Lec #02 Basic Electronic Reviews: Outline

Electronic Circuits - 405001
Lec #02
Basic Electronic Reviews
Dr. Anh Viet-Nhat Che
Department of Telecommunications Engineering
Faculty of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
HoChiMinh City, University of Technology
Email: nhat-anh.che@{hcmut.edu.vn, hotmail.com}
Outline
1. Notational Conventions
2. Electrical Quantities
3. Terminology
4. Analysis methods
5. The Input Signal Source
6. Two-Port Network Parameters
CVNA, DTE, FEEE, HCMUT-ECs 14-15, Lec# 02: Basic Electronic Reviews
Notational Conventions
As a general rule, we shall use:
A lowercase letter, such as i (v) for current (voltage), to present the
general case:
i
may or may not be time varying
A lowercase letter followed with (t) to emphasize time:
i(t) is a time-varying quantity.
An uppercase letter if the quantity is not time varying; thus:
I
is of a constant value (dc quantity).
Notational Conventions
Notations
Analog Signals and Linear Amplifiers
iE
iE = IE + ie = IE + Iem sin !t
Ib
Iem
Vpp
IE IEQ
ie
iE
t
Variable
IEQ , VCEQ
IE , VCE
iE , vCE
ie , vce
Iem , Vcem
Ib , Vce
Iavg , Vavg
Ipp , Vpp
Meaning
Quiescent-point values
DC values, with signal
Total instantaneous values
Instantaneous value of time-varying component
Max (peak) value of time-varying component of variable
RMS value of sinusoidal component
Average value of sinusoidal component
Peak to Peak value of sinusoidal component
CVNA (DTE - FEEE - HCMUT)
DC Analysis
ECs 1 - 405023
14 / 1
Electrical Quantities
Electric Current (and Current Density)
Voltage
Power
Electric Current
Definition: rate of positive charge flow

Symbol: i, I
Current: magnitude and sign
Units: Coulombs per second Amperes (A)
Note: Current has polarity
Current: magnitude and sign
urrent
dt
Amperes (A)
Electric Current
Examples of time-varying currents
Examples of time-varying currents
Electric Potential (Voltage)
Definition: energy per unit charge

Symbol: V
Units: Joules/Coulomb Volts (V)
v = dw/dq where w = energy (in Joules), q = charge (in Coulombs)
Note: Potential is always referenced to some point
Definitions
Definitions
Definitions
VAB is the voltage difference between
point A and point B, the amount
Voltage
Voltage
of energy gained or lost per unit charge in moving between A and B
Analog
Analog
Analog
Signals
Signals
Signals
and
and
and
Linear
Linear
Linear
Amplifiers
Amplifiers
Amplifiers
+12
+12
+12VVV
++
+
EEE
- --
12
12
12VVV
-12
-12
-12VVV
- -EEE
++
+
12
12
12VVV
BBB
VVAB
VAB
AB
AAA
Electric Power
Definition: transfer of energy per unit time
Symbol: p
Units: Joules per second Watts (W)
p=
dw
dw dq
=
= vi
dt
dq dt
Concept: As a positive charge q moves through a drop in voltage v, it

loses energy:
Energy change = qv
Rate is proportional to # charges/sec
Electric Power
Definitions
Sign Convention for Power

i
Device
Definitions
p = vi
If p > 0, power is being delivered to the box.

If p < 0, power is being extracted from (supplied by) the box.
3A
12 V
Device 1
+
Introduction
18 V
6V
ECs 1 - 405023
8 / 101
Device 2
10
The ideal basic circuit element
Two Terminal Element or Circuit Element

Electrical Sources
Model for Open & Short Circuit
Electrical Resistance
11
Two Terminal Element

Two Terminal Element:
Characterizing Amplifiers
Polarity reference for voltage
is indicated by plus and minus signs.
Reference direction for the current is indicated by an arrow.
Attributes:
Two terminals (points of connection)
Mathematically described in terms of current and/or voltage; graphically
depicted by an i-v characteristic.
Cannot be subdivided into other elements.
i
+
12
circuit
resistors
(below).
image
16that we
C H A to
P T Edefine
R O N E a voltage
t h e The
cVi rbetween
c u i t a ba spair
t r aof
ction
approximation requires
be able
16
CHAPTER ONE
he ci
portionality
is tcalled
onthe
thetwo
bottom
small and a current
element terminals (for example,
ends shows
of a bulba filament)
P R A C T I CSince
A L theTbattery
W O -has
TE
R M I ofNthe
A Lterminal
E Lbattery
Epair.
M rating
E
N Tin Sampere-hours
a voltage
7.2
V, the
is 5/7.2the
=microthrough
Defining
current
through
element means that
regiona of
the MAX807L
piece of material is p
0.69. Equivalently, its rating
in mA-hours
is 690.
circuit
analyses.
In thought
this section, we discuss a couple o
the
current
in
must
equal
the
current
out.
Now
consider
the
following
rs and batteries are two of our most familiar lumped elements.
Such supervisory circuit
processor
from
cross-sectional
area.an
circuit
two-terminal
resistors and batteries.
experiment.
Apply
current pulse
at one terminal of the
filament atelements
time instant
elements are the primitive building
blocks
of aelectronic
circuits.
Maxim
Integrated
Products,
and
two-term
tthrough
and observe
this terminal9 and the current out of the In our example
Lumped
Matter
Cboth
H A Pthe
N E intoternic
access1.3toThe
an
its terminals.
AtO times,
raction
C Helement
A P T E R is
Omade
N E Discipline
7 T E Rcurrent
depicts
an
array
of
siliconother
aa time
t +an
dta very
close to
t. If Bthe
Does
Nickel-Cadmium
exam
e 1 . 2 way
en
etorform
gterminal
y cports.
o matpThese
r i sports
oinstant
n offer
1.5.1
A Tfilament
T E R I E Swere
Further assume that
are paired together
inpalnatural
longatenough,
dt were small
enough,
theenergy
finiteresistors,
speed
electromagnetic
chromium
(Ni-Cad) battery pack rated
6 V and or
950if mA-hours
store
more orthin-film
less
than of each
1.5.1
+flashlight
ive view of how electronic access is made to an element. An example+ of
Cell phone batteries, laptop
batteries,
batteri
internal
resistance
ofB
waves
might
in our measuring
different
values
for
the
current
in
and
the
a Li-Ion battery pack rated
at 7.2
V andresult
900 mA-hours?
V
with 61.8.
m width and batteries,
217.5 mcalculator batteries, are all1.5common
devices
rary element with two terminals
Cell
pho
Elementand one port is shown in Figure
-through
will
flow
the
+
current out.
roduction to the modeling
of dynamic
sources
of
energy,
derived
in
each
case
from
an
interna
+
batteries,
length,
and
nominal
resistance
We
can
directly
compare
the
two
by
converting
their
respective
energies
into
joules.
The
lements
may
have
three
or
more
terminals,
and
two
or
more
ports.
tion in
We cannot make this problem go away byVpostulating
The constant
importantcurrents
specifications for a battery
are its no
sources
o
+
Ni-Cad
pack stores
6 out
950on
3600/1000
= 20520
J,only
while the Li-Ion battery
ost circuit analyses
arebattery
effectively
carried
circuits
501.5k!.
Courtesy
ofsuchand
V (Photograph
and voltages,
since wecontaining
are very
much
interested
situations
as those
- instore
of energy,
its internal resistance. In this
se
.minal elements.
The
V
pack
stores
7.2
3600/1000
= 23328 J.ofThus
the Li-Ion battery pack stores
This
is due
in900
partdepicted
to
the common
Maxim
Integrated
Products.)
in Figure use
1.7, in two-terminal
which
a time-varying
voltage
drives resistance
a circuit.
thatsource
the internal
Theofv
1.5 V of a battery- is zero.
store
point
more
energy.
s, and in part to the fact that most, ifInstead,
not all,weelements
having more
terminals
of
a
single
cell
is
fundamentally
related
fix
the
problem
created
by
the
finite
propagation
speeds
of
e x a m p l e 1that
. 3 thetom
Eo Rterminals
D I S are
C Iusually
P L I Nmodeled
E
using
combinations
of
two-terminal
releasing
the
energy.
In
a
flashlight
battery,
for
exam
s. The
electromagnetic
waves by adding the third constraint, namely, that the timescale
terminals
(a)
Terminal
suppose
that
the
batter
Terminal
When elements
a battery isof
connected
across
a
resistor,
as
illustrated
in
Figure
1.4,
rod
is
approximately
1.5
V
positive
with
respect
to t
s.
Thus,
two-terminal
appear
prominently
in
all
electronic
interest in our problem be much larger than Relectromagnetic propagation
e, including as it does the fundamenreleasing
havior
+ such a single-cell
(a)rate. The power(b)was the in
we saw that the battery
delivers
energy
at
some
rate
Figure
1.9a.
In
a
circuit
diagram,
current
of
500
mA
thro
delays through our elements. Put another way, the size of our lumped elements
is ap
ectromagnetic
such
as motors,
shownrod
in Figu
mporof devices
delivery of
energy.
Where
doessmaller
this energy
go?wavelength
Energy isassociated
dissipatedresented
by the schematically
+ by10the symbol
+ and
(a) I signals.
(b)
must
be
much
than
the
with
V
in
Figure
Fthe
I Gresistor,
Uradar.
R E 1.5
A lumped
element.
obtain a larger
voltage,
several
cells
connected
F I G Ulight
R E 1.9
Symbol
for battery.
, and
V For
V
through
heat,Under
and
sometimes
even
and
sound
if the resistor
V can bewe
know
ck
boxmicrowave
- as
these speed
can
if a resistor,
- be treated
I constraints, electromagnetic waves
resented
terminal
of
the
first
cell
connected
to
the
negative
term
Terminal
We
will
discuss
resistors
and
power
dissipation
in
e l l s e q u aoverheats
t i o n s and explodes!
they propagated instantly through a lumped element. By
neglecting
obtain
a
F I Gas
Upropagation
Rsuggested
E 1.9 Symbol
for battery.
and
so
forth,
pictorially
in
Figure
1.10.
M
ucture
Section 1.5.2.
F I G U R E 1.13 Symbol
for
terminal
usually represented by the
+
ito increase the current
(b) symbol in Figure 1.10b, (
If one wishes
aVbattery without
+ capacity ofresistor.
-3 V increasElement
elements (or
discrete
elements)
conandthe
soac
fo
respondence between the number of lines and
ing the voltage at the terminals, individual cells can be connected -in parallel,
usually
r
se,
the
series).
+
has the property that a unique terminal
+
as shown in Figure 1.11. It is important that cells to be connected in paral-+The second
F I G U Rimportant
E 1.11 Cells
in parallel.
3ofVa battery
responde
parameter
is the
an be
fornearly
it. As
depicted
in to Port
F
I G U R one
E 1.6
lumped
circuit
ng,
fordefined
F I G Uanother.
R E it1.8
arbitrary
lel be
identical
in voltage
prevent
cellAfrom
destroying
store,
often measured
in joules.
However,
series).
v1An
R1 can
Since
the voltage
vif you
acro
v
element.
V
is the
across athe
circuit element.
For example,
2-Vterminals
lead-acid cell connected in parallel with a 1.5two-terminal
V flashlight
into
a voltage
flashlight
battery,
you
might
notice
the
ratings
of
ampe
The
500 mA,
the
FIGU
E resistance
1.7itResistor
cell will7surely
destroy the -for
flashlight cell by driving a huge current through
Letit.us reconcile these ratings.
When
aRbattery
is conn
ough
Furthermore,
can
sto
V, asthe element.
+
Signal
+
connected
to
a
signal
ge
load
in
a
circuit,
it
delivers
power.
The
lightbulb
in
Fig
flashlight
v(t)
R2 of a vresistive
generator nsingle
con-property called the resistance R
2
load.
Let us re
The resistance
o
s to the current through the terminals.
load in ao
(a)
th the
The
power
delivered
by
the
battery
is
the
product
Terminal
esistance are defined for an element
trated in Figure
1.1
of a resis
current:
18000 J.
l field. call the lumped matter disollectively

