Credit Transactions
Refers to the contracts or agreements based on said trust or credit
Scope of Credit Transactions (the subject involves:)
a.
The PRINCIPAL contracts of LOAN and DEPOSIT
b.
The ACCESSORY contracts depends on the existence of the
aforementioned contracts and which tends to strengthen said
belief or trust because of the security given:
1.
Personal guaranty persons personal credit is involved
as in guaranty proper and suretyship
2.
Real guaranty belief is strengthened with the use of
property (real: real mortgage and antichresis; personal:
contracts of pledge and chattel mortgage)
c.
Preference and concurrence of credits
Bailment defined
Bailler: means to deliver in French
The delivery of property by one person to another in trust for a
specific purpose, with a contract, express or implied, that the first
shall be faithfully executed and the property returned or duly
accounted for when the special purpose is accomplished or kept
until the bailor reclaims it
Generally, a bailment may be said to be a contractual relation.
To be legally enforceable, it must contain the essential elements of
a valid contract.
It may also be created by operation of law.
Parties in a Bailment
A. Commodatum
a.
Bailor the giver; commodatario
b.
Bailee the recipient of the thing bailed; comodante
B. Mutuum
a.
Lender the one who delivers
b.
Borrower the one who receives
Kinds of Contractual Bailment
In every bailment, there is an obligation on the part of the bailee to
restore the subject of the bailment in the same manner or in
altered form or to account thereof
Divided into three heads:
o
For the sole benefit of the bailor gratuitous deposit
and madatum (see page 3 of de leon)
o
For the sole benefit of the bailee commodatum and
gratuitous simple loan or mutuum
o
For the benefit of both parties deposit for a
compensation
Q: what is the consideration or cause in a bailment of loan?
A: borrower cause is the acquisition of the thing
Lender cause is the right to require the return of the same thing or its
equivalent
Note: if despite the issuance of a check to the prospective borrower, the
money is NOT given, there is NO contract of loan
General Provisions
Article 1933
Loan: one of the parties delivers to another something which
comprises a commodatum or mutuum; it must be in the form of
money or something circulation as money; it must be repayable
absolutely and in all events
Two kinds of loan:
o
Commodatum (loan for use) something not
consumable; gratuitous; bailor retains the ownership of
the thing loaned
o
Mutuum or Simple Loan (loan for consumption)
money or other consumable thing; may be gratuitous or
with a stipulation to pay interest; ownership passes to
the borrower
1
Note: the contract of loan is governed by the rules as to the requisites and
validity of contracts in general
Commodatum vs. Mutuum
COMMODATUM
Character Essentially gratuitous
Object
Non-fungible object (but may
be consumable; may involve
real and personal property
Purpose
Transfer its use (ownership
retained by the lendor or
bailor)
Effect
Restoration of the very thing
loaned (identical thing)
Risk
Duration
MUTUUM
May be gratuitous or onerous
Object is money or fungible
thing; personal property only
Transfer its ownership (to
borrower or bailee)
Restoration of an equal
quantity or quality (allow
substitution)
On the borrower (as debtor
of a generic thing)
Personal in character
Characteristics of a Loan
1.
Real Loan is perfected by the delivery of the object Loaned (Art.
1934)
2.
Unilateral only the borrower has the obligation to return.
Note: to deliver is not an obligation of the lender because it s what perfects
the contract of loan. Remember that if there is no promise then there is no
obligation. Obligation comes after the perfection of the contract
Q: when does delivery becomes an obligation?
A: In Pactum de commodatum case (agreement to constitute commodatum).
In the negotiation stage, if lender has agreed to accept a loan, a VALID
CONSENSUAL CONTRACT or a PACTUM DE COMMODATUM already exists, but
not the real contract of loan. In this case, there is an obligation to deliver the
thing
Loan vs. Discounting of a Paper (mode of loaning money)
LOAN
DISCOUNTING OF PAPER
Interest is taken at the expiration of Interest is deducted in advance
a credit
Is generally on single-name paper
Is always on double-name paper
Note: the difference between a discount and a loan or forbearance is that the
former does not have to be repaid. Further discounting is slightly more
expensive for the borrower because interest is calculated on the amount
loaned and not on the amount actually received.
