Expt. No.

VOLTAGE SHUNT FEEDBACK AMPLIFIER

Aim:
To design and test the voltage-shunt feedback amplifier and to calculate the
following parameters with and without feedback.
1. Mid band gain.
2. Bandwidth and cut-off frequencies.
3. Input and output impedance.
Components & Equipment required:
Sl. No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

Range /
Specifications
(0-30)V
(0-20M)Hz

Components / Equipment
Power supply
Function generator
CRO
Transistor
Resistors
Capacitors
Connecting wires

Quantity
1
1
1
1

BC107

Circuit Diagram:
(i) Without Feedback:
Vcc = +12V

R1

RC
Cout
C

Cin

BC107

CRO

E
Vin=50mV
f=(1-3M)Hz

R2

RE

CE

(ii) With Feedback:

Vcc = +12V

R1

RC
Cf

Rf

Cout
C

Cin

BC107

CRO

Vin=50mV
f=(1-3M)Hz

R2

RE

CE

0
Theory:
In voltage shunt feedback amplifier, the feedback signal voltage is given to
the base of the transistor in shunt through the base resistor R B. This shunt connection
tends to decrease the input resistance and the voltage feedback tends to decrease the
output resistance. In the circuit RB appears directly across the input base terminal and
output collector terminal. A part of output is feedback to input through R B and increase in
IC decreases IB. Thus negative feedback exists in the circuit. So this circuit is also called
voltage feedback bias circuit. This feedback amplifier is known an transresistance
amplifier. It amplifies the input current to required voltage levels. The feedback path
consists of a resistor and a capacitor.
Design
(i) Without Feedback:
VCC = 12V; IC = 1mA; AV = 30; Rf = 2.5K; S = 2; hfe =
re = 26mV / IC = 26;
hie = hfe re =
VCE= Vcc/2 (transistor Active) =
VE = IERE = Vcc/10 =
2

; =1/ Rf = 0.0004

Applying KVL to output loop, we get

VCC = ICRC + VCE + IERE

RC =
Since IB is very small when compare with IC, IC IE
RE = VE / IE =
S = 1+ RB / RE
RB =
VB = VCC R2 / (R1 + R2)
RB = R1 || R2
R1 =

R2 =

(ii) With feedback:

RO = RC || Rf =
Ri = (RB || hie ) Rf =
Rm = -(hfe (RB || Rf) (RC || Rf)) / ((RB || Rf) + hie) =
Desensitivity factor, D = 1 + Rm
Rif = Ri / D =
Rof = Ro / D =
Rmf = Rm / D =
XCi = Rif /10 =
Ci = 1 / (2f XCi) =
Xco = Rof /10 =
Co = 1 / (2f XCo) =
RE = RE || ((RB + hie) / (1+hfe))
XCE = RE/10 =
CE = 1 / (2f XCE) =
XCf = Rf/10
Cf = 1 / (2f XCf) =
Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Keeping the input voltage constant, vary the frequency from 50Hz to 3MHz in
regular steps and note down the corresponding output voltage.
3. Plot the graph: Gain (dB) Vs Frequency
3

4. Calculate the bandwidth from the graph.

5. Calculate the input and output impedance.
6. Remove Emitter Capacitance, and follow the same procedures (1 to 5).
Tabular Column:
(i) Without Feedback:
Frequency

V0
(volts)

Vi = 10 mV
Gain = V0/Vi

Gain (dB) = 20 log(V0/Vi)

Vi = 10 mV
Gain = V0/Vi

Gain (dB) = 20 log(V0/Vi)

(ii) With Feedback:

Frequency

V0
(volts)

Model graph: (frequency response)

Gain in dB
Without feedback

With feedback

Frequency in Hz
Result:
Thus the current series feedback amplifier is designed and constructed and the
following parameters are calculated.
Theoretical
Practical
With feedback Without feedback With feedback Without feedback
Input
impedance
Output
impedance
Gain
(midband)
Bandwidth

Expt. No. 3

RC PHASE SHIFT OSCILLATOR

Aim:
To design and construct a RC phase shift oscillator for the given frequency (f0).
Components & Equipment required:
Sl. No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

Range /
Specifications
(0-30)V
(0-20M)Hz

Components / Equipment
Power supply
Function generator
CRO
Transistor
Resistors
Capacitors
Connecting wires

