Remember These

1. Coulombs law gives the force between charges q1 and q2 separated by a

distance r as

2. (a) Solid angle subtended by a surface may be defined as ratio of area of

any sphere intercepted by the cone to the square of radius of that sphere.
Its units are stredian.

(b) Solid angle subtended by a closed surface at any point outside it is zero.

3. Any hypothetical closed surface enclosing a charge is called the Gaussian

surface of the charge.

4. (a) Gausss law states that the total electric flux through a closed surface
is equal to

times the not charge enclosed by surface.

(b) No flux is associated with the surface when there is no net charge within
surface.

(c) Charges outside the surface do not make any contribution to the value of
flux.

(d) Electric flux is a scalar quantity and its units are

5. In a non-polar dielectric the centre of gravity of ve charges coincide with

centre of gravity of ve charges.

6. A dielectric is a substance which transmits electricity effects without

conducting it.

7. In a polar dielectric, the centre of gravity of +ve charges does not

coincide with centre of gravity of ve charges.

8. On placing a dielectric in an electric field, induced surface charges appear

which tend to weaken the original field within dielectric.

9. The phenomenon of separation of positive charges from negative charges

inside a dielectric under the effect of an electric field is called polarisation

10. Electric dipole moment per unit volume is called the dielectric
polarization. Dielectric polarisation is numerically equal to surface density of
charge.

11. If we introduce a capacitor between the plates of capacitor, the capacity

of parallel plate capacitor gets increased.
12 Electric susceptibility of a dielectric may be defined as ratio of
polarisation

to electr. Intensity

in dielectric.

13. Atomic polarisability may be defined as ratio of induced dipole moment

to the applied electric field.

14. Displacement current is that current which comes into play in the region,
whenever the electric field and hence h electric flux is changing with time

15. Amperes circuital law states that the line integral of magnetic field
over a closed path is equal to
times sum of conduction current I and
displacement current

i.e.

16. The Maxwells equations in Si are

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

Q 1 Explain E M F, Electric Field.

Ans EMF It is defined as the line integral of the non-conservative part of the
electric field along the closed circuit.

Electric field The force experienced by a unit positive charge when placed at
any
i( in the electric field is termed as the electric field strength at that point. It
is also called the
intensity of the electric field and is denoted by E . If F is the force
experienced by unit positive charge

, then E is given by

Q 2. Derive the relation between dielectric constant and electric

susceptibility.

Ans. We have

Where

is polarization vector

K is dielectric constant
is electric field.
And
Where

electric susceptibility

Equating (1) and (2)

Q 3. What is the cause of producing displacement current?

Ans. In one of the Maxwell equations, the changing electric field term is
known as

displacement current. This was an analogy with a dielectric material. If a

dielectric material is placed in an electric field, the molecules are distorted,
their positive charges moving slightly
the right, say, the negative charges moving slightly to the left. Now, consider
what happens dielectric in an increasing electric field. The positive charges
will be displaced to right by a continuous increasing distance, so, as long as
electric field is increasing in strength, these charges are moving : there is
actually a displacement current. So, movement of +ve and ye charges in
dielectrics is the cause of displacement current.

Q 4. Is displacement current like conduction current a source of

magnetic field?

Ans. Yes, displacement current is a source of magnetic field. It is the result

of rate of
iange of electric flux with time and resulting equation will be

Q 5. What is the significance of gradient of a scalar?

Ans. The gradient of a scalar function at any point may be defined as a

vector whose
magnitude is equal to the maximum rate of change of scalar function at that
point and direction identical with the direction of displacement along which
rate of change is maximum.

Q 6. Find the electric field strength for a uniform charge distribution.

Ans. E due to uniform = E due-to linear + E due to surface + E due to

volume

Where

= linear charge density

= surface charge density

= volume charge density

Q 7. What is polarization?

Ans. In atoms, because of their spherical symmetry, the centre of mass-of

the electrons coincides with the nucleus. Therefore atoms do not have
permanent electric dipole moments. However, when atoms are placed in an
electric field they acquire an induced electric dipole moment in the direction
of the field. This process is called the dielectric polarization and
atoms/molecules are said to be polarized. The extent to which the molecules
of a dielectric become polarized by an electric field or oriented along the
direction of the field, is described by a vector called polarization. Polarization
is dipole moment per unit volume.
Q 8. State Amperes circuital law and discuss Why it was modified to
include the displacement current.
OR
State the Amperes circuital law in electromagnetism.

