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EngineeringdrawingabbreviationsandsymbolsWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

Engineeringdrawingabbreviationsandsymbols
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

Engineeringdrawingabbreviationsandsymbolsareusedtocommunicateanddetailthecharacteristicsofan
engineeringdrawing.Thislistincludesabbreviationscommontothevocabularyofpeoplewhoworkwith
engineeringdrawingsinthemanufactureandinspectionofpartsandassemblies.
Technicalstandardsexisttoprovideglossariesofabbreviations,acronyms,andsymbolsthatmaybefoundon
engineeringdrawings.Manycorporationshavesuchstandards,whichdefinesometermsandsymbolsspecific
tothemonthenationalandinternationallevel,ASMEstandardY14.38[1]isprobablythemostwidelyused.
Jumpto:09ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXY
Zseealso

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Abbreviation
orsymbol

Definition

Description

09

acrosscorners

Commonlyusedwhenmeasuringthecornersofahexdrive,suchasa
hexnut.

acrossflats

Commonlyusedwhenmeasuringtheflatsurfacesofahexdrive,such
asahexnut.

AmericanIronand
SteelInstitute

TheAISIacronymiscommonlyseenasaprefixtosteelgrades,for
example,"AISI4140".TheSAEsteelgradesystemwasformerlya
jointAISISAEsystem.

AC
AF
AISI

AlorAL

aluminium

ALY

alloy

AMER

American

ReferringtotheUnitedStates

AerospaceMaterial
Standards

StandardsinmaterialsscienceandengineeringmaintainedbySAE
Internationalandwidelyusedintheaerospacemanufacturing
industries.

ArmyNavy

Aprefixforstandardhardware(cataloghardware)IDnumbers.Came
fromtheeraofcirca1890s1945,whentheU.S.ArmyandNavywere
leadingthewayonproductstandardizationforlogisticsimprovement,
yieldingtheUnitedStatesMilitaryStandardssystem.Todayindustry
andISOalsodoalotofthisstandardizationspecification,freeingthe
U.S.DODandmilitarytodolessofit(asexplainedatUnitedStates
MilitaryStandard>Originsandevolution),althoughmanyMIL
standardsarestillcurrent.(SeealsoMSandNAS.)

AMS

AN

ANN

anneal,annealed

ANSI

AmericanNational
StandardsInstitute

APPROX[2]

approximately

AQL

Andthemanystandardsthatitissues,forexample,ANSIZ87.1.

acceptablequality
level

Thethresholdofdefectivenessthatisallowableinagroupofparts.It
istrivialtosaythatnoonewantsanyerror,andthateveryonewants
uniformperfectionbutintherealworld,italmostneverhappens.The
intelligencebehinddefiningAQLsisinfiguringouthowmucherror
istolerablegiventhecoststhatwouldbeincurredbyanyeffortsto
furtherreduceitsincidence.

asrequired

Anabbreviationusedinpartslists(PLs,LMs,BoMs)inthequantity
perassemblyfieldwhenadiscretecountisnotapplicable.For
example,inanassemblywithaboltedjointusingfourbolts,thePL
quantitycolumnwillsay"4"fortheboltPN,"4"forthenutPN,and
"AR"fortheliquidthreadlockerthatwillbeapplied.

AerospaceStandards
AustralianStandards

1.AerospaceStandards,technicalstandardsmaintainedbySAE
Internationalandwidelyusedintheaerospacemanufacturing
industries.StandardaerospacehardwaresometimeshastheASprefix
inthecatalognumbers.2.AustralianStandards,standardsper
Australianindustry.