Loan vs. Deposit
LOAN
Purpose to grant its USE to
borrower
Generally, the borrower pays only at
the end of period
Relationship is that of lender
(creditor) and borrower (debtor)
There can be compensation of
credits
DEPOSIT
Purpose
SAFEKEEPING
by
depository (who generally cannot
use)
The return of deposited things can
be demanded by the depositor at
any time
Relationship is that of depositor and
depositary
NO compensation of thing deposited
with each other (except by mutual
agreement)
Escalation Clause
It is a valid provision in a loan agreement provided that:
o
The increased rate imposed by the lender does not
exceed the ceiling fixed by law or the monetary board
o
The increase is made effective not earlier than the
effectivity of the law or regulation authorizing such
increase
o
The remaining maturities of the loans are more than 730
days as of the effectivity of the law or regulation
authorizing such an increase
Cause or Consideration in a Contract of Loan
1.
As to the borrower, the acquisition of the thing
angels notes
CREDIT TRANSACTIONS
Paras, de Leon, Assigned Cases, Class Discussion
2.
Article 1934
Speaks of the nature of the contract of loan: real contracts
To effect either a commodatum or a mutuum, a delivery, either real
or constructive, is essential
Q: why is delivery necessary?
A: because unless there is delivery, the borrower in commodatum cannot
exercise due diligence over the thing loaned
Q: is consent necessary in perfecting a contract of loan?
A: yes. They must do so either personally or through an authorized agent, as in
every obligation founded upon a contract. However, acceptance need not be
actual but may be implied from circumstances.
(6) Purpose : The right to use is limited to the thing loaned for a certain
time or period. If the bailee is not entitled to the use of the thing, the
contract may be a DEPOSIT not a Commodatum.
Q: what is compensation?
A: Compensation is what you pay on top of the thing loaned. (example:
interest)
Right of a Bailee
A personal right to use the thing, but not to use its fruits unless
stipulated by the parties. He can neither lend nor lease the thing to
a stranger who is not a member of his household because the
contract is personal.
Obligations of a Bailee
Article 1941 (1)
Bailee: obliged to pay for the ordinary expenses for the use and
preservation of the thing loaned
Q: why should the bailee pay for such?
A: because he is supposed to return the identical thing, so he is obliged to take
care of the thing (diligence of a good father of a family)
Article 1942 (2)
Provides for instances when bailee is liable for the thing loss (even
if due to a fortuitous event):
o
He devotes the thing to any purpose different from that for
which it has been loaned amounts to bad faith or abuse of
generosity (badfaith)
o
If he keeps it longer than the period stipulated guilty of a
certain kind of default (incurs delay)
o
If the thing loaned has been delivered with appraisal of its
value the giving of the value was made to hold the bailee
liable (the law presumes that the parties intended that the
borrower shall be liable for the loss)
o
If he lends or leases the thing to a third person (not a member
of his household) this is prohibited by law (commodatum is
purely personal)
o
Act of ingratitude (saving you own thing) failure to exercise
due diligence (bailee shows ingratitude)
Note: a misuse or abuse of the property is ordinarily a conversion for which
the bailee is generally held responsible, to the full extent of the loss
Article 1943 (3)
Speaks of non-liability for deterioration of the thing loaned without
the fault of the bailee
Hence, in the absence of agreement to the contrary, the
depreciation caused by the reasonable and natural use of the thing
is borne by the bailor
Article 1944 (4)
To return the thing at the expiration of the contract
Reason for the law: bailment implies a trust that as soon as the
time has expired, or the purpose accomplished, the bailed property
must be restored to the bailor
The right of retention is only justified by damages mentioned in
Article 1951
Article 1950
If, for the purpose of making use of the thing, the bailee incurs
expenses other than those referred to in Article 1941 and 1949, he
is NOT entitled to reimbursement
Those expenses not necessary for the use and preservation of the
thing, or expenses for ostentation are borne by the borrower.