cross-sectional
area
(a)
13 The
pow
p = VI.
omped
chartmatter
+
discipline, we can make
current:
atthe
itsbattery
extremes
bycurren
tw
V
Power is delivered by
when the
ed
sis cirand work with the lumped circuit
positive voltage terminalof
of the
is positive.
thebattery
resistor.
If Pow
thi
of the electromagcus
onprovides the foundation10.forMore
ipline
theprecisely, the wavelength that we are referring to is thatAwavelength
battery delivers
one watt ofV+ power when V is one vo
Pow
(b)
Power is the rate of delivery
of energy. Thus
th
damental mechanism by whichnetic
wewave
arelaunched by the signals.
positive
delivered by the battery is the time integral of the powev
to the domain of electrical engineerA battery
F I G U R E 1.10 Cells in series.
levant
If a constant amount of(b)
power p is delivered over Pow
an in
ts
here,
but
relegate
the
development
y way.
supplied is
delivered
scipline
to Section A.1 in Appendix A.
F I G U R E 1.10 Cells in series.
ance,3
w
=
pT.
5 ideal
basic
If a cons
ed matter discipline
results
in thecircuit
sim- elements:
circuit
The battery delivers one joule of energy supplied
if it supp
he algebraic equations
of the
lumped
Voltage
source
over one second. Thus, joules and watt-seconds are equ
y ideal
Active elements, capable of generating electric energy
Current
source
of
the
s three constraints on how we choose
nternal
Resistor
bra to
Inductor
Passive elements, incapable of generating electric energy
such that the rate of change of

loop outside an
must be
element
Capacitor
oose element boundaries such that
=0
efined
element.
nstant.
ts that
Many practical systems can be modeled with just sources & resistors.
The basic analytical techniques for solving circuits with inductors and
capacitors are similar to those for resistive circuits.
is defined as the work done in moving a unit

her through the element against the electrical
volt is one joule per coulomb.
ge from one terminal to the other through the

wire
echone
ampereCVNA,
is one coulomb
per second.
DTE, FEEE,
HCMUT-ECs 14-15, Lec# 02: Basic Electronic Reviews
general
14
The
over one
Electrical Sources
An electrical source is a device that is capable of converting nonelectric energy to electric energy and vice versa.
Examples:
Battery: chemical electric
Dynamo (generator/motor): mechanical electric
(Ex. gasoline-powered generator)
Electrical sources can either deliver or absorb power

Two type sources:
Voltage Source
Current Source
A26
15
Ideal Voltage Source
Circuit element that maintains a prescribed voltage across its terminals,

regardless of the current flowing in those terminals.
Voltage is known, but current is determined by the circuit to which the
source is connected.
The voltage can be either independent or dependent on a voltage or

current elsewhere in the circuit, and can be constant or time-varying.
Vs
VS
vS
vs = vx
DC source Battery Any source Voltage-controlled
vs = rix
Current-controlled
Introduction
16
ECs 1 - 405023
29 / 110
Ideal Current Source

A27
Circuit element that maintains a prescribed current through its

terminals, regardless of the voltage across those terminals.
Current is known, but voltage is determined by the circuit to which the
source is connected.
The current can be either independent or dependent on a voltage or
current elsewhere in the circuit, and can be constant or time-varying.
Is
DC source
iS
is = gvx
Any source
Voltage-controlled
is = ix
Current-controlled
17
Characterizing
Amplifiers
Introduction
ECs 1 - 405023
30 / 111
i-v characteristic
i-v characteristic of ideal voltage source
+
i
i
E
Absorb Power
v
Release Power
-
i-v Characteristic of ideal current source

+
i
Introduction
E
-
ECs 1 - 405023
25 / 115
Absorb Power Release Power
18

An open circuit: A circuit element whose resistance approaches

infinity, R = no current flows (i = 0 for any v).
R1
2V
1V
3V
V0
R2
Introduction
ECs 1 - 405023
28 / 117
19
Introduction
ECs 1 - 405023
30 / 119
A short circuit: A circuit element with resistance approaching zero, R

= 0 no voltage difference exists (v = 0 for any i).
R1
2V
1V
3V
V0
R2
Introduction
ECs 1 - 405023
27 / 117
20
Resistance: the ratio of voltage drop and current. The circuit element
used to model this behavior is the resistor.
Circuit symbol: R
Units: Volts per Ampere Ohms ()
The current flowing in the resistor is proportional

to the voltage across the resistor:
v = iR (Ohms Law)
where v = voltage (V), i = current (A),

and R = resistance ()
Resistance: ability to resist flow of electric current.
In reality, most resistors are only linear over a
finite range of current
A23
Georg Simon Ohm,

German Physicist
and Mathematician
1789-1854
21
A21
i
The i-v characteristic for an ideal resistor?