AR

AS

AS,APS,
APV,AV,
APSL,AVL
approvedproduct
supplier,approved
vendor,approved

WhenonlycertaincompaniesareapprovedbytheCDAto
manufacturetheproduct(thatis,tomakewhatthedrawing
depicts/defines),theyarecalledbynamessuchas"approved
supplier","approvedproductsupplier","approvedvendor",or
"approvedproductvendor".Thelistofsuchcompanies(whichusually
changesovertime)iscalledanAPSL,AVL,orsimilarnames.Vetting

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productsupplierlist,
approvedvendorlist

thecompaniesonthislistrequirestheCDAtoaudit(andpossibly
periodicallyreaudit)thecompanies,whichincursanoverhead
expensefortheCDA.Therefore,smallercompanieswilloftencite
largercompanies'listsinordertoavoidthecostofduplicatingthe
effort.

ASA

AmericanStandards
Association

ASME

AmericanSocietyof
Andthemanystandardsthatitissues,forexample,ASMEY14.5.
MechanicalEngineers

ASSYor
ASY

assembly

FormernameforANSI(1920s1960s).

referringtoanassemblyofpartsratherthanjustone(sub)part("piece
part","detailpart").

ASTM

FormerlytheAmerican
SocietyforTestingand Maintainstechnicalstandards,especiallyregardingmaterialsscience
MaterialsnowASTM andengineeringandmetrology.
International

AVG

average

AWG

AmericanWireGauge

basicdimension

Abasicdimensionisonethatisthetheoreticalvaluewithoutany
tolerancerange.Itdoesnotserveasanacceptancecriterion.Itisthus
similarinsomerespectstoareferencedimension.Thereasonwhya
basicdimensiondoesnotcarryatoleranceisthatitsactualvaluewill
fall(acceptably)whereveritisputbyotherfeatures'actualvalues,
wherethelatterfeaturesaretheoneswithtolerancesdefined.A
commonandsimpleexampleisholelocation:Ifahole'scenterpoint
locationhasapositiontolerance,thenthecenterpoint'scoordinatesdo
notneed(andshouldnothave)separatetolerancesappliedtothem.
Thustheyareinsteadgivenasbasicdimensions.Inmodernpractice
basicdimensionshavearectangularboxaroundthem,orsometimes
theword"BASIC".

BASIC

BCorB.C.

boltcircle

BHCS

buttonheadcapscrew LikeanSHCSbutwithabuttonhead.

BHN

Brinellhardness
number

BoMorBOM
billofmaterials

Alsocalledalistofmaterials(LMorL/M).Overlapsalotinconcept
withapartslist(PLorP/L).Thereisnoconsistentlyenforced
distinctionbetweenanL/M,aBoM,oraP/L.

BP,B/P

blueprint

"perB/P"="perdrawing"

BRZ

bronze

BSC

basicdimension

Seebasicdimensioninfoabove.

CAD

computeraideddesign,
computeraided
draftingcadmium
[plating]

CAGE

Commercialand
GovernmentEntity

ACAGEcodeisauniqueidentifiertolabelanentity(thatis,a
specificgovernmentagencyorcorporationataspecificsite)thatisa
CDA,ODA,orMFRofthepartdefinedbythedrawing.One
corporationcanhavemanyCAGEcodes,ascanonegovernment,
becauseeachdivision,department,andsite(campus)canhaveitsown
CAGEcode.ThesameCAGEcodecanchangeownersovertheyears.

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[code]

Forexample,aCAGEcodethatformerlyreferredtoacertainMartin
MariettasitewillnowrefertoLockheedMartinatthatsamesite
(althoughthebuildingsmayhavebeenreplacedandthesignagemay
saydifferentnames).

CCorCTO centretocentreon
C
centres

Definescentretocentredistanceoftwofeatures,suchastwoholes.

CBN

cubicboronnitride

Amaterialfromwhichsomecutterinsertsaremade.

