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PLUSONE PHYSICS FORMULA
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KITE
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FORMULAS

Formula Sheet for Physics

#20
#3

Components of a Vector
if
V = 34 m/sec
Vi = 34

#4

then
48); and

m/sec(cos

48

VJ = 34

m/sec(sin

48)

Weight = mg
g = 9.81m/sec near the surface3 of the Earth
m/sec
unit
: kg
/ m TX
= 9.795
in Fort
Worth,

m
V

#8

Ave speed = distance / time = v = d/t

Ave velocity = displacement / time = v = d/t
Ave acceleration = change in velocity / time
Friction Force

Center of Mass point masses on a line

xcm = mx) / Mtotal

#25

Angular Speed vs. Linear Speed

Linear speed = v = r = r angular speed

#26

Pressure under Water

P = gh

If the object is sliding, then you are dealing with kinetic

friction and it will be constant and equal to K FN

Torque

Nm

nd

Newton's Second Law

Fnet = FExt = ma

m1m2
2
r
G = 6.67 E-11 N m / kg

#29

Mechanical Energy
PEGrav = P = mgh
KELinear = K = mv

#30

Impulse = Change in Momentum

Ft = mv)

= FLsin
Where is the angle between F and L; unit:

#12

h = depth of water
Universal Gravitation = density of water

If the object is not moving, you are dealing with static

friction and it can have any value from zero up to s FN

#11

Q = the heat added

c = specific heat.
T = temperature change, K
Linear Momentum
momentum = p = mv = mass velocity
momentum is conserved in collisions

#23

#28

FF = FN

#9

#21

Density = mass / volume

#7

Heating a Solid, Liquid or Gas

Q = mcT
(no phase changes!

#31

Work = FDcos
Power
D is the distance moved a
Where

Snell's Law
n1sin n2sin
Index of Refraction
n=c/v
c = speed of light = 3 E+8 m/

is the angle between F and t s

he

direction of motio #32

Ideal Gas Law

n,
unit
:J
#16

Power = rate of work done

Work
time

unit : watt

Efficiency = Workout / Energyin

PV = nR n = # of moles of gas
T + 2
R =gas
) law constant
t
= 8.31 J / K mole.

Mechanical Advantage = force out

M.A. = Fout / Fin
#19

force in

Constant-Acceleration Linear Motion

v = v + at
x
(x-x ) = v t + at
v
v = v + 2a (x - x ) t
(x-x ) = ( v + v) t
a
(x-x ) = vt - at
v

#34

Periodic Waves
v = f
f =1/T

#35

Constant-Acceleration Circular Motion

R1
t

t + t

#53
#36

#37

Buoyant Force - Buoyancy

FB = Vg = mDisplaced fluidg = weightDisplaced fluid
= density of the fluid
V = volume of fluid displaced

Resistance of a Wire
R = L / Ax
resistivity of wire material
L = length of the wire
Ax = cross-sectional area of the wire
Heat of a Phase Change
Q = mL
L = Latent Heat of phase change

#54

#55

Resistor Combinations
SERIES mg
Req = R1 + R2+ R3+. . .
PARALLEL
n
i1 i

#56

Electric Power
P = IR = V / R = IV

#44

Speed of a Wave on a String

#59

mv
L

T = tension in string
m = mass of string

Circular Unbanked Tracks

Continuity of Fluid Flow

Ainvin = Aoutvout

Capacitors
Q = CV
Q = charge on the capacitor
C = capacitance of the capacitor
V = voltage applied to the capacitor
RC Circuits (Discharging)
Vc = Voe t/RC
Vc IR = 0
Vertical: y-y = v t +
at

x-x = v t + 0

A=

v = velocity
Moment of Inertia - I
2
cylindrical hoop mr
2
solid cylinder or disk mr
2
2
solid sphere
/5 mr
2
hollow sphere
mr
1
2
thin rod (center)
/12 mL
2
thin rod (end)
mL

L = length of str
Projectile Motion
Horizontal:

Area

Hooke's Law

#42

Newton's Second Law and

Rotational Inertia
= torque = I
I = moment of inertia = mr (for a point mass)
(See table in Lesson 58 for I of 3D shapes.)

