 0 and 1
136
Step 3:
TOPIC 8
APPLICATION OF INTEGRATION
f a = Function above
fb = Function below
Function above minus function below:
Step 4:
x x2
x 2 x3
2
x
x
dx
2 3 12 13 16 unit 2
0
0
1
Example:
Find the area between graphs y = 2 x 2 and y = 2x 1.
Solution:
Step 1:
Graph 8.5
Step 2:
2 x 2 2 x 1
x2 2 x 3 0
x 3 x 1 0
x 3, 1
TOPIC 8
Step 4:
APPLICATION OF INTEGRATION
137
x3
2
3
2
x
x
dx
3
x
x
1
3 1
1
2
9 9 9 3 1 10
3
3
ACTIVITY 8.1
1.
2.
What will you get if you integrate in the interval [-3,3] the
function y= 1? Explain.
EXERCISE 8.1
Find the area above or below for the following graphs:
1.
y = x 2 1; x = 1 to x = 1
2. y = 3 x 2 + 1; x = 1 to x = 2
3.
y = 9 x 2 ; between [2, 1]
4. y = 2x + x 2 ; between [0, 3]
y = 2x + 4 and y = x 2 + 2x + 3.
6.
y = 2x 5 and y = x 2 + 6x 5.
7.
y + x = 6 and y = x 2 + 4.
8.
y=
x and y = x.
138
TOPIC 8
APPLICATION OF INTEGRATION
APPLICATION OF INTEGRATION IN
ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS
8.2
(b)
8.2.1
Recall the demand function, p = D (q) and the supply function, p = S (q).
The intersection point of the two equations is called the market equilibrium
(qe, pe), which exists in an ideal competition market.
ACTIVITY 8.2
What is meant by ideal competition? Does a competition which is not
ideal exist?
(a)
Consumers Surplus
There are consumers who are willing to pay more than the equilibrium
price, so they benefit from the lower equilibrium price. The area of A
represents the consumers surplus. It is the total profit gained from the
consumers willingness to pay more than the market equilibrium price.
Graph 8.6
Copyright Open University Malaysia (OUM)
TOPIC 8
APPLICATION OF INTEGRATION
139
From Subtopic 8.1 we noticed this area can be found by finding areas
between two graphs.
Consumers surplus,
D(q )
qe
A D ( q)dq Pe qe
Area under
curve D ( q )
(b)
Pe dq
Area of
the rectangle
Producers Surplus
On the other hand, some suppliers would have offered the product at a
price below the equilibrium price, so they too can gain from the equilibrium
price. The total of the suppliers gain is called the producers surplus and is
represented by the area B.
Producers surplus,
p S (q ) dq
qe
graph above
straigh tline
graph below
pq
ee
qe
S (q) dq
Example:
Given that the demand function and the supply function for a company are
p = 200 q 2 and p = 6q + 160, respectively.
Determine the consumers and producers surpluses for the company.
Solution:
Sketch the graph in the first quadrant only. Obtain the market equilibrium point.
140
TOPIC 8
APPLICATION OF INTEGRATION
Graph 8.7
6q 160 200 q 2
p 200 q 2
200 16
184
q 2 6q 40 0
q 10 q 4 0
q 10 and q 4
Hence, (4, 184) is the market equilibrium point.
Consumers Surplus: CS
4
0
200 q dq 4184
2
q3
200q 736
3 0
736
200q
3
0
128
736 3q 2 160q
736 48 640
4
0
48
ACTIVITY 8.3
Why would a consumer be willing to pay a higher price than the
market equilibrium?
TOPIC 8
APPLICATION OF INTEGRATION
141
Example:
The demand and supply functions for a company are ps = 1 + q and
pd 49 6q , respectively. Determine the consumers and producers surpluses
for the company.
Solution:
Obtain the market equilibrium point.
pd ps
49 6q 1 q
49 6q 1 q
49 6q 1 2q q 2
0 q 2 2q 1 49 6q
0 q 2 8q 48
0 q 4 q 12
We will consider only the point q = 4. P = 1 + q= 1 + 4 = 5
(4,5) is the market equilibrium point.
Note: The value q = 4 is the integration limit.