R
i
A
v = VA
CVNA
VB = Ri
i
B
v = VA
VB =
VA = VB + Ri
V A = VB
V B = VA
VB = VA + Ri
Ri
Power Absorbed by a Resistor
=
=

(DTE - FEEE - HCMUT)
Introduction
a resistor dissipates electric energy.
Ri
Ri
ECs 1 - 405023
v B
Introduction
26 / 107
EC
22
Ohms Law
Example
Test Your Understanding
Find I1, V1?
I1
I1
V1
10 V
R1 = 5
V1
10 V
V1 = 10 V
I1 = 2 A
R1 = 5
V1 = 10 V
I1 = 2 A
23
Dr. CVNA, DTE, FEEE, HCMUT-ECs 14-15, Lec# 02: Basic Electronic Reviews
ECEN 325 Electronics - Aydn I. Kar

slayan - Introduction
Terminology
Part I PartCircuits
IPart
ICircuits
Branch is any portion of a circuit with two terminals
connected
to it.
Part Circuits
I
Circuits
It may consist of one
ora more
circuit elements
a
a
Node
i+
+i
53
53
i
A
Branch Branch
R Branch
R
v Branch
vBranch
v Branch
voltage voltage
voltage
current current
current
A node is the junction of two or moreRbranches (one often refers to the junction
rm
rm rm
of only two branches as a trivial
node). Figure 2.47 illustrates
the concept. In
A branchA branch
A branch
effect, any connection that can be accomplished by soldering various terminals
b
b
Ideal Ideal Ideal
A battery
A battery
Anodes
batteryPractical
Practical
Practical
together is a node. It isb very
important
to identify
properly
in the analysis
resistor resistor
resistor
ammeterammeter
ammeter
of electrical
Examples
Examples
of circuit
Examples
ofbranches
circuit
of circuit
branches
branches
Node
is thenetworks.
junction of two or more
branches
(one often refers to the
Definition
Definition
ofDefinition
a branch
of a branch
branch
Figure
Figure
2.45
Figure
2.452.45
junction of only
two
branches
as
aof atrivial
node)
...
Node a
DC Measurements
DC DC
Measurements
Measurements
with with
thewith
Digital
the the
Digital
MultiMeter
Digital
MultiMeter
MultiMeter
...
(Courtesy:
(Courtesy:
(Courtesy:
Hewlett-Packard)
Hewlett-Packard)
Hewlett-Packard)
...
Node c
FOCUS
FOCUS
FOCUS
ON ONON
MEASUREMENTS
MEASUREMENTS
MEASUREMENTS
Node a
vS are
iS
DigitalDigital
multimeters
Digital
multimeters
multimeters
(DMMs)
(DMMs)
(DMMs)
theare
workhorse
the
areworkhorse
the workhorse
of all measurement
of allofmeasurement
all measurement
Node
laboratories.
laboratories.
laboratories.
FigureFigure
2.46Figure
depicts
2.462.46
depicts
thedepicts
front
thepanel
front
the front
panel
of a typical
panel
of a typical
ofbenchtop
a typical
benchtop
DMM.
benchtop
DMM.
DMM.
TablesTables
2.3 Tables
and
2.32.4
and
2.3
list2.4
and
thelist
2.4
features
the
listfeatures
theand
features
specifications
and specifications
and specifications
of the of
multimeter.
the
ofmultimeter.
the multimeter.
Node b
...
Node b
Examples of nodes in practical circuits
24
Examples of nodes in practical circuits
strative circuit. We will then apply the same systematic method to solve
gure 2.47 Definition of a node
re complicated examples, including the one shown in Figure 2.1.
op T E R M I N O L O G Y
1
Terminology
mped
elements
are the fundamental
blocks
electronic cir- are
op is circuit
any closed
connection
of branches.building
Various
loopofconfigurations
s. Virtually
ofloop
our analyses
be conducted
on circuits
containing
rated
in Figure
allA2.48.
is any will
closed
connection
of branches.
o-terminal elements; multi-terminal elements will be modeled using combi A mesh
is a loop
thatalready
doesseen
notseveral
contain
other loops.
ions of two-terminal
elements.
We have
two-terminal
ow two different
ments
such asloops
resistors, voltage sources, and current sources. Electronic
R
same circuit may iness
to
an
element
is
made
through
its
terminals.
some of the same eleorAn
branches.
electronic circuit is constructed by connecting together a collection of
vS
iS
R1
R2
Loop 1as shownLoop
2
arate elements at their terminals,
in Figure
2.2. The junction
points
which the terminals of two or more elements are connected are referred to as
Chapter
Fundamentals
of Electric
Circuitsbetween the nodes are referred
nodes
of a 2circuit.
Similarly, the
connections
1-loop circuit
3-loop circuit
Loopthat
3 each element in Figure
as the edges or branches of a circuit. Note
2.2
(How many nodes in
ms a single branch. Thus an element and a branch
are the same for circuits
this circuit?)
R3
R4
mprising only two-terminal elements. Finally, circuit loops are defined to be
sed paths
ure
2.48 through
Definitionaofcircuit
a loop along its branches. Mesh 3
Several nodes, branches, and loops are identified in Figure 2.2. In the circuit
Mesh
R1
4
Figure 2.2, there are 10 branches (and thus, 10 elements)
and 6 nodes.
R5
+
Mesh depictedMesh
sh
As another example, a is a nodevSin the circuit
in
Figure
2.1
at
R2
3
1
iS
ich threeHow
branches
meet.
b is_ a node at which two branches meet.
many loops
canSimilarly,
you
esh is aidentify
loop that
does
not
contain
other
loops.
Meshes
are
an
important
in this four-mesh
cir- in the circuit. The circuit has five branches
and bc are examples
of branches
cuit?
(Answer:
14)
o four
certain
analysis
methods.
In Figure 2.48, the circuit with loops 1, 2, and
nodes.
nsists
meshes:
loops
1 and 2 are meshes,
loop 3 isinnot
a mesh,
Sinceof
wetwo
assume
that the
interconnections
between but
the elements
a circuit
CVNA,
DTE,
FEEE,
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14-15,
Lec#
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Basic
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use
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B25
C
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these variables is constructed, and these are solved by means of suitable techniques.
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theofsmallest
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ch currents
and
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write these Nodes
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Loop conventions
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greatly simplified if some standard
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i
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v
Branch
Branch
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Branch C H A P T E
Circuit Variables
2.2 Kirchhoffs Laws
voltage
+
The first observation to be made is that the relevant variables in network analysis
are the node voltages and the branch currents. This fact is really nothing more
than a consequence of Ohms law. Consider the branch depicted in Figure 2.50,
consisting of a single resistor. Here,Nonetheless,
once a voltagebecause
vR is defined
across the resistor are perfect, the connectio
the interconnections
B
Elements
B
FIGURE
R, a current iR will flow through the resistor, according to vR = iR R. But the
considered toCbe a single node, asA indicatedC in the figure.
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voltage vR , which causes the current to flow, is really the difference in electric
The primary signals within a circuit
are
its
currents
and
voltages,
w
A
D
elements
potential between nodes a and b:
denote
by the symbols
curre
Distributed
node i and v, respectively. We define a branch
D
at a single
vR = va vb
(2.29)
Figure 2.4), and a branch volta
Ideal wires current along a branch of the circuit (see
potential difference measured across a branch. Since elements and bra
What meaning
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CVNA, DTE,
HCMUT-ECs
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26
the
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voltage is a potential difference? Is it then legitimate to define the voltage at a
currents we
arereference
the samethe
as voltage
the corresponding
single point (node) in a circuit? Whenever
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i2
i2
...
F I G U R E 2.7 Two seriesconnected circuit elements.
Analysis methods
ws for the node in Figure 2.6 that
Any circuit
KCL, KVL, i-v

