Rasch Excel Demo: How Rasch measures are calculated (more or less) in

Explanations by Mark Moulton, Ph.D., of Educational Data Systems, Morgan Hill, CA. Email: mark

The purpose of this Excel demo is to give the Rasch practitioner a practical picture of the algorithm "under
be duplicated with a few Excel formulas. Polytomous data require more complicated formulas, but the pro
checking the formulas and fooling around with different values, you will quickly see what the Rasch Model
measures are considered "objective." Check these numbers against the WinSteps numbers and you shou
criteria. For further information and mathematical derivations, refer to "Best Test Design" by Ben Wright a

Page 1 leads off with raw data in a small matrix of persons (rows) by items (columns). Cells are a "1" if th
iterations that correspond to the JMLE program in WinSteps. They go trailing down the page. The PROX
displays the final results of these iterations: the person and item measures and their errors, the expected

Feel free to plug in alternative numbers in the Observed Raw Values matrix and see how the other tables

Step 3: Calculate the

proportion incorrect for
each column/item.

Step 4: Convert the proportion incorrect into

item difficulty logits by taking the natural log
of the odds of failure. Item Difficulty logit =
ln((1-p)/p)

Persons

Step 5: Adjust the item difficulties so that they

have a mean of 0.00 logits. This anchors the scale
on 0 and makes it possible to compute expected
values that approximate the observed values.

Iteration 0: We start with a matrix of observed dichotomous values.

OBSERVED RAW VALUES
1
2
3
0
1
0
A
1
0
1
B
0
0
0
C
1
1
1
D
0
1
0
E
0
1
1
F
1
0
0
G
1
0
0
H

Step 6: This cell is the expected value, what we

would expect Person A to get on Item 1. It is
computed as the sum of each possible value times
its probability: ExpectedVal A1 = 0 * P(0) + 1*P(1), I
1
where P is the probability. The probability of 1 is
P
0.56
given from the person's logit ability and the item's
adjusted logit difficulty. For Person A on Item 1, it is:Difficul -0.22
P{A1=1} = exp(Person A logit - Item 1 logit) / (1 +
Adj. Dif -0.09
exp(Person A logit - Item 1 logit)), where "exp"
means "exponent." Because the 0 term drops out,
these expected values are the same as the
probability of a 1 for that cell. Note (and this is very
important) that our computation of the expected
value for cell A1 could proceed even though the
ITERATION 1:
original A1 raw value is missing.

These expected values are the crux of the whole

algorithm. The idea is to adjust the Person Ability
logits and the Item Difficulty logits until the
discrepancies between the Observed and Expected
values are as small as possible.

0
0.44
0.22
0.36

Items
6

1
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
1

1
0
0
1
0
1
1
1
0

1
0
1
0
1
1
0
1
0

1
1
0
1
0
1
0
0
1

0.44 0.56 0.56 0.56 0.56

0.22 -0.22 -0.22 -0.22 -0.22
0.36 -0.09 -0.09 -0.09 -0.09

EXPECTED VALUES
2
3
4

Step 10: Compute the

residual for each cell. The
residual is the (Observed Expected) value for that cell.

exp(Person A logit - Item 1 logit)), where "exp"

means "exponent." Because the 0 term drops out,
these expected values are the same as the
probability of a 1 for that cell. Note (and this is very
important) that our computation of the expected
value for cell A1 could proceed even though the
original A1 raw value is missing.
These expected values are the crux of the whole
algorithm. The idea is to adjust the Person Ability
logits and the Item Difficulty logits until the
discrepancies between the Observed and Expected
values are as small as possible.

Step 13: Compute the

sum of residuals across
the column, used to get
an improved difficulty
logit.

Step 14: Take the

difficulty logit from the
previous iteration (Step
5) and adjust it by the
"standardized" sum of
residuals given in Step 9.

Step 15: Adjust the

difficulty logit
measures from Step 14
so they have a mean of
0.00 logits. This recenters the
measurement scale.

A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I

0.72
0.62
0.21
0.81
0.32
0.72
0.62
0.42
0.52

0.62 0.62 0.72

0.51 0.51 0.62
0.15 0.15 0.21
0.74 0.74 0.81
This
cell is0.23
"missing"
0.23
0.32
because the original
0.62
0.62
0.72
value is "missing."
0.51 0.51 0.62
0.32 0.32 0.42
0.41 0.41 0.52

0.72
0.62
0.21
0.81
0.32
0.72
0.62
0.42
0.52

Step 10: Compute the

0.72
0.72
residual for each cell. The
0.62
0.62
residual
is the (Observed Expected)
0.21
0.21value for that cell.
0.81 0.81
0.32 0.32
0.72 0.72
0.62 0.62
0.42 0.42
0.52 0.52

ITERATION 1:
1
A
-0.72
B
0.38
C
-0.21
D
0.19
E
-0.32
F
-0.72
G
0.38
H
0.58
I
0.48
Sum of -0.03
New Dif -0.10
Adjuste -0.10

RESIDUALS
2
3
4
5
6
7
0.38 -0.62 0.28 0.28 0.28 0.28
-0.51 0.49 0.38 -0.62 -0.62 0.38
-0.15 -0.15 -0.21 -0.21 0.79 -0.21
0.26 0.26 -0.81 0.19 -0.81 0.19
0.77 -0.23 0.68 -0.32 0.68 -0.32
0.38 0.38 -0.72 0.28 0.28 0.28
-0.51Step
-0.51
0.38 0.38 -0.62 -0.62
16: Compute a new round of
-0.32expected
-0.32 values,
-0.42 but
0.58
0.58use-0.42
this time
improved
set of
person
ability 0.48
-0.41the0.59
0.48
-0.52
-0.52
logits (Step 12) and item difficulty
0.11logits
0.11
-0.03
(Step
15). -0.03 -0.03 -0.03
0.41 0.41 -0.10 -0.10 -0.10 -0.10
0.42 0.42 -0.10 -0.10 -0.10 -0.10

ITERATION 2:
1
A
0.72
B
0.63
C
0.22
D
0.82
E
0.32
F
0.72
G
0.63
H
0.42
I
0.53

EXPECTED VALUES
2
3
4
5
0.61 0.61 0.72 0.72
0.50 0.50 0.63 0.63
0.14 0.14 0.22 0.22
0.73 0.73 0.82 0.82
0.22 0.22 0.32 0.32
0.61 0.61 0.72 0.72
0.50 0.50 0.63 0.63
0.30 0.30 0.42 0.42
0.40 0.40 0.53 0.53

