An Investigatory Project
HAFIZ MOHAMMED
Bonafide Certificate
This is certified that the record of work done by
Master Hafiz Mohammed of DPS - Modern Indian
School during the academic year 2015-16. He has
performed this investigatory project under the
guidance of Mr. Jeyanth Robertson.
Signature of Teacher-in-charge
Date:
EXAMINER (EXTERNAL)
EXAMINER (INTERNAL)
Signature: Signature:
Name:
Name:
Designation:
School:
Designation:
Acknowledgement
I would like to extend my heartfelt gratitude to my
parents, for continuously helping me throughout
this project, and assisting me in every step along
the way.
I would also like to express my deepest thanks to
my teacher Mr. Jeyanth Robertson, for helping me
so much in this project and taking the pain to
make corrections, and for being open to all kinds
of suggestions and ideas.
My school and my friends alike have been very
instrumental in completing this project.
OBJEC
TIVE
To
learn
and
unders
tand
what
Biodies
el is,
its
merits
and
demeri
ts and
to
experi
ment
its
makin
Bi
odi
es
el
AN
INVEST
IGATOR
Y
PROJEC
T
Introd
uctio
n
B
i
o
d
i
e
s
e
l
Table of Contents
1. Biodiesel
2. Features
3. Preparing Biodiesel
4. Industrial production 8
5. Applications
6. Disadvantages 9
7. References 10
Biodiesel
Ethyl
stearate, an
ethyl ester
produced
from soybean
oil and
ethanol
Blends of Biodiesel
Because of the global fuels being petrol
and diesel, Biodiesel can be only used in
specific and compatible engines and
cannot be used in any engine. Blends of
Biodiesel and conventional hydrocarbon
based diesel are products most commonly
distributed for use in the retail fuel
marketplace. Much of the world uses a
system known as the BFactor to state
the amount of Biodiesel in any fuel mix:
B100 100% Biodiesel
B20
20%
Biodiesel,
80%
Petro
diesel B5 5%
Biodiesel,
95%
Petro
diesel
B2 2% Biodiesel, 98% Petrodiesel
Blends of 20% Biodiesel and lower can be
used in diesel equipment with no, or only
minor modifications. Biodiesel can also be
used in its pure form (B100), but may
require
certain
engine
modificatio
ns to avoid
maintenanc
e and
performanc
e problems.
Featur
es
1. Flash Point
The
lowest
temperat
ure at
which a
volatile
substanc
e can
vaporize
to form
an
ignitable
mixture
in air
2. ULSD
Ultra
Low
significan
tly higher
than that
of
petroleu
m diesel
(64 C).
Biodiesel
has a
higher
density
than
Petro
diesel.
Advantag
es over
Petrodiesel
Power
The calorific
value
of
Biodiesel is
9%
lower
than Petro
diesel. It has
almost the
same MPG
rating
as
Petrodiesel
and is the
only
alternative
fuel
blend
(B20)
that
can be used
in
heavyweight
vehicles
with
no
extra
modifications
Storage
Readily blends and stays blended with
Petrodiesel so it can be stored &
dispensed wherever diesel is sold
Combustion & Safety
Biodiesel undergoes more complete
combustion, thus increasing the engine
energy output. Biodiesel has a very high
flash point (300F) making it one of the
safest of all alternative fuels
Lubricity
Biodiesel contains virtually no sulfur, and
it is often used as an additive to ULSD2
fuel to aid with lubrication, as the sulfur
compounds in Petrodiesel provide much
of the lubricity. It is the only alternative
fuel that can extend engine life because of
its superior cleaning properties
Environmental Impact
Biodiesel is the only renewable
alternative diesel fuel that reduces major
greenhouse gas components in the
atmosphere. The use of Biodiesel will
also reduce the following: Carbon
monoxide (50%), Ozoneforming
Hydrocarbons (50%), and hazardous
Diesel Particulate (93%). No Sulphur
products are emitted, which have the
potential of causing acid rain
Preparing Biodiesel
Principle
Vegetable oil is composed of triglycerides,
which are triesters of glycerol. The
triglycerides are reacted with an alcohol
(methanol/ethanol).