Article 1951 (3)
LIABILTY TO PAY DAMAGES FOR KNOWN HIDDEN DEFECTS
Requisites:
1.
There is flaw or defect in the thing loaned
2.
That the flaw or defect is hidden
3.
The bailor is aware of such flaw
4.
He does not notify or advise the bailee of the same and;
5.
The bailee suffers damage by reason of such flaw or defect
Artcie 1952
-
angels notes
CREDIT TRANSACTIONS
Paras, de Leon, Assigned Cases, Class Discussion
EXCEPTION: In case of urgent need in which case bailee may demand its
return or temporary use.
Reason: The right of the bailor is based on the fact that commodatum is
essentially gratuitous.
3.
4.
5.
Chapter 2
Simple Loan or Mutuum
a.
b.
Kinds
Requisites
1.
Capacity of the parties
No special capacity is required to be a lender EXCEPT
ownership. But an emancipated minor may not borrow
money without the consent of his parent or guardian.
2.
Object
Consumable
Muttum involves money or any other fungible things. If not
fungible, the contract is barter.
3.
Consideration
Gratuitous or onerous (interest).
4.
Form
No special form is needed; but there must be delivery, as the
contract is real.
o
An accepted promise to deliver something by way of
simple loan may be subject to the Statute of Frauds if
not to be performed within one year. This contract is
consensual as distinguished from loan proper which is
real.
Case: Saura Import and Export Co. vs. DBP
In this case, the failure to deliver due to MUTUAL DISAGREEMENT
absolved respondent from any liability of breach or failure to fulfill
obligation
Commodatum or Simple loan itself shall NOT be perfected until the
DELIVERY of the object of the contract
However, when bank approves your loan, there is a mere perfected
consensual contract of loan (consensual contract to constitute the
loan)
Effects: Obligation of the Borrower Only
Concept
A.
Article 1953
Simply provides that ownership passes to the borrower, but he
must pay later
Mutuum is similar to an abnormal usufruct
Note: a loan of money, however, may be payable in kind (Art. 1958)
Article 1954
It is a contract whereby one party delivers to another money or
fungible thing, on the condition of returning the same kind, amount
and quality. If the object loaned is not fungible but the borrower is
to return another of the same kind and quality, it is barter.
Note: the term non-fungible in the present provision actually means NONCONSUMABLE. an equivalent thing is returned.
Case: Chee Kiong Yam vs. Malik
Distinction between Mutuum and Commodatum
M: borrower acquires ownership; either gratuitous or onerous;
Since the borrower acquires ownership, there can be no
misappropriation because they are allowed to dispose of the thing
C: Bailor remains to be the owner; essentially gratuitous; If bailor
fails or refuse to return the object, he may be prosecuted with
Estafa
Case: Tolentino vs Gonzales
nd
rd
Distinction between Mutuum and Lease (note that the 2 and 3
distinctions are questionable as they are the same thing)
M: You dont have to return the exact thing
L: You have to return the same thing
M: Relationship of parties obligor-obligee
L: Relationship of parties landlord-tenant
M: Creditor receives payment for loan
L: owner receives compensation or price
Case: Liwanag vs. CA
Distinction between Mutuum and Agency
M: delivery of object to the bailee makes him the owner of such
A: in a contract of agency, agent may be liable for Estafa as there
was no transfer of ownership.
Article 1955
1.
Liability of borrower of money is governed by Article 1249 and
1250
2.
Note: payment of interest in kind what is applicable is the value of the object
at the time of payment.
B.
To Pay Interest
Article 1956
Interest shall be expressly stipulated in WRITING
Kinds of Interest:
o
Compensation for the use of the money (monetary
interest)
o
Damages compensatory interest
This article speaks of the first kind of interest
When the stipulation to pay is verbal, the voluntary payment is
valid as a performance of a natural obligation. (But GR: Verbal
void; EXCP: voluntary payment)
Requisites for recovery of interest
o
Must be expressly stipulated
o
Agreement must be in writing
o
Interest must be lawful
Q: when does interest earns interest?