ITERATION 2:
1
A
-0.72
B
0.37
C
-0.22
D
0.18
E
-0.32
F
-0.72

RESIDUALS
2
3
0.39 -0.61
-0.50 0.50
-0.14 -0.14
0.27 0.27
0.78 -0.22
0.39 0.39

6
0.72
0.63
0.22
0.82
0.32
0.72
0.63
0.42
0.53

7
0.72
0.63
0.22
0.82
0.32
0.72
0.63
0.42
0.53

4
5
6
7
0.28 0.28 0.28 0.28
0.37 -0.63 -0.63 0.37
-0.22 -0.22 0.78 -0.22
-0.82 0.18 -0.82 0.18
0.68 -0.32 0.68 -0.32
-0.72 0.28 0.28 0.28

G
H
I
Sum of
New Dif
Adjuste

0.37 -0.50 -0.50 0.37 0.37

0.58 -0.30 -0.30 -0.42 0.58
0.47 -0.40 0.60 0.47 -0.53
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
-0.10 0.42 0.42 -0.10 -0.10
-0.10 0.42 0.42 -0.10 -0.10

-0.63
0.58
-0.53
0.00
-0.10
-0.10

-0.63
-0.42
0.47
0.00
-0.10
-0.10

6
0.72
0.63
0.22
0.82
0.32
0.72
0.63
0.42
0.53

7
0.72
0.63
0.22
0.82
0.32
0.72
0.63
0.42
0.53

ITERATION 3:
1
A
0.72
B
0.63
C
0.22
D
0.82
E
0.32
F
0.72
G
0.63
H
0.42
I
0.53

EXPECTED VALUES
2
3
4
5
0.61 0.61 0.72 0.72
0.50 0.50 0.63 0.63
0.14 0.14 0.22 0.22
0.73 0.73 0.82 0.82
0.22 0.22 0.32 0.32
0.61 0.61 0.72 0.72
0.50 0.50 0.63 0.63
0.30 0.30 0.42 0.42
0.40 0.40 0.53 0.53

ITERATION 3:
1
A
-0.72
B
0.37
C
-0.22
D
0.18
E
-0.32
F
-0.72
G
0.37
H
0.58
I
0.47
Sum of 0.00
New Dif -0.10
Adjuste -0.10

RESIDUALS
2
3
0.39 -0.61
-0.50 0.50
-0.14 -0.14
0.27 0.27
0.78 -0.22
0.39 0.39
-0.50 -0.50
-0.30 -0.30
-0.40 0.60
0.00 0.00
0.42 0.42
0.42 0.42

5
0.28
-0.63
-0.22
0.18
-0.32
0.28
0.37
0.58
-0.53
0.00
-0.10
-0.10

6
0.28
-0.63
0.78
-0.82
0.68
0.28
-0.63
0.58
-0.53
0.00
-0.10
-0.10

7
0.28
0.37
-0.22
0.18
-0.32
0.28
-0.63
-0.42
0.47
0.00
-0.10
-0.10

ITERATION 4:
1
A
0.72
B
0.63
C
0.22
D
0.82
E
0.32
F
0.72
G
0.63
H
0.42
I
0.53

EXPECTED VALUES
2
3
4
5
0.61 0.61 0.72 0.72
0.50 0.50 0.63 0.63
0.14 0.14 0.22 0.22
0.73 0.73 0.82 0.82
0.22 0.22 0.32 0.32
0.61 0.61 0.72 0.72
0.50 0.50 0.63 0.63
0.30 0.30 0.42 0.42
0.40 0.40 0.53 0.53

6
0.72
0.63
0.22
0.82
0.32
0.72
0.63
0.42
0.53

7
0.72
0.63
0.22
0.82
0.32
0.72
0.63
0.42
0.53

4
0.28
0.37
-0.22
-0.82
0.68
-0.72
0.37
-0.42
0.47
0.00
-0.10
-0.10

ITERATION 4:
1
A
-0.72
B
0.37
C
-0.22
D
0.18
E
-0.32
F
-0.72
G
0.37
H
0.58
I
0.47
Sum of 0.00
New Dif -0.10
Adjuste -0.10

RESIDUALS
2
3
0.39 -0.61
-0.50 0.50
-0.14 -0.14
0.27 0.27
0.78 -0.22
0.39 0.39
-0.50 -0.50
-0.30 -0.30
-0.40 0.60
0.00 0.00
0.42 0.42
0.42 0.42

5
0.28
-0.63
-0.22
0.18
-0.32
0.28
0.37
0.58
-0.53
0.00
-0.10
-0.10

6
0.28
-0.63
0.78
-0.82
0.68
0.28
-0.63
0.58
-0.53
0.00
-0.10
-0.10

7
0.28
0.37
-0.22
0.18
-0.32
0.28
-0.63
-0.42
0.47
0.00
-0.10
-0.10

ITERATION 5:
1
A
0.72
B
0.63
C
0.22
D
0.82
E
0.32
F
0.72
G
0.63
H
0.42
I
0.53

EXPECTED VALUES
2
3
4
5
0.61 0.61 0.72 0.72
0.50 0.50 0.63 0.63
0.14 0.14 0.22 0.22
0.73 0.73 0.82 0.82
0.22 0.22 0.32 0.32
0.61 0.61 0.72 0.72
0.50 0.50 0.63 0.63
0.30 0.30 0.42 0.42
0.40 0.40 0.53 0.53

6
0.72
0.63
0.22
0.82
0.32
0.72
0.63
0.42
0.53

7
0.72
0.63
0.22
0.82
0.32
0.72
0.63
0.42
0.53

ITERATION 5:
1
A
-0.72
B
0.37
C
-0.22
D
0.18
E
-0.32
F
-0.72
G
0.37
H
0.58
I
0.47
Sum of 0.00
New Dif -0.10
Adjuste -0.10

RESIDUALS
2
3
0.39 -0.61
-0.50 0.50
-0.14 -0.14
0.27 0.27
0.78 -0.22
0.39 0.39
-0.50 -0.50
-0.30 -0.30
-0.40 0.60
0.00 0.00
0.42 0.42
0.42 0.42