BC107

Quantity
1
1
1
1
Accordingly

Circuit Diagram:
Vcc = +12V

R1

RC
Cout
C

Cin

BC107
RL

R2

RE

CRO

CE

0
C

C
R

Theory:
In the RC phase shift oscillator, the required phase shift of 180 in the feedback
loop from the output to input is obtained by using R and C components, instead of tank
circuit. Here a common emitter amplifier is used in forward path followed by three
sections of RC phase network in the reverse path with the output of the last section being
returned to the input of the amplifier. The phase shift is given by each RC section
=tan1 (1/rc). In practice R-value is adjusted such that becomes 60. If the value
of R and C are chosen such that the given frequency for the phase shift of each RC
section is 60. Therefore at a specific frequency the total phase shift from base to
transistors around circuit and back to base is exactly 360 or 0. Thus the Barkhausen
criterion for oscillation is satisfied
Design:
VCC = 12V; IC = 1mA; C = 0.01F; fo =

; S = 2; hfe =

re = 26mV / IC = 26;
hie = hfe re =
VCE= Vcc/2 (transistor Active) =
VE = IERE = Vcc/10
Applying KVL to output loop, we get
VCC = ICRC + VCE + IERE
RC =
Since IB is very small when compare with IC,
IC IE
RE = VE / IE =
S = 1+ RB / RE = 2
RB =
VB = VBE + VE =
VB = VCC R2 / (R1 + R2)
RB = R1 || R2
R1 =

R2 =

Gain formula is given by,

h fe R Leff
AV =
(Av = -29, design given)
h ie
Effective load resistance is given by, Rleff = Rc || RL

RL =
XCi = {[hie+(1+hfe)RE] || RB}/10 =
Ci = 1 / (2f XCi) =
Xco = Rleff /10 =
Co = 1 / (2f XCo) =
XCE = RE/10 =
CE = 1 / (2f XCE) =
Feedback Network:
f0 =
fo =

; C = 0.01f;
1
2

6RC

R=
Procedure:
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2. Switch on the power supply and observe the output on the CRO (sine wave).
3. Note down the practical frequency and compare with its theoretical frequency.
Model Graph:
Vout (Voltage)

Time(ms)

Result:
Thus RC phase shift oscillator is designed and constructed and the output sine
wave frequency is calculated as
Theoretical

Practical

Frequency
Expt. No.4

HARTELY OSCILLATOR

Aim:
To design and construct the given oscillator for the given frequency (fO).
Components & Equipment required:
Sl. No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

Components / Equipment
Power supply
Function generator
CRO
Transistor
Resistors
Capacitors
DIB
DCB
Connecting wires

Range /
Specifications
(0-30)V
(0-20M)Hz
BC107

Quantity
1
1
1
1

Accordingly

Circuit Diagram:

Vcc = +12V

R1

RC
Cout
C

Cin

BC107

CRO

R2

RL
RE

CE

L1

L2

Theory:
Hartley oscillator is a type of sine wave generator. The oscillator derives its initial
output from the noise signals present in the circuit. After considerable time, it gains
strength and thereby producing sustained oscillations. Hartley Oscillator have two major
parts namely amplifier part and feedback part. The amplifier part has a typically CE
amplifier with voltage divider bias. In the feedback path, there is a LCL network. The
feedback network generally provides a fraction of output as feedback.
Design:
VCC = 12V; IC = 1mA; fo =

; S = 2; hfe =

re = 26mV / IC = 26;
hie = hfe re =
VCE= Vcc/2 (transistor Active) =
VE = IERE = Vcc/10
Applying KVL to output loop, we get

VCC = ICRC + VCE + IERE

RC =
Since IB is very small when compare with IC, IC IE
RE = VE / IE =
S = 1+ RB / RE = 2
RB =
VB = VBE + VE =
VB = VCC R2 / (R1 + R2)
RB = R1 || R2
R1 =

R2 =

Gain formula is given by,

h fe R Leff
AV =
(Av = -29, design given)
h ie
Effective load resistance is given by, Rleff = Rc || RL
RL =
XCi = {[hie+(1+hfe)RE] || RB}/10 =
Ci = 1 / (2f XCi) =
Xco = Rleff /10 =
Co = 1 / (2f XCo) =
XCE = RE/10 =
CE = 1 / (2f XCE) =
Feedback Network:
f0 =

; L1 = 1mH; L2 = 10mH
L1
1
A= =
L2
1
f=
2 L1 L 2 C
C=
Procedure:
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2. Switch on the power supply and observe the output on the CRO (sine wave).
10

3. Note down the practical frequency and compare with its theoretical frequency.
Model Graph:
Vout (Voltage)

Time(ms)

Result:
Thus Hartley oscillator is designed and constructed and the output sine wave
frequency is calculated as
Theoretical

Practical

Frequency
Expt. No.5

COLPITTS OSCILLATOR

Aim: To design and construct the given oscillator at the given operating frequency.
Equipments required:
Sl. No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

Components / Equipment
Power supply
Function generator
CRO
Transistor
Resistors
Capacitors
DIB
DCB
Connecting wires