Ans. It states that line integral of magnetic field around any closed path
is

times the current enclosed i.e.

Maxwell predicted that not only a current flowing in a conductor produces

magnetic field but also a changing electric field in vacuum produces a
magnetic field. Hence, according to Maxwell, a changing electric field is
equivalent to a current.

Q 9. What is meant by polarization in dielectric materials?

Ans. Dielectric Polarization : When a dielectric is placed inside the electric

field. Due jt the electric forces their charges moves in a direction oposite +Q
the applied electric field.
Due to these electronic displacements, +ve and negative charges get
displaced ad the atoms become polarised. This separation of charges in the
presence of electric field is called polarization. The electric dipole moment,
unit volume is called polarization.

Q 10. Show that div

Ans. For a closed surface

Applying divergence theorem

Q 11. Explain the term displacement current density.

Ans. It is that current which comes into play in the region, wherever the
electric field and hence electric flux is changing with time
i.e.

Q 12. Name mechanisms of dielectric polarization.

OR
What is meant by polarization in dielectric materials?

Ans. Dielectric becomes polarized in presence of E.F. The effect of E.F is to

separate

+ve and ve charges of dipoles. This effect is called dielectric polarization.

Electric displacement vector is defined as
Electric permittivity of a medium is defined as the ratio of absolute electrical
permittivity of the medium to the absolute electrical permittivity of free
space.

Q 13. What are three electric vectors? How are these related?

Ans. E, 0 and P are three electric vector which are related as

Q 14. State differential form of Gausss law.

Ans.

Integrating over a volume V, we get

According to divergence theorem

Q 15. State Maxwells equations in integral form.

Ans. Maxwell equations are

(Gausss law in electrostatics)
(Gausss law in magnetism)

(Faradays law of electromagnetic induction)

(Modified form of Amperes circuital law)

Q 16. What is dielectric polarization?

Ans. When a dielectric is placed between two electrodes the charges of

dielectric displaced in opposite direction so there is a displacement in
charges known as dielectric polarization.

Q 17. State the Faradays law of electromagnetic induction. (PTU,

Dec.

Ans. (i) Whenever the amount of magnetic flux linked with a circuit
changes, an induced in the circuit. The induced e.m.f. lasts so long as the
change in magnetic flux contini (ii) The magnitude of e.m.f. induced iii a

circuit is directly proportional to the rate change of magnetic flux linked with
the circuit.

Q 18. Define magnetic intensity and magnetisation.

Ans. Magnetic Intensity

The degree to which a magnetic field can magnetise a material is
represented in terms of magnetising force or magnetic intensity
The intensity of magnetisation of a magnetic material is defined as the
magnetic moment
per unit volume of the material

Q 19. What do you mean by electric breakdown?

Ans. Maximum magnitude of the applied electric field which a dielectric can
withstand without failure of the material is known as electric breakdown.

Q 20. What do you mean by flux of magnetic field?

Ans. The total number of lines of magnetic force crossing normally a given
area is
termed as magnetic flux: It is denoted by

Q 21. What do you understand by curl of a vector?

Ans. Let A be a differentiable vector field. Suppose A, A and A are the

components of vector A.
Then, the curl of a vector A is

Q 22. Explain electromotive force.

Ans. Electromotive force of a cell is defined as the maximum potential

difference between
the two electrodes of a cell when the cell is in the open circuit. It depends
upon nature of electrodes, nature and concentration of electrolyte used in
the cell and its temperature.

Q 23. An infinite charge sheet has a surface charge

density
How far apart are the equipotential surfaces
whose potential differ by 5V?

Ans. Given

Q 24. What is Biot Saverts law?

Ans. According to this law

where I is current, dl is small length, .t0 s absolute permeability and r is the

distance of the point of observation from the conductor.
Q 25. State Gausss law.

Ans. Gausss law states that total electric flux through a closed surface is
equal to

this charge enclosed by surface.

LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

Q 1 Derive the relations for Maxwells equations

Ans (a) Maxwells first equation is

This equation is also called Gauss s law in electrostatics

Proof According to Gausss law total electric flux over any closed surface is
equal to

times total charged enclosed by the surface

Total electric flux

If

is volume charge density then

Using Divergence theorem,

We Have,

From eqn (2) and (3), put values in (1)

(b) Second equation is

It represents Gausss law in magnetostatics. It states that total normal
magnetic induction
over a closed surface S is always equal to zero because no free magnetic
poles exist.