(2.1)
1
Composition rules
KCL becomes
Node method
in = 0.
Linear circuits
Superposition
(2.2)
Thvenin, Norton
in ) = 0.
positive out from the node in Figure 2.6,

no net current can flow out from a node.
ed to take the form
N
!
(in ),
(2.3)
n=M+1
27
flowing into a node through one set of

de through the remaining branches.
KCL focuses on the two series-connected
Taking KCL to state that no net current
n of KCL at the node between the two
aws
Kirchhoffs Current Law - KCL

The algebraic sum of all the currents entering any node in a circuit
CL):
zero OR sum(2.4)
of currents entering node = sum of currents
0 i1 = iequals
2.
Node 1
leaving
node.
i
eshows
currents
entering
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currents
passing
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R
I
I
i
Using
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V
i
must be the same. That is, there is V
sentszero.
t enters the node connecting the two eleConsider a node connecting several b
R
VL):
In fact, with multiple applications of KCL,
i
i
string of series-connected
Node
I elements.
eanger
voltages
around
3
common branch current passes through
Node 2
Node 4
V
i2
i
. zero.
A
i3
i1
To illustrate
F
I
G
U
R
E
2.8
A
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Gustav Robert Kirchhoff
he circuit in Figure 2.8, which has six branches
a more general use of KCL.
German physicist,
1824-1887
n e r a l uCVNA
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kcl
Introduction
ECs 1 - 405023
14 / 104
i4
Gustav
Robert
Kirchhoff
Use
reference directions to28determ
CVNA,
DTE, FEEE,
HCMUT-ECs 14-15, Lec# 02: Basic Electronic
Reviews
1824-1887
currents are entering or leaving t
Kirchhoffs Current Law - KCL
KCL tells us that all of the elements in a single branch carry the same
current. We say these elements are connected in series.
I1
I1
I2
I2
Characterizing Amplifi
I1 = I2
Impossible Circuit: This circuit violates KCL

6A
1A
2A
R1
2A
2A
1 A1 A
1A
2A
2A
3 A3 A V0
3A 1A
Introduction
3A
Introduction
ECs 1 - 405023
16 / 107
Introduction
29

ECs 1 - 405023
17 / 107
In
Write the equations

needed to solve for KVL
the node voltages Example
in the 1
KVL
following Figures
KVL
VCC
i1
vi
R1
i2
R2
+10 V
i3
i4
R3
R4
VSS
I2
I1
R1
Vx
R2
I3
R3
I1
Vx
I3
50
I2
10
100
5 V
L1 ! vi = i1R1 + i3R3
L2 ! i3R3 = i2R2 + i4R4
VCC = I1R1 + I3R3
10 = 50I1 + 100I3
5 =
VSS = I2R2 + I3R3
10I2 + 100I3
10 = 50I1 + 10I2

slayan
- Introduction
7 - Introduction
ECEN
325 Electronics - Aydn I. Kar
slayan
EN 325 Electronics - Aydn I. Kar
6
V0
ECs 1 - 405023
T)
Introduction
30
Kirchhoffs Voltage Law - KVL

The algebraic sum of the voltages equals zero for any closed path
(loop) in an electrical circuit OR The sum of voltage drops around
loop = sum of voltage rises around loop.
Loop Loop
+
v1
-
+
Moving
+ to - Loop
v1 fromLoop
We add v1
-
Use reference polarities to determine

whether a voltage is dropped.
No concern about actual voltage
polarities
+
v1
-
+
v1
R2
R1
- V2 +
V1
+
V3
+
5V
Introduction
Introduction
3 + V4 = 0
6V
R3
CVNA (DTE
CVNA
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- HCMUT)
+(DTE
V- HCMUT)
V +
6 V
Moving from - to +
We subtract v1
R4
ECs 1 - 405023
ECs 1 - 40
- V4 +
31
KVL
Introduction
ECs 1

i
Ri
) +iR
direction
of loop
V
Ri
V
Ri
+V
Ri
R
direction
of loop
V
Ri
) +V
+V
+V
Ri
Ri
iR
Ri
V
) V
+V
direction
of loop
direction
of loop
32

KVL tells us that any set of elements which are connected at both ends
carry the same voltage.
We say these elements are connected in parallel.
V1
V2
V1 = V2
Impossible Circuit: This circuit violates KVL

1V
2V
2V
Introduction
1V
2V
ECs 1 - 405023
1V
3V
23 / 113
3V
V0
Introduction
ECs 1 - 405023
33
21CVNA
/ 112 (DTE - FEEE - HCMUT)
Introduction

Write the equations
needed to solve for KVL
the mesh currents Example
in the 1
KVL
following Figures
KVL
+10 V
VCC
i1
vi
R1
i2
R2
i3
i4
R3
R4
VSS
I2
I1
R1
Vx
R2
V1 = I1 R1 + I3 R3 = 0
50
I2
I3 R3 =VxI2 R2 + I4 R4
10
VCC =I3 I1 R
I R
1+
100
3 3
I1
I
V1 = I1 R1 + I33R3 R=3 0
VSS = I2 R2 + I3 R5
3 V
I3 R3 = I2 R2 + I4 R4
L1 ! vi = i1R1 + i3R3
10 = 50I1 + 100I2 5
V1 = I1 R1 + I3 R3 = 0 VCC V=CCI1=
10 = 50I1 + 100I3
R1I1+R1I3+RI33R3
2 +3 100I3
10 = 550I=1 +10I
100I
L2 ! i3R3 = i2R2 + i4R4
VSS
=2 I+
I3 R3 = I2 R2 + I4 R4 VSS =
I2 R
RI33R3
10 = 50I1 + 10I2 5
2RI
23+
5 = 10I2 + 100I3
VCC = I1 R1 +ECEN
I3 R325
10
= I50I
+ECEN
5
3 Electronics
2
- Aydn
. Kar
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Introduction
7 - Introduction
325 Electronics - Aydn I. Kar
slayan
EN 325 Electronics - Aydn I. Kar

VSS = I2 R2 + I3 R3
10 = 50I1 + 100I3
10 = 50I1 + 100I2
5=
10I2 + 100I3
34
Linear Network Analysis
Series combination
Series circuits

Z1
Parallel combination
Z = Z1 + Z2
Z2
Z = Z1 ||Z2
Parallel circuits
Z = Z1 + Z2
Z1
Z = Z1 + Z2
Z2
Z = Z1 ||Z2
Z
12
35
A24
Z = Z 1 k Z2
Voltage & Current Divider Rule

Current divider:
I1
I2
CEN 325 Electronics

- Aydn I. Kar
slayan
- Introduction
IA25
R
R2
1
S
I1 =
R1 //R2
Is
R1
I2 =
R1 //R2
Is
R2
13
Voltage divider:
R1
Introduction
ECs 1 - 405023
+ V1
Vs
R2
+
V2
27 / 108
V1 =
R1
Vs
R1 + R2
V2 =
R2
Vs
R1 + R2
Introduction
ECs 1 - 405023
36
28 / 109
Source Combinations
Source Combinations
Source Combinations
Voltage sources in
Current sources in
Voltage
sources sources
in series can
by an equivalent
voltage
series
Voltage
in be replaced
Current
sources
in
can
be
parallel
can
be
source.
series can
be
parallel
can be
replaced
byparallel
an can be replaced
replaced
by an
Current
sources in
by an equivalent
current
replaced
by
an
replaced
by
an
source.
equivalent voltage
equivalent current
equivalent voltage
source:
source:
equivalent current
source:
source:

+ +
v1 v1
+
+
+ 22
v1v+v
+1+v

+ +
v2 v2
i1i1
EE40 Fall 2009
Slide 14
EE40 Fall 2009
i1+i2 i1+i2
i2 i2
Prof. Cheung
Slide 14
Prof. Cheung
37
near Network Analysis
Example 1
Find Vo/Vi
near Network Analysis