mv
r

F = kx
Potential Energy of a spring
W = kx = Work done on spring

ing
#45

)t
t - t

1
1
1
1

Req
R1 R 2
Rn

#58
#41

Ohm's Law
V = IR
V = voltage applied
I = current
R = resistance

#39

T = period of wa

ve

#60

Linear: L = LoT
Volume: V = Vo T

Thermal Expansion

#46

Centripetal Force

#47

#51

m r

#61

Bernoulli's Equation
P + gh + v = constant
QVolume Flow Rate = A1v1 = A2v2 = constant

#62

Kirchhoffs Laws
Loop Rule: Around any loop Vi = 0
Node Rule: at any node Ii = 0

Rotational Kinetic Energy (See LEM, pg 8)

2

Angular Momentum = L = I = mvrsin

Angular Impulse equals
CHANGE IN Angular Momentum
L = orquet = (I )

Minimum Speed at the top of a

Vertical Circular Loop

v rg

#75
#63

Thin Lens Equation

q1q2

Period of Simple Harmonic Motion

m
T 2
k

where k = spring constant

f = 1 / T = 1 / period

#64

Banked
e
Vc Circular
= Vcell(1Tracks
)
2
v = rgtan

#66

First Law of Thermodynamics

U = QNet + WNet

Magnification
M = Di / Do = i / o = Hi / Ho
Helpful reminders for mirrors and lenses
Focal Length of:

Change in Internal Energy of a system =

mirror
+Net Heat added to the system lens converging
T 2
+Net Work done on the system Object distance = o
Object height = Ho
Image distance = i
Image height = Hi

ty

Flow of Heat through a Solid

Q / t = kAT / L
k = thermal conductivi Magnification
A = area of solid
#76
L = thickness of solid

#68

Potential Energy stored in a Capacitor

P = CV
t / RC

RC = = time const
ant

1 positive
1
1
concave

negative
C

convex
diverging

all objects
all objects
real
virtual, upright

virtual
real, inverted

virtual, upright

real, inverted

Coulomb's Law

F k

mv

RC Circuit formula (Charging)

f = focal length

1
1
1
1 1
i = image distance

Dok Di o 9E
f
i 9o = object distance

#77

1N m
4 o C 2
Capacitor Combinations
PARALLEL
Ceq = C1 + C2+ C3 +
2
KErotational SERIES
= I = I (v / r)
2
KErolling w/o slipping = mv + I

Vcell - Vcapacitor IR = 0
n

#71

Simple

and f = 1/ T

Pendulum
L

C2 Cn i1
1

Ceq C

#78
Work done on a gas or
by a gas

W = PV
#72

Sinusoidal motion
#80
x = Acos(t) = Acos(f t)
= angular frequen

Electric Field around a point charge

q
2
r

cy

1N m
4 o C 2

f = frequen
cy
#73

Doppler Effect

Emf N

#82

Toward
Away
Toward
Away

Magnetic Field around a wire

B

2r
Magnetic Flux
= BAcos

vo = velocity of observer: vs = velocity of sou

rce
#74

nd

Force caused by a magnetic field

on a moving charge
F = qvBsin

Law of Thermodynamics
VL = Vcelle

The change in internal energy of a system is

U = QAdded + WDone On Qlost WDone By

I = (Vcell/R)[ 1 - e
]
Maximum Efficiency of a Heat Engine
(Carnot Cycle) (Temperatures in Kelvin)

%Eff (
1

Tc
) 100%
Th

#83

Entropy change at constant T

S = Q / T
(Phase changes only: melting, boiling, freezing, etc)

#95
#84

Capacitance of a Capacitor
C = oA / d

L / R = = ti

= dielectric constant
A = area of plates
d = distance between plates
o = 8.85 E(-12) F/m

f f

343
343

vo
vs

#85
loops

Induced Voltage

N = # of

#86

Inductors during an increase in current

t
Lenzs Law induced current flows to create a B-field
opposing the change in magnetic flux.
t / (L / R)

t / (L / R)

