ME3040 & ME5090 - 20160803b - Curves

Curves
ME3040/ME5090: Mathematical Elements for Geometrical Modelling
S. Suryakumar, ME, IITH
Methods of Defining Points

Explicit methods
Methods of Defining Points

Implicit methods
Methods of Defining Lines
Methods of Defining Lines
Methods of Defining Circles
Methods of Defining Ellipse
Methods of Defining Parabola
Mathematical Equation Smiles
10
Mathematical Forms of Geometric Entities

Mathematical
form
Parametric
form
Non-Parametric
form
Explicit
form
Implicit
form
General
form
Intrinsic
form
Natural
form
11
Non-parametric form: Explicit Form

One axis coordinate is represented in terms of the
others.
2D:
y f x
3D:
z f x, y
y f1 x
z f 2 x
12
Example 1: Straight line

y
y mx c
tan m
1
c
x
13

y
y mx c
ax by c 0
tan m
1
Which is better?
c
x
14

y
y mx c
ax by c 0
tan m
1
Which is better?
c
x
Former collapses for
vertical lines!!
15
Example 2: Circle
16
Example 2: Circle
y r x
y r x
x
2
Unable to handle loops. Hence the need for more equations.

17
Non-parametric form: Implicit Form

Implicit form is an expression of the axes coordinates. If
substitution of any point in it evaluates to zero, then the point
lies on the entity; otherwise, it is on its either side depending

on the sign of the expression.
Implicit form divides the universe into two half-spaces.
This is the most general form as all entities can be

represented in this form including loops.
2D:
f x, y 0
3D:
f x, y , z 0
18

2D:
ax by c 0
3D:
ax by cz d 0
19
Example 2: Circle
x y r 0
x a y b
2
r 0
2
a, b
Note: If the centre is not origin, the equation becomes more complex;
Complexity is sensitive to the choice of the reference frame.
20
Parametric form
Instead of directly expressing axis coordinates as functions of each other,
they are written in terms of some intermediate parameters.
While a single equation fully describes an entity in non-parametric form,
we require one equation for each axis coordinate. Therefore, the
expressions become a lot more simpler.
The parameters have a range. The entity is undefined beyond this range.
In other words, bound geometries can be defined using parametric form.
Preferred parametric interval is [0, 1]. Such a parameter is said to be
normalized. In other words, it is a normalized parameter.
For the same entity, there could be several parameterizations possible.
These may differ among each other linearly or in any arbitrary fashion.
The relation between Parametric space and Euclidean space may be nonlinear.
21
Parametric form
These parameters are also called topological parameters (See table).
The requirement of the number of topological parameters is independent
of the dimension. All entities in a hierarchy require the same number of
topological parameters
Entity
Number of
Parameters
Point
p = [x, y, z]
Curve
p(u) = [x(u), y(u), z(u)]
Surface
p(u , v) = [x(u, v), y(u , v), z(u, v)]
Solid
p(u , v , w) = [x(u, v , w), y(u , v , w), z(u, v, w)]
Swept
volume
4-1
p(u , v , w , t) = [x(u, v , w , t), y(u , v , w , t), z(u, v, w, t)]
22
Parametric form - Advantages

Parametric form can describe all types of entities. Although implicit form
also does this, parametric expressions will be far more simpler. This is
because the behavior of each coordinate is expressed by a separate
equation in parametric form.
The coordinates are decoupled from each other. Therefore,
It becomes an ideal form for position control in devices such as plotter, CNC
machine or CRT where each axis is controlled by an independent drive system

(say, motor, yoke coil etc.).
Transformation can be done directly. This is not possible in other forms.
The geometry is bounded in parametric form since the parameters have a

range.
Adding more dimensions to get 2D to 3D entities or more parameters to
get higher entities is very trivial.
23
Parametric form - Advantages

Parametric form does not break down computationally if infinite slopes
are encountered.
Geometric entities expressed in parametric form can be easily expressed
in the form of vectors and matrices.
A point can be represented by a single value instead of a triplet. This saves
space.
Parametric form enables common data types to represent a variety of

geometric entities. NURBS is one such popular scheme. This simplifies
software development.
In the context of freeform features, parametric form has more degrees of
freedom.
24
Review of non-Parametric & Parametric forms

Explicit non-parametric form:
P = [x y z]T
= [x f(x) g(x)]T
Implicit non-parametric form: F(x, y, z) = 0