Consumers Surplus:
D q dq 4 5
4
Graph 8.8
142
TOPIC 8
APPLICATION OF INTEGRATION
4
0
49 6q dq 20
u 49 6q
u 49 6(4) 25
du 6 dq
du
dq
6
u 49 0 49
49
3
49
49
du
1
1 u2
25 u 6 20 6 25 u du 20 6 3 20
2 25
3
3
1 3
1
49 25 20 73 53 20
6 2
9
218
38
20
9
9
1
2
1
2
Producers Surplus: pe qe S q dq
4 5 1 q dq
4
q2
16
20 q 20 4 20 12 8
2 0
2
ACTIVITY 8.4
Which is better, a situation where there is consumers surplus or
producers surplus?
8.2.2
Previously, if given cost, revenue and profit function, we were asked to find the
marginal functions namely marginal cost, marginal revenue and marginal profit
function respectively. Now , in this topic, given a marginal function, we will be
asked to find the cost, the revenue and the profit function. This can be done by
integrating their corresponding marginal functions.
Example:
Suppose the marginal cost function for a company which produces x thousand
50
units of books, is given by C x
, while its fixed cost is RM25,000.
x
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TOPIC 8
APPLICATION OF INTEGRATION
143
(a)
(b)
Determine the increment in total cost for an increase in production from 100
to 121 units.
Solution:
(a)
C x C x dx
1
1
1
1
50
x2
dx 50 x 2 dx 50 c 50 2 x 2 c 100 x 2 c
1
x
2
121
100
C x dx
C 121 C 100
100 121 25000 100 100 25000
100 11 25000 100 10 25000
100
Thus, the required cost increment is RM100.
Example:
Suppose that a companys marginal cost function is given by C (x) =
2x 3 + 6x 5 , and its fixed cost is RM8,000. Find the companys cost function.
144
TOPIC 8
APPLICATION OF INTEGRATION
Solution:
Given the marginal cost function C (x) = 2x 3 + 6x 5 , we integrate to get its cost
function.
C x C ' x dx
2 x 3 6 x 5 dx
2 x4 6 x2
5x c
4
2
x4
C x
3 x 2 5 x c since C(0)=8000
2
C 0 0 0 0 c
8000 c
C x
x4
3x 2 5 x 8000
2
Example:
A furniture factory has a marginal cost function, C ' ( x ) 3 x 15 and marginal
revenue function R ' ( x ) 150 3 x with x is the quantity produced. Fixed cost for
the factory is RM8,000. Determine:
(a)
Revenue function
(b)
Demand function
(c)
(d)
Profit function
Solution:
(a) R ( x) R( x) dx (150 3 x)dx
3x 2
C
2
3x 2
R (0) 0
=150x
2
150 x
(b)
TOPIC 8
Therefore
APPLICATION OF INTEGRATION
145
R
x
3x 2
150 x
R
2 150 3x
p
x
x
2
3x
The demand function is p= 150
2
(c)
C ( x) C ( x)dx 3 x 15dx
3x 2
15 x C
2
3x 2
=
15 x 8000 C (0) 8000
2
(d)
P ( x) R( x) C ( x)
3x 2 3x 2
150 x
15 x 8000)
(
2
2
165 x 3x 2 8000
EXERCISE 8.2
1.
2.
(b)
1000
. If R is
100q
the revenue in RM, determine the change/increment in revenues
when the sales increased from 400 to 900 units.
146
TOPIC 8
APPLICATION OF INTEGRATION
3.
Determine:
(a)
(b)
Profit function.
4.
The demand and supply functions for a company are p = 400 q and
p = q + 100, respectively. Determine the consumers and producers
surpluses for the company.
5.
7.
2.
B. TR = 9+2x+c
9 2 x3
C. TR= 10 x x
2
3
9 2 x3
D. TR = 10 x x
+C
2
3
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TOPIC 8
APPLICATION OF INTEGRATION
147
4.
B. x = 184, y = 4
C. x = 4, y = 184
D. x =184, y = -4
5.
B. 48
C. 128/3
D. 248
B. 248
C. 148
D. 872
The applications of integration are not limited to only finding the area of a
region, but can also be applied to many business and economic problems.