A: interest due shall earn legal interest from the time it is JUDICIALLY
DEMANDED, although the obligation may be silent upon this point
Note: if the exact rate of the interest is not mentioned, the legal rate of 12%
shall be payable (deals with (1) loans, (2) forbearance of any money, goods or
credits, (3) judgments involving such loans or forbearance)
No increase in interest shall be due unless such increase has also been
expressly stipulated
Article 1957
Usury law should not be circumvented
Note however, Usury law no longer exists. Thus there is no more
maximum rate of interest. The rate will just depend on the mutual
agreement of the parties
Article 1958
Determination of interest if in KIND: value should be at time and
place of PAYMENT
Article 1959
Speaks of when accrued interest (due and unpaid) earns interest:
o
GR: it will not bear interest
o
EXC: (a) if there is agreement to this effect; (b) if there is
judicial demand
If it falls under the exception, such will bear interest at eh legal rate
Note: if there is no written agreement on the interest but the borrower pays,
the presumption is that he did it VOLUNTARILY (moral or natural obligation).
Exception is SOLUTION INDEBITI (payment by mistake (this defense must be
proven)
Remember: No compounding of Interest unless expressly stipulated
Article 1961
Usurious contracts shall be governed by the Usury Law and other
special laws, so far as they are not inconsistent with this Code.
Bank Deposits
You are actually extending a loan to a bank
Called an irregular deposit
In time deposit: you can pre-terminate but you are not entitled to
the agreed interest
Case: Gopoco Grocery vs. Pacific Coast Biscuit Co.
Saving deposits are converted into simple commercial loans
Bank: debtor (obtains ownership); Depositor: creditor
In a simple loan, money deposited is only an ordinary credit as it
forms the asset of the bank
Case: Central Bank of the Phil. Vs. Morfe
Deposits are considered simple loans and are not preferred credits
Even if you acquired a favorable judgment from the court, you
dont become a preferred credit. You still have to file a claim from
the liquidator or receiver
Case: Serrano vs. Central Bank of the Phil
Bank deposits are in the nature of irregular deposits. They are loans
because they earn interest and because the bank can use the same
deposited money
Case: Guingona vs. City Fiscal of Manila
Failure to return savings deposit to depositor will not constitute
Estafa through misappropriation but will only give rise to civil
liability over which public respondent has no jurisdiction
Chapter 1
Deposit in General and its Different Kinds
Concept
Article 1960
Interest paid even if not stipulated, is not recoverable, it being
proof of a tacit contract or a natural obligation.
a. Except where it is proved that the interest was paid by error
(solution indebiti)
b. Interest payable in kind, it is appraised at the current price at
the time of payment (Art. 1958)
c. Interest due shall not earn interest (no compounding) in the
absence of agreement and without prejudice to Art 2212
(interest after judicial demand) (Art. 1595)
d. The following are not considered interest:
- Increase in the price when the sale is on installment
- Attorneys fees for cost of collection
- Penalty for breach
Article 1962
Deposit is constituted from the moment a person receives a thing
belonging to another, with the obligation of safely keeping it and of
returning the safe
Deposit is a real contract thus is perfected by DELIVERY, but an
agreement to constitute a deposit is merely consensual, and is
therefore binding upon mere consent
Q: Can a depositary use the thing deposited?
A: GR is No. But he can use it in two instances:
a.
With the express permission of the depositor
b.