Parametric form: P(u) = [x y z]T
= [x(u) y(u) z(u)]T

umin u umax
0u1
25
The Need for Parametric Form in Computations

Excel Demo
26
Example-1
Convert an implicit equation: The non-parametric
implicit equation of a circle with a center at the
origin and radius R is given by x2 + y2 = R2. Find the

circle parametric equation.
27
Circle
Parametric Representation:
= + cos
= + sin 0 2
=
28
Circle
= + cos
= + sin 0 2
=
Can this be made simpler computationally??
29

Diameter with endpoints P1 and P2
30

Passing through three points
31

Circle of Radius, R and tangent to two lines
32

Circle of Radius, R and tangent to two lines
Multiple solutions possible in this case?
33
Ellipse
Sum of distances from the foci is constant.
34
Ellipse
Unlike circle, requires 4 conditions
35
Ellipse
= + cos
= + sin 0 2
=
36
Ellipse
= + cos
= + sin 0 2
=
Workout the simplified for of the above equation
37
Find the parameters of an ellipse.

Defined by its circumscribing rectangle
38
Parabola
= + 2
= + 2 0
=
39
Hyperbola
= + cosh
= +
=
40
Conics
Point
Line
Double Line
Ellipse
Parabola
Hyperbola
Circle
41
Conics
For a generic case, how many points are required to
get the curve/conics definition/equation?
Point-1-2: Axis of revolution

Point-3-4: On the sweep to get angle of cone
Points 5-7: To define the plane
42
Have a nice day!
43

ME3040 & ME5090 - 20160803b - Curves

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Curves

ME3040/ME5090: Mathematical Elements for Geometrical Modelling

S. Suryakumar, ME, IITH

ME3040/ME5090: Mathematical Elements for Geometrical Modelling

Methods of Defining Points

S. Suryakumar, ME, IITH

ME3040/ME5090: Mathematical Elements for Geometrical Modelling

Methods of Defining Points

S. Suryakumar, ME, IITH

ME3040/ME5090: Mathematical Elements for Geometrical Modelling

Methods of Defining Lines

S. Suryakumar, ME, IITH

ME3040/ME5090: Mathematical Elements for Geometrical Modelling

Methods of Defining Lines

S. Suryakumar, ME, IITH

ME3040/ME5090: Mathematical Elements for Geometrical Modelling

Methods of Defining Circles

S. Suryakumar, ME, IITH

ME3040/ME5090: Mathematical Elements for Geometrical Modelling

Methods of Defining Circles

S. Suryakumar, ME, IITH

ME3040/ME5090: Mathematical Elements for Geometrical Modelling

Methods of Defining Ellipse

S. Suryakumar, ME, IITH

ME3040/ME5090: Mathematical Elements for Geometrical Modelling

Methods of Defining Parabola

S. Suryakumar, ME, IITH

ME3040/ME5090: Mathematical Elements for Geometrical Modelling

Mathematical Equation Smiles

S. Suryakumar, ME, IITH

ME3040/ME5090: Mathematical Elements for Geometrical Modelling

Mathematical Forms of Geometric Entities

S. Suryakumar, ME, IITH

ME3040/ME5090: Mathematical Elements for Geometrical Modelling

Non-parametric form: Explicit Form

S. Suryakumar, ME, IITH

ME3040/ME5090: Mathematical Elements for Geometrical Modelling

Example 1: Straight line

S. Suryakumar, ME, IITH

ME3040/ME5090: Mathematical Elements for Geometrical Modelling

Example 1: Straight line

S. Suryakumar, ME, IITH

ME3040/ME5090: Mathematical Elements for Geometrical Modelling

Example 1: Straight line

Former collapses for

ME3040/ME5090: Mathematical Elements for Geometrical Modelling

S. Suryakumar, ME, IITH

ME3040/ME5090: Mathematical Elements for Geometrical Modelling

Unable to handle loops. Hence the need for more equations.

ME3040/ME5090: Mathematical Elements for Geometrical Modelling

Non-parametric form: Implicit Form

lies on the entity; otherwise, it is on its either side depending

This is the most general form as all entities can be

S. Suryakumar, ME, IITH

ME3040/ME5090: Mathematical Elements for Geometrical Modelling

Example 1: Straight line

S. Suryakumar, ME, IITH

ME3040/ME5090: Mathematical Elements for Geometrical Modelling

ME3040/ME5090: Mathematical Elements for Geometrical Modelling

ME3040/ME5090: Mathematical Elements for Geometrical Modelling

p(u) = [x(u), y(u), z(u)]

p(u , v) = [x(u, v), y(u , v), z(u, v)]

p(u , v , w) = [x(u, v , w), y(u , v , w), z(u, v, w)]