Consumers Surplus
Producers Surplus
Topic
Partial
Differentiation
LEARNING OUTCOMES
By the end of this topic, you should be able to:
1.
2.
3.
4.
INTRODUCTION
TOPIC 9
PARTIAL DIFFERENTIATION
149
9.1
FUNCTIONS OF MULTI-VARIABLE
z = 3x + 3xy + 3y
Since the function of z depends on two variables, hence it can be written as
z = f (x ,y )
For every selected pair of x and y, there is only one value of z. For example, if x =
1 and y = 4, then
= 3x + 3xy + 3y
= 3(1) + 3(1)( 4) + 3( 4)
= 3 12 12
= 21
f (x,y )
= 3x + 3xy + 3y
150
TOPIC 9
PARTIAL DIFFERENTIATION
Example:
4x
Suppose g x, y
(a)
g (3,0)
(b)
g ( 4,3)
x2 y 2
Solution:
(a)
g (3,0)
Now, x = 3 and y = 0.
g 3,0
(b)
4 3
3 0
g ( 4,3)
g 4, 3
12
9
12
4
3
4 4
16
16 16
16 9
25 5
Example:
Suppose h x, y x 2 2 y 2 . Find the values of:
(a)
h(5, 3)
(b)
h(2, 4)
(c)
h(1, 3)
Solution:
(a)
h (5, 3)
Then, x = 5 and y = 3.
h 5,3 52 2 3 25 2(9) 43
2
(b)
h(2, 4)
Then, x = 2 and y = 4.
h 2, 4 22 2 4 4 2 16 36 6
2
TOPIC 9
(c)
PARTIAL DIFFERENTIATION
151
h(1, 3)
Then, x = 1 and y = 3.
h 1, 3
2 3 1 2 9 19
2
Example:
Function of three variables
Suppose f (x, y , z ) = 4 x 2 3xz + 2yz 2 1 . Find
(a)
f (3, 0, 1)
(b)
f (2, 1, 0)
Solution:
(a)
36 9 0 1 26
(b)
16 6 0 1 21
Example:
The
labour
charge
for
(a)
L (3, 5)
(b)
L (5, 2)
(c)
Solution:
(a)
L( x, y ) 12 x 6 y 2 xy 40
(c)
152
TOPIC 9
PARTIAL DIFFERENTIATION
ACTIVITY 9.1
If f (x, y , z ) = x + 4y 2 + y 3 , where variable z is not in the function. Can the
function be expressed as f (x, y ) = x + 4y 2 + y 3 ? Why?
EXERCISE 9.1
1.
2.
3.
4.
f (2, 1)
(b)
f (2, 3)
g (2, 4)
(b)
g (2, 3)
g (3, 0, 1)
(b)
g (2, 1, 4)
Determine C (50, 0)
(b)
Determine C (30, 4)
(c)
Find the number of cats if there are 1,400 rats and 150 mole rats.
TOPIC 9
PARTIAL DIFFERENTIATION
153
PARTIAL DERIVATIVES
9.2
dy
, where it measures the rate at
dx
which a function y = f(x) is changing with respect to changes in variable x. Let us now
look into the rate of change of function f(x,y) with respect to one of its variables.
Let f(x,y) be a function of two variables x and y. Since we want to know how f(x,y)
changes both with respect to x and with respect to y, we shall now define partial
derivatives with respect to the two variables.
Definition
1. The partial derivative of f with respect to x is the derivative of f
obtained by treating x as a variable and y as a constant.
fx or f/x.
Notation:
2. The partial derivative of f with respect to y is the derivative of f
obtained by treating y as a variable and x as a constant.
Notation:
fy or f/ y
d
d
(k ) 0
(3) 0
dx
dx
d
d
kx k
2x 2
dx
dx
d
d
kf ( x) kf ( x)
2 x2 2(2 x) 4 x
dx
dx
d
d
2 x 2 6 2(2 x) 0 4 x
kf ( x) C kf ( x)
dx
dx
Example:
(a)
f ( x, y ) 4 x 2 6 y 3
f x 8x
remember y is a constant
f y 18 y 2
remember x is a constant
154
(b)
TOPIC 9
PARTIAL DIFFERENTIATION
f ( x, y ) 2 xy x 2
fx 2 y 2x
remember y is a constant
f y 2x
remember x is a constant
Example:
Let f (x, y ) = 4x 2 9xy + 6y 3 . Find fx and fy .