When the preservation of the thing deposited requires its use, it
must be used but only for that purpose
angels notes
CREDIT TRANSACTIONS
Paras, de Leon, Assigned Cases, Class Discussion
Article 1963
An agreement to constitute a deposit is binding, but the deposit
itself is not perfected until the delivery of the thing
Where there has been no delivery, there is merely an agreement to
deposit, a person obligation to do (contract of future deposit:
consensual this however is binding)
Note however: an offer to constitute a deposit in the future is binding only
when said offer is accepted
Kinds of Deposit
Article 1964
2 ways of constituting a deposit:
Extrajudicial
o
Voluntary
o
Necessary
Judicial vs. Extra-Judicial Deposit
JUDICIAL
Creation
Will of the court
Purpose
To insure the right of a
party to property or to
recover in case of
favorable judgment
Subject Matter
Immovable (generally)
or movables
Cause
Always onerous
When to return
EXTRA-JUDICIAL
Will of the parties
Custody and
safekeeping
Movables only
Gratuitous (generally)
or compensated
Upon
demand
of
depositor
COMMODATUM
Essentially and always gratuitous
Principal purpose is use
upon
MUTUUM
Purpose is for the consumption of
the subject matter
The lender must wait until the
expiration of the period granted to
the debtor
Only money and any other fungible
thing
Article 1965
Generally, deposit is gratuitous
Exceptions:
o
When there is a contrary agreement
o
When the depositary is engaged in the business of storing
goods
o
Involuntary deposit, where property is saved from
destruction during a calamity by another person without
the knowledge of the owner, the latter is bound to pay the
former just compensation
Q: If compensation was agreed but the rate was not fixed, how much should
be given?
A: the compensation should be fixed according to the current rates in the
place where the deposit was constituted. If the goods were delivered in one
place but actually deposited in another place, the rate of compensation shall
be that of the place where the things were delivered, because that would be
the place where the contract was perfected.
Note: when the thing delivered can be used by the depositary and he is
obliged to pay interest for said use, it follows that the contract cannot be
considered a deposit but a loan or mutuum.
Article 1966
Object of extrajudicial deposit are movable things, whether
voluntary or necessary
Judicial deposit , however, may cover both movable or immovable
property, its purpose being to protect the rights of parties to a suit
This article does not embrace incorporeal or intangible property,
such as rights and actions
rd
Depositor or 3 person
designated
angels notes
CREDIT TRANSACTIONS
Paras, de Leon, Assigned Cases, Class Discussion
Article 1967
Extrajudicial deposit is either:
o
Voluntary there is mutual consent; made by the will of the
depositor
o
Necessary made in compliance with a legal obligation, on
the occasion of calamity (depositum miserable), made by
travelers in hotels or inns, made by travelers with common
carriers
Note: if you allow the use it should not be the primary purpose
Article 1972 (a to preserve the thing or safekeeping)
If the degree of diligence is not specified, one should observe the
diligence of a good father of a family
Note however that more care is required if the deposit is for a
compensation than if it is gratuitous
Note: in case of non-fault on the part of the depositary, the depositor-owner
bears the loss because of the maxim res perit domino.
Chapter 2
Voluntary Deposit
Section 1: General Provisions
Article 1968
Voluntary deposit is that wherein the delivery of the object is made
by the will of the depositor
a.
b.
c.
Kinds
a.
b.
Exemption from liability: The thing is lost through the negligence of the third
person with whom he was allowed to deposit the thing if such person is not
manifestly careless or unfit.
Article 1974 (a change of the manner of deposit)
GR: depositary may NOT change the manner of deposit
EXC: there are circumstances where depositary may reasonable
presume that depositor would consent to the change (note
however that before making the change, NOTIFICITAION and REPLY
from the depositor is necessary)
EXC to the EXC: notification may be disregarded if delay would
cause danger
Article 1975 (a preservation of the value)
If the thing deposited should earn interest, the depositary is under
obligation to:
a. to collect interest as it fall due
b. to take steps to preserve its value and rights corresponding
to it according to law
The depositary is bound to collect the capital, as well as the
interest, when due.
Example: encash the check so that the value will remain
Article 1976
Speaks of comingling of grain or other articles of the same kind and
quality (General Rule)
EXC: unless there is a stipulation to the contrary
Note: if objects are comingled, the various depositors shall own or have a
proportionate interest in the mass
Article 1977 (a agreement that the depositary may use the thing deposited)
GR: The depositary may not to make use of the thing deposited
unless authorized. Deposit is for safekeeping not for use.
Exceptions:
a.
Expressly authorized by the depositor
b.