By using Divergence theorem we have

(c) Maxwells third equation is given by

From Faradays laws of electromagnetic induction, the emf induced in the

circuit is due
to the changing magnetic flux and is given by

(d) Maxwells fourth equation is given by

According to Amperes circuital law, we have

This equation is incomplete and works only for steady currents For the
changing electric field, the current density needs to be modified.
If we take divergence of equation (5)

Divergence of cure of any vector field s zero) But according to quantity

equation we have

Therefore, maxwell added another current density

Now take divergence of equ (8) , we get

Therefore we find that additional current density

is due to time variation

of
Thus we can have

Q 2 (a) Give the physical significance of Maxwells equations

Ans Significance of Maxwells Equations The significance of Maxwell s

equation can be obtained from their mathematical statement in integral form
Integrating both sides over volume V

Where q is the net charge contained in volume V and surface S. Therefore it

signifies that total electric displacement through the surface enclosing a
volume is equal to the total charge with h the volume.

Which significance signifies that the net magnetic flux emerging through any
closed surface is zero.

Integrating the above equation over a surface S bounded by a curve

This equation signifies that the electromotive force around a closed path is
equal to the time derivative of the magnetic displacement through any
surface bounded by the path.
(iv) Maxwells fourth equation

Integrating both sides over a surface S

Using Stokes theorem

This equation signifies that the magnetomotive force around a closed path is
equal to
conduction current plus the time derivative of electric displacement through
any surface bounded by the path.
(b) Explain the term current density and calculate the expression for
it.
Ans. Current Density The current per unit area is called current density. It
is represented by
it is of two types : Conduction current density,
displacement current.
density. Its unit is amp
Expression for current density : According to differential form of Coulombs
law

This equation holds good for stationary as well as moving charges.

Electric charges in motion constitute an electric current. Since charge can
neither be
created nor be destroyed, the flow of current density is equal and opposite
to rate of change of charge density.

Also from Amperes circuit law

But

(3) can be written as

Using Stokes theorem (4) can be written as

This means divergence of current density is zero.

This is not true for time varying fields.
From Gauss law in electrostatics,

Differentiating w.r.t. time

According to continuity equation

Comparing equation (5) and (6)

Here,

Q 3. Calculate the expression for magnetic field inside a toroidal

solenoid.

Ans. A toroid consists of a solenoid of finite length bent into a circular force.
Let N be number of turns and I the current passed through the solenoid.
The magnetic field produced due to current is same at all points on the
circumference of circle and act along tangent to the circle.
By applying Amperes circuital law

It no. of turns per unit length = n

Then

Q 4. What is dielectric polarization? Explain it for parallel plate

capacitor having a dielectric in between.

Ans. When a dielectric is placed in an external electric field, E0, the +ve ion
start moving with the direction of E0. and ye start moving opposite to

applied field, so that small amount of dipole moment is imparted on each

molecule. And dielectric is said to be polarized.
Fig. shows V the random distribution on positive and negative charges in a
non-polar dielectric. When we place it in an electric field E0 (say between the
plates of a parallel plate capacitor), then due to polarisation, surfaces
charges appear i.e., positive charge is induced on one surface while negative
charge on the other surface (Fig.)

The induced surface charges appear in such a way that the electric field
set up by
them opposes the external electric field
the dielectric is the

(Fig.). The resultant field

in

vector sum of E and

Therefore the dielectric weakens the original electric field within dielectric.
Thus we find that if we place a dielectric in an electric field induced surface
charges
appear which tend to weaken the original field within the dielectric.
Also as the capacitance of capacitor is inversity proportional to the electric
field, so the

capacitance of a capacitor increases in the presence of dielectric.

Q 5. State and explain Amperes circuital law.

OR
State and explain the Amperes law and express it in differentiate
form. Further explain how Maxwell modified this law to accept this
as one of the Maxwell equations.

Ans. Amperes Law: It states that the line integral of magnetic field around
any closed path or circuit is equa[to ji0 times the total current threading
through the closed path. t0 is the magnetic permeability of free space.
Mathematically,

Proof: Consider a straight conductor carrying current 1. The magnetic field

produced in circular coil of radius r around this conductor is given by

This magnetic field is tangent to circle.