R1
vi
vo
R2
Example 2
R3
vo
R3
Linear Network
= Analysis
vi
vo
Vo3
Example
vi R1 R1 + RR
2 + R3 R
2
3
vo
v
R2 k RR3
2
R1 + (R2 k R3)
i
N 325 Electronics - Aydn I. Kar
vi
R1
R3
Vo
R3
=
Vi
R1 + R2 + R3
R2 ||R3
R1 + R2 ||R3
Vi
Vo
R4 ||R5
=
Vi
R1 + R2 ||R3 + R4 ||R5
vo15
R4
R5
16
vo
R4 k R5
=
vi
R1 + (R2 k R3) + (R4 k R5)
N 325 Electronics - Aydn I. Kar

38
A28
x2b
Superposition Theorem
yb
1bThe output of a circuit is determined by summing the responses to

A29 sources acting alone.
A28
each independent
x2b
x2a
x2b
yb
ya
x1b
x1a
x1b
x2a + x2b
x2a
Introduction
-JOVY -JCF
yb
ya + yb
y
a
ECs 1 - 405023
31 / 112
-JOVY -JCFSUJOF
-JOVY -JCFSUJOF

x1a + x1b
x1a
CVNA,
DTE,
FEEE,
14-15, Lec# 02: Basic Electronic Reviews
Page20,
220,Tuesday,
October
2009HCMUT-ECs
5:48 PM
ctober
2009
5:48
PM
October
2009
5:48
PM 20,
39
Tuesday, October 20, 2009 5:48 PMCVNA
CVNA Introduction
ECs 1Introduction
- 405023
32 / 113
Thvenins Theorem
D Network
Some
Useful
Network Theorems
DD Appendix
Some
Theorems
SomeUseful
Useful
Network
Theorems
pendix D Some Useful Network Theorems
+
Vt
-
Figuretheorem.
D.1
Thvenins theorem.
Figure
FigureD.1
D.1 Thvenins
Thvenins
theorem.
CVNA, DTE,
HCMUT-ECs
Figure
D.1FEEE,
Thvenins
theorem.
Zt
40
Test You Understanding

Represent the network shown in Fig. below by Thevenins equivalent.
Assume VCC = 12 V, R1 = 15 k, and R2 = 7.5 k.
VCC
R2
VT H
R2
Ix
R1
R1
-JOVY -JCF
RT H
V
R
R
V A I
x
RT H
TH
Hnh 6: Test Your UnderStanding
-JOVY -JCFSUJOF
-JOVY -JCFS

VCC
TH
R1
R1
Vx
RT H
Hnh 6: Test Your UnderStanding 2
41
Test You Understanding

Represent the network shown
in Fig. below by Thevenins
equivalent. Assume VCC =
12 V, E = 9 V, R1 = 15 k,
and R2 = 7.5 k.
R2
VCC
Ix
VT H
A
R1
R1
R2
Vx
RT H
R2
CC
R2
T H1
VT H2
R1
R1
E
Hnh 7: Test Your UnderStanding 3

42
Nortons Theorem
Figure
D.1 Thvenins
Figure D.1
Thvenins
theorem. theorem.
Figure
D.1 Thvenins theorem.
gure D.1 Thvenins
theorem.
n
n
Figure
D.2 theorem.
Nortons theorem.
Figure D.2
Nortons
DTE,
FEEE,
Figure
D.2HCMUT-ECs
Nortons theorem.
gure D.2 CVNA,
Nortons
theorem.
43
The Input Signal Source
mple
.1 D.1
Example D.1
D.3(a)
shows ajunction
bipolar transistor
junction transistor
circuit.
The transistor
is a three-terminal
device
hows
a bipolar
circuit. The
transistor
is a three-terminal
device with
the with the
Characterizing
Characterizing
Amplifiers
Amplifiers
E junction
The
input
signal
source
can
be modeled
asistransistor
either
aisdevice
Thvenin
or
als
(emitter),
B
(base),
and C (collector).
Asthe
shown,
the
base is
connected
the dc
power
Figure
D.3(a)
atransistor
bipolar
junction
transistor
circuit.
The
atothree-terminal
device
with the
dws
Elabeled
Bshows
(base),
and
C (collector).
Astransistor
shown,
connected
thewith
dc to
power
a(emitter),
bipolar
circuit.
The
is
abase
three-terminal
the
+
The
The
Signal
Signal
Source
Source
via thelabeled
voltage
divider
composed
of
R2the
. The
collector
is the
connected
to
the dcV +supply
V(emitter),
equivalent
circuit.
terminals
Ecomposed
(emitter),
BInput
and
Cand
(collector).
isdc
connected
to the Vdc+ power
he
voltage
divider
of
R(base),
R
The
collector
isAsconnected
to base
thethe
dc
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BNorton
(base),
and
CInput
(collector).
As
base
isshown,
connected
to
power
1 and
2R. 1shown,
+to ground through R . To simplify the analysis, we wish to apply Thvenins+ theorem to
+
hsupply
Rground
viaThe
the
voltage
composed
ofcollector
Rwe
and
R2connected
.toThe
collector
connected
Vdivider
to
R4. To divider
simplify
the
wish
apply
Thvenins
theorem
voltage
composed
of equivalent
R
R2analysis,
. The
is
to theis
dc
supply
Vtotothe dc supply V
3 and
4 1 and
1 represent
through
Thvenin
source
a
voltage
signal:
The
input
The input
signal
signal
source
source
can be
can
modeled
be
as either
as either
a Thevenin
atoThevenin
or Norton
or Norton theorem to
the
circuit.
through
Rthrough
through
R4.analysis,
To
simplify
the
analysis,
we
wish
apply
Thvenins
it.
ground
. To simplify
the
we wish
tomodeled
apply
Thvenins
theorem
to
3 and toR4ground
equivalent
equivalent
circuit.
circuit.
v
source,
i.e.,
the
voltage
generated
by
the
microphone.
sig: the voltage
reduce the circuit.
The Thevenin
The Thevenin
equivalent
equivalent
source
source
represent
represent
a voltage
a voltage
signal,
signal,
such such
as theas the
on
Rsig: the source
resistance.
output
output
of
a microphone.
of a microphone.
+, Rmicrophone.
Solution
vsigbase
: the
vsig
:side
voltage
the
voltage
source,
source,
i.e.,
i.e.,
voltage
the
voltage
generated
by
by
the
nins
theorem
canatbe
used
atequivalent
the
to
reduce
thethe
network
composed
of
Vmicrophone.
, and
The
Norton
source
represent
a current
rem can
beused
the
base
side
to
reduce
the
network
composed
of generated
V +,signal:
R the
, and
R to
a dcR to a dc
2
1
21
+
+
, ati the
source
theorem
can
beside
used
the base
side
tocurrent
reduce
the network
, beVBB
VeThvenins
m
can
used
basecurrent
to at
reduce
the
network
composed
of V by
, Rcomposed
, and
R of
to V
a dc, R1, and
BB
i.e.,
the
generated
photodiode.
1the
sig: the
The Norton
Thesource,
Norton
equivalent
equivalent
source
source
represent
represent
a current
a current
signal,
signal,
such2 such
as theas the
source VBB,
,
+ R2
Bvoltage
2
output
output
of a photodiode.
of+ a R
photodiode.
Rsig : R
the
the source
resistance.
resistance.
sig :source
Rsig: the source