Solution:
f (x, y ) = 4x 2 9xy + 6y 3
(a)
f
4 x 2 8 x,
f
9 xy 9 y,
x
f
6 y3 0
Hence, fx = 8x 9y.
(b)
f
4 x 2 0,
f
9 xy 9 x,
y
f
6 y 3 18 y 2
Example:
Suppose f (x, y ) = 2x 2 + 3xy 3 + 2y + 5 . Find
(a)
fx (1, 2)
(b)
fy (4, 3)
Solution:
(a)
f (x, y ) = 2x 2 + 3xy 3 + 2y + 5
f
2 x 2 4 x,
x
f
3xy 3 3 y 3 ,
f
f
2 y 0
5 0
x
x
f x = 4x + 3y 3
TOPIC 9
(b)
PARTIAL DIFFERENTIATION
155
f (x, y ) = 2x 2 + 3xy 3 + 2y + 5
To differentiate with respect to y means x is a constant
f
2 x 2 0,
y
f
3xy3 9 xy 2 ,
y
f
f
2y 2
5 0
y
y
fx = 9xy 2 + 2
fx (4,3) = 9( 4)( 3)2 + 2 = 9( 4)(9) 2 + 2 = 324 + 2 = 322
EXERCISE 9.2
1.
2.
3.
(a)
fx (0, 4)
(b)
fx (1, 2)
(c)
fy (2, 5)
(d)
fy (0, 0)
(b)
(c)
156
TOPIC 9
PARTIAL DIFFERENTIATION
9.3
The idea of second order differentiation for functions of single variable y=f(x) can
be applied to functions of multi-variable, where the first degree partial
differentiation will be differentiated again with respect to x and y.
If z = f (x , y )
z
fx
x
and
z
= fy
y
z
f x f xx
xx x
z
f y f yy
y y y
f y f yx
x x x
f f xy
y x y x
Example:
Find
all
the
second
degree
3
2
3
2
f (x , y ) = 4x 3x y + 2y .
partial
derivatives
for
Solution:
First we find the first order partial differentiation, fx and fy .
Given f (x , y ) = 4x 3 3x 2 y 3 + 2y 2 .
Then,
f x (x , y ) = 12x 2 6xy 3
f y (x , y ) = 9x 2 y 2 + 4y
To get fxx , perform partial differentiation with respect to x on fx
f x 12 x 2 6 xy 3
x
x
24 x 6 y 3
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function
TOPIC 9
PARTIAL DIFFERENTIATION
157
fy
9 x 2 y 2 4 y
y
y
18 x 2 y 4
fy
9 x 2 y 2 4 y
x
y
18 xy 2
To get fxy , perform partial differentiation with respect to y, on fx
f x 12 x 2 6 xy 3 a
y
y
18 xy 2
EXERCISE 9.3
1.
2.
Obtain all the second order partial derivatives for the following
functions:
(a)
f (x, y ) = 6x 3 y 9y 2 + 2x
(b)
(c)
r x, y
4x
x y
ACTIVITY 9.2
For examples and application of partial differentiation, visit:
http://www.math.hmc.edu/calculus/tutorials/partialdifferentiation/
To observe the difference between ordinary and partial differentiations,
visit:
http://www.ucl.ac.uk/Mathematics/geomath/level2/pdiff/intro.html
158
TOPIC 9
PARTIAL DIFFERENTIATION
2.
3.
f x 4 x 3 y; f y 3 xy
B.
(B) f x 4 x 3 xy; f y 3 x
C.
(C) f x 4 x 3 y; f y 3 x
D.
(D) f x 4 x 3 xy; f y 3 xy
2w
gw
B.
g w 2 w z 2 ; g z w2 2 w
C.
gw
D.
gw
3 w2 z
2 2/3
2w
3 2w z
2 2/3
3 w2 z 2
2/3
; gz
2z
A.
; gz
; gz
3 w2 z 2
2/3
2z
3 w2 2 z
2/3
3 w2 z 2
2/3
Find fx(2, 1) if f ( x, y ) 3 x 3 y 2
A. 36
4.
of f ( x, y ) 2 x 2 3 xy .