Such use is necessary for its preservation but limited for the
purpose only
Effect of unauthorized use: Liability for damages
Effects of authorized use: (article 1978)
Article 1978 (a agreement that the depositary may use the thing deposited)
GR1 if the thing deposited is a non-consumable thing: The contract
loses the character of a deposit and acquires that of a
commodatum despite the fact that the parties may have
denominated it as deposit.
EXC1: Safekeeping is still the principal purpose of the contract.
GR2 if the thing deposited is money or other consumable thing:
The contract is converted into a simple loan or mutuum.
EXC2: Safekeeping is still the principal purpose of the contract, but
it now becomes an irregular deposit.
Note: permission shall not be presumed, and its existence must be proved.
angels notes
CREDIT TRANSACTIONS
Paras, de Leon, Assigned Cases, Class Discussion
Q: Can the right to demand the return of the thing deposited prescribe?
A: No. In deposit, there is no transfer of ownership. What is transferred is
simply the custody of the thing. In order to ripen into prescription possession
must be in the concept of an owner, public, peaceful and uninterrupted.
Article 1979
GR: depositary is not liable for loss due to fortuitous event
This article provides for the EXCEPTIONS:
1.
If it is so stipulated
2.
If he uses the thing without the depositors permission
3.
If he delays its return
4.
If he allows others to use it, even though he himself may
have been authorized to use the same
Article 1980
Fixed, savings, and current deposits of money in banks and similar
institutions shall be governed by the provisions concerning simple
loans
Note: a bank can COMPENSATE a debtors debt with a debtors deposit
because insofar as the deposit is concerned, the relationship between them is
that of debtor and creditor.
Article 1981 (a secrecy of deposit)
The depositary has the obligation to:
a.
Return the thing deposited when delivered closed and sealed
in the same condition
b.
Pay for damages should the seal or lock be broken through his
fault, which is presumed unless proven otherwise
c.
Keep the secret of the deposit when the seal or lock is broken
with or without his fault.
Note: As regards the value of the thing deposited, the statement of the
depositor shall be accepted, when the forcible opening is imputable to the
depositary, should there be no proof to the contrary
Article 1982(a secrecy of deposit)
The depositary is authorized to open the thing deposited which is
closed and sealed when there is:
a.
Presumed authority (i.e. when the key has been delivered to
him or the instructions of the depositor cannot be done
without opening it)
b.
Necessity
Article 1983 (b what is to be returned)
If specific thing: the thing deposited shall be returned with all
its products, accessories and accessions
If money: obligation to pay interest on sums converted for
personal use
If generic thing: article 1976
Case: Roman Catholic Bishop of Jaro vs. de la Pena
SC majority: Commingling of funds does not make the depositary
responsible if it is taken or confiscated by the government as this is
a case of force majeure
Dissent: by mixing it with his account, he stamped his own marks
and unclothed it of all the protection it had
Article 1984 (b to whom)
The depositary is obliged to return the thing deposited when
required to (article 1972 codal provision):
1. The depositor
2. To his heirs or successors
3. To the person who may have been designated in
the contract
This article Provides for 4 rules:
1. Depositary cannot demand proof of ownership
2. If Depositary discover that the thing has been STOLEN and he
KNOWS who the TRUE OWNER is, he must ADVISE the latter of
the deposit
3. If the owner, in spite of such information, does not claim it within
the period of ONE(1) MONTH the depositary shall be relieved of
all responsibility by returning the thing deposited to the
depositor
4. If the depositary has reasonable grounds to believe that the thing
has NOT BEEN LAWFULLY ACUQUIRED by the depositor, the
former may return the same (even before the stipulated time)
Q: what is the difference between rule 2 and 4?
A: in rule 2, the depositary knows who the owner of the stolen property is, in
rule 4, he does not
Note: that the law uses the word STOLEN. Hence, if LOST, the provisions
appertaining to stolen property SHOULD NOT apply.
8
GR: The bank can set-off the deposits in its hands for the payment
of any indebtedness to it on the part of the depositor.
However, if the depositor is a mere indorser of a check which was
later dishonoured, the right of action does not accrue until a notice
of dishonour is given to him.
angels notes
CREDIT TRANSACTIONS
Paras, de Leon, Assigned Cases, Class Discussion
Chapter 3
Necessary Deposit
Kinds
Article 1996 (1 and 2)
Deposit is necessary:
1.