= V- ------------------ R
----------------= VVBB
VBB resistance.
R
+2
2
+
R 2 R=1 +VR
R
+
Rsigi12i -V
----------------iiBB
VBB = RVsig ----------------R1 + R2
R1 + R2
ii
R2 to a dc
ii
Non-ideal
Non-ideal
v
vi current
v
v
i
i
R
R
v
v
sig
sig
sig
sig
sig
sig i
i
i
voltage
10
Oxford
University
Press,
Inc.
University Press, Inc.
source
source
rinting or distribution,
electronically
or without
otherwise,
express
written
consentUniversity
of OxfordPress,
University
Press,
Inc. is prohibited.
stribution,
electronically
or otherwise,
the without
expressthe
written
consent
of Oxford
Inc. is
prohibited.
2010
Oxford
versity
Press,
Inc. University Press, Inc.
Reprinting
or distribution,
electronically
or otherwise,
without
the express
written
consentPress,
of Oxford
University
Press, Inc. is proh
ibution,
electronically
or otherwise,
without the
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consent
of Oxford
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Inc. is
prohibited.
CVNA, DTE, FEEE,
14-15,
Lec# 02: Basic
Electronic
44
CVNA HCMUT-ECs
(DTE
CVNA- FEEE
(DTE -- HCMUT)
FEEE
- HCMUT)
Introduction
IntroductionReviews
ECs 1 - 405023
ECs 1 - 405023
13 / 10213 / 102
The Thevenin
The Thevenin
equivalent
equivalent
source represent
source represent
a voltagea signal,
voltagesuch
signal,
as the
such as the
output ofoutput
a microphone.
of a microphone.
The Input Signal Source
vsig : the vvoltage

voltagei.e.,
source,
the voltage
i.e., thegenerated
voltage generated
by the microphone.
by the microphone.
sig : thesource,
Rsig : the Rsource
resistance.
source resistance.
sig : the
The Norton
The equivalent
Norton equivalent
source represent
source represent
a currenta signal,
currentsuch
signal,
as the
such as the
output ofoutput
a photodiode.
of a photodiode.
Rsig
vsig
ii =
vsig
iR
i sig
ii
C.1 Characterization o
ii
ii
v(Fig.
vC.1)
isig
isignetwork
Rsig
R
isig
i
Avi two-port
has four
work is linear, we can use two of the v
response variables. For instance,
vi the ne
i =i
ii
curre
voltage V2 at port 2,i andsigtheRtwo
sig
Short work
circuitresponse. In this case, V1 and V2 a
variables, andvithe network operation can
vi
vi CVNA (DTE
vsig
CVNA
- FEEE (DTE
- HCMUT)
- FEEE - HCMUT)
+
Rsig
Rsig
isig
Introduction Introduction
ii = isig
ECs 1 - 405023
ECs 1 -13405023
/ 102
13 / 102
Rsig
Open circuit
vsig
I1
vi
I2 =
45
Here, the four parameters y11, y12, y21,

characterize the linear two-port network
Introduction
Depending on which
two of the fo
excitation,
set of equations (
A two-port network has four port
variables:a Vdifferent
1, I1, V2, and I2. If the
obtained
forofcharacterizing
two-port network is linear, we
can use two
the variables as the network
excitation variables and the other
response variables.
usedtwo
in as
electronics.
Two-Port Network Parameters
Four parameter sets commonly used in electronics:
y-parameters
z-parameters
h-parameters
g-parameters
I1
"
V1
!
I2
Linear
two-port
network
"
V2
!
Figure C.1
linear two-po
46
Characterization
ofinin
Linear
Two-Port
C.1
Characterization
of
Linear
Two-P
berepresents
obtained
from
Eq.
(C.1)
as
The
definition
y can
IC.1
internal
feedback
the
network.
theinput
input
port
and
port
theoutput
output
port,
yI 212=represents
internal
feedback
the
network.
the
port
22
the
and
port
ofport,
-JC
(C.
12
-----2
y 2112=yy21
(C.5)
-----JOVY
-JCFSUJOF

-JOVY
FigureC.2(c)
C.2(c)illustrates
illustratesthe
thedefinition
definitionofofand
and
themethod
formeasuring
measuring
y12
..
Figure
y12
Vmethod
I
Vthe
1 V =0for
1 V =0
y
=
---- V
The
definition
of
y
can
be
obtained
from
Eq.
(C.2)
as
The
definition
of
y
can
be
obtained
from
Eq.
(C.2)
as
Thus
y
represents
transmission
from
port
1
to
port
2.
If
port
1
is
the
input
and port
Thus y21 represents
transmission
from port 1 to port 2. If port 1 is the input port port
and port
2
21 21
21
theoutput
a measure
of
the
gain
or transm
the output
an amplifier,
y21 provides
from
portof
2 to
port
1. forward
Since
in amplifiers,
port
1
Thus
y12 represents
provides
the
forward
gain
or transmisport port
of anofamplifier,
thenthen
y21 transmission
C.1
Characterization
of
I 2 aI 2measure
y
=
(C.5)
y
=
(C.
----represents
internal
in th
theillustrates
inputthe
portdefinition
anddefinition
port
port,method
y12for
-----the
21 2
sion.
Figure
C.2(d)
the
ofoutput
andmethod
the
for measuring
yfeedback
Figure
C.2(d)
illustrates
of21the
and
measuring
y
21.
21.
V
sion.
V
1 V 1=0V =0of and the method for measuring y12.
C.2(c)
illustrates
the
can
be defined,
on (C.2),
Eq. (C.2),
y22 be
Theparameter
short-circuit
admittance
(orbased
y-parameter)
characterization
is based
can
defined,
based
ondefinition
Eq.
as as
The The
parameter
y22Figure

The
can
obtained
from
Eq.
(C.2)
Thus
y21on
represents
from
1
tobe
2. If
1
is1the
input
port
and
port
2
y
represents
transmission
from
port
12:port
to
port
2.port
If
port
is
the
port
and

Thus
transmission
definition
asinput
por
the
network
byof
Vyport
and
V
121
21exciting
I
I2 2
12
y-parameters
2
12
2 V 1 =0
(C.
a measure
of the
forward
gaingain
or transmisthe the
output
portport
of an
thenthen
y21
y 22yprovides
=yprovides
a measure
of the
forward
or (C.6)
transm
output
of amplifier,
an amplifier,
22
-----= ----21
I
2
V 2the
V 2and
ymethod
V 1 =0
----- for
V 1 =0
sion.
Figure
C.2(d)
definition
of
method
measuring
y21.y21.
21 = for
sion.
Figure
C.2(d)
illustrates
definition
of
and
the
measuring
= illustrates
+ the the
V 1 V 2 =0
be defined,
Eq.
(C.2),
as short-circuited.
The
parameter
y22 ycan
can
be
defined,
Eq.
(C.2),
parameter
isadmittance
the
looking
into
port
2onwhile
port
1asis short-circuited.
For amplifie
ThusThus
y22The
isy22
the
looking
into based
portbased
2on
while
port
1 is
For amplifiers,
22+
= admittance
Thus
y21 represents
transmission
from
portillustrates
1 to the
portdefinition
2. Ifdefinition
port of
1 isand
theand
input
the output
short-circuit
admittance.
C.2(e)
the
of
short-circuit
admittance.
Figure
illustrates
the
y22 isy22theis output
IFigure
IC.2(e)
2
2
y
=
(C.6)
= ----(C.
the youtput
of an amplifier,
then y21 provides a measure of the forward
22 y 22----.
method
for measuring
y port
method
for measuring
22. 22
V2 V
V 12=0definition
V 1 =0
sion. Figure C.2(d) illustrates the
of and the method for measurin
Thus
the
admittance
looking
into
port
2bewhile
portport
1 is1short-circuited.
amplifiers,
canport
defined,
based
onshort-circuited.
Eq. (C.2),
The parameter
y22
Thus
isParameters
the
admittance
looking
into
2 while
is
amplifie
C.1.2
y22zyisParameters
asFor
For
22z
C.1.2
output
short-circuit
admittance.
Figure
C.2(e)
illustrates
the the
definition
of and
the t
y22 yis22the
is the
output
short-circuit
admittance.
Figure
C.2(e)
illustrates
definition
of and
I 2 of two-port
The
open-circuit
impedance
(or
z-parameter)
characterization
networks
is
bas
The
open-circuit
impedance
(or
two-port networks is based
y 22 =of----method
for for
measuring
y22.y22
. z-parameter) characterization
method
measuring
I , as shown in Fig. C.3(a).V The
describing
equations
on exciting
the network
I1 Iand
V 1 =0
and
equations
are are
on exciting
the network
by I1by
2, as2shown in Fig. C.3(a). The 2describing
Thus y22 is the admittance
looking
into port 2 while port 1 is short-circuited
C.1.2
z Parameters
C.1.2
z Parameters
(C.7)(C.
V 1 =V 1z 11=I 1z+
11 Iz112+I 2z 12 I 2
C.2(e)
illustrates the
Figure
defi
y22 is the output short-circuit admittance.
TheThe
open-circuit
impedance
(or (or
z-parameter)
characterization
of
two-port
networks
is
based
open-circuit
impedance
z-parameter)
characterization
of
two-port
networks
is
bas
method for measuring
(C.8)(C.
V 2 =Vy222
z 21=. I 1z 21
+ Iz122+I 2z 22 I 2
I
in Fig.
C.3(a).
describing
exciting
the
network
Iby
I2
,shown
as
shown
in Fig.
describing
equations
on exciting
the
network
I1 and
on
by
C.3(a).
The
The
equations
are
are
1 and
2, as
-JOVY -JCFSUJOF
-JOVY
47
C.1.2
zParameters
(C.7)
V 1 V=1 z=11 Iz111+I 1z 12
+ Iz212 I 2
(C.
-JOVY -JCFSUJOF
-JOVY -JC
impedance
(or
z-parameter)
characterization
of two-port
n
V 2
z=21 Iz
The
open-circuit
(C.8)
(C.
V=2
+ Iz
121+I
222 I 2
1z 22
on exciting the network by I1 and I2, as shown in Fig. C.3(a). The describin
Figure
Definition
conceptual
measurement
circuits
for
y parameters.
Figure
C.2C.2
Definition
ofofandand
measurement
for