6
0.28
-0.63
0.78
-0.82
0.68
0.28
-0.63
0.58
-0.53
0.00
-0.10
-0.10

7
0.28
0.37
-0.22
0.18
-0.32
0.28
-0.63
-0.42
0.47
0.00
-0.10
-0.10

4
0.28
0.37
-0.22
-0.82
0.68
-0.72
0.37
-0.42
0.47
0.00
-0.10
-0.10

4
0.28
0.37
-0.22
-0.82
0.68
-0.72
0.37
-0.42
0.47
0.00
-0.10
-0.10

5
0.28
-0.63
-0.22
0.18
-0.32
0.28
0.37
0.58
-0.53
0.00
-0.10
-0.10

ITERATION 6: EXPECTED VALUES

3
0.61
0.50
0.14
0.73
0.22
0.61
0.50
0.30
0.40

4
0.72
0.63
0.22
0.82
0.32
0.72
0.63
0.42
0.53

5
0.72
0.63
0.22
0.82
0.32
0.72
0.63
0.42
0.53

6
0.72
0.63
0.22
0.82
0.32
0.72
0.63
0.42
0.53

7
0.72
0.63
0.22
0.82
0.32
0.72
0.63
0.42
0.53

ITERATION 6:
1
A
-0.72
B
0.37
C
-0.22
D
0.18
E
-0.32
F
-0.72
G
0.37
H
0.58
I
0.47
Sum of 0.00
New Dif -0.10
Adjuste -0.10

RESIDUALS
2
3
0.39 -0.61
-0.50 0.50
-0.14 -0.14
0.27 0.27
0.78 -0.22
0.39 0.39
-0.50 -0.50
-0.30 -0.30
-0.40 0.60
0.00 0.00
0.42 0.42
0.42 0.42

4
0.28
0.37
-0.22
-0.82
0.68
-0.72
0.37
-0.42
0.47
0.00
-0.10
-0.10

5
0.28
-0.63
-0.22
0.18
-0.32
0.28
0.37
0.58
-0.53
0.00
-0.10
-0.10

6
0.28
-0.63
0.78
-0.82
0.68
0.28
-0.63
0.58
-0.53
0.00
-0.10
-0.10

7
0.28
0.37
-0.22
0.18
-0.32
0.28
-0.63
-0.42
0.47
0.00
-0.10
-0.10

ITERATION 7:
1
A
0.72
B
0.63
C
0.22
D
0.82
E
0.32
F
0.72
G
0.63
H
0.42
I
0.53

EXPECTED VALUES
2
3
4
5
0.61 0.61 0.72 0.72
0.50 0.50 0.63 0.63
0.14 0.14 0.22 0.22
0.73 0.73 0.82 0.82
0.22 0.22 0.32 0.32
0.61 0.61 0.72 0.72
0.50 0.50 0.63 0.63
0.30 0.30 0.42 0.42
0.40 0.40 0.53 0.53

6
0.72
0.63
0.22
0.82
0.32
0.72
0.63
0.42
0.53

7
0.72
0.63
0.22
0.82
0.32
0.72
0.63
0.42
0.53

ITERATION 7:
1
A
-0.72
B
0.37
C
-0.22
D
0.18
E
-0.32

RESIDUALS
2
3
0.39 -0.61
-0.50 0.50
-0.14 -0.14
0.27 0.27
0.78 -0.22

A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I

1
0.72
0.63
0.22
0.82
0.32
0.72
0.63
0.42
0.53

2
0.61
0.50
0.14
0.73
0.22
0.61
0.50
0.30
0.40

4
5
6
7
0.28 0.28 0.28 0.28
0.37 -0.63 -0.63 0.37
-0.22 -0.22 0.78 -0.22
-0.82 0.18 -0.82 0.18
0.68 -0.32 0.68 -0.32

F
G
H
I
Sum of
New Dif
Adjuste

LAST ITERATION

-0.72 0.39 0.39 -0.72 0.28

0.37 -0.50 -0.50 0.37 0.37
0.58 -0.30 -0.30 -0.42 0.58
0.47 -0.40 0.60 0.47 -0.53
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
-0.10 0.42 0.42 -0.10 -0.10
-0.10 0.42 0.42 -0.10 -0.10

0.28
-0.63
0.58
-0.53
0.00
-0.10
-0.10

0.28
-0.63
-0.42
0.47
0.00
-0.10
-0.10

6
0.72
0.63
0.22
0.82
0.32
0.72
0.63
0.42
0.53

7
0.72
0.63
0.22
0.82
0.32
0.72
0.63
0.42
0.53

6
0.28
-0.63
0.78
-0.82
0.68
0.28
-0.63
0.58
-0.53
0.00
-0.10
-0.10

7
0.28
0.37
-0.22
0.18
-0.32
0.28
-0.63
-0.42
0.47
0.00
-0.10
-0.10

ITERATION 8:
1
A
0.72
B
0.63
C
0.22
D
0.82
E
0.32
F
0.72
G
0.63
H
0.42
I
0.53

EXPECTED VALUES
2
3
4
5
0.61 0.61 0.72 0.72
0.50 0.50 0.63 0.63
0.14 0.14 0.22 0.22
0.73 0.73 0.82 0.82
0.22 0.22 0.32 0.32
0.61 0.61 0.72 0.72
0.50 0.50 0.63 0.63
0.30 0.30 0.42 0.42
0.40 0.40 0.53 0.53

ITERATION 8:
1
A
-0.72
B
0.37
C
-0.22
D
0.18
E
-0.32
F
-0.72
G
0.37
H
0.58
I
0.47
Sum of 0.00
New Dif -0.10
Adjuste -0.10

RESIDUALS
2
3
0.39 -0.61
-0.50 0.50
-0.14 -0.14
0.27 0.27
0.78 -0.22
0.39 0.39
-0.50 -0.50
-0.30 -0.30
-0.40 0.60
0.00 0.00
0.42 0.42
0.42 0.42

ITERATION 9:
1
A
0.72
B
0.63
C
0.22
D
0.82
E
0.32
F
0.72
G
0.63
H
0.42

EXPECTED VALUES
2
3
4
5
6
7
0.61 0.61For 0.72
0.72
0.72
0.72
each cell, this residual
the cell0.63
0.50 0.50squared
0.63 divided
0.63 by0.63
for that
0.14 0.14variance
0.22 gives
0.22the fit
0.22
0.22
cell.
0.73 0.73 0.82 0.82 0.82 0.82
0.22 0.22 0.32 0.32 0.32 0.32
0.61 0.61 0.72 0.72 0.72 0.72
0.50 0.50 0.63 0.63 0.63 0.63
0.30 0.30 0.42 0.42 0.42 0.42