Range /
Specifications
(0-30)V
(0-20M)Hz
BC107

Circuit Diagram:

11

Quantity
1
1
1
1

Vcc =
+12V

R1

RC
Cout
C

Cin

BC107
E

R2

RL
RE

CRO

CE

L
C1

C2

Theory:
A Colpitts oscillator is the electrical dual of a Hartley oscillator. In the Colpitts
circuit, two capacitors and one inductor determine the frequency of oscillation. The
oscillator derives its initial output from the noise signals present in the circuit. After
considerable time, it gains strength and thereby producing sustained oscillations. It has
two major parts namely amplifier part and feedback part. The amplifier part has a
typically CE amplifier with voltage divider bias. In the feedback path, there is a CLC
network. The feedback network generally provides a fraction of output as feedback.
Design:
VCC = 12V; IC = 1mA; fo =

; S = 2; hfe =

re = 26mV / IC = 26;
hie = hfe re =
VCE= Vcc/2 (transistor Active) =
VE = IERE = Vcc/10

12

Applying KVL to output loop, we get

VCC = ICRC + VCE + IERE
RC =
Since IB is very small when compare with IC, IC IE
RE = VE / IE =
S = 1+ RB / RE = 2
RB =
VB = VBE + VE =
VB = VCC R2 / (R1 + R2)
RB = R1 || R2
R1 =

R2 =

Gain formula is given by,

h fe R Leff
AV =
(Av = -29, design given)
h ie
Effective load resistance is given by, Rleff = Rc || RL
RL =
XCi = {[hie+(1+hfe)RE] || RB}/10 =
Ci = 1 / (2f XCi) =
Xco = Rleff /10 =
Co = 1 / (2f XCo) =
XCE = RE/10 =
CE = 1 / (2f XCE) =
Feedback Network:
f0 =

; C1 =

; C2 =

C2
1
A= =
C1

f=

1
2

C1 C 2
LC1C 2

L=
Procedure:

13

1. Rig up the circuit as per the circuit diagrams (both oscillators).

2. Switches on the power supply and observe the output on the CRO (sine wave).
3. Note down the practical frequency and compare with its theoretical frequency.
Model Graph:
Vout (Voltage)

Time(ms)

Result:
Thus Colpitts oscillator is designed and constructed and the output sine wave
frequency is calculated as
Theoretical

Practical

Frequency
Expt. No. 6

CMOS Inverter, NAND and NOR using PSPICE

Aim:
To plot the transient characteristics of output voltage for the given CMOS inverter,
NAND and NOR from 0 to 80s in steps of 1s. To calculate the voltage gain, input
impedance and output impedance for the input voltage of 5V.
Parameter Table:
Parameters

PMOS

NMOS

L
W
VTO
KP
CBD
CBS
RD
RS
RB

1
20
-2
4.5E-4
5p
2p
5
2
0

1
5
2
2
5p
2p
5
2
0

14

RG
RDS
CGSO
CGDO
CGBO

0
1Meg
1p
1p
1p

0
1Meg
1p
1p
1p

Circuit Diagram:
(i) Inverter:
VDD = +5V
3
S
G

Q1
D

Vin

Vout

D
Q2
G

(ii) NAND

15

RL = 100K

VDD = +5V
2
G

S
Q2

Q1
D

D
Vout

4
D
Vin1

Q3

G
S

RL = 100K

D
G

Vin2

Q4
S

(iii) NOR
VDD = +5V
3
Vin1

G
Q1

Vin2

S
D
S

Q2

D
4
D
G

Vout

D
Q3

Theory:
16

Q4
S

RL = 100K

(i) Inverter
CMOS is widely used in digital ICs because of their high speed, low power
dissipation and it can be operated at high voltages resulting in improved noise immunity.
The inverter consists of two MOSFETs. The source of p-channel device is connected to
+VDD and that of n-channel device is connected to ground. The gates of two devices are
connected as common input.
(ii) NAND
It consists of two p-channel MOSFETs connected in parallel and two n-channel
MOSFETs connected in series. P-channel MOSFET is ON when gate is negative and Nchannel MOSFET is ON when gate is positive. Thus when both input is low and when
either of input is low, the output is high.
(iii) NOR
It consists of two p-channel MOSFETs connected in series and two n-channel
MOSFETs connected in parallel. P-channel MOSFET is ON when gate is negative and
N-channel MOSFET is ON when gate is positive. Thus when both inputs are high and
when either of input is high, the output is low. When both the inputs are low, the output
is high.
Truth Table:
(i) Inverter
Input
0
1

Output
1
0

(ii) NAND
V1
0
0
1
1

V2
0
1
0
1

Output
1
1
1
0

V1
0
0
1
1

V2
0
1
0
1

Output
1
0
0
0

(iii) NOR

Model Graph:
17

(i) Inverter
Voltage
Input Waveform
5V
time (s)
0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Output Waveform
5V
time (s)
0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