conceptual
circuits
thethe
y
parameters.
V 1 = z 11 I 1 + z 12 I 2
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University
Press,
Inc.
010 Oxford
University
Press,
Inc.
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distribution,
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otherwise,
without
express
written
consent
Press,
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prohibited.
Theelectronically
open-circuit
impedance
(or
z-parameter)
ofInc.
twoprinting or or
distribution,
or or
otherwise,
without
thethe
express
written
consent
of of
Oxford
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V 2characterization
= Oxford
z 21University
I 1University
+ z 22Press,
I

2
isbased
thenetwork
by
I
port
networks
on
exciting
I1
and
2:
Figure C.2 Definition of and conceptual measurement circuits for the y parameters.
z-parameters
=
=
+
+
2010
OxfordUniversity
UniversityPress,
Press,Inc.
Inc.
010 Oxford
Reprinting
distribution,electronically
electronicallyororotherwise,
otherwise,without
withoutthe
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expresswritten
writtenconsent
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prohibited.
printing orordistribution,
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Reprinting or distribution, electronically or otherwise, without the express written consent of Oxford University Press, In
48
=represents
h 21 I 1 + hthe
Vof
12
22C.1
C.1
Characterization
Linear
Two-Po
2represents
22the
2of
current
current
gain
gain
of
ofthe
open-circuited.
open-circuited.
The
Theforward-transmission
forward-transmission
parameter
hICharacterization
hI 21
Linear
Two-P
VV1 parameter
21
2V
h
=
h
=
2
2
I
=0
I
=0
--------12
22
-JOVY
-JCFSUJOF

-JOVY
-JC
is
is
called
called
the
the
short-circui
short-circ
network
networkwith
withthetheoutput
output
port
port
short-circuited;
short-circuited;
for
for
this
this
reason,
reason,
h
h
V
from
which
the Vdefinition
of
the
four
h
parameters
can
be
obtained
as
21
21
2 I =0
2 I =0
current
open-circuited.
open-circuited.
The
h
is
is
the
the
output
output
admittance
admittance
with
with
the
the
input
input
port
port
current
gain.
gain.
Finally,
Finally,
h22h
22
Vshort-circuited.
I
1short-circuited.
2Theparameter
Thus,
h11
is
the
input
impedance
at
port
1
with
port
2
Thus,
h
is
the
input
impedance
at
port
1
with
port
2
parameter
h
h
=
h
=
-----ofthetheh hparameters
---11
21
11definitionsand
The
Thedefinitions
andconceptual
conceptualmeasuring
measuringsetups
setups
of
parameters
are
aregiven
given1in
I
I
C.1
Characterizatio
1
1with
V =0
V =0
represents
the reverse
voltage
ratio
the
network,
the
por
Fig.
C.4.
ororfeedback
ofof
measured
measured
with
represents
reverse
feedback
voltage
ratio
the
network,
theinput
input
po
Fig.
C.4.the
the
gain
open-circuited.
thecurrent
gainofofthe
t
open-circuited.The
Theforward-transmission
forward-transmissionparameter
parameterh21
h Vrepresents
Icurrent
1 represents
2
h 12 = 21
h
=
network
--------22
with
the
port
forforthis
reason,
iscalled
called
theshort-circui
short-circ
network
with
theoutput
output
portshort-circuited;
short-circuited;
this
reason,
h21is
V 2 I =0h21
V 2the
The
hybrid
(or
h-parameter)
characterization
of
two-port
networks
Iis=0
C.1.4
C.1.4
g
g
Parameters
Parameters
Thus,
h
is
the
input
impedance
at
port
1
with
port
2
short-circuit

11
is
admittance
with
port
h
isthe
the
output
admittance
withthe
the
input
port
open-circuited.
current
gain.
Finally,
h22
current
based
gain.
onFinally,
output
V
input
open-circuited.
22
exciting
the
network
by
Ior
1 and
2:
represents
the reverse
feedback
voltage ratio of the network, measu
1
h-parameters
The
definitions
conceptual
setups
the
h hparameters
are
given
in
The
definitionsand
and
conceptualmeasuring
measuring
setupsofof
the
parameters
givenon
The
The
inverse-hybrid
inverse-hybrid
(or
(org-parameter)
g-parameter)
characterization
characterization
oftwo-port
two-port
networks
networks
isare
isbased
based
represents
open-circuited.
The
forward-transmission
parameter
h
21 equations
Fig.
C.4.
Fig.
C.4. ofof
I2,I2as, as
shown
shown
in in
Fig.
Fig.
C.5(a).
C.5(a).
The
The
describing
describing
equations
are
excitation
excitation
the
network
network
V1Vand
1 and
=the
+ byby
network with the output port short-circuited; for this reason, h21 is
= current
+ gain. Finally,
(C.1
I 1 I 1= =hg22
gV
+1 g+12output
gI122 I 2 admittance with the input(C.11
is1Vthe
port
11
11
C.1.4
C.1.4ggParameters
Parameters
The definitions and conceptual measuring setups of the h pa
(C.12
(C.1
V 2Vcharacterization
=g 21gV
+22gI222 Iof
2=characterization
211V+1 g
2 oftwo-port
The
inverse-hybrid
(or
g-parameter)
on
The inverse-hybrid
g-parameter)
two-portnetworks
networksisisbased
based
Fig.(or
C.4.
and
in
Fig.
C.5(a).
The
describing
ofofthe
network
bybyV1Vmeasuring
andI2I, 2as
, asshown
shown
in
Fig.
C.5(a).
The
describingequations
excitation
the
network
The
The
definitions
and
and
conceptual
conceptual
setups
setups
are
are
given
given
in in
Fig.
Fig.
C.5.
C.5.
1 measuring
excitation
definitions
equationsarea
C.1.4 g Parameters
I 1I 1= =g 11
V 1V+1 +g 12
I 2I 2
g 11
g 12
(C.11
(C.1
C.1.5
C.1.5Equivalent-Circuit
Equivalent-CircuitRepresentation
Representation
The inverse-hybrid
(C.12
V 2V 2=(or
V + g g 22
I 2I 2 characterization of two-port
(C.1
=g 21
gg-parameter)
211V 1 + 22
AA
two-port
two-port
network
network
can
can
be
be
represented
represented
by
by
an
an
equivalent
equivalent
circuit
circuit
based
based
on
on
the
the
set
set
of
of
parameter
paramet
excitation of the network by V1 and I2, as shown in Fig. C.5(a). The d
used
-JOVY
-JCFSUJOF
circuits
-JOVY
The
definitions
and
measuring
setups
are
given
The
definitions
andconceptual
conceptual
measuring
setups
are
givenin
inFig.
Fig.C.5.
C.5.
used
for
for
itsits
characterization.
characterization.
Figure
Figure
C.6
C.6
shows
shows
four
four
possible
possible
equivalent
equivalent
circuits
corresponding
correspond
I 1 = g 11 V 1 + g 12 I 2
C.1.5
Representation
C.1.5
Equivalent-Circuit
Equivalent-Circuit
II Representation