CDA

TheCDAistheentity(whetheritbeacorporation,aunitofanational
militaryorministryofdefence,oranotherciviliangovernment
agency)thatcurrentlyhasdesignauthorityoverthepartdesign
(definition).Itmaybetheentitywhofirstdesignedthepart(thatis,
theODA),buttodayitisalsolikelytobeadesignatedsuccessor
entity,owingtomergersandacquisitions(M&A)activity(e.g.,ODA
companywasboughtbyCDAcompany)contractletting(e.g.,an
ArmyengineeringdepartmentODAturnsoverthedesignactivityto
currentdesignactivity theprimecontractorthatmakesmostoralloftheparts,turningthat
contractorintothenewCDA)privatization(e.g.,agovernment
privatizesthedesignandmanufactureofmateriel,andastatearsenal
[statearmory]ODAtransfersdesignauthoritytoaprivatearmory
[defensecontractor]ODA)orpatentlicensing(e.g.,apatentholding
inventor[ODA]licensesoneorseveralcompaniestomanufacture
productsusinghisintellectualproperty,inwhichcasethe"same"part
couldendupwithmultipledesignauthorities,althoughtheymaynot
beconsideredtheofficial/nominalCDA).

CERTorcert certification
CG

centerlessground,
centerlessgrinding
Centermark

CH

chamfer

CHAM

chamfer

CI

Nolongeracommonlyusedabbreviation.Bettertospelloutfor
clarity.

centerlineclass

1.Centerline,thecentralaxisofafeature.2.Class,forexample,
"paintperspecXYZrevisionCtype1class2"maybeabbreviatedas
"paintperspecXYZREVCTY1CL2"oreveninsomecases"paint
perspecXYZC12".(Thelatterpracticeisnotuncommonbutis
crypticforworkerswithminimaltrainingandexperience.Thefirst
twooptionsarebetterpractice.)

computernumerical
control

CR

CRES

Definesthecenterofacircleorpartialcircle.

castiron

CLor

CNC

Forexample,certificationofmetallurgicalcontentandprocesses

controlledradius

Radiusofanarcorcircle,withnoflatsorreversals.Thisstrictversion
ofradiusdefinitionisspecifiedindemandingapplicationswhenthe
formoftheradiusmustbecontrolledmorestrictlythan"justfalling
withinthedimensionaltolerancezone".Itispoorengineeringto
specifyaCRinsteadofanRsimplyonthetheoryofenforcinggood
workmanship.CRisforcriticalfeatureswhoseperformancetruly
requiresnearperfectgeometry.Likemostsuchcharacteristics,its
presenceincreasesthepriceofthepart,becauseitraisesthecostsof
manufacturingandqualityassurance.

corrosionresistant
[steel]

Largelysynonymouswithstainlesssteel,unlessspecificgrades,specs,
anddistinctionsaremadeonthedrawing.SomepeopletreatCRESas
asubsetofthestainlesssteels.

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CRS

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coldrolledsteelon
centres

Definescentretocentredistanceoftwofeatures,suchastwoholes.

C'BOREor
CBOREor

counterbore

CSKor
CSINKor

countersink

CTN,ctn

carton

depth,deep,down

Definesthedepthofafeature.

diameter

Diameterofacircle.Inafeaturecontrolframe(FCF),thesymbol
tellsyouthatthetolerancezoneforthegeometrictoleranceis
cylindrical.Abbreviationsfor"diameter"include,DIA,andD.

diameterdelta

Abbreviationsfor"diameter"include,DIA,andD.Fordeltausage,
seeforexample"deltanotes".

diameter

Diameterofacircle.Abbreviationsfor"diameter"include,DIA,and
D.

[2]

D
DIA[2]
DIM
DO,do

dimension,
dimensioning
ditto

Seenoccasionallyinolderdrawingsinsteadofrepeatingagiven
dimension.

DOD,DoD

[U.S.]Departmentof
Defense

SeealsoMOD.

DPD

digitalproduct
definition

AsynonymofMBD.