4
0.28
0.37
-0.22
-0.82
0.68
-0.72
0.37
-0.42
0.47
0.00
-0.10
-0.10

5
0.28
-0.63
-0.22
0.18
-0.32
0.28
0.37
0.58
-0.53
0.00
-0.10
-0.10

0.53

0.40

0.40

0.53

0.53

0.53

0.53

4
0.28
0.37
-0.22
-0.82
0.68
-0.72
0.37
-0.42
0.47
0.00
-0.10
-0.10

5
0.28
-0.63
-0.22
0.18
-0.32
0.28
0.37
0.58
-0.53
0.00
-0.10
-0.10

6
0.28
-0.63
0.78
-0.82
0.68
0.28
-0.63
0.58
-0.53
0.00
-0.10
-0.10

7
0.28
0.37
-0.22
0.18
-0.32
0.28
-0.63
-0.42
0.47
0.00
-0.10
-0.10

These are the "final"

item difficulty
ITERATION
9: RESIDUALS
calibrations
that get
reported
in
1
2 WinSteps.
3

A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
Sum of
New Dif
Adjuste

-0.72
0.37
-0.22
0.18
-0.32
-0.72
0.37
0.58
0.47
0.00
-0.10
-0.10

0.39
-0.50
-0.14
0.27
0.78
0.39
-0.50
-0.30
-0.40
0.00
0.42
0.42

-0.61
0.50
-0.14
0.27
-0.22
0.39
-0.50
-0.30
0.60
0.00
0.42
0.42

d (more or less) in WinSteps, using the JMLE (Joint Maximum Likelihood Estimati

an Hill, CA. Email: markm@eddata.com

ure of the algorithm "under the hood" of most Rasch algorithms. For dichotomous data, it is pretty simple and can
cated formulas, but the process is ultimately the same. By downloading a copy of this Excel workbook and
see what the Rasch Model can do, how it handles missing data, what its outputs mean, and in what sense its
eps numbers and you should find a pretty good match, depending on how well you matched the convergence
est Design" by Ben Wright and Mark Stone or "Rating Scale Analysis" by Ben Wright and Geofferey Masters.

umns). Cells are a Step

"1" if 1:
theCalculate
personthe
got the item
a "0"
wrong, correct
a "." if into
missing.
Step correct,
2: Convert
the if
proportion
person This
abilitypage shows nine
person's
proportion
logits
by
taking
the
natural
log
of
the
odds
of
success.
down the page. The PROX routine, which WinSteps uses to generate initial estimates, is not shown here. Page 2
correct for each row.
Student ability logit = ln(p/(1-p)).
d their errors, the expected values, the cell errors,
and the misfit statistics.

nd see how the other tables and Page 2 results change.

Unadjusted average
item difficulty.

Item difficulty adjusted

so that the average is
0.00.

erved dichotomous values.

10 P

1
1
0
1
0
0
1
1
0

0
1
0
1
0
1
1
0
1

1
0
1
1
0
1
1
0
0

10

Ability Logit
0.70 0.85
0.60 0.41
0.20 -1.39
0.80 1.39
0.30 -0.85
0.70 0.85
0.60 0.41
0.40 -0.41

0.50
0.56 0.56 0.56
-0.22 -0.22 -0.22 -0.13
-0.09 -0.09 -0.09 0.00

Step 10: Compute the

residual for each cell. The
residual is the (Observed Expected) value for that cell.

Step 7: We compute the variance of each estima

the standard error squared) as V = p*(1-p). This fo
from the expected values formula applied to the sq
deviations: V = (0-ExpVal)^2 *P(0) + (1 - ExpVal)^
that these variances are biggest along the bounda
the 1's from the 0's for each person.

0.00
0.14

ITERATION 1: VARIANCE OF EXPECTED VALUES

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Step 11: Compute the
sum of residuals for this
row, which can alternatively
be interpreted as the sum of
Observed values minus the
sum of Expected values for
the row. The goal is to

Step 12: Take the person ability

logit from the previous iteration
(Step 2) and adjust it by the sum of
residuals divided by the sum of the
cell variances from Step 8. Thus,
as the sum of residuals (divided by
the sum of variances which

Step 9: W
cell varianc
column and
This numbe
the denom
tweaking th
to maximiz
represents

Step 10: Compute the

0.72 0.72
residual for each cell. The
0.62
residual is the 0.62
(Observed
Expected) value
for that
cell.
0.21
0.21

0.81
0.32
0.72
0.62
0.42
0.52

0.81
0.32
0.72
0.62
0.42
0.52

8
0.28
0.38
-0.21
0.19
-0.32
-0.72
0.38
0.58
-0.52
-0.03
-0.10
-0.10

9
-0.72
0.38
-0.21
0.19
-0.32
0.28
0.38
-0.42
0.48
-0.03
-0.10
-0.10

8
0.72
0.63
0.22
0.82
0.32
0.72
0.63
0.42
0.53

9
0.72
0.63
0.22
0.82
0.32
0.72
0.63
0.42
0.53

0.72
0.62
0.21
0.81
0.32
0.72
0.62
0.42
0.52

A 11: Compute
0.20 the
0.24 0.24Step
0.20
0.20the0.20
Step
12: Take
person 0.20
ability 0.20
sum
from the
previous
B of residuals
0.24for this
0.25 0.25logit
0.24
0.24
0.24iteration
0.24 0.24
row, which can alternatively
(Step 2) and adjust it by the sum of
0.17
0.17 divided
0.17 by0.17
0.17
beCinterpreted
as the0.13
sum of0.13residuals
the sum
of the0.17
Observed
values
the 0.19cell0.15
variances
from0.15
Step 8. 0.15
Thus, 0.15
D
0.15minus
0.19
0.15
sum
of residuals
E of Expected
0.22values
0.18for 0.18as the
0.22sum0.22
0.22(divided
0.22 by0.22
the row. The goal is to
the sum of variances which
F the ability
0.20and0.24 0.24standardizes
0.20 0.20
0.20 0.20
adjust
it) approaches
zero, 0.20
difficulty
logit0.24
measures
amount0.24
by which
you need
G
0.25 0.25the0.24
0.24
0.24to 0.24
until this sum of residuals
ability estimate
H
0.24 0.22 0.22adjust
0.24the previous
0.24 0.24
0.24 0.24
equals zero for each row.
also approaches zero, and you
I resulting0.25
0.24
0.24converge
0.25 on
0.25
0.25 0.25 0.25
The
solution
is
the maximum
called
a Maximum
(-1)*(S
-1.91 -1.93 -1.93likelihood
-1.91 solution.
-1.91 -1.91 -1.91 -1.91
Likelihood solution, but it is
nearly the same as a Least
See "Best Test Design" for the full
Squares solution, or simply
derivation, though it also makes
the "most sensible"
intuitive sense when you think
solution.
about it.

