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INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY A (Resit/Supplemental)

March 2011
Instructions: Answer ANY FIVE questions. Begin the answer to each question on a
new page. Each question carries a total of 20 marks.
Question 1
a.

b.

Distinguish between the following and provide one example in each case:
(i)

hydrated and anhydrous salts

(ii)

pure substances and mixtures

(iii)

physical and chemical reactions

(i)

What is meant by the term isotope? Give at least three examples.

(ii)

A naturally occurring element whose symbol is Xb, has the following


composition.
Isotope
Xb 86
Xb 87
XB 88

Isotope mass (amu)


85.9094
86.9089
87.9056

[6 marks]

relative abundance (%)


9.90
7.00
82.60

What is the average atomic weight of this naturally occurring element?


[2+2 marks]
c.

Use the Kinetic Particle Theory and suitable diagrams to explain why liquids and
gases have different densities.
[4 marks]

d.

Use the formula of calcium phosphate, Ca3(PO4)2, when performing the


following calculations.
(i)

What is the mass of one mole of calcium phosphate?

(ii)

What is the mass of 1.464 moles of calcium phosphate?

(iv)

How many Ca3(PO4)2 formula units are in 1.464 moles of calcium


phosphate?
[2+2+2 marks]
Page 1 of 7

Question 2
a.

With the aid of clearly drawn and labeled ENERGY PROFILE diagrams,
differentiate between endothermic and exothermic reactions.
[6 marks]

b.

Write the electronic configuration for the following:

P3-, Ca2+, and Fe.


[3 marks]

c.

What does the term first ionization energy mean?


Select the element from each pair that would be expected to have a lower
ionization energy. Explain why. [Refer to the periodic table]

d.

(i)

B and O

(ii)

Li and Cs

[1+2+2 marks]

A compound with a molecular weight of 98.0 was determined to be


24.49% carbon, 4.08% hydrogen, and 72.43% chlorine. Determine:
(i)

the empirical formula of the compound

(ii)

the molecular formula of the compound


[4+2 marks]

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Question 3
a.

A gaseous mixture containing 175.2 g of hydrogen gas and 228.2 g of oxygen


gas reacts to form steam.
(i)

Write a balanced equation for the reaction.

(ii)

What is the limiting reactant?

(iii)

What is the theoretical yield of steam?

(v)

How many moles of the excess reactant remain unreacted?


[1+2+3+2 marks]

b.

(i)

With the exception of a catalyst, state four (4) other factors that affect
the rates of chemical reactions.
[2 marks]

(ii)

What volume of a 0.100 M HCl solution is needed to neutralize 25.0 mL


of a 0.350 M NaOH solution?
[5 marks]

c.

Calcium metal will react with water as follows:


Ca(s) + 2H2O(l) Ca(OH)2

(aq)

+ H2(g)

What is the molarity of hydroxide ions in the solution formed when 2.58 g of
calcium metal is dissolved in enough water to make a final volume of
100.0ML ?
[5 marks]

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Question 4
a.

Using only the valence electrons, draw an electron dot-cross diagram of


chloroform, CHCl3.
[2 marks]

b.

(i)

With the aid of appropriate diagrams, differentiate between ionic and


metallic bonds.
[4 marks]

(ii)

In reference to the above mentioned bonding types, briefly explain the


differences in electrical conductivity of metals versus ionic solids.
[2 marks]

c.

(i)

Using water as example, explain the formation of Hydrogen-bonding in


chemical substances.
[3 marks]

(ii)

Identify any added contribution(s) to the physical properties of


compounds with H-bonding
[2 marks]

d.

(i)

Differentiate between a strong and a weak acid. Cite appropriate


examples with relevant equations.
[4 marks]

(ii)

Calculate the pH of the following solutions of strong acids and bases:


0.0048 mol/dm3 NaOH; 0.0048 mol/dm3 HCl; 0.0024 mol/dm3 H2SO4
[3 marks]

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Question 5
a.

Classify each of the following as a physical property, physical change,


chemical property, or chemical change:
(i)

Mothballs will melt at 80C.

(ii)

Mothballs that were left in a closet did not melt, but turned to a vapour.

(iii)

Battery acid dripped on jeans reacted with the cotton, leaving holes after
the jeans were washed.

(iv)

A marinade containing vinegar tenderized a steak by breaking down the


protein in the meat.
[4 marks]

For the isoelectronic ions, N3- , O2- , F- , Na+ , and Mg2+, discuss trends in size
and explain your reasoning. Which of these ions are larger and which are smaller
than the corresponding atoms?
[4+2 marks]

c.

(i)

Use appropriate examples to differentiate among the terms nonpolar


covalent bond, polar covalent bond and coordinate covalent bond
[6 marks]

(ii)

Predict whether the following compounds would have ionic bonding,


nonpolar covalent bonding, or polar covalent bonding. [Hint: Notice
placement in the periodic table].
Cl2 gas, KCl solid, HBr gas and NH3 gas.
[4 marks]

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Question 6
a.

(i)

Define the Le Chateliers principle.

(ii)

An important reaction for the commercial production of hydrogen is


CO(g) + H2O(g)
H2(g) + CO2(s) (exothermic)
How will the equilibrium position shift in each of the following cases?
i)

Gaseous carbon dioxide is removed.

ii)

Water vapour is added.

iii)

The pressure is increased by adding helium gas

iv)

The temperature is increased.

[2 marks]

[4 marks]
b.

(i)
(ii)

What is radioactivity?

[2 marks]

With the aid of balanced equations describe three different types of


radioactive decay and their effects on the nucleus.
[9 marks]

(iii) Name three uses of radioactivity to engineers.

Page 6 of 7

[3 marks]

Question 7
a.

With the aid of a well labeled diagram differentiate between zero order and first
order and second order reactions.
[6 marks]

b.

What is a catalyst and how does it work?

c.

The following data were collected for the reaction between hemoglobin (Hb) and
carbon monoxide (CO) at 20C.
Initial [Hb]
mol/L
2.21
4.42
4.42
(i)

Initial [ CO]
mol/L
1.00
1.00
3.00

[4 marks]

Initial Rate
mol/L
0.619
1.24
3.71

Determine the orders of this reaction with respect to Hb and CO.


[2+2 marks]

(ii)

Determine the rate law.

[2 marks]

(iii)

Calculate the value of the rate constant.

[2 marks]

(iv)

What would be the initial rate for an experiment with [Hb] = 3.36 mol/L
and [CO] = 2.40 mol/L?
[2 marks]

* * * END OF PAPER * * *

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