DWG,dwg

drawing

Referringtotheengineeringdrawing

engineeringorder

Anorderfromtheengineeringdepartment(tobefollowedbythe
productiondepartmentorvendor)overriding/supersedingadetailon
thedrawing,whichgetssupersededwithrevisedinformation.Also
calledbyvariousothernames,suchasengineeringchangeorder
(ECO),engineeringchangenotice(ECN),drawingchangenotice
(DCN),andsoon.SeealsoREV.

equal,equally

Forexample,"104XEQSPACEDONBC"means"drillfourholes
of10mmdiameterequallyspacedaroundtheboltcircle."

finish

Anitalicf(Latinsmallletterf)writtenonalinerepresentingasurface
wasanoldwayofindicatingthatthesurfacewastobemachined
ratherthanleftintheascastorasforgedstate.The"f"camefrom
"finish"inthesenseof"machinefinish"asopposedtoraw
stock/casting/forging.LatertheASAconveneduponaletterV
(specificallyasansserifV)touchingthesurface.Soonthisevolved
intothe"checkmark"signwithaccompanyingnumberthattellsthe
readeramaxroughnessvalue(RMS,microinchesormicrometres)for
themachinedfinish,tobemeasuredwithaprofilometer.

EO,ECO,
ECN

EQ
F
f

FAO

Anotetellingthemanufacturerthatallsurfacesofthepartaretobe
machined(asopposedtoleavinganysurfacesascastorasforged).

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finishallover

FCF

featurecontrolframe

Therectangularbox(withseveralcells)thatconveysgeometric
tolerancesinGD&T.Ittypicallytellsyouwhatsortofgeometric
condition(e.g.,parallel,perpendicular,round,concentric),followed
bywhatsize(andmaybeshape)thetolerancezoneis,andfinally
whichdatumsitrelatesto,theorderofgagingagainstthem,andwhat
materialconditionappliestothem(LMC,MMC,orRFS).Adiameter
symbol()tellsyouthatthezoneforthegeometrictoleranceis
cylindrical.

fieldofthedrawing

The[main]fieldofthedrawing,asopposedtootherareasofit,such
asthepartslist(P/L),generalnotes(G/N),flagnotes(F/NorFL),title
block(T/B),revblock(R/B),billofmaterials(B/MorBoMorBOM),
orlistofmaterials(L/M).Rationalesfordrawingchangesthatare
notedintherevblockoftenusetheseabbreviationsforbrevity(e.g.,
"DIM14.00was12.50addeddefaultTOLinfotoT/Baddedleader
linestoF/DaddedalternatehardwareIDstoP/Laddedalternate
alloytoL/M").

fullindicator
movement

SeealsoTIR.

flagnote,flagnote

Anotethatiscalledoutinspecificspotsinthefieldofthedrawing.It
isnumberedwithastylizedflagsymbolsurroundingthenumber.A
generalnoteappliesgenerallyandisnotcalledoutwithflags.

flagnote,flagnote
findnumber

1.Flagnote:Aflagnoteisanotethatiscalledoutinspecificspotsin
thefieldofthedrawing.Itisnumberedwithastylizedflagsymbol
surroundingthenumber(orsometimesadeltasymbol).Ageneralnote
appliesgenerallyandisnotcalledoutwithflags.2.Findnumber:
"FN"meaning"findnumber"referstotheordinalnumberthatgives
anIDtagtooneoftheconstituentsinapartslist(listofmaterials,bill
ofmaterials).Thus"fastenusingFN7"referstoafastenerthatis"find
number"7inthelist.

featureofsize

Atypeofphysicalfeatureonapart.AnFoSisafeaturethatcanhave
sizeassociatedwithit,usuallyinvolvingtheoppositionoftwo
surfaces(e.g.,thetwodiametricallyoppositesidesofaholewallthe
twooppositewallsofaslotorflange).Featuresofsize(FoSs)in
realityalwayshaveactualsizesandformsthatdifferfromtheir
theoreticalsizeandformthepurposeoftolerancingistodefine
whetherthedifferenceisacceptableornot.Thusmaterialcondition
(LMC,MMC,somewhereinbetween,orRFS)isimportantinGD&T.
)Agivengeometrictolerancemaybedefinedinrelationtoacertain
FoSdatumbeingatLMCoratMMC.