10 Sum ofNew Ability Logit

0.28 0.01 0.85
This is0.41
the squared
-0.62 0.01
sum of residuals for
0.79 -0.02
-1.40
the entire matrix.
0.19 0.02
Iterate1.40
until this
number
is 0, or
-0.32 -0.01
-0.85
close to it.
0.28 0.01 0.85
0.38 0.01 0.41
-0.42 -0.01 -0.41
-0.52 0.00 0.00
-0.03 0.00
-0.10 0.00
-0.10 0.00

10
0.72
0.63
0.22
0.82
0.32
0.72
0.63
0.42
0.53

Step 9: W
cell varianc
column and
This numbe
the denom
tweaking th
to maximiz
represents
derivative o
function. A
iteration, th
reciprocol o
(1/sum(cell
becomes th
the item di
Take the sq
the item's s

Step 17: Compute a

new set of variances
using the values in
Step 16.

ITERATION 2: VARIANCE OF EXPECTED VALUES

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
A
0.20
0.24Steps
0.2018,0.20
0.20
0.20just
0.20
And0.24
so on
19, and
so forth
repeat the steps in
B
0.23
0.25 0.25
0.23 You
0.23keep
0.23
0.23 them
0.23 through as many
the previous
iteration.
repeating
C
0.17
0.12 as
0.12
0.17
0.17 0.17
iterations
you 0.17
like until
the squared
sum 0.17
of residuals is as clos
D
0.15
0.20as 0.20
0.15 0.15Check
0.15out0.15
0.15
to zero
is comfortable.
the last
iteration for more
comments.
E
0.22
0.17 0.17 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22
F
0.20 0.24 0.24 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20
G
0.23 0.25 0.25 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23
H
0.24 0.21 0.21 0.24 0.24 0.24 0.24 0.24
I
0.25 0.24 0.24 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25
This is the squared
(-1)*(S
-1.90
-1.92 -1.92 -1.90 -1.90 -1.90 -1.90 -1.90
sum of residuals for
the entire matrix.
Iterate until this
number is 0, or
close to it.

8
9
10 Sum ofNew Ability Logit
0.28 -0.72 0.28 0.00 0.86
0.37 0.37 -0.63 0.00 0.41
-0.22 -0.22 0.78 -0.01 -1.40
0.18 0.18 0.18 0.01 1.40
-0.32 -0.32 -0.32 -0.01 -0.86
-0.72 0.28 0.28 0.00 0.86

0.37 0.37 0.37

0.58 -0.42 -0.42
-0.53 0.47 -0.53
0.00 0.00 0.00
-0.10 -0.10 -0.10
-0.10 -0.10 -0.10

8
0.72
0.63
0.22
0.82
0.32
0.72
0.63
0.42
0.53

9
0.72
0.63
0.22
0.82
0.32
0.72
0.63
0.42
0.53

8
0.28
0.37
-0.22
0.18
-0.32
-0.72
0.37
0.58
-0.53
0.00
-0.10
-0.10

9
-0.72
0.37
-0.22
0.18
-0.32
0.28
0.37
-0.42
0.47
0.00
-0.10
-0.10

8
0.72
0.63
0.22
0.82
0.32
0.72
0.63
0.42
0.53

9
0.72
0.63
0.22
0.82
0.32
0.72
0.63
0.42
0.53

10
0.72
0.63
0.22
0.82
0.32
0.72
0.63
0.42
0.53

0.00 0.41
0.00 -0.41
0.00 0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00

ITERATION 3:
1
A
0.20
B
0.23
C
0.17
D
0.15
E
0.22
F
0.20
G
0.23
H
0.24
I
0.25
(-1)*(S -1.90

VARIANCE OF EXPECTED VALUES

2
3
4
5
6
7
8
0.24 0.24 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20
0.25 0.25 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23
0.12 0.12 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.17
0.20 0.20 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15
0.17 0.17 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22
0.24 0.24 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20
0.25 0.25 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23
0.21 0.21 0.24 0.24 0.24 0.24 0.24
0.24 0.24 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25
-1.92 -1.92 -1.90 -1.90 -1.90 -1.90 -1.90

10 Sum ofNew Ability Logit

0.28 0.00 0.86
-0.63 0.00 0.41
0.78 0.00 -1.40
0.18 0.00 1.40
-0.32 0.00 -0.86
0.28 0.00 0.86
0.37 0.00 0.41
-0.42 0.00 -0.41
-0.53 0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00
-0.10 0.00
-0.10 0.00

10
0.72
0.63
0.22
0.82
0.32
0.72
0.63
0.42
0.53

ITERATION 4:
1
A
0.20
B
0.23
C
0.17
D
0.15
E
0.22
F
0.20
G
0.23
H
0.24
I
0.25

VARIANCE OF EXPECTED VALUES

2
3
4
5
6
7
0.24 0.24 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20
0.25 0.25 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23
0.12 0.12 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.17
0.20 0.20 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15
0.17 0.17 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22
0.24 0.24 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20
0.25 0.25 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23
0.21 0.21 0.24 0.24 0.24 0.24
0.24 0.24 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25

8
0.20
0.23
0.17
0.15
0.22
0.20
0.23
0.24
0.25

(-1)*(S -1.90 -1.92 -1.92 -1.90 -1.90 -1.90 -1.90 -1.90

8
0.28
0.37
-0.22
0.18
-0.32
-0.72
0.37
0.58
-0.53
0.00
-0.10
-0.10

9
-0.72
0.37
-0.22
0.18
-0.32
0.28
0.37
-0.42
0.47
0.00
-0.10
-0.10

8
0.72
0.63
0.22
0.82
0.32
0.72
0.63
0.42
0.53

9
0.72
0.63
0.22
0.82
0.32
0.72
0.63
0.42
0.53

8
0.28
0.37
-0.22
0.18
-0.32
-0.72
0.37
0.58
-0.53
0.00
-0.10
-0.10

9
-0.72
0.37
-0.22
0.18
-0.32
0.28
0.37
-0.42
0.47
0.00
-0.10
-0.10

10 Sum ofNew Ability Logit

0.28 0.00 0.86
-0.63 0.00 0.41
0.78 0.00 -1.40
0.18 0.00 1.40
-0.32 0.00 -0.86
0.28 0.00 0.86
0.37 0.00 0.41
-0.42 0.00 -0.41
-0.53 0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00
-0.10 0.00
-0.10 0.00