When it is made in compliance with a legal obligation
2.
When it takes place on the occasion of any calamity,
such as fire, storm, flood, pillage, shipwreck, or other
similar events
Article 1997
Speaks of Governing Rules
angels notes
CREDIT TRANSACTIONS
Paras, de Leon, Assigned Cases, Class Discussion
Article 2006
movable as well as immovable property may be the object of
sequestration
Article 2007
The depositary of property or objects sequestrated cannot be
relieved of his responsibility until the controversy which gave rise
thereto has come to an end, unless the court so orders
Article 1999
The liability of hotel or inn keeper includes:
1.
For the vehicles, animals and articles which have been
introduced or placed in the annexes of the hotel;
Article 2008
The depositary of property sequestrated is bound to comply, with
respect to the same, with all the obligations of a good father of a
family
Article 2000
The liability of hotel or inn keeper includes:
2.
Damages to good by their servants or employees as well
as strangers but not that which may proceed from any
force majeure (ex. Flood) or if there has been robbery
by intimidation of persons;
Article 2009
As to matters not provided for in this Code, judicial sequestration
shall be governed by the Rules of Court
Article 2001
The act of a thief or robber, who has entered the hotel is not
deemed force majeure, UNLESS it is done with the USE OF ARMS
OR THROUGH AN IRRESISTIBLE FORCE
Note: if the person who robbed the hotel with the use of arms or irresistible
force is an employee of the hotel, the hotel is still liable because article 2001
refers to a stranger. The hotel will thus be liable under article 2000.
Special Rule
1.
Examples of an attachment or seizure of property by judicial order:
a.
Under Rule 57, Revised Rules of Court: a proper party may, at
the commencement of the action or at any time thereafter,
have the properties of the adverse party attached as security
for the satisfaction of any judgment that may be recovered.
b.
Under Rule 60, a sheriff may be ordered to seize personal
property in suits for the delivery of personal property.
c.
In PCGG sequestration cases pending before the Sandiganbayan.
Article 2002
Speaks of an instance when hotel-keeper is not liable
The hotel-keeper is not liable for compensation if the loss is due to
o
the acts of the guest, his family, servants or
visitors,
o
or if the loss arises from the character of the things
brought into the hotel.
Note: the law does NOT distinguish what kind of acts are referred to. Acts
therefore may either be the result of voluntary malicious act or simply of
negligence.
Article 2003
The hotel-keeper cannot free himself from responsibility by posting
notices to the effect that he is not liable for the articles brought by
the guest. Any stipulation between the hotel-keeper and the guest
whereby the responsibility of the former as set forth in articles
1998 to 2001 is suppressed or diminished shall be void.
Case: YHT Realty Corp. vs. CA
Hotel cannot free itself from responsibility by posting notices to the
effect that he is not liable for articles brought by gusts
It is not necessary that the thing should actually be delivered to the
innkeepers, it is sufficient that the effects are within the hotel or
inns
Article 2004
The hotel-keeper has a right to retain the things brought into the
hotel by the guest, as a security for credits on account of lodging,
and supplies usually furnished to hotel guests.
Note: this right of retention is in the nature of a pledge created by operation
of law, and thus, the hotel-keeper is allowed to power of sale.
Note however that the lien or the right of retention does not exist when the
debtor is not a guest of the hotel.
(4) In common Carriers
Chapter 4
Sequestration or Judicial Deposit
Article 2005
A Judicial deposit or sequestration takes place when an attachment
or seizure of property in litigation is ordered by a court
Garnishment of property is to satisfy a writ of executions
The property is brought into CUSTODIA LEGIS, under the sole
control of the court
Note: the purpose of a judicial deposit is to maintain the status quo during the
pendency of the litigation or to insure the right of the parties to the property
in case of a favorable judgment
10
angels notes
CREDIT TRANSACTIONS
Paras, de Leon, Assigned Cases, Class Discussion