40

50

60

70

80

40

50

60

70

80

(ii) NAND
Voltage
Input Waveform

time (s)
0

10

20

30

Output Waveform

time (s)
0

10

20

30

time (s)
0

10

20

30

40

50

60

(iii) NOR
18

70

80

Voltage
Input Waveform

time (s)
0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

40

50

60

70

80

Output Waveform

10

20

30

80

time (s)

time (s)
0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Output:
(i) Inverter
Gain = V(2)/Vin =
Input Resistance at Vin =
Output Resistance at V(2) =
(ii) NAND
Gain = V(4)/Vin1 = V(4)/Vin2 =
Input Resistance at Vin1 =
Input Resistance at Vin2 =
Output Resistance at V(4) =
(iii) NOR
Gain = V(4)/Vin1 = V(4)/Vin2 =
Input Resistance at Vin1 =
Input Resistance at Vin2 =
Output Resistance at V(4) =
Result:
Thus the transient characteristics of output voltage for the given CMOS inverter,
NAND and NOR is plotted and the voltage gain, input impedance and output impedance
are calculated.
Expt. No.7 SECOND ORDER BUTTERWORTH - LOW PASS FILTER

19

Aim:
To design and implement the second order butterworth Low pass filter using
PSPICE.
Circuit Diagram:

RIN

1K

RF 586 ohm

R1
1

V+

R2

1.59K

VIN

7
-

0.1u

+
4

1.59K

C1

1V

C2

0.1u

V-

VOUT

LM741
RL
10K

(100 - 10K)Hz
0

Theory:
A Low pass filter has a constant gain from 0 to fH. Hence the bandwidth of the
filter is fH. The range of frequency from 0 to f H is called pass band. The range of
frequencies beyond fH is completely attenuated and it is called as stop band.
Design:
fH = 1000HZ

C1= C2 =0.1F

RIN=1000

fH = 1 / 2RC
R = 1 / 2CfH
R = R1 = R2 = 1592
Gain = 1.586

20

1.586 = 1 + (RF / RIN)

RF = 586
Model Graph:
Gain (dB)

3dB

Frequency (HZ)
fH
Result:
Thus Low pass filter is designed and implemented using PSPICE.

21

Expt. No.8

DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER

Aim:
To implement the differential amplifier using PSPICE.
Circuit Diagram:
RF 10K
V+

VIN
1
VIN
2

RIN

10K

2 -

LM741

R2 10K
RCOMP
10K

3 +

6
Vout

V-

Theory:
A differential amplifier amplifies the difference between two voltages V1 and V2.
The output of the differential amplifier is dependent on the difference between two
signals and the common mode signal since it finds the difference between two inputs it
can be used as a subtractor. The output of differential amplifier is
RF
VO =

(V2 V1)
R1

22

Model Graph:
Voltage
V1
time
V2
time
V3
time
Calculation:
V1 = 5V

V2 = 10V

RF
VO =

10K
(V2 V1) =

R1

(10 5)
10K

VO = 5V
Output:
VO = 5V
Result:
Thus a differential amplifier is implemented using operational amplifier.

23

Expt. No.9 FREQUENCY RESPONSE OF SINGLE TUNED AMPLIFIER

Aim:
To design and construct a single tuned amplifier and to plot the frequency
response.
Equipment Required:
Sl. No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

Components / Equipment
Power supply
Function generator
CRO
Transistor
Resistors
Capacitors
DIB
DCB
Connecting wires

Range /
Specifications
(0-30)V
(0-20M)Hz

Quantity
1
1
1
1

BC107

Circuit Diagram:
VCC = +10V

R1

L
C
Cout

Cin
B

BC107
E
V=50mV

RL
CRO

R2
RE
CE

f=(1-3M)Hz

24

Design:
VCC = 12V; IC = 1mA; fo =

; S = 2; hfe =

Q = 5; L = 1mH
re = 26mV / IC = 26;
hie = hfe re =
VCE= Vcc/2 (transistor Active) =
VE = IERE = Vcc/10
Applying KVL to output loop, we get
VCC = ICRC + VCE + IERE
RC =
Since IB is very small when compare with IC, IC IE
RE = VE / IE =
S = 1+ RB / RE = 2
RB =
VB = VBE + VE =
VB = VCC R2 / (R1 + R2)
RB = R1 || R2
R1 =

R2 =

RL =
XCi = {[hie+(1+hfe)RE] || RB}/10 =
Ci = 1 / (2f XCi) =
Xco = (RC||RL) /10 =
Co = 1 / (2f XCo) =
XCE = RE/10 =
CE = 1 / (2f XCE) =
Q = RL / L
RL =
f0 =