If we consider a small element of length dl on this circle, then

gives the

direction of

Using eq (1) in. eq (2)

Which is Amperes law.

Differential form of Amperes law:
Taking, for the differential form of Amperes law. Use Stokes theorem.
According to Stokes theorem eq. (3) becomes

Again taking surface differential eq. (4) becomes

Which is differential form of Amperes law.

Maxwell modified the above equation by introducing the concept of
displacement current.
Taking divergence of eq (5) we get,

But divergence of curl of vector is always zero.

(according to continuity equation)

This means divergence is J is zero. This is not true for time varying fields.
From Gauss law in electrostatics.

But according to continuity equation

comparing eq (6) and (7) we have

Hence,
modified form of Amperes law become

Q 6. Prove Gausss law in integral form

.What do you
mean by Gaussian surface? Derive Coulombs law from Gausss law.

Ans. Consider a spherical surface of radius r enclosing charge q at its centre.

Gaussian surface is closed surface of any shape.

Coulombs law from Gauss law
Consider a gaussian spherical surface
According to Gausss law of radius r having charge q at its centre.

Suppose a charge q0 at the surface of this sph.ere. Force on this charge,

This is Coulombs law.

Q 7. Deduce Maxwells equation for free space and prove that e.m.
waves are transverse in nature.

Ans. Maxwells equations in general form are

Consider a uniform- plane wave propagating in x-direction. Its equation will

be given by

In component form eqs. are

For free space q = 0

For a uniform plane wave in x-direction

E is independent of y and z.

But last two conditions are not possible.

This proves transverse nature.

Q 8. State and prove Gausss law. Find electric field due to an

infinitely long charge cylinder at an external point. Also show the
variation of electric field intensity with distance.

Ans. Gauss theorem can be defined as the total electric flux through a
closed surface enclosing a charge is
surface i.e.

times the charge enclosed by the

Consider a cylinder of cross-sectional area dS around P and length 2r. At the

two cylindrical

edges P and Q ,

parallel to each other.

Electric flux over the edges =

On the curved surface of the cylinder E and n are perpendicular to each
other.
No contribution to electric flux is made by the curved surface of the cylinder.
Total electric flux over the entire surface of the cylinder = 2EdS
Total charge enclosed by the cylinder=

According to Gausss law,

Q 9. State and prove Gausss law in electrostatics.

Ans. Gauss theorem can be defined as the total electric flux through a
closed surface

enclosing a charge is

times the charge enclosed by the surface i.e.

Proof of Gauss Theorem

Suppose an isolated positive point charge .+q is situated at the centre of a
sphere of radius r.
According to Coulombs law,

where r is a unit vector from +q to surface element.

Consider a small area element dS represented by

Integrating over the closed surface area of the sphere, we get

Applying Gauss divergence theorem, we get

which is the differential form of Gausss law.

Q 10. An electric field in a ertain region of space is given by

. How much flux passes through an area A, if it is in a portion of
(I) XV plane
(ii) XZ plane
(iii) YZ plane.

Ans.

(i)0= 200 2. 2 =200 C

(ii)0=2002. 9=0
(iii) p = 200 2. = 0

Q11. Establish equation of continuity of charge current using

Maxwells equations.

Ans. Let C Capacity of the parallel plate capacitor

A Area of plates
d Distance between the plates
E Electric field on the plates
q Instantaneous charge on the capacitor

Q 12 Write Maxwells equations and explain their physical

significance.

Ans. Maxwells gave four equation out of which first two are steady state
equation and her two are called time dependent equation. These four
equations are given as:

Where

is displacement vector, p is volume charge density

is magnetic field
J is current density and

Physical significance of Maxwells field equations is readily obtained from

their
mathematical statement in the integral form.

Applying Gauss divergence theorem i.e.

This equation states that total electric displacement through the surface
enclosing a voiue is equal to total charge within the volume.

Taking volume integral on both sides

Againapplying Gauss divergence them.

This equation signifies that not magnetic flux emerging through any closed
surface is zero.

Taking surface integral on both sides

Using stokes theorem

This signifies that emf around a closed path is equal to the time derivative of
the magnetic displacement through any surface bounded by the path.

Again taking surface integral on both sides

Again using Stokes theorem

This equation signifies that magnetomotive force around u closed path is

equal conduction current plus displacement through any surface bounded by
the path.