B. 1152
C. 9x 2 y 2
Find
all
second-order
f ( x, y ) 6 x 3 y 9 y 2 2 x .
partial
D. 6x3 y
derivatives
A.
f xx 18 x 2 y; f yy 18; f xy f yx 18 x 2
B.
f xx 36 xy; f yy 18 y; f xy f yx 18 x 2
C.
f xx 36 xy; f yy 18; f xy f yx 18 x 2
D.
f xx 18 xy; f yy 18 y; f xy f yx 18 x 2
of
TOPIC 9
5.
PARTIAL DIFFERENTIATION
159
A. 14xy
C. 14 y 2
D. 14x 2 y
fxx
or
( fx ) x
fyy
or
( fy ) y
fxy
or
( fx ) y
fyx
or
( fy ) x
Dependent Variable
Multi-variable Function
Independent Variable
Partial Differentiation
Topic
10
Application
of Partial
Differentiation
LEARNING OUTCOMES
By the end of this topic, you should be able to:
1.
2.
3.
INTRODUCTION
Figure 10.1
Figure 10.1 shows that points A, B and C are the maximum points, while points
D and E are the minimum points.
This topic will discuss the application of partial differentiation. In the business
world, we want to maximise profit but with a certain limitations called
constraints. This can be solved using the Lagrange multiplier technique.
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TOPIC 10
10.1
161
Figure 10.2
Define M = [fxx (a, b) fyy (a, b)] [fxy (a, b)] 2 Then
162
TOPIC 10
Example:
Given f (x, y ) = 6x 2 + 6y 2 + 6xy + 36y 5
(a)
(b)
(c)
Solution:
(a)
fx = 12x + 6y + 36
fy = 12y + 6x
(2)
x = 2y
(3)
y= 2
Substitute y = 2 into equation (3).
TOPIC 10
(b)
163
fx = 12x + 6y + 36
fxx = 12 fxy = 6
fy = 12y + 6x
fyy = 12 fyx = 6
= 77
The minimum value is 77.
Example:
Find the critical point for f (x, y ) = 50 + 4x - 5y + x 2 + y 2 + xy and determine
whether it is the maximum or minimum point.
Solution:
f (x, y ) = 50 + 4x 5y + x 2 + y 2 + xy
Differentiate with respect to x and y respectively.
fx = 4 + 2x + y
fy = 5 + 2y + x
To obtain the critical point(s),
fx = 0 and fy = 0
Then,
4 + 2x + y = 0 and 5 + 2y + x = 0
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164
TOPIC 10
Rearranging gives,
2x + y = 4 (1)
x + 2y = 5 (2)
Solve using elimination method. Eliminate x as follows:
2x + y = 4
2x + 4y = 10
(2) 2
3y = 14
14
y=
3
(1) (3)
Substitute y
(1)
(3)
14
into equation (1).
3
14
2x 4
3
14
3
12 14 26
2x
3
3
13
x
3
2x 4
13 14
Therefore, , is the critical point.
3 3
f xx 2
f y 5 2 y x
f yy 2
f xy f yx 1
M f xx f yy f xy
2 2 12
3
TOPIC 10
165
13 14
where x is the total amount of the sugar in kilograms and y is the amount of
flavours in grams. Obtain:
(a)
The total amount of sugar and flavours which will minimise the cost; and
(b)
Solution:
C x, y 2200 27 x3 72 xy 8 y 2
C x 81x 2 72 y
C y 72 x 16 y
(a)
81x 2 72y = 0
72x + 16y = 0
(1)
(2)
81x 2 = 72y
81 2
x y
72
9 2
x
8
(3)
9
x
2
(4)
72x = 16y
From (2),
72
x y
16
(3) = (4),
9 2 9
x x
8
2
166
TOPIC 10
x2 x
8 2
x2 4 x
x x 4 0
x 0 or x 4
When x = 0,
9
9
x 0 0
2
2
However, the result (0, 0) is irrelevant as we are looking for the total amount of
sugar and flavours, thus we will only use the point (4, 18). We need to
determine whether it is actually a minimum point using the M test.