FDorF/D

FIM
FL

FNorF/N

FoS

FS

Notanobsoleteusage,butnotseenascommonlyasitwasdecades
agonotleastbecausepartsthatoncewouldhavebeenspotfaced
castingsarenowlikeliertobecontouredfrombilletwithCNC
milling.Butmoreimportantly,bestengineeringpracticetoday,
reflectingdesignformanufacturabilityandavoidanceofspuriouscost
drivers,iseithertospecifyspecific,quantifiablerequirementsfor
surfaceswithspecificneeds(suchasRMSroughnessmeasurementsin
microinchesormicrometres,plusanyplatingorpaintingneeds),orto
leavefinishoutofthepartdefinition(andthusatthemanufacturer's
discretion)becauseitisnotimportanttofit,function,orcriticality.
Thissamespiritisbehindtheshiftinmilitarystandardsfromwriting
requirementsaboutmethodstowritingtheminsteadabout
performance,withthemethodtoreachthatgoalbeinguptothe
ingenuityofthedesigner.

Thedrawingnotations"nearside"and"farside"tellthereaderwhich
sideofthepartafeatureison,inoccasionalcontextswherethatfactis

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farside

notcommunicatedusingtherulesofprojectionalone.Contextsof
usageareratherlimited.Oneexampleisholelocations"3XAND3X
FARSIDE"definessymmetricalgroupsof3holesonbothsidesofa
part(6total),withouthavingtoredefineequivalentholecenter
coordinatesontwoseparateviews,oneforeachgroup.Thisisnot
onlyaconvenienceforthedesignerbutalsoamethodoferror
prevention,becauseitprovidesawaytoavoidforkinggeometric
definitionthatideallyshouldbekeptunforkedtoprevent
discrepancies.Forexample,thegroupsdefinedabovecannot
accidentallybecomeasymmetricallydiscrepantinafuturerevisionby
therevisorfailingtorevisebothgroupsequally(becausetheir
definitionisunifiedinonlyoneplace).Anotherexampleispart
markinglocations.Anareaforpartidentificationmarkingcanbe
circledonatopviewbutassignedtoeitherthetoporbottomofthe
partsimplywitha"nearside"or"farside"notationwhichobviates
addinganyotherwiseunneededbottomviewtothefieldofthe
drawing.

FSCM

FederalStock/Supply
Codefor
Manufacturers

Anoldernamefor"CAGEcode".AlsoNSCM(National
Stock/SupplyCodeforManufacturers).

GCI

graycastiron

GD&Tor
GDT

geometric
dimensioningand
tolerancing

Astandardizedlanguagefordefiningandcommunicatingdimensions
andtolerances.

generalnote(s)

Mostengineeringdrawingshaveanoteslist,whichincludesboth
generalnotesandflagnotes.

HBW

hardness,Brinell,
tungstentip

SeeBrinellscale.(The"W"comesfromtheelementsymbolfor
tungsten,W,whichcomesfromtheGermanWolfram.)

HHCS

hexheadcapscrew

HRA

hardness,Rockwell,A
SeeRockwellscale.
scale

HRB

hardness,Rockwell,B
SeeRockwellscale.
scale

HRC

hardness,Rockwell,C
SeeRockwellscale.
scale

HRS

hotrolledsteel

HTTR

heattreat,heat
treatment

GNorG/N

H&TorH/T
orHT

hardenedandtempered

Aformofheattreatmentinwhichthemetalisfirsthardenedandthen
tempered.CompareN&T.