10
0.72
0.63
0.22
0.82
0.32
0.72
0.63
0.42
0.53

ITERATION 5:
1
A
0.20
B
0.23
C
0.17
D
0.15
E
0.22
F
0.20
G
0.23
H
0.24
I
0.25
(-1)*(S -1.90

VARIANCE OF EXPECTED VALUES

2
3
4
5
6
7
8
0.24 0.24 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20
0.25 0.25 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23
0.12 0.12 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.17
0.20 0.20 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15
0.17 0.17 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22
0.24 0.24 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20
0.25 0.25 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23
0.21 0.21 0.24 0.24 0.24 0.24 0.24
0.24 0.24 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25
-1.92 -1.92 -1.90 -1.90 -1.90 -1.90 -1.90

10 Sum ofNew Ability Logit

0.28 0.00 0.86
-0.63 0.00 0.41
0.78 0.00 -1.40
0.18 0.00 1.40
-0.32 0.00 -0.86
0.28 0.00 0.86
0.37 0.00 0.41
-0.42 0.00 -0.41
-0.53 0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00
-0.10 0.00
-0.10 0.00

ITERATION 6: VARIANCE OF EXPECTED VALUES

8
0.72
0.63
0.22
0.82
0.32
0.72
0.63
0.42
0.53

9
0.72
0.63
0.22
0.82
0.32
0.72
0.63
0.42
0.53

8
0.28
0.37
-0.22
0.18
-0.32
-0.72
0.37
0.58
-0.53
0.00
-0.10
-0.10

9
-0.72
0.37
-0.22
0.18
-0.32
0.28
0.37
-0.42
0.47
0.00
-0.10
-0.10

8
0.72
0.63
0.22
0.82
0.32
0.72
0.63
0.42
0.53

9
0.72
0.63
0.22
0.82
0.32
0.72
0.63
0.42
0.53

10
0.72
0.63
0.22
0.82
0.32
0.72
0.63
0.42
0.53

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
A
0.20 0.24 0.24 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20
B
0.23 0.25 0.25 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23
C
0.17 0.12 0.12 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.17
D
0.15 0.20 0.20 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15
E
0.22 0.17 0.17 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22
F
0.20 0.24 0.24 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20
G
0.23 0.25 0.25 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23
H
0.24 0.21 0.21 0.24 0.24 0.24 0.24 0.24
I
0.25 0.24 0.24 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25
(-1)*(S -1.90 -1.92 -1.92 -1.90 -1.90 -1.90 -1.90 -1.90

10 Sum ofNew Ability Logit

0.28 0.00 0.86
-0.63 0.00 0.41
0.78 0.00 -1.40
0.18 0.00 1.40
-0.32 0.00 -0.86
0.28 0.00 0.86
0.37 0.00 0.41
-0.42 0.00 -0.41
-0.53 0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00
-0.10 0.00
-0.10 0.00

10
0.72
0.63
0.22
0.82
0.32
0.72
0.63
0.42
0.53

ITERATION 7:
1
A
0.20
B
0.23
C
0.17
D
0.15
E
0.22
F
0.20
G
0.23
H
0.24
I
0.25
(-1)*(S -1.90

8
9
10 Sum ofNew Ability Logit
0.28 -0.72 0.28 0.00 0.86
0.37 0.37 -0.63 0.00 0.41
-0.22 -0.22 0.78 0.00 -1.40
0.18 0.18 0.18 0.00 1.40
-0.32 -0.32 -0.32 0.00 -0.86

VARIANCE OF EXPECTED VALUES

2
3
4
5
6
7
8
0.24 0.24 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20
0.25 0.25 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23
0.12 0.12 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.17
0.20 0.20 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15
0.17 0.17 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22
0.24 0.24 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20
0.25 0.25 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23
0.21 0.21 0.24 0.24 0.24 0.24 0.24
0.24 0.24 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25
-1.92 -1.92 -1.90 -1.90 -1.90 -1.90 -1.90

-0.72 0.28 0.28

0.37 0.37 0.37
0.58 -0.42 -0.42
-0.53 0.47 -0.53
0.00 0.00 0.00
-0.10 -0.10 -0.10
-0.10 -0.10 -0.10

8
0.72
0.63
0.22
0.82
0.32
0.72
0.63
0.42
0.53

9
0.72
0.63
0.22
0.82
0.32
0.72
0.63
0.42
0.53

8
0.28
0.37
-0.22
0.18
-0.32
-0.72
0.37
0.58
-0.53
0.00
-0.10
-0.10

9
-0.72
0.37
-0.22
0.18
-0.32
0.28
0.37
-0.42
0.47
0.00
-0.10
-0.10

10
0.72
0.63
0.22
0.82
0.32
0.72
0.63
0.42
0.53

0.00 0.86
0.00 0.41
0.00 -0.41
0.00 0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00

ITERATION 8:
1
A
0.20
B
0.23
C
0.17
D
0.15
E
0.22
F
0.20
G
0.23
H
0.24
I
0.25
(-1)*(S -1.90

VARIANCE OF EXPECTED VALUES

2
3
4
5
6
7
8
0.24 0.24 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20
0.25 0.25 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23
0.12 0.12 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.17
0.20 0.20 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15
0.17 0.17 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22
0.24 0.24 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20
0.25 0.25 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23
0.21 0.21 0.24 0.24 0.24 0.24 0.24
0.24 0.24 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25
-1.92 -1.92 -1.90 -1.90 -1.90 -1.90 -1.90

10 Sum ofNew Ability Logit

0.28 0.00 0.86
-0.63 0.00 0.41
0.78 0.00 -1.40
0.18 0.00 1.40
-0.32 0.00 -0.86
0.28 0.00 0.86
0.37 0.00 0.41
-0.42 0.00 -0.41
-0.53 0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00
-0.10 0.00
-0.10 0.00

For each cell, the residual

squared divided by the cell
variance (given here) gives
the fit for that cell.

These are the "final"

person ability

8
0.72
0.63
0.22
0.82
0.32
0.72
0.63
0.42

9
0.72
0.63
0.22
0.82
0.32
0.72
0.63
0.42

10
0.72
0.63
0.22
0.82
0.32
0.72
0.63
0.42

The reciprocol of these

numbers gets used to
estimate each item
difficulty standard error.
Standard Error =
sqrt(1/sum
of cell
EXPECTED
VALUES
variances). See Step 9.