Relativistic Time Dilation

me constant
E k
#88
Transformers
N1 / N 2 = V1 / V2
k
9E
9 = I2V2
I1V
1
#89
Decibel Scale
oI

t = to /
#96

#98

Relativistic Length Contraction

x = xo

Where k = (ln 2) / half-life

Energy of a Photon or
b a2 Particle
b 4ac
E = hf = mc
h = Planck's constant = 6.63 E(-34) J sec
f = frequency of the photon
B (Decibel level of sound) = 10 log ( I / Io )

#99

Blackbody Radiation and

the Photoelectric Effect
E= nhf where h = Planck's constant

#100

Early Quantum Physics

Rutherford-Bohr Hydrogen-like Atoms

11
n
ns

I = intensity of sound
Io = intensity of softest audible sound
#92

or

Poiseuille's Law
4

= coefficient of viscosity
L = length of pipe
r = radius of pipe
Q = flow rate of fluid
Stress and Strain
Y or S or B = stress / strain
stress = F/A
Three kinds of strain: unit-less ratios
I. Linear: strain = L / L
II. Shear: strain = x / L
III. Volume: strain = V / V
#93

P =of8Special
LQ/(Relativity
r )
Postulates
1. Absolute, uniform motion cannot be
detected.
2. No energy or mass transfer can occur
at speeds faster than the speed of light.

#94

Lorentz Transformation Factor

v

Mass-Energy Equivalence
mv = mo
/
meters
R
2
2
Total Energy = KE 2+ moc2 = moc / 1
2
Usually written simply as E = m c
de Broglie Matter Waves
1
c
1 Hz
For light: Ep = hfcR= hc2 / =2 pc

n
ns
Therefore, momentum: p = h /
Similarly for particles, p = mv = h / ,
so the matter wave's wavelength must be
=h/mv
Energy Released by Nuclear
Fission or Fusion Reaction
2
E = moc

MISCELLANEOUS FORMULAS
Quadratic Formula
if a x + b x + c = 0
then

2a

R = Rydberg's Constant
-1
= 1.097373143 E7 m
ns = series integer (2 = Balmer)
n = an integer > ns

12

(after n half-

lives)

Relativistic Mass Increase

m = mo /
#97

Radioactive Decay Rate Law

A = Aoe kt = (1/2n)A0

Fundamental SI Units
Unit Base Unit
Symbol
Length

.
meter m

Mass

kilogram

kg

Time
Electric

second

Current
A

ampere
Trigonometric Definitions
sin = opposite / hypotenuse
cos = adjacent / hypotenuse
tan = opposite / adjacent
sec = 1 / cos = hyp / adj
csc = 1 / sin = hyp / opp
cot = 1 / tan = adj / opp
Inverse Trigonometric Definitions
-1
= sin (opp / hyp)
-1
= cos (adj / hyp)
-1
= tan (opp / adj)
Law of Sines
a / sin A = b / sin B = c / sin C
or
sin A / a = sin B / b = sin C / c
2
2

2
2

Law of Cosines
2

b = c + a - 2 c a cos B
c = a + b - 2 a b cos C
T-Pots
For the functional form

1 1 1

A B C
You may use "The Product over the Sum" rule.
2
a = b + c -B2 bCc cos A

BC
For the Alternate Functional form

1
A

1
B

1
C

Thermodynamic
Temperature
Luminous
Intensity
Quantity of
Substance

B C
CB
A

B C
BC

candela

cd

moles

mol

Plane Angle

radian

rad

Solid Angle

steradian

sr or str

Some Derived SI Units

Symbol/Unit Quantity

Base Units

.
Electric Charge As

coulomb

farad

Capacitance

A s4/(kgm )

henry

Inductance

kgm /(A s )

Hz hertz

Frequency

joule

Energy & Work kgm /s = Nm

newton

ohm

Pa pascal

Force
Elec Resistance

-1

volt

Elec Potential

watt

Power

kg/(As )
2

kgm /(As )
2

kgm /s

Non-SI Units
electron-volt

kg/(ms )

eV

kgm /(A s )

Pressure
Magnetic Field

degrees Celsius

kgm/s

tesla

You may substitute T-Pot-d

kelvin

Temperature
Energy, Work