It
is
then
deprotonate
d with a
base
(catalyst) to
Reacti
on
s
Tri
gly
cer
ide
s
(1)
are
rea
cte
d
wit
h
an
alc
oh
ol
su
ch
as
Et
ha
nol
(2)
to
giv
e
E
t
h
y
l
B
i
o
d
i
e
e
s
t
e
rh
s
be
co
E
m
es
oV
wa
f
rm
C
an
Meas
d
f
ure
fo
a
200
a
t
ml of m
tAntifr
y
yeeze T
and
h
aput it e
cin a
i plasti m
i
dc
cont x
s
ainer t
u
Add
r
(in
e
3NaO
)H so
h
that
a
athe
s
antifr
n
eeze
n
dis
o
abso w
Grbed
l Cove b
yr the e
ccont c
ainer o
e
and
m
rmix
e
owell
l by
S
shaki o
(ng it. d
It will i
4
be
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)mixe
m
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e
Tit
th
r
ox
P
id
e
Bl
Ten
d
h1
elit
er
Sof
ve
o
ge
dta
i bl
ue
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m
wi
th
hth
ye
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di
ru
om
xm
i et
ho
d
xi
ede
in
aa
bl
c
en
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sr
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ar
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mi
an
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es
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nt
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P
r
o
j
e
c
t
Industrial Production
Biodiesel is commonly produced by transesterification of
vegetable oil, waste grease (from restaurants) or animal
fat feedstock.
Production Methods
There are several methods for carrying out this
transesterification reaction:
lystfree
Su
method that
pe
uses
rc
supercritical
rit
methanol at
ic
high
al
temperature
Pr
s and
oc
pressures in
es
a continuous
s
process
A
n
60 gallon Biodiesel Batch
Reactor: allow rapid
Biodiesel production
a
l
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
v
e
,
c
a
t
a
UltraShear In
line and Batch
Reactors
Allow
production of
biodiesel
continuously,
semi
continuously,
and in batch
mode.
This
drastically
reduces
production
time
and
increases
production
volume
Ultrasonic
Reactor Method
In this method, the
ultrasonic
waves
cause the reaction
mixture to produce
and
collapse
bubbles constantly,
simultaneously
carrying
out
transesterification.
Allows
for
the
industrial
scale
processing
of
several
thousand
p
Production
r
Trends
o
d
In 2007,
u
biodiesel
production was c
growing rapidly, t
with an average i
annual growth o
rate from 2002 n
06 of over 40%.
w
For the year
2006, the total a
world biodiesel s
b
a
r
r
e
l
s
p
e
r
d
a
Lipase
Catalyzed
Method
Researchers
have
found
that very good
yields could be
obtained from
crude
and
usedoils using
the
enzyme
lipase
about 56 Biodiesel
million tons, consumption is
with Europe rising steadily
being the
and is poised to
largest
become a major
producer.
energy source.
Production
increased
10% in 2014
despite a
8 Biodiesel
decline in
An
production
Investigatory
from North
Project
America.
Diesel-
Applic
ations
Biodie
sel,
being
a
renew
able
and
much
less
polluti
ng
fuel
than
Petro
diesel
, finds
uses
in
nume
rous
places
.
Heating
Vehicles
Biodiesel
is
blended
in many
forms
and
is
used
in
automobi
les
and
trains.
Comparat
ively,
Oil Spills
Biodiesel has displayed its capacity to
significantly dissolve crude oil due to its
methyl ester component. This is
exploited for cleaning up oil spills
Power
The use of B100 generators in
residential areas around schools,
hospitals, and the general public result
in substantial reductions in poisonous
gases and particulate matter
Disadvantages
Although Biodiesel has a lot of
advantages over Petrodiesel, there
are
some
very
serious
and
unavoidable demerits that limit its
potential to replace petroleum fuels.
Given below are a few of them:
Biodiesel can
contribute to
rising food
prices
References
All information in this project has been
gathered from the Internet.
1
2
3
4
en.wikipedia.org
www.berkeleybiodiesel.org
www.bp.com
www.instituteforenergyresearc
h.org
5
www.rsc.org
p
roje
cts.i
cbs
e.co
m
7
w
ww.
proj
ects
yap
a.co
m
8
w
ww.
fuel
eco
no
my.gov