Antarmuka
Struktur Pengemulsi
1.
2.
Gugus
kepala
Ikatan ester
Gugus
ekor
Gugus ekor
Gugus
kepala polar
Globula lemak
Fase akueous
antarmuka
Gugus ekor
nonpolar
Kimia Pangan II - Teti Estiasih
10
loop
antarmuka
Fase akueous
11
12
21CFR No.
Fungsi
Contoh
aplikasi
Lesitin
184.1400
Ko-pengemulsi,
penurun viskositas
Margarin, produk
cokelat
Monogliserida
184.1505
penstabil mentega
kacang
Ester asam
diasetiltartarat dari
monogliserida
184.1101
Pengemulsi,
pembentuk lapisan
(film former)
Produk panggang,
permen, produk
analog susu
Pengemulsi,
pelumas (lubricant),
release agent
Produk susu,
permen lunak
13
21CFR
No.
Fungsi
Contoh aplikasi
Lactylated
monoglycerides
172.850
Pengemulsi,
plastisisasi,
surfaktan
Acetylated
monoglycerides
172.828
Film former,
moisture barrier
Succinylated
monoglycerides
172.830
Pengemulsi,
penguat adonan
Shortening, roti
Ethoxylated
monoglycerides
172.834
Pengemulsi,
penstabil
Sorbitan
monostearate
172.842
Pengemulsi,
rehydrating agent
14
Contoh aplikasi
Polysorbates
172.836
172.838
172.840
Pengemulsi,
pengeruh,
solubizer, wetting
agent
Polyglycerol esters
172.854
Pengemulsi,
Icings, salad oil, mentega
aerator, pencegah kacang, fillings
kekeruhan
Sucrose ester of
fatty acids
172.859
Pengemulsi,
texturizer, film
former
Pengemulsi,
dough
conditioners,
whipping agents
Propylene glycol
esters
Pengemulsi,
aerator
172.858
15
Kimia Pangan II - Teti Estiasih
Contoh
Flavors, vitamin
Dough conditioner
Defoamer
Starch complexer
Crystallization inhibitor
Salad oil
Antistaling agent
16
Contoh
Antisticking agent
Antispattering agent
Freeze-thaw stabilizer
Gloss enhancer
Cloud formers
Beverages
Hydrating agent
Dispersion stabilizers
Peanut butters
Encapsulating agent
Flavors, aroma
Kimia Pangan II - Teti Estiasih
17
JENIS-JENIS
PENGEMULSI
18
Diklasifikasikan menjadi
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Monogliserida (monoglycerides)
Turunan monogliserida (monoglyceride
derivatives)
Turunan sorbitan (sorbitan derivatives)
Pengemulsi polihidrat (polyhidric emulsifiers)
Pengemulsi anionik (anionic emulsifiers)
Lesitin (lecithins)
19
1. Monogliserida
20
2. Turunan monogliserida
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
21
22
tending emulsifier
23
3. Turunan sorbitan
24
Sobitan monolaurat:
termasuk ke dalam ester sorbitan
25
Polysorbate 80:
termasuk ke dalam polisorbat/polioksietilen sorbitan
26
a. Polisorbat
Polysorbate 80
27
b. Sorbitan ester
28
4. Pengemulsi polihidrat
Ada dua yaitu:
Polyglycerol esters
Sucrose esters
29
a. Polyglycerol esters
30
b. Ester Sukrosa
Sukrosa mempunyai gugus hidroksil
bebas yang tinggi yang berpotensi
mengalami esterifikasi
Senyawa yang mengandung 6 atau lebih
asam lemak dalam sukrosa merupakan fat
substitutes yang disebut Olestra dan tidak
bersifat sebagai pengemulsi
31
32
Olestra
33
Alternative Margarine
34
5. Pengemulsi anionik
35
Stearoyl Lactylates
36
6. Lecithin
37
Phosphatidic Acid
Neutral
Choline Headgroup
Neutral
A 2nd glycerol-based
phospholipid.
38
Mono&Di
Lecithins
MG
Polysorb.
CSL/SSL
SorbMS
PG ester
M,SD,S*
Total
116
30.5
10
2.5
.75
.25
2
1.8
200
42.5
25
8
30
13.2
1.5
27
23
1
0.5
1
.75
.1
10
14.3
39
Emulsifier Usage
Product
% of total US
Bread and Rolls
49
Cake Mixes
11
Cookies and crackers
7
Sweet goods and icings
3
Margarine, dressings, shortenings
14
Confectionaries
6
Deserts and toppings
3
Dairy products
3
Kimia Pangan II - Teti Estiasih
40
Hyrophillic/Lipophillic
Balance (HLB)
41
Hydrophillic-Lipophillic Balance
(HLB)
This is a concept for choosing emulsifiers.
The value of HLB ranges from 1-20.
Low HLB emulsifiers are soluble in oil
while high HLB emulsifiers are soluble in
water.
42
Bancroft's Rule
The type of emulsion (i.e. oil in water or
water in oil) is dictated by the emulsifier
and that the emulsifier should be soluble in
the continuous phase.
Low HLB emulsifier's are soluble in oil and
give rise to water in oil emulsions
High HLB emulsifiier/s are soluble in water
and good for oil in water emulsions
43
Solubility
HLB Range
No dispersability in water
1-4
Poor Dispersion in water
3-6
Milky appearance
6-8
Stable milky appearance
8-10
Tanslucent to clear dispersion
10-13
Clear solution
13+
44
45
HLB VALUE
3.8
4.3
4.5
4.7
5.1
5.2
6.7
8.0
46
47
48
49
50
Grady's Rules
1. For emulsions, if you don't have A clue,
use at 5% of the fat.
2. Use unsaturated emulsifiers with
unsaturated fats.
3. Mixtures work better than a single
emulsifier when stabilizing foams and
emulsions.
51
Grady's Rules
7. Emulsifier forms affect functionality.
flakes vs powder vs hydrates vs gels
52
Grady's Rules
4. Bancroft's Rule
Emulsion Stability Is Favored By Solubility In The
Continuous Phase i.e. High HLB----> oil/water
Low HLB-----> water/oil
53
Grady's Rules
11. When you find a non-obvious usage of
emulsifiers, the function is often related to
interaction with starch or protein.
12. Order of addition may be very important.
13. Processing steps like homogenization may
substantially change the function of
emulsifiers.
54
LATIHAN SOAL
1.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
55
2.
3.
4.
56