1
2

LC

C=
25

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set Vi = 50 mV (say), using the signal generator.
3. Keeping the input voltage constant, vary the frequency from 0Hz to3MHz in
regular steps and note down the corresponding output voltage.
4. Plot the graph: Gain (dB) Vs Frequency
Tabular Column:
Vi = 50 mV
Frequency

V0 (volts)

Gain (dB) = 20 log(V0/Vi)

Model Graph: (Frequency Response)

GAIN
(dB)
|A|
(dB)

fc

FREQUENCY

Result:
Thus single tuned amplifier is designed and constructed for the given
operating frequency and the frequency response is plotted.

26

Expt. No.10

ASTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR

Aim:
To design and construct an astable multivibrator using transistor and to plot the
output waveform.
Components / Equipments Required:
Sl. No.

Item name

1
2
3
4
5
6

Transistor
Resistors
Capacitors
CRO
Power Supply
Connecting Wires

Range /
Specification
BC107
4.9K, 1.6M
0.45nF
(0-20M)Hz
(0-30)V

Quantity
2
2 each
2
1
1
Accordingly

Circuit Diagram:

Vcc = +12V

RC
5.9K

R
1.5M

R
1.5M

Vo1

0.48nF

Vo2

0.48nF

C
BC107

RC
5.9K

BC107

E
0

27

Theory:
Astable multivibrator is also known as free running multivibrator. It is
rectangular wave shaping circuit having non-stable states. This circuit does not need an
external trigger to change state. It consists of two similar NPN transistors. They are
capacitor coupled. It has 2 quasi-stable states. It switches between the two states without
any applications of input trigger pulses. Thus it produces a square wave output without
any input trigger. The time period of the output square wave is given by, T = 1.38RC.
Design Procedure:
VCC = 10V; IC = 2mA; VCE (sat) = 0.2V; f = 1KHz; hfe =
VCC - VCE (sat)
RC =

12 0.2
=

IC

= 5.9K
0.002

R hfe RC = 315 * 5.9 * 103 = 1.85M

R = 1.5M
T = 1.38RC
C = T / (1.38R) = (1 * 10-3) / (1.38 * 1.5 * 106)= 0.48nF
Procedure:
1.
2.
3.
4.

Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

Switch on the power supply.
Note down the output TON, TOFF and output voltage from CRO.
Plot the output waveform in the graph.

Tabular Column:
Amplitude
(in volts)

TON
(ms)

TOFF
(ms)

Vo1
Vo2

28

Frequency
(in Hz)

Model Graph:
Vo1 (Volts)

Time (ms)

Vo2 (Volts)

Time (ms)

RESULT:
Thus the astable multivibrator is designed and constructed using transistor and its
output waveform is plotted.

Expt. No.11

MONOSTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR
29

Aim:
To design and construct monostable multivibrator using transistor and to plot the
output waveform.
Components / Equipments Required:
Sl. No.
1
2
3
4
5
6

Item name
Transistor
Resistors
Capacitors
CRO
Power Supply
Connecting Wires

Range / Specification
BC107
4.9K, 1.6M
0.45nF
(0-20M)Hz
(0-30)V

Quantity
2
2 each
2
1
1
Accordingly

Circuit Diagram:
VCC = +12V

RC
5.9K
RC
5.9K

R
1.13M

Vo1

D1

10K R1

C
C1
Vo2

1.28nF

1N4007

25nF
C

C
B

BC107

BC107
E

E
R2
100K

VBB = -2V

Theory:

30

Monostable multivibrator has two states which are (i) quasi-stable state and (ii)
stable state. When a trigger input is given to the monostable multivibrator, it switches
between two states. It has resistor coupling with one transistor. The other transistor has
capacitive coupling. The capacitor is used to increase the speed of switching. The
resistor R2 is used to provide negative voltage to the base so that Q1 is OFF and Q2 is
ON. Thus an output square wave is obtained from monostable multivibrator.
Design Procedure:
VCC = 12V; VBB = -2V; IC = 2mA; VCE (sat) = 0.2V; f = 1KHz; hfe =
VCC - VCE (sat)

12 0.2

RC =

=
IC

= 5.9K
0.002

IB2(min) = IC2 / hfe =

Select IB2 > IB2(min)
IB2 =
VCC VBE (sat)
R=

=
I B2

T = 0.69RC
C = T / 0.69R =
-VBBR1
VB1 =

VCE (sat) R2
+

R1 + R 2
VBBR1

R1 + R 2
VCE (sat) R2

=
R1 + R 2

(since, V B1 is very less)

R1 + R 2

VBBR1
= VCE (sat) R2
R2 =10R1 (since, VBB = 2V and VCE (sat) = 0.2V)
Let R1 = 10K, then R2 = 100K
Choose C1 = 25pF.
Procedure:
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2. Switch on the power supply.
3. Observe the output at collector terminals.

