HYDRAULIC CONSTRUCTION 1:

SPECIAL STRUCTURES 2

ENSTP Yaound, Cameroun

April-May 2014

SCHEME OF THE SPECIAL STRUCTRURES

Q(Tr=1y) enters in the treatment (screening,
sedimentation tank and oily water separator).

The remaining Q(Tr>1y) goes directly to the

destination. The separation is realized through
a spillway

A pump station may be necessary.

Before entering in the river, an outfall work

has to be realized

SPILLWAY
To separate, divide a rate flow.
Two types:
- longitudinal
- with bottom orifice
Application in
- runoff water: to divide the rate flow that has to go to the treatment (Tr=1y) to the
one that goes to the outfall
- mixed water (runoff + sewage): the all water has to be treated but if the dilution
coefficient m is higher than 3 4 (depending on the country law), the excess can go
directly to the outfall . If Qn=average rate flow of sewage water, mQn is the rate
flow that can be treated by the treatment system. If Q > mQn, the excess goes to the
outfall.

LONGITUDINAL SPILLWAY (1)

QT
QIN
QS

LONGITUDINAL SPILLWAY (2)

Element to size:
- L = length of the spillway (crest)
- A = area of the pipe that goes to the treatment system
- A0 = area of the orifice (hs = depth of the orifice)
- z = difference of the level of the bottom of the pipes that carries Q and pipe that
carries Qs
- P = height of the crest
- h-P = head of the water over the crest
Equations of the problem:

QT Cq1 A0 2 g P hv

(I )

QT Cq1 A0 2 g h hv

( II )

QS Cq 2 L h P 2 g h P

( III )

QIN QT' QS

( IV )

'

LONGITUDINAL SPILLWAY (3)

The pipe that goes to the treatment system has to be sized for QT.

Lets see an example.

Q(Tr=5y) = Q5 = 950 l/s
Q(Tr=1y) = Q1 = 250 l/s =QT
D = 1,20 m diameter of the pipe that arrives to the spillway
i = 0.102% slope of the pipe that arrives to the spillway
2.79 m depth of the pipe that arrives to the spillway
Ks= 75 m1/3 s-1

1. With the cinematic method, the diameter of the pipe that goes to the treatment that
carries Q1 is computed:
D=800mm (A=0.5 m2) and from the table we have y/D=0.56 and so hv = 0.448m.
2. A first value of A0 is chosen.
E.g. A0 = 50%A = 0.25 m2
hs = 0.40m height of the partition

D
hs
A0

LONGITUDINAL SPILLWAY (4)

3. The value of P (height of the crest) is calculated through (I)
2

Q
T
053m 0.55m
P hv
Cq1 A0 2 g

4. Several reasonable values of (h-P) are defined.

E.g., (h-P)=10, 15,20 cm
5. For each value of (h-P) it is computed:
- QT through (II) (to solve by attempts because hv =f(QT))
- QS through (IV)
- L through (III)
h-P (m)

h (m)

QT (m3/s)

QS (m3/s)

L (m)

0.10

0.65

0.315

0.635

10.08

0.15

0.70

0.339

0.611

5.27

0.2

0.75

0.362

0.588

3.30

LONGITUDINAL SPILLWAY (5)

6. To know z the theory of the spillway channel has to be developed.
Through the momentum balance and assuming to have the critical depth hc (for rate
flow Qs and the assigned section of the pipe) at the downstream section it can be
found:

hm 3hc
It means that

hm P z
z P hm

SPILLWAY WITH ORIFICE AT THE BOTTOM (1)

SPILLWAY WITH ORIFICE AT THE BOTTOM (2)

There is an orifice at the bottom of the pipe.

Through this orifice the rate flow falls in another pipe that goes to the treatment system
h = depth of the water above the orifice
A = area of the orifice
The rate flow through the orifice is then:

Q Cq A 2 gh

Cq 0.61

and it has to be mQn < Q (i.e., the all mQn has to enter the orifice)
Lets study:

dQ Cq A 2 g

dh
2 h
the increase of Q is progressively less significant with the increase of h.
Indicatively:

FIRST FLUSH DIVERTER (I)

The atmosphere and the ground collect the exhaust elements of the human production
(pollution).
The rain finds all these exhaust elements and it loads them, i.e., the rain is full of toxic
and polluting elements as long as the surfaces (streets, roofs, service areas,) get clean.
The process for which the rain washes the surfaces is then transient.
The rain that characterizes the initial and transient period is called first flush rain.
Because of first flush rain is full of toxic and polluting elements, it has to be specially
treated, to avoid that the polluted water goes straightly to the outfall. The easiest way
for this, is to storage the first flush rain and then treat it separately. The tank to storage is
called first flush diverter.
The problem of first flush rain, easy to describe is very difficult to deal for three main
reasons: i) to define the area to serve with the first flush diverter and to identify a proper
area to realize the first flush diverter, ii) for the quality of the water storage and its
relation with the rain and iii) to plan the scheme of work, i.e., the removal of oils and
the connection with the sewage network.

FIRST FLUSH DIVERTER (II)

h = 5mm is usually the depth of rain supposed to be enough to remove the oils,
pollutions, ecc.
The duration of the corresponding event can be determined through the DDF h=atn
Usually the time is about 10 20 min. The areas with an higher concentration time do
not contribute to the volume of first flush rain, with reference to the closure section.
Usually the scheme adopted is (off-line flush diverter):

FIRST FLUSH DIVERTER (II)