In general, when a number of pipes are connected together to transport water in a given
project, they perform as a system that may include series pipes, paralel pipes, branching pipes,
elbows, valves, meters & other devices.
If all elements are connected in series the arrangement is known as pipeline otherwise it is
known as a pipe network.
3.1 Pipeline connecting two reservoirs
A pipeline is a system of one or more pipes connected in series and designed to transport
water from one location (often a reservoir) to another.
Three principal types of pipeline problems:
TYPE 1: Flowrate (Q), pipe combinations are given Head (HL) Loss determined
TYPE 2: Allowable total head loss (HL), pipe combinations are given Flowrate (Q)
determined
TYPE 3: Flowrate (Q) and allowable total head loss (HL) are given Diameter (D)
determined
HL= K
LV
D
LV
D
Directly
solved
Trial &
Error
calculate flowrate and then velocity and Re number by using friction factor found in
previous step
.
recalculate friction factor by using Jain Equation, f
/D &.$'
!" #.$ % *.+ ,
NR
If |/012 3 /456|< 0.001, stop the iteration and find the flowrate by using new
friction factor.
calculate flowrate and then velocity and Re number by using friction factor found in
previous step
.
recalculate friction factor by using Jain Equation, f
/D &.$'
!" #.$ % *.+ ,
NR
If |/012 3 /456|< 0.001, stop the iteration and find the flowrate by using new
friction factor.
zA +
OA
PA
R
= zB +
OB
PB
R
+ hL
PA PB
R
=0
Reservoirs are open to the atmosphere gauge pressures are equal to zero
Reservoir cross sectional area is so big compared to the cross sectional area of the pipes,
OA OB
velocity in reservoirs become negligible and taken as zero
,
=0
hL z A 3 z B
zA = z B +
OB
hL
hL =zA 3 zB 3
vB 2
2g
A
B
expansion 2 3: D = 0.5 to 1 m
Solution:
Energy Equation:
zA +
OA
PA
R
= zB +
OB
PB
R
+ hL
Minor losses
z A 3 z B hL
zA 3 750 m hL
Friction losses
zA hL 750 m
Velocities:
Velocity at pipe 1:
Velocity at pipe 3:
. \# /]
. \# /]
= 6.11 m/s
. .^/_
.^/_
= 1.52 m/s
Pipe 1
` .
.L.V
D
\.a.
b.a .
R
V.D
= 3.06 d 10a
. d ef
# .
\..
b.a \
R
(smooth concrete)
.. .
= 1.53 d 10a
. d ef
f 0.0145
h total for 0.5 m
h for 1 m
\% % .a.
. .
b.a . \
. _.
\..
b.a \
Minor Losses
V`
Globe Valve
hOlO K OlO .
Entrance Loss
hnolp K . .
Sudden expansion
h
V qV#
V`
= 0.173 m
.a.
..a.
b.a
b.a
a.q.
b.a
= 11.79 m
= 19.02 m
= 0.95 m
= 1.073 m
Confusor Loss
V
..a.
= 0.57 m
V
b.a
..a.
b.a
= 0.38 m
V
. .a.
= 1.90 m
hr p K p .
Bend Loss
hB K B .
Exit Loss
h K .
b.a
Gate Valve
5 ft
Solution:
D=
a {.. . _ \
T = 68v
{
= 0.152 m
v 1.8w 32
T 20w
z +
O`
P`
= z +
O
P
R
+ hL
P 0 , V 0 , P 0
30.5 m
28.98 m
V
O
+1.52 m hL
K . .
V
K z{n .
1 0.5 0.15 1
. \
.
V
O
+ K ln .
V
V.D
, e/D, f = ?
Velocity assumption
Calculate Re number
Find friction factor, f
Calculate hL, if it is not equal to
~ hL
~f
.a \\
. \\
= 0.0017
O
b.a
V 4.17 m/s
Check complete turbulence assumption
R
V.D
_. . . \
. ad ef
f 0.024
= 4.86 d 10
Q A. V
. ^
_
O
b.a
. 4.09 0.074 m /s