C x = 81x 2 72y
Cxx = 162x
C y = 72x + 16y
C yy = 16
C xy = C yx = 72
TOPIC 10
167
ACTIVITY 10.1
After observing the Figures 10.1 and 10.2, and learning the techniques
of differentiation for two-variable functions, what would the
application of this topic be in the field of architecture?
EXERCISE 10.1
Find the critical points and determine whether they are maximum,
minimum or saddle points.
1.
f (x, y ) = xy + x y
2.
f (x, y ) = x 2 2xy + 2y 2 + x 5
3.
f (x, y ) = x 2 xy + y 2 + 2x +2y+ 6
4.
f (x, y ) = x 2 + 3xy + 3y 2 6x + 3y
5.
f (x, y ) 4 xy 10 x 2 4 y 2 8 x 8 y 9
6.
f ( x, y ) x 2 xy 2 x 2 y 2
7.
f (x, y ) = x 2 y 2 2x + 4y 7
8.
f (x, y ) = 2x 3 3y 2 12xy + 4
9.
f (x, y ) = x 2 + 4y 3 6xy 1
10.
where x is the labour cost and y is the cost of raw material. Find
the number of x and y which will maximise the profit. What is
the maximum profit?
10.2
LAGRANGE MULTIPLIER
In subtopic 10.1, we saw how to find a relative maximum and relative minimum
for a function of two variables. In practice, many functions come along with a
constraint. Problems involving constraints can be solved by using Lagrange
multiplier method.
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168
TOPIC 10
f x, y , f x, y g x , y
5 x 2 6 y 2 xy x 2 y 24
5 x 2 6 y 2 xy x 2 xy 24
(c)
Fy 12 y x 2 0
F x 2 y 24
Fx 10 x y
(d)
10 x y 0
12 y x 2 0
x 2 y 24 0
TOPIC 10
169
Using (1) and (2), equate the to obtain the relation between x and y.
4 (5)
because 2 2
2 y 20 x x 12 y
14 y 21x
2 y 3x
Substitute this relationship into (3).
Insert 3x = 2y into (3)
x 2 y 24 0
x 3 x 24 0
4 x 24
x6
2.
3.
Fx = Fy = F = 0
4.
170
TOPIC 10
Example:
Find two numbers whose sum is 50 and that their product is maximum.
Solution:
Suppose the two numbers are x and y. We need to maximise the multiplication
(product) of the two numbers, i.e. f (x, y) = xy with the constraint x + y = 50
1.
2.
3.
Fx = y +
y+ =0
(1)
Fy = x +
x+ =0
(2)
x + y 50 = 0
(3)
F = x + y 50
4.
x x 50 0
2 x 50
x 25, y 25
Hence, y = 25.
Therefore, xy = 25 25 = 625
Thus, the two numbers which maximise their product are 25 and 25 with
their product equals to 625.
TOPIC 10
171
ACTIVITY 10.2
1.
2.
EXERCISE 10.2
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Find two numbers (say, x and y) which totals up to 12 and that the
product of x 2 y is maximised.
6.
Find two numbers which totals up to 20 and that the product of the
two numbers is maximised.
7.
8.
2.
B. (1, 1/2)
C. ( 1, 1/2)
D. (1, 1/2)
B. minimum
C. saddle
D. infimum
172
3.
TOPIC 10
B. ( 6, 6)
C. (4, 4)
D. (3, 3)
5.
B. 2 x y - 600 0
C. xy - 600 0
D. x 600 0
B. (300, 300)
C. (150, 300)
D. (150, 200)
Therefore,
f (a , b ) is a maximum point if M > 0 and fxx(a, b) < 0.
f (a , b ) is a minimum point if M > 0 and fxx(a, b) > 0.
f (a , b ) is a saddle point if M < 0.
If M = 0, this test does not provide any conclusion.
Copyright Open University Malaysia (OUM)
TOPIC 10
173
Minimum Point
Maximum Point
Saddle Point
174 ANSWERS
Answers
TOPIC 1: MATRIX
Exercise 1.1
1.
(a)
3x2
(b)
1x 3
(c)
3x1
2.
a0
3.
4.
(a)
(b)
Column Matrix
(c)
Row Matrix
Exercise 1.2
1.
