1,200
Case depth A
Case depth B
1,000
800
HRC
52
50
40
30
20
10
0
HB
514
481
371
286
226
187
150
ULT
1793
1690
1276
966
759
655
517
Tensile
Yield
1614
1524
1152
941
614
503
366
Torsional
Yield
966
917
690
503
366
303
221
600
Case depth B
Case depth A
400
200
Applied stress
0
0
10
20
30
40
Percent of bar diameter
50
60
16
1,800
Ultimate
1040 CD ultimate
1040 CD yield
1541 Q&T ultimate
1541 Q&T yield
1541 HR ultimate
1541 HR yield
1050M HR ultimate
1050M HR yield
4140 HR ultimate
4140 HR yield
1038 HR ultimate
1038 HR yield
1040 HR ultimate
1040 HR yield
1,600
1,400
1,200
Yield
1,000
800
600
4140 steel
400
All others
200
0
10
15
20
Effective case depth, % of bar diameter
25
30
1,600
1040 CD ultimate
1040 CD yield
1541 Q&T ultimate
1541 Q&T yield
1541 HR ultimate
1541 HR yield
1050M HR ultimate
1050M HR yield
4140 HR ultimate
4140 HR yield
1038 HR ultimate
1038 HR yield
1040 HR ultimate
1040 HR yield
1,400
1,200
Yield
1,000
800
600
400
1541, 1541
Q&T, 4140
200
All others
0
0
10
20
30
40
Total case depth, % of bar diameter
50
60
1,200
Torsional strength and stress, MPa
1,000 1050M
4140
800
1040 steel
HRC
52
50
40
30
20
10
0
HB
514
481
371
286
226
187
150
ULT
1793
1690
1276
966
759
655
517
Tensile
Yield
1614
1524
1152
941
614
503
366
Torsional
Yield
966
917
690
503
366
303
221
600
400
1541 Q&T
200
Applied stress
0
0
10
20
30
40
Percent of bar diameter
50
60
Fig. 4 Case depth providing 621 MPa minimum torsional yield strength.
accurate predictor.
Torsional strength versus applied stress
(Fig. 4). Case depth for each of the four
steel grades tested provided a minimum torsional yield of 621 MPa (90,000
so with a shallower effective and shallower total case. This demonstrates that
both effective and total case depths are
important in determining torsional
strength, and there are various ways to
achieve the same strength. In theory,
Fig. 4 indicates that the only two things
that should matter in keeping the
strength curve above the stress curve
are total case depth and surface hardness. However, in reality, both effective
and total case make a difference, and
the higher hardness of the 1050M material did not provide a higher strength
even at greater case depths.
1,200
SAE 1040 CD
1541 Q&T
4140 HR
1,000
800
600
400
200
0
1
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
Average torsional yield strength, MPa
800
900
1,000
Fatigue Characteristics
Figure 5 shows the fatigue characteristics of the SAE 1040, 1541, and
4140 test shafts. All shafts were run in
fully reversed torsional fatigue at a
stress of 407 MPa (59,000 psi). The data
show the correlation between fatigue
life and torsional yield strength. Considerable scatter, or variation, is
present, which is normal in fatigue
testing. It appears that the plain
carbon-steel grade 1040 reached suspension at 1,000,000 cycles before the
other two grades. A plausible explanation for this is shown in Fig. 4, where
all the case depths have an equal static
strength of 621 MPa (90,000 psi) minimum. However, if we look at the applied stress shown at various levels,
the 1040 has a deeper total case depth,
and the applied stress is somewhat
higher where it intersects the case-core
interface. This would seem to indicate
that total case depth may be more critical for fatigue life.
Fatigue life versus total case depth
is shown in Fig. 6. The data demonstrate that fatigue life increases with
increasing total case depth. SAE 1541
steel appears to provide higher fatigue
life for the same total case depth compared with the other two materials.
The reason for this is the higher hardness of the quench and tempered core,
which essentially acts the same as a
deeper total case depth. SAE 1040 and
4140 have the same fatigue life even
966
1,138
1,379
Yield, MPa
483
621
793
1,172
1,310
1,517
621
758
862
19.05
2.11/3.81
2.87/4.78
4.39/5.92
22.23
2.44/4.45
3.33/5.56
5.11/6.88
25.40
2.79/5.08
3.81/6.35
5.84/7.87
28.58
3.15/5.72
4.29/7.14
6.58/8.86
31.75
3.51/6.35
4.78/7.95
7.32/9.86
34.93
3.84/6.99
5.23/8.74
8.03/10.82
38.10
4.19/7.62
5.72/9.53
8.76/11.81
41.28
4.55/8.26
6.20/10.31
9.50/12.80
44.45
4.90/8.89
6.68/11.13
10.24/13.79
47.63
5.23/9.53
7.14/11.91
10.95/14.76
50.80
Any diameter
5.59/10.16
7.62/12.70
11.68/15.75
0.11(diam)/0.20(diam)
0.15(diam)/0.25(diam)
0.23(diam)/0.31(diam)
Note: torsional yield strength is valid for longer shafts with length/critical diameter ratio of 6 and greater. The critical diameter is the smallest diameter of the shaft where most of the deflection and
failure occurs. As shaft length decreases, the ratio of yield/ultimate increases. Torsional ultimate strength does not depend on length, and is valid for any length shaft.
18
1,200,000
1040 steel
1541 steel
4140 steel
1,000,000
800,000
600,000
1541 Q&T
1040 and 4140
400,000
200,000
10
20
30
40
Total case depth, % of bar diameter
50
60
25
30
Fig. 6 Torsional fatigue life versus total case depth at 59,000 psi (407 MPa).
1,200,000
1040 steel
1541 steel
4140 steel
1,000,000
800,000
though these two steels are on the opposite ends of the hardenability spectrum. As long as the total case depth
is the same, the fatigue life is the same.
A situation encountered several years
ago serves to illustrate this. A production axle shaft made of SAE 1038 steel
was not providing the desired fatigue
life, so a more premium grade (SAE
4140) was substituted. The manufacturing plant induction hardened the
4140 to the same effective case depth
as the production parts and discovered
that the fatigue life actually decreased
rather than increased. The torsional fatigue life versus effective case depth
shown in Fig. 7 indicates the reason for
this. A 15% effective case with 1040
steel provides a fatigue life in excess of
200,000 cycles, while the same case
depth with 4140 provides a life of less
than half of that. The reason is that
4140 has a lower total case depth compared with 1040 due to the difference
in hardenability. To increase the fatigue
life of 4140, it was necessary to increase
the total case depth. This also means
increasing the effective case along with
it. In the end, 4140 did not really provide any benefit in fatigue over the current production parts.
600,000
1040 and
1541 Q&T
4140
400,000
200,000
10
15
20
Total case depth, % of bar diameter
Fig. 7 Torsional fatigue life versus effective case depth at 59,000 psi (407 MPa).
19