IAW

inaccordancewith

Acommonneedinengineeringdrawingsistoinstructtheusertodo
activityXinaccordancewithtechnicalstandardY.Forexample,
"WeldallsubassembliesIAWAWSXYZ.123"means"Weldall
subassembliesinaccordancewithAmericanWeldingSocietystandard
numberXYZ.123"(thenumberishypotheticalinthisexample).The
word"per"isfunctionallyequivalentto"IAW"insuchcontextsthus
"rivetallsheetmetalperMILPRF123456"or"[...]IAWMILPRF
123456".Partofthemotivationbehindthechoiceofwords"in

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accordancewith"isthattheydonotallegethatanyparticularactivity
isexplicitlyspecifiedbystandardXYZ.123(which"per"couldbe
interpretedasalleging,atleastinconnotation)rather,thesewords
merelyinstructtheuserthatwhatevers/hedoesmustnotcontradict
thestandardinanyway.Butthisisasubtleconnotativedistinction,
and"per"and"IAW"aredenotativelyequivalent.
ID

innerdiameter
identity,identification
number

ISO

International
Organizationfor
Standardization

Andthemanystandardsthatitspecifies,forexample,ISO10303

key

Drawingcalloutsmarked"KEY"define"keycharacteristics"thatare
consideredespeciallyimportantforfit,function,safety,orother
reasons.Theyarethussubjectedtohigherinspectionsamplinglevels.

KEY

KPSI,kpsi

kilopoundspersquare
inch,thatis,thousands
SeediscussionatsynonymKSI.
ofpoundspersquare
inch

KSI,ksi

L
LH

kilopoundspersquare
inch,thatis,thousands
ofpoundspersquare
inch

KSI(orksi),alsoabbreviatedKPSIorkpsi,isacommonnonSI
measurementscaleforultimatetensilestrength,thatis,thenumberof
unitsoftensileforcethatamaterialcanendureperunitofcross
sectionalareabeforebreaking.IntheSIsystem,theunitisthepascal
(Pa)(oramultiplethereof,oftenmegapascals(MPa),usingthemega
prefix)or,equivalentlytopascals,newtonspersquaremetre(N/m).

lefthand

Referringtohandedness,suchasthehelixhandednessofscrew
threadsorthemirrorimagehandednessofasymmetricalpairofparts.

listofmaterials

Alsocalledabillofmaterials(BoM,BOM).Overlapsalotinconcept
withapartslist(PLorP/L).Thereisnoconsistentlyenforced
distinctionbetweenanL/M,aBoM,oraP/L.

LMorL/M

LMC

AmaterialconditioninGD&T.Meansthatafeatureofsize(FoS)isat
thelimitofitssizetoleranceinthedirectionthatleavestheleast
materialleftonthepart.Thusaninternalfeatureofsize(e.g.,ahole)
leastmaterialcondition atitsbiggestdiameter,oranexternalfeatureofsize(e.g.,aflange)at
itssmallestthickness.TheGD&TsymbolforLMCisacircledL.(See
alsoMMCandRFS.)Agivengeometrictolerancemaybedefinedin
relationtoacertainFoSdatumbeingatLMCoratMMC.

MACH

machinemachined

MAJ

major

MAX[2]

maximum

MBD

Definitionofthepartviaa3DCADmodelratherthanviaa2D
engineeringdrawing.Drawingsmaybeprinted(plotted)fromthe
modelbaseddefinition
modelforreferenceuse,butthemodelremainsthegoverninglegal
instrument.

MBP

measurementbetween threads,splines,gears(internal,female)(synonymouswithMBW)
pins
(seealsoMOP,MOW)

Asinmajordiameter,ormajorcharacteristic(forsamplinglevel)

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MBW

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measurementbetween threads,splines,gears(internal,female)(seealsoMBP,MOP,MOW)
wires

MForM/F
makefrom

Whenonepartnumberismadefromanother,itmeanstotakepartA
andmachinesomeadditionalfeaturesintoit,creatingpartB.The
partslistorL/M,inthe"material"field,willsay"M/FPN12345".