(a)
6
12
3
0
9
3
(b)
2
9
1
4
(c)
6 3
3 1
2 5
(d)
Not possible
(e)
130 140
110 60
(f)
27 35
4 26
(g)
20 2 2
2 1
3
2 3 10
ANSWERS
2.
2 1
A
5 2
Exercise 1.3
1.
2.
(a)
11
(b)
a2 + b2
(c)
27
(d)
27
(a)
(b)
Exercise 1.4
1.
(a)
1
7
1
7
2
7
3
14
(b)
2 11 3
1 6 2
0 1 0
(c)
(d)
13
10
2
5
7
10
7
5
1
5
3
5
1
2
1
2
175
176 ANSWERS
2.
A1 2
3
2
3.
(a)
B 1
(b)
ad bc 0
1 d b
ad bc c a
Exercise 1.5
24
23
, y
5
5
(b) x 1, y 3, z 2
1. and 2. (a) x
(3)
(a)
(b)
2
10
60
, y , z
17
17
17
x 1, y 0, z 5
(a)
(b) D
2.
3.
4. D
2.
3.
4.
5.
(a)
1
m , c 1
2
(b)
m = 5, c = 5
(c)
m = 3, c = 0
(d)
2
5
,c
3
3
y = x + 5
3y = 8x 4
2y + x = 4
3y + x + 3 = 0
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ANSWERS
Exercise 2.2
(a)
(b)
(c)
Exercise 2.3
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
177
178 ANSWERS
(e)
Exercise 2.4
(a)
(1, 8)
(b)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(0, 2)
(c)
(2, 1)
2. B
3. C
4. A
5. A
(450, 9.50)
2.
p = RM75, q = 5225
Exercise 3.2
1.
2.
50q
40q + 5000
10q 5000
500
ANSWERS
179
Exercise 3.3
(a)
1850p 5p 2
(b)
RM9,125
(c)
RM185
(d)
RM171,125
2. A
3. C
4. D
5. C
1
27
(b)
(c)
(d)
1
4
(e)
125
(f)
(c)
Exercise 4.2
(a)
(b)
(d)
1
4
(e)
(f) 1
Exercise 4.3
1.
(a)
52 = 25
(b)
2x = y
(c)
101 = 0.1
2.
(a)
log10 100 = 2
(b)
10ga 1 = 0
(c)
1
log2 = 3
8
3.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
1
3
2
180 ANSWERS
4.
(a)
(d)
1
2
4
(b)
(c)
(e)
20
(f)
20
Exercise 4.4
1.
(a)
(b)
55 years
97,045 people
2.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
RM6,016.61
RM14,693.28
RM11,373.99
RM2,354.99
3.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
RM15,000
RM10,000
RM6,000
RM25,000
2. D
3. B
4. A
5. C
TOPIC 5: DIFFERENTIATION
Exercise 5.1
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
7x 6
(f)
5x 4
(g)
2 5
r 3
3
(h)
3 8
t 5
5
(i)
5 14
x
4
(j)
5 32
x
2
(k)
x4
(l)
3
10 x
x2
ANSWERS
(m) 3
(o)
2x + 4
(q)
8x
(s)
x 1 10 x 2
(u)
(w)
(y)
4
x2
3
2 x 2 x 3 6 x 1
10x (x 2 + 4) 4
2x 5
2 x2 5x
1
4
(n)
(p)
10x3
(r)
1 2 x 10 7 x
(t)
181
x2 2 x 2
(v)
4(2x 1)
(x)
3x
(z)
2x 2
3
x3
2 x 1
2
1
2
3x 1
x 3 2
2. D
3. A
4. B
5. C
(a)
24 x 24
(b)
12
x4
2.
(a)
(b)
24
(c)
12x 4
Exercise 6.2
1.
(a)
10x + 5000
(c)
10
5000
x
(b)
RM7,000
(d)
10
182 ANSWERS
(a)
(c)
1504
(a)
q
400
3
4
q
(c)
40 unit
4.
(a)
5.
2.
3.
(b)
1500 + 0.4q
(b)
1 400
4 q2
10 dozens
(b)
RM203,000
(a)
2500
75 0.25q
q
(b)
100
(c)
RM12,500
(b)
0.001q 2 + 840
Exercise 6.3
(a)
0.01q 3 + 840
(c)
0.003q 2 + 840
2.