V2
= g
21 V 1 + g 22 I 2
CVNA,
DTE,
FEEE,
HCMUT-ECs
14-15,
Lec# 02: by
Basic
Reviews
49paramete
AAtwo-port
network
can
circuit
setsetofofparameter
two-port
network
canbe
berepresented
represented
byanElectronic
anequivalent
equivalent
circuitbased
basedon
onthe
the
C.5
The definitions
and
conceptual
measuring
setups
are
given
in Fig.
-JOVY
-JCFSUJOF
equivalent
-JOVY
-JC
used
Figure
C.6
circuits
corresponding
usedforforitsitscharacterization.
characterization.
Figure
C.6shows
showsfour
fourpossible
possibleequivalent
circuits
correspondi
(e) (e)
C.1.5 Equivalent-Circuit
Representation
I I
of
for
h
parameters.
Figure
Figure
C.4
C.4Definition
Definition
and
conceptual
measurement
measurement
circuits
circuits
of and
conceptual
for the
h the
parameters.
network can be represented by an equivalent circuit based
Aused
two-port
four
equivalen
for
its
characterization.
Figure
C.6
shows
possible
The inverse-hybrid (or g-parameter) characterization of two-port

2010
Oxford
University
Press,
2010
Oxford
University
Press,
Inc. Inc.
(e)
Press,
networks
is based
excitation
ofexpress
thewritten
network
by
Vof1(e)
and
IUniversity
2: Press,
Reprinting
or distribution,
electronically
or on
otherwise,
without
the
written
consent
Oxford
is prohibite
eprinting
or distribution,
electronically
or otherwise,
without
the express
consent
of Oxford
University
Inc. is Inc.
prohibited.
g-parameters
I I
Figure C.4 Definition of and conceptual measurement circuits for the h parameters.
Figure C.4 Definition of and conceptual measurement circuits for the h parameters.
=
=
+
+
(e)

010
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University Press,
Inc. or otherwise, without the express written consent of Oxford University Press, Inc. is prohibited.
eprinting
or distribution,
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Definition
of and
conceptual
circuitsPress,
for theInc.
h parameters.
I I
printing or distribution, electronically
or Figure
otherwise,C.4
without
the express
written
consentmeasurement
of Oxford University
is prohibited

Reprinting or distribution, electronically or otherwise, without the express written consent of Oxford University P
50
C-6 Appendix C Two-Port Network Parameters

Equivalent-Circuit Representation
51
Figure C.6 Equivalent circuits for two-port networks in terms of (a) y, (b) z, (c) h, and (d) g parameters.
to
the four
just
Each of
theseofequivalent
circuits
pictori
Figure
C.6parameter
Equivalenttypes
circuits
fordiscussed.
two-port networks
in terms
(a) y, (b) z, (c)
h, and is
(d)agdirect
parameters.
representation of the corresponding two equations describing the network in terms of th
particular
to the four
parameter
types
just
Each of
theseofequivalent
circuits
pictori
Figure
C.6parameter
Equivalentset.
circuits
fordiscussed.
two-port networks
in terms
(a) y, (b) z, (c)
h, and is
(d)agdirect
parameters.
Finally, it should
mentioned that
parameter
sets exist
characterizing
two-po
representation
of the be
corresponding
twoother
equations
describing
thefornetwork
in terms
of th
Figure C.6 Equivalent circuits for two-port networks in terms of (a) y, (b) z, (c) h, and (d) g parameters.
to
the
four
parameter
types
just
discussed.
Each
of
these
equivalent
circuits
is
a
direct
pictori
networks,
but these are
particular parameter
set.not discussed or used in this book.
representation
of
the
corresponding
twoother
equations
describing
thefor
network
terms
of th
Finally,
it should types
be
mentioned
that
parameter
sets exist
characterizing
two-po
to the
four parameter
just discussed.
Each
of these
equivalent
circuits
is aindirect
pictori
particular
parameter
set.
networks,
but these
not discussed two
or used
in this book.
representation
of theare
corresponding
equations
describing the network in terms of th
Finally,
it
should
be
mentioned
that
other
parameter
sets exist for characterizing two-po
particular parameter set.
EXERCISEnetworks,
these are
discussed
or other
used in
this book.
Finally,but
it should
benot
mentioned
that
parameter
sets exist for characterizing two-po
networks, but these are not discussed or used in this book.
EXERCISE
C.1
Figure EC.1 shows the small-signal, equivalent-circuit model of a transistor. Calculate the values of
EXERCISE
the h parameters.
5
Ans. hEC.1
k;the
h12small-signal,
! 2.5 104equivalent-circuit
; h21 ! 100; h22 !
2 10
C.1
Figure
shows
model
of a transistor.
Calculate the values of
11 ! 2.6
EXERCISE
the h parameters.
Figure
equivalent-circuit
model
of 5
a transistor.
Calculate the values of
Ans. hEC.1
2.6 k;the
h12small-signal,
! 2.5 104
; h21 ! 100; h22 !
2 10
11 ! shows
the h parameters.
C.1 Figure EC.1 shows the small-signal,4equivalent-circuit model of5
a transistor. Calculate the values of
Ans.
h11 ! 2.6 k; h12 ! 2.5 10 ; h21 ! 100; h22 ! 2 10
the h parameters.
C.1
Ans. h11 ! 2.6 k; h12 ! 2.5 104; h21 ! 100; h22 ! 2 105
Figure EC.1
Figure EC.1

Figure
EC.1
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Electronic Circuits - 405001

CVNA (DTE - FEEE - HCMUT)

Definition: rate of positive charge flow

Examples of time-varying currents

Electric Potential (Voltage)

Definition: energy per unit charge

Concept: As a positive charge q moves through a drop in voltage v, it

Sign Convention for Power

Analog Signals and Linear Amplifiers

If p > 0, power is being delivered to the box.

The ideal basic circuit element

Two Terminal Element or Circuit Element

Two Terminal Element

Two Terminal Element

l field. call the lumped matter disollectively

Two Terminal Element

such that the rate of change of

is defined as the work done in moving a unit

ge from one terminal to the other through the

Electrical sources can either deliver or absorb power

Ideal Voltage Source

Circuit element that maintains a prescribed voltage across its terminals,

The voltage can be either independent or dependent on a voltage or

DC source Battery Any source Voltage-controlled

Ideal Current Source

Circuit element that maintains a prescribed current through its

i-v Characteristic of ideal current source

Absorb Power Release Power

Model for Open & Short Circuit

An open circuit: A circuit element whose resistance approaches

CVNA (DTE - FEEE - HCMUT)

Model for Open & Short Circuit

CVNA (DTE - FEEE - HCMUT)

A short circuit: A circuit element with resistance approaching zero, R

CVNA (DTE - FEEE - HCMUT)

The current flowing in the resistor is proportional

where v = voltage (V), i = current (A),

Georg Simon Ohm,

The i-v characteristic for an ideal resistor?

Power Absorbed by a Resistor

CVNA (DTE - FEEE - HCMUT)

a resistor dissipates electric energy.

Test Your Understanding

Find I1, V1?

ECEN 325 Electronics - Aydn I. Kar

Examples of nodes in practical circuits

potential difference measured across a branch. Since elements and bra

F I G U R E 2.7 Two seriesconnected circuit elements.

ws for the node in Figure 2.6 that

KCL, KVL, i-v

positive out from the node in Figure 2.6,

flowing into a node through one set of

Kirchhoffs Current Law - KCL

Kirchhoffs Current Law - KCL

Impossible Circuit: This circuit violates KCL

CVNA (DTE - FEEE - HCMUT)

CVNA (DTE - FEEE - HCMUT)

Test Your Understanding

CVNA (DTE - FEEE - HCMUT)

Write the equations

VCC = I1R1 + I3R3

VSS = I2R2 + I3R3

ECEN 325 Electronics - Aydn I. Kar

Test You Understanding