31

4. Trigger Monostable with pulse and note down the output TON, TOFF and voltage
from CRO.
5. Plot the waveform in the graph.
Tabular Column:
Width
(ms)

TON
(ms)

Input
TOFF
(ms)

Voltage
(Volts)

TON
(ms)

Output
TOFF
Voltage
(ms)
(Volts)

Model Graph:
Vo1 (Volts)

Time (ms)

Vo2 (Volts)

Time (ms)

Result:
Thus the monostable multivibrator is designed and constructed using transistor
and its output waveform is plotted.
Expt. No.12

BISTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR

32

Aim:
To design a bistable multivibrator and to plot its output waveform.
Components / Equipments Required:
Sl. No.
1
2
3
4
5
6

Item name
Transistor
Resistors
Capacitors
CRO
Power Supply
Connecting Wires

Range / Specification
BC107
4.9K, 1.6M
0.45nF
(0-20M)Hz
(0-30)V

Quantity
2
2 each
2
1
1
Accordingly

Circuit Diagram:
VCC = +10V

RC
5.9K
D1

1N4007

5.9K

1N4007

D2

50pF

R1 10K

Vo1

RC

Pulse Trigger
(VT < VCC)

50pF

R1 10K

Vo2
C

BC107

BC107
E

E
R2

R2
1.8M

1.8M

VBB=-2V

Theory:

33

The bistable multivibrator has two stable states. The multivibrator can exist
indefinitely in either of the twostable states. It requires an external trigger pulse to
change from one stable state to another. The circuit remains in one stable state until an
external trigger pulse is applied. The bistable multivibrator is used for the performance
of many digital operations such as counting and storing of binary information. The
multivibrator also finds an applications in generation and pulse type waveform.
Design:
VCC =12V; VBB = -12V; IC = 2mA; VCE (sat) = 0.2V; VBE (sat) = 0.7V
VCC - VCE (sat)
RC =

12 0.2
=

IC

= 5.9K
0.002

R2 hfe RC = 315 * 5.9 * 103 = 1.85M

R2 = 1.8M
Let R1 = 10K, C1 = C2 = 50pF
Procedure:
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input trigger using trigger pulse generator.
3. Note the output waveform from CRO and plot the graph.
Tabular Column:
Input
Voltage
(Volts)

Width
(ms)

TON
(ms)

Input
TOFF
(ms)

Model Graph:

34

Voltage
(Volts)

TON
(ms)

Output
TOFF
Voltage
(ms)
(Volts)

Vo1 (Volts)

Time (ms)

Vo2 (Volts)

Time (ms)

Result:
Thus bistable multivibrator has been constructed and its output waveforms are
studied.

Expt. No. 13

WAVE SHAPING CIRCUITS

(Differentiator, Integrator, Clipper and Clamper)

35

Aim:
To design and implement different wave shaping circuits (Differentiator,
Integrator, Clipper and Clamper).
Components / Equipments Required:
Sl. No.
1
2
3
4
5

Range /
Specifications
(0 3M)Hz
(0-20M)Hz
1K / 100K
0.1F

Components / Equipment
Function / Pulse generator
CRO
Resistor
Capacitor
Connecting wires

Circuit Diagram:
(i) Differentiator:
C
0.1uF
Vin=5V
f= 1KHz

R
1K /
100K

CRO

(ii) Integrator:
R

1K / 100K

Vin=5V
f= 1KHz

0.1uF

(iii) Clipper:

36

CRO

Quantity
1
1
1
1
Accordingly

(a) Series Positive Clipper:

D

Vin=5V
f=1KHz

1N4007

R
10K

CRO

0
(b) Shunt Positive Clipper:
10K

Vin=5V
f=1KHz

1N4007

CRO

0
(c) Series Negative Clipper:
D
1N4007
Vin=5V
f=1KHz

R
10K

CRO

(d) Shunt Negative Clipper:

R

10K
CRO

Vin=5V
f=1KHz

1N4007

(e) Positive Biased Series Positive Clipper:

37

D
1N4007
R
10K
Vin=5V
f=1KHz

CRO

VB
2V

0
(f) Positive Biased Shunt Positive Clipper:
R

10K

1N4007

D
CRO

Vin=5V
f=1KHz

VB
2V

(g) Positive Biased Series Negative Clipper:

D
1N4007
R
10K
Vin=5V
f=1KHz

VB
2V

(h) Positive Biased Shunt Negative Clipper:

38

CRO

10K

1N4007

D
CRO

Vin=5V
f=1KHz

VB
2V

(i) Negative Biased Series Positive Clipper:

D
1N4007
R
10K
Vin=5V
f=1KHz

CRO

VB
2V

(j) Negative Biased Shunt Positive Clipper:

R

10K
D
1N4007
CRO

Vin=5V
f=1KHz

VB
2V
0

(k) Negative Biased Series Negative Clipper:

39

D
1N4007
R
10K

Vin=5V
f=1KHz

CRO

VB
2V

0
(l) Negative Biased Shunt Negative Clipper:
10K

D
1N4007
CRO

Vin=5V
f=1KHz

VB
2V
0

(m)

Combinational Clipper
R

Vin=5V
f=1KHz

10K
D

1N4007

1N4007
CRO
VB
2V

(iv) Clamper:

40

VB
2V

(a) Positive Clamper:

C
0.1uF

Vin=5V
f=1KHz

1N4007

R
10K

CRO

0
(b) Negative Clamper:
C
0.1uF

Vin=5V
f=1KHz

D
1N4007

R
10K

CRO

0
Theory:
(i) Differentiator:
The high pass RC network acts as a differentiator whose output voltage depends
upon the differential of input voltage. Its output voltage of the differentiator can be
expressed as,
d
Vout =

Vin
dt

(ii) Integrator:

41

The low pass RC network acts as an integrator whose output voltage depends
upon the integration of input voltage. Its output voltage of the integrator can be
expressed as,
Vout =

Vin dt

(iii) Clipper:
This circuit is basically a rectifier circuit, which clips the input waveform
according to the required specification. The diode acts as a clipper. There are several
clippers like positive clipper, negative clipper, etc. Depending upon the connection of
diode it can be classified as series and shunt.
(iv) Clamper:
The clamper circuit is a type of wave shaping circuit in which the DC level of the
input signal is altered. The DC voltage is varied accordingly and it is classified as
positive clamper or negative clamper accordingly.
Design:
(i) Differentiator:
f = 1KHz
= RC = 1ms
If C = 0.1F
Then R = 10K
For T << , Choose R = 1K and
For T >> , Choose R = 100K
(ii) Integrator:
f = 1KHz
= RC = 1ms
If C = 0.1F
Then R = 10K
For T << , Choose R = 1K and
For T >> , Choose R = 100K
Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set Vin = 5V and f = 1KHz.
3. Observe the Output waveform and plot the graph.

42

Model Graph:
(i) Differentiator
Vin (Volts)
Time (ms)

Vout (Volts)
Time (ms)

Time (ms)

(ii) Integrator
Vin (Volts)
Time (ms)

Vout (Volts)
Time (ms)

Time (ms)

43

(iii) Clipper:
Vin (Volts)

Time (ms)

Vout (Volts)
Series Positive Clipper
Time (ms)

Shunt Positive Clipper

Time (ms)

Series Negative Clipper

Time (ms)
Shunt Negative Clipper

Time (ms)
Positive Biased Series Positive Clipper
2V
Time (ms)

44

Positive Biased Shunt Positive Clipper

2V
Time (ms)

Positive Biased Series Negative Clipper

2V
Time (ms)
Positive Biased Shunt Negative Clipper

2V
Time (ms)
Negative Biased Series Positive Clipper
Time (ms)
-2V

Negative Biased Shunt Positive Clipper

Time (ms)
-2V

Negative Biased Series Negative Clipper

Time (ms)
-2V

45

Negative Biased Shunt Negative Clipper

Time (ms)
-2V
Combinational Clipper
2V
Time (ms)
-2V
(iv) Clamper:
Positive Clamper:

Time (ms)
Negative Clamper:
Time (ms)

Result:
Thus different wave shaping circuits are studied and their output waveforms are
plotted.

EXPT NO.14

DIGITAL TO ANALOG CONVERTER

(R 2R LADDER TYPE)

46

Aim:
To construct a 8 bit digital to analog converter using R 2R ladder type.
Circuit Diagram:
20K

V+
10K

10K

10K

7
LM741
5 +
4

3
20K

20K

20K

20K

VOUT

8
V0

0
0

-10V

Theory:
A DAC accepts an n bit input word b1, b2, , bn in binary and produces an
analog signal that is proportional to the input. In this type of DAC, reference voltage is
applied to one switch and the other switches are grounded. It is easier to build and
number of bits can be expanded by adding more R 2R sections. The circuit slow down
due to stray capacitance.
Observation:
d1 (MSB)

d2

d3 (LSB)

0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1

0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1

0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1

Calculation:
Output Voltage, VO = VR (d12-1 + d22-2 + d32-3 )

47

Output Voltage
VO (Volts)
0
1.25
2.5
3.75
5
6.25
7.5
8.75

For 100, VO = 5V
Output:
VO = 5V
Model Graph:
Voltage

5V

time
Result:
Thus R 2R ladder type digital to analog converter is implemented.