(a)
2x 0.1x 2
(b)
RM1,000
3.
(a)
RM200
(b)
RM400
1.
Exercise 6.4
1.
2.
3.
(a)
R (q ) = 54q q 2
(b)
K(q) = 4q + 100
(c)
q q 2 50q 100
(d)
RM29
(a)
300x x 2
(b)
(c)
130
(d)
RM170
(e)
RM18,490
1 3
x 2x2 5
3
(b)
2 3
x 5 x 2 16 x
3
(d)
(a)
(c)
1 3
x 3 x 2 16 x 5
3
ANSWERS
(e)
RM101.67
(b) C
2.(a) A
(b) C
3. D
TOPIC 7: INTEGRATION
Exercise 7.1
1.
xc
2.
ex c
3.
8p3x + c
4.
ex 3
c
3
5.
u4 3
c
4 u
6.
1
2 32 12 54 x 3
x x c
5
3
2 x 2 3
7.
x 2 x5
c
2
5
8.
x2 2
1
3 c
2 x 3x
9.
e 0.07 t
c
0.07
10.
e3 s 4
c
3
11.
12.
4ln x
1
1
2ln x x c
2
x
x
x2
ex c
8
Exercise 7.2
1.
65
4
2.
87
10
3.
22
3
4.
5.
211
5
6.
3e5
7.
4 ln 8
8.
20
3
1
3
183
184 ANSWERS
Exercise 7.3
1.
2
1 4
t 8t 2 c
2.
1
3
2
4
2
x
2 c
4
3.
5.
2 ex 2 2
3
4.
2
3
1 2s 2 3 c
6.
1
18 4 3 x 2 2 x 3
1
ln x 2 2 x 1 c
2
2.C
3.A
4.A
5.D
4
3
2.
12
3.
4.
18
5.
4
3
6.
32
3
7.
9
2
8.
1
6
Exercise 8.2
1.
(a)
(b)
RM45,038
2.
RM2,000
3.
(a)
3x 2
15 x 8000
2
ANSWERS
4.
Consumers' surplus:
11,250
Producers' surplus:
11,250
5.
0.001 3
q 0.01q 2 1000
3
6.
CS = 9,000,
PS = 18,000
7.
CS = 166.66,
PS = 53.33
185
2. C
3. A
4. C
5. A
(a) 6
(b) 20
4.
(a) 1300
(b) 500
(c) 1996
2.
(b) 92
(b) 47
3.
(a) -8
(b) 68
Exercise 9.2
1.
fx
= 8x 3 + 18x 2 y 3
fy
= 18x 3 y 2 + 10y
(b) 4
(c) 109
(d) 9
2.
(a) 80
3.
(a)
40C
(b)
(c)
13. The water temperature around the factory will increase by 13C if
the electrical power generated by the factory increases from 300
186 ANSWERS
Exercise 9.3
1.
f xx 8 y 2 16
f yy 8 x 2 36 y 2
f xy 16 xy 9 36 y 3 f yx
2.
(a)
f xx 36 xy
f yy 18
f xy f yx 18 x 2
(b)
Rxx 8 24 y 2
R yy 24 x 2
Rxy R yx 5 28 xy
(c )
rxx
8 y
x y
ryy
8x
x y
rxy ryx
4x 4 y
x y
2. A
3. A
4. C
5. B
(1, 1)
saddle point
2.
1,
2
minimum point
3.
(2, 2)
minimum point
4.
(15, 8)
minimum point
5.
2 4
,
3 3
maximum point
6.
(2, 2)
saddle point
7.
(1, 2)
saddle point
Copyright Open University Malaysia (OUM)
ANSWERS
8.
(0, 0)
9.
(0, 0)
10.
P (12,40) = 2744
Exercise 10.2
1.
2.
f (6, 6) = 72
4 4 64
f ,
3 3 27
3.
f (5, 3) = 28
4.
f (20, 2) = 360
5.
x=8 y=4
6.
(10, 10)
7.
x = 20/3 y = 40/3
8.
(50, 50)
2. B
3. A
4. B
5. C
187