Outline of Talk
What is Coal?
Bituminous Subbituminous
Carbon (wt%)
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Sulfur
Nitrogen
Chlorine
Ash
Moisture
Mercury (ppm,dry)
HHV (Btu/lb)
(Ill.#6)
61.2
4.20
6.02
3.25
1.16
0.17
11.0
13.0
0.12
10,900
(PRB)
47.9
3.40
10.8
0.48
0.62
0.03
6.40
30.4
0.10
8,335
C:H ~ 1:1
PETROLEUM
NATURAL GAS
C:H ~ 1:2
C:H ~ 1:4
H + H
= synthetic oil
+ H H
= synthetic gas
H H H
What Is Gasification?
Gasification Basics
Gasification Chemistry
Gasification processes use one or more common reactions:
Thermal decomposition
HC + heat = H2 + C + organics
Coal
% CO
% H2
% CO2
%C, H, S, O, N, Cl
%Ash
Hydrogen
% H 2O
H 2O
% CH4
Oxygen
% COS
Air or O2
% H 2S
% HCl
% NH3
Slag
% N2
% Ash
Uses of Syngas
After cleanup for removal of impurities,
syngas can be used for:
Terephthalic Acid
Acetic Acid
p-Xylene
VAM
n-Butyl Acetate
n-Butylene
MTBE
Formaldehyde
Methanol
Isobutylene
MDI
Aniline
Phosgene
SNG
Acetylene
CO + H2
Lubricants &
Wax
Hydrogen
1,4-Butanediol
Nitric Acid
Sulphuric Acid
Urea
Source: Gunal-Akgol, U.Waterloo
Ammonium Nitrate
Ammonium Sulphate
Gasification Applications
Gasifier Technologies
Environmental Considerations
Gasification
Gas Refining
Oxygen
End-products
Power Block
Combustion Turbine
CO2
Alternatives:
Electricity
Syngas
Natural Gas
Steam
Turbine
Any Oil
Tar/Asphalt
GAS
Syngas
SEPARATION
Petroleum Coke
Coal
Wastes/
by-Products
HRSG
Syngas
H2S
Hydrogen
Chemicals
Ammonia
Fuel Cells
SULFUR
RECOVERY
FischerTropsch
Biomass
Co-products:
Sulfur
Solids
Source: Adapted from Chevron-Texaco, 2003
Gasification
Cooling and
Particulate removal
WGS reaction
CO2 to storage
Selexol for
CO2 capture
GT
Combined cycle
ST
Sulfur removal
and recovery
HRSG
To stack
Post-Combustion Capture
Pre-Combustion Capture
EOR at Weyburn
Coal-to-Gas Plant
Supplying CO2 for
Enhanced Oil
Recovery (EOR) and
CO2 Sequestration
Regina
Weyburn
Saskatchewan
Canada
USA
North Dakota
CO2
Bismarck
Source: BP
Source: Statoil
Sleipner (Norway)
120
Wind, Biomass
100
Coal Plants
(combustion,
gasification)
80
IGCC
60
Natural Gas
Combined
Cycle
40
PC
20
0
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900 1000
Conclusion