ITERATION
VARIANCE
OF
measures9:
that
get
reported in
1 WinSteps.
2
3
4
A
0.20 0.24 0.24 0.20
B
0.23 0.25 0.25 0.23
C
0.17 0.12 0.12 0.17
D
0.15 0.20 0.20 0.15
E
0.22 0.17 0.17 0.22
F
0.20 0.24 0.24 0.20
G
0.23 0.25 0.25 0.23
H
0.24 0.21 0.21 0.24
The squared sum of
residuals is pretty close
to zero, so we call it a
day.

5
0.20
0.23
0.17
0.15
0.22
0.20
0.23
0.24

6
0.20
0.23
0.17
0.15
0.22
0.20
0.23
0.24

7
0.20
0.23
0.17
0.15
0.22
0.20
0.23
0.24

8
0.20
0.23
0.17
0.15
0.22
0.20
0.23
0.24

0.53

0.53

8
0.28
0.37
-0.22
0.18
-0.32
-0.72
0.37
0.58
-0.53
0.00
-0.10
-0.10

9
-0.72
0.37
-0.22
0.18
-0.32
0.28
0.37
-0.42
0.47
0.00
-0.10
-0.10

0.53

The squared
sum 0.25
of
I
residuals is pretty close
(-1)*(S
-1.90
to zero, so we call it a
day.

10 Sum ofNew Ability Logit

0.28 0.00 0.86
-0.63 0.00 0.41
0.78 0.00 -1.40
0.18 0.00 1.40
-0.32 0.00 -0.86
0.28 0.00 0.86
0.37 0.00 0.41
-0.42 0.00 -0.41
-0.53 0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00
-0.10 0.00
-0.10 0.00

0.24 0.24 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25

-1.92 -1.92 -1.90 -1.90 -1.90 -1.90 -1.90

Likelihood Estimation) algorithm

simple and can

book and
at sense its
onvergence
y Masters.

shows nine
n here. Page 2

PW: "Rasch"

mpute the variance of each estimate (variance is

or squared) as V = p*(1-p). This formula is derived
ed values formula applied to the squared
(0-ExpVal)^2 *P(0) + (1 - ExpVal)^2 *P(1). Note
nces are biggest along the boundary line separating
0's for each person.

Step 8: We sum up the cell variances for this row and

multiply by -1 . This number gets used as the
denominator when tweaking the ability logit to
maximize fit. It represents the second derivative of the
likelihood function. At the last iteration, the positive
reciprocol of this number (1/sum(cell variances)
becomes the variance of the person measure. Take the
square root to get the person's standard error.

10 9:
(-1)*(Sum
Step
We sum of
up Variances)
the
cell variances for this
column and multiply by -1 .
This number gets used as
the denominator when
tweaking the difficulty logit
to maximize fit. It
represents the second

The justification for using sqrt(1/sum(cell variances) as

the person standard error lies: a) abstractly, in the logic
of maximum likelihood; b) intuitively, in the reflection
that a lot of very small cell variances means that the
person is much more (or less) able than the items are
difficult, i.e., that the items are poorly targeted on the
person. Thus, while it is true that it becomes very easy
to predict how the person will score on each item, at the
same time it means that a large range of logit values at
the extremes would yield very similar values. That is
why the error increases when the cell variances are
generally small, and why we use the reciprocol of the
sum of cell variances.
The size of these errors is driven by: a) how big the cell
variances are overall; and b) how many items there are.

Step 9: We sum up the

variances
0.20 cell
0.20
-2.09 for this
column and multiply by -1 .
0.24 This
0.24number
-2.38gets used as
0.17 the
0.17
-1.60 when
denominator
the difficulty logit
0.15 tweaking
0.15 -1.60
to maximize fit. It
0.22 represents
0.22 -2.09
the second
of the likelihood
0.20 derivative
0.20 -2.09
At the last
0.24 function.
0.24 -2.38
iteration, the positive
0.24 reciprocol
0.24 -2.38
of this number
(1/sum(cell
variances)
0.25 0.25 -2.48
becomes the variance of
-1.91 the
-1.91
item difficulty measure.
Take the square root to get
the item's standard error.

10 (-1)*(Sum of Variances)

0.20
0.20 in
-2.08
orth just repeat
the steps
0.23 0.23
-2.37
eating them through
as many
0.17 is
0.17
-1.59
ed sum of residuals
as close
0.15 for0.15
t the last iteration
more-1.59
0.22 0.22
0.20 0.20
0.23 0.23
0.24 0.24
0.25 0.25
-1.90 -1.90

-2.09
-2.08
-2.37
-2.38
-2.47

The justification for using sqrt(1/sum(cell variances) as

the person standard error lies: a) abstractly, in the logic
of maximum likelihood; b) intuitively, in the reflection
that a lot of very small cell variances means that the
person is much more (or less) able than the items are
difficult, i.e., that the items are poorly targeted on the
person. Thus, while it is true that it becomes very easy
to predict how the person will score on each item, at the
same time it means that a large range of logit values at
the extremes would yield very similar values. That is
why the error increases when the cell variances are
generally small, and why we use the reciprocol of the
sum of cell variances.
The size of these errors is driven by: a) how big the cell
variances are overall; and b) how many items there are.
The larger the cell variances (indicating good targeting)
and the larger the number of items, the smaller the
standard error.
See "Best Test Design" for the maximum likelihood
derivation.

9
10 (-1)*(Sum of Variances)
0.20 0.20 -2.08
0.23 0.23 -2.37
0.17 0.17 -1.59
0.15 0.15 -1.59
0.22 0.22 -2.08
0.20 0.20 -2.08
0.23 0.23 -2.37
0.24 0.24 -2.38
0.25 0.25 -2.47
-1.90 -1.90

9
0.20
0.23
0.17
0.15
0.22
0.20
0.23
0.24
0.25

10 (-1)*(Sum of Variances)
0.20 -2.08
0.23 -2.37
0.17 -1.59
0.15 -1.59
0.22 -2.08
0.20 -2.08
0.23 -2.37
0.24 -2.38
0.25 -2.47

-1.90 -1.90

9
10 (-1)*(Sum of Variances)
0.20 0.20 -2.08
0.23 0.23 -2.37
0.17 0.17 -1.59
0.15 0.15 -1.59
0.22 0.22 -2.08
0.20 0.20 -2.08
0.23 0.23 -2.37
0.24 0.24 -2.38
0.25 0.25 -2.47
-1.90 -1.90

