UNIT III ENERGY EFFICIENT MOTORS

Introduction
Factors Affecting EEM
Efficiency & Loss Distribution
Constructional Details
RMS Hp Loading
Voltage Variation-Unbalance
Variable Duty Cycle
Motor Energy Audit

INTRODUCTION
Energy efficient motors (EEM) are the ones in which, design improvements are incorporated
specifically to increase operating efficiency over standard motors.
Energy-efficient motors operate with efficiencies that are typically 4 to 6% higher than the
standard motors.

FACTORS AFFECTING ENERGY EFFICIENT MOTORS

Stator And Rotor Cu Losses

Core Losses
Friction & Windage Losses
Stray Load Losses
Power Loss Area

Efficiency Improvement

1. Stator I2R

Use of more copper and larger conductors increase

cross sectional area of stator windings. This lowers
resistance (R) of the windings and reduces losses due
to current flow (I).

Rotor I2R

Use of larger rotor conductor bars increase size of

cross section, lowering conductor resistance (R) and
losses due to current flow (I).

Iron

Use of thinner gauge, lower loss core steel reduces

eddy current losses. Longer core adds more steel to
the design, which reduces losses due to lower
operating flux densities.

Friction & Windage loss

Use of low fan design reduces losses due to air

movement.

Stray load losses

Use of optimized design of slots numbers

EFFICIENCY & LOSS DISTRIBUTION

Motor performance
Power factor
Voltage variation
Motor load

CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS
By increasing the amount of copper in the motor (60%) which reduces the resistance (Ohmic)
loss in the winding & temperature rise. Performance improves because of increased thermal mass.
Use of more & thinner laminations of high quality motor steel reduces core losses in the stator
and rotor.
Narrowing of air gap between stator and rotor increases the intensity of magnetic flux, thereby
improving the motor ability to deliver the same torque at reduced power. Increasing the length of
stator and rotor increases the net flux linkages in the air gap to the same effect.
More complex rotor bar designs enable good starting torque with efficient full speed operation.
Improved overall design reduces windage losses and stray load losses.

RMS HP LOADING
This factor decides whether the motor will be applicable for a particular cyclicing operation or
not.

 The RMS calculations take into account the fact that heat build up within the motors is very much
greater at a 50% overload than it is under normal operating conditions

CALCULATION OF RMS HP LOADING

VOLTAGE VARIATION-UNBALANCE
Voltage unbalance is defined by the National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA) as 100
times the absolute value of the maximum deviation of the line voltage from the average voltage on a
three-phase system, divided by the average voltage.
Voltage unbalance degrades the performance and shortens the life of motor.
Voltage unbalances at the motor stator terminals causes phase current unbalance far out of
proportion the voltage unbalance

COMMON CAUSES FOR UNBALANCE

Unbalanced currents lead to torque overheating, which results in a shorter winding insulation life
Faulty operation of power factor correction equipment
Unbalanced or unstable utility supply
Unbalanced transformer bank supplying a three-phase load that is too large for the bank
Unidentified single-phase to ground faults
An open circuit on the distribution system primary

MOTOR ENERGY AUDIT

Drive power is huge- think big,

Motors are part of a system think systems,
Optimize the applications &process-deliver service,
The further the downstream savings, the higher is the upstream benefits-start downstream,

 Pursue integration package of savings opportunities rather than isolated measures because many
savings are inter dependent integrate measures
Collection of nameplate details of motor and load equipment
Measurement of voltage, current, power, apparent power, power factor, frequency and annual
operating hours for major loads.
Calculation of load factor for major loads.
Checking for light loads on large motors
Check if valves are always used for flow control in pumps, fans and blowers.
Check if flow from pumps, fans and blowers are changing continuously.
Check if the set discharge pressure is at the lowest permissible limit of operation in the
compressor.
Check for proper maintenance of major equipment i.e. cleaning measuring temperature, dust,
vibration, noise, lubrication and coupled condition.

POWER FACTOR CORRECTION AT MOTOR END

Capacitors connected in parallel (shunted) with the motor are typically used to improve the power
factor
The impacts of PF correction include reduced KVA demand (and hence reduced utility demand
charges), reduced I2R losses in cables upstream of the capacitor (and hence reduced energy
charges), reduced voltage drop in the cables
The size of capacitor required for a particular motor depends upon the no-load reactive KVA
(KVAr) drawn by the motor
Required capacitive kVAr increases with decrease in speed of motor, as the magnetizing current
requirement of a low speed motor is more compared to the high speed motor for the same HP.

DUTY CYCLE
It is a cycle that an entity remains in active state for a total time period T is called duty cycle .
For instance consider 1% of duty cycle i.e one cycle is in active state out of 100 .therefore
Ton+ Toff = Duty cycle

NEED FOR USING CONTROLS

Oversized motor
Varying Load
Adjustable speed capability can significantly improve productivity of many
manufacturing processes by reducing scrap, enabling quality manufacturing during transition
times and allowing more control over start up and shut down.