EXPT NO.15

ASTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR

Aim:

48

To plot the transient response of voltages at collector terminals of the two

transistors Q1 and Q2. Initial node voltages at collector and base are zero.
Circuit Diagram:
VCC = +10V
5

R2
4.9K

R1
850K

R3
850K

C1

C2
3

Vo1

0.9nF

Vo2

0.9nF

C
Q2
BC107

Q1
BC107

R4
4.9K

E
0
Theory:

It has two quasi stable states. The transition between the two states occurs
automatically due to charging and discharging of the capacitors and not due to any
external trigger. Thus none of the transistor is allowed to remain in ON or OFF state.
Design:
VCC = 10V;

IC = 2mA;

VCE = 0.2V;

VCC VCE (sat)

RC =

10 0.2
=

IC

C = 0.9nF

= 4.9K
0.002

R hfe RC = 850K
T = 1.38 R C
T = 1ms
C = T / (1.38R) = 0.9nF

49

Model Graph:
Voltage

V01
Time (ms)
0

0.5

1.5

V02
Time (ms)
0

0.5

1.5

Result:
Thus astable multivibrator is designed and transient response is plotted.

EXPT NO. 16

MONOSTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR

50

Aim:
To plot the transient response of voltages at collector terminals of Q1 and Q2.
Initial voltages of base and collector of Q1 transistor is zero.
Circuit Diagram:
VCC = +12V
5
R4
5.9K
R2
5.9K
Vo1

D1

R3
452K

10K R5

C1
2

C2

3.2nF

1N4007

Vo2
25nF

C
Q1
BC107

C
B

Q2
BC107

B
E

E
R1
100K

6
VBB = -2V

Theory:
Monostable multivibrator has two states which are (i) quasi-stable state and (ii)
stable state. When a trigger input is given to the monostable multivibrator, it switches
between two states. It has resistor coupling with one transistor. The other transistor has
capacitive coupling. The capacitor is used to increase the speed of switching. The
resistor R2 is used to provide negative voltage to the base so that Q1 is OFF and Q2 is
ON. Thus an output square wave is obtained from monostable multivibrator.
Model Graph:
Vo1 (Volts)
51

Time (ms)

Vo2 (Volts)

Time (ms)

Result:
Thus monostable multivibrator is designed and transient response is plotted.

13. WEIN BRIDGE OSCILLATOR

AIM: To study and calculate frequency of. Wein Bridge Oscillator.

52

APPARATUS:
Transistor
Resistors

Capacitors
RPS
Potentiometer
Bread Boar
CRO
Connecting wires

(BC 107)
10K
1 K
2.2 K
33 K
6.8 K
10 F
100 F
0.01 F
(0 30 V)

2 No
4 No
3 No
2 No
2 No
2 No

53

CIRCUITDIAGRAM:

THEORY:
The wein bridge oscillator is a standard circuit for generating low
frequencies in the range of 10 Hz to about 1MHz.The method used for getting
+ve feedback in wein bridge oscillator is to use two stages of an RC-coupled
amplifier. Since one stage of the RC-coupled amplifier introduces a phase shift
of 180 deg, two stages will introduces a phase shift of 360 deg. At the frequency
of oscillations f the +ve feedback network shown in fig makes the input & output
in the phase. The frequency of oscillations is given as
f =1/2R1C1R2C2
In addition to the positive feedback
54

PROCEDURE:
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram
2. Feed the output of the oscillator to a C.R.O by making adjustments in the
Potentiometer connected in the +ve feedback loop, try to obtain a stable
sine Wave.
3. Measure the time period of the waveform obtained on CRO. & calculate the
Frequency of oscillations.
4. Repeat the procedure for different values of capacitance.
OBSERVATION:
Given R=10k, C=0.01F
fT = 1/ 2RC
fP =

1
=
T

Amplitude,V0 =
MODEL WAVE FORM:

RESULT:
The frequency of the wein bridge oscillator is calculated and is verified
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. Give the formula for frequency of oscillations?
2. What is the condition for wien bridge oscillator to generate oscillations?
3. What is the total phase shift provided by the oscillator?
4. What is the function of lead-lag network in Wein bridge oscillator?

55

5. which type of feedback is used in Wein bridge oscillator

6. What is gain of Wein bridge oscillator?
7. what are the application of Wein bridge oscillator
8.

What is the condition for oscillations?

9. What

is

the

difference

between

damped

Oscillations?
Wein bridge oscillator is either LC or RC oscillator.

56

oscillations

undamped