9
10 (-1)*(Sum of Variances)
0.20 0.20 -2.08
0.23 0.23 -2.37
0.17 0.17 -1.59
0.15 0.15 -1.59
0.22 0.22 -2.08
0.20 0.20 -2.08
0.23 0.23 -2.37
0.24 0.24 -2.38
0.25 0.25 -2.47
-1.90 -1.90

9
10 (-1)*(Sum of Variances)
0.20 0.20 -2.08
0.23 0.23 -2.37
0.17 0.17 -1.59
0.15 0.15 -1.59
0.22 0.22 -2.08
0.20 0.20 -2.08
0.23 0.23 -2.37
0.24 0.24 -2.38
0.25 0.25 -2.47
-1.90 -1.90

9
10 (-1)*(Sum of Variances)
0.20 0.20 -2.08
0.23 0.23 -2.37
0.17 0.17 -1.59
0.15 0.15 -1.59
0.22 0.22 -2.08
0.20 0.20 -2.08
0.23 0.23 -2.37
0.24 0.24 -2.38
0.25 0.25 -2.47
-1.90 -1.90

The reciprocol of these

numbers gets used to
estimate each person
standard error.
Standard Error =
sqrt(1/sum of cell
variances). See Step 8.

9
0.20
0.23
0.17
0.15
0.22
0.20
0.23
0.24

10 (-1)*(Sum of Variances)
0.20 -2.08
0.23 -2.37
0.17 -1.59
0.15 -1.59
0.22 -2.08
0.20 -2.08
0.23 -2.37
0.24 -2.38

0.25 0.25 -2.47

-1.90 -1.90

Rasch Excel Demo: Results Page -- Expected Values, Logit Measures, Err

This page shows the primary Rasch outputs: Person Measures, Item Measures, Person
Item Standard Errors, Person Outfit and Infit, Item Outfit and Infit. In addition, we see the
for each cell and the fit for each cell.

You can change values in the Observed Raw Values matrix on Page 1 to see how these

OBSERVED RAW VALUES

1
2
3
A
0.00
1
0
B
1
0
1
Persons C
0
0
0
D
1
1
1
This value was "missing."
E
0
1
0
F
0
1
1
G
1
0
0
H
1
0
0
I
1
0
1

4
1
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
1

Items
5
6
7
8
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
1This is 0the original
1 data1
0matrix.1
0
0
1
1
1
0
1
0
0
1
1
1
0
1
0
0
1
0

9
0
1
0
1
0
1
1
0
1

10
1
0
1
1
0
1
1
0
0

These
are the
Person
Ability
Measures
, in
logits.

EXPECTED VALUES FROM LAST ITERATION

Final Person Ability Log
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
A
0.72 0.61 0.61 0.72 0.72 0.72 0.72 0.72 0.72 0.72 0.86
B
0.63 0.50 0.50 0.63 0.63 0.63 0.63 0.63 0.63 0.63 0.41
C
0.22 0.14 0.14 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 -1.40
D
0.82 0.73 0.73 0.82 0.82 0.82 0.82 0.82 0.82 0.82 1.40
E
0.32 0.22 0.22 0.32 0.32 0.32 0.32 0.32 0.32 0.32 -0.86
F
0.72 0.61 0.61 0.72 0.72 0.72 0.72 0.72 0.72 0.72 0.86
G
0.63 0.50 0.50 0.63 0.63 0.63 0.63 0.63 0.63 0.63 0.41
H
0.42 0.30 0.30 0.42 0.42 0.42 0.42 0.42 0.42 0.42 -0.41
I
0.53 0.40 0.40 0.53 0.53 0.53 0.53 0.53 0.53 0.53 0.00
Final Item Difficulty Logit -0.10 0.42 0.42 -0.10 -0.10 -0.10 -0.10 -0.10 -0.10 -0.10
Item Standard Error
0.73 0.72 0.72 0.73 0.73 0.73 0.73 0.73 0.73 0.73

git Measures, Error, Fit Statistics

s, Item Measures, Person Standard Errors,

it. In addition, we see the expected values
Each cell is the squared residual divided by
the variance for that cell. The red
highlighted cells are misfitting (>1.3),
though these misfits are somewhat
artifactual.

Page 1 to see how these outputs change.

CELL FIT

These
are the
Person
Ability
Measures
, in
logits.

A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
OutFit
InFit

1
2.61
0.60
0.27
0.22
0.47
2.61
0.60
1.36
0.90
1.07
1.09

Final Person Ability Logit

Person Standard Error
0.69
0.65
0.79
These are the
Standard Errors
0.79
associated with each
0.69
person measure.
0.69
0.65
0.65
0.64

2
0.64
0.99
0.16
0.37
3.57
0.64
0.99
0.44
0.66
0.94
0.92

3
1.55
1.01
0.16
0.37
0.28
0.64
0.99
0.44
1.52
0.77
0.85

4
0.38
0.60
0.27
4.50
2.12
2.61
0.60
0.74
0.90
1.41
1.30

5
0.38
1.67
0.27
0.22
0.47
0.38
0.60
1.36
1.11
0.72
0.78

Infit is the sum of the

squared residuals
divided by the sum of
the variances. It is less
sensitive to outliers
and more sensitive to
structural problems.

Items
6
0.38
1.67
3.65
4.50
2.12
0.38
1.67
1.36
1.11
1.87
1.73

7
0.38
0.60
0.27
0.22
0.47
0.38
1.67
0.74
0.90
0.63
0.67

8
0.38
0.60
0.27
0.22
0.47
2.61
0.60
1.36
1.11
0.85
0.88

Outfit is simply the

average of the cell fits
for that row, sensitive
to outliers.

9
2.61
0.60
0.27
0.22
0.47
0.38
0.60
0.74
0.90
0.76
0.77

Outfit is simply the

average of the cell fits
for this column,
sensitive to outliers.

10 OutFit
0.38
0.97
1.67
1.00
3.65
0.93
0.22
1.11
0.47
1.09
0.38
1.10
0.60
0.89
0.74
0.93
1.11
1.02
1.02
1.00

is simply the
e of the cell fits
row, sensitive
ers.

InFit
0.98
1.00
0.97
1.06
1.05
1.09
0.89
0.94
1.02

Infit is the sum of the

squared residuals
divided by the sum of
the variances. It is less
sensitive to outliers
and more sensitive to
structural problems.