MFD

manufactured

MFG

manufacturing

MFR

manufacturer

MaybethesameentityastheCDAorODA,ormaynotbe.

[U.S.]Military

AprefixforthenamesofvariousUnitedStatesMilitaryStandardsand
Specifications,forexample,MILSTD*,MILSPEC*,MILDTL*,
MILPRF*,MILA*,MILC*,MILS*,MILSTD1913,MIL
STD1397.

MIL

MIN[2]

minimumminutes
minor

MMC

MOD,MoD
MOP,MoP

maximummaterial
condition

AmaterialconditioninGD&T.Meansthatafeatureofsize(FoS)isat
thelimitofitssizetoleranceinthedirectionthatleavesthemost
materialleftonthepart.Thusaninternalfeatureofsize(e.g.,ahole)
atitssmallestdiameter,oranexternalfeatureofsize(e.g.,aflange)at
itsbiggestthickness.TheGD&TsymbolforMMCisacircledM.
(SeealsoLMCandRFS.)Agivengeometrictolerancemaybe
definedinrelationtoacertainFoSdatumbeingatLMCoratMMC.

MinistryofDefence
[U.K.andothers]

SeealsoDOD.

measurementoverpins

threads,splines,gears(external,male)(synonymouswithMOW,
measurementoverwires)

MOW,MoW measurementover
wires
MPa,MPA

megapascals

ThecommonSImeasurementscaleforultimatetensilestrength
(UTS),thatis,thenumberofunitsoftensileforcethatamaterialcan
endureperunitofcrosssectionalareabeforebreaking.Thereisonly
onecorrectcasingforthesymbol,capMcapPsmalla,which,like
anySIunitofmeasurementsymbol,properlyshouldbepreserved
evenwhensurroundingtextisstyledinallcaps(whichlatterisa
frequentlyemployedtraditioninengineeringdrawing).Butitisnot
uncommontosee"MPA"throughcarelessness.Usersarenotconfused
regardless.InnonSIterms,theunitforUTSistheKSI(orksi),which
seeherein.

materialreviewboard

Acommitteethatreviewssomenonconformingmaterialswhichare
submittedaspotentiallystillusable/saleable(ifthenonconformance
doesnothinderfitorfunction).

[U.S.]Military
Standard

StandardsestablishedbytheU.S.militaryandwidelyusedinthe
aerospacemanufacturing(militaryandcivil)andotherdefense
industries.StandardhardwaresometimesusestheMSprefixinthe
catalognumbers.(SeealsoANandNAS.)

NationalAerospace
Standards

StandardsmaintainedbySAEInternationalandwidelyusedinthe
aerospacemanufacturingindustries.The"National"formerly
implicitlyreferencedtheUSA,buttodayNASandotherstandardsare
usedglobally.Standardhardwareforaerospaceworksometimesuses
theNASprefixinthecatalognumbers.(SeealsoANandMS.)

NationalCoarse

The[U.S.]NationalCoarseseriesofpre1949correspondstodayto

MRB

MS

N
NAS

NC

threads,splines,gears(external,male)(seealsoMBW,MBP,MOP)

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NCM

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numericalcontrol

theUnifiedNationalCoarse(UNC)oftheUnifiedThreadStandard.

nonconforming
material(s)

Thisabbreviationisusedinamachineshopwhenrecording
nonconformances(outoftolerance,etc.).Forexample,"AnNCMtag
wastiedtothescrappart."

NCR

Areportlistingnonconformances(outoftolerance,etc.).Helpsto
nonconformancereport analyzesystemweaknesses(suchaswornoutequipment,operatorsin
needofmoretraining,orriskypractices).

NEC

notelsewhere
classifiedNational
ElectricalCode

Inthesenseof"notelsewhereclassified",theabbreviationiswell
knownwithincertainfields,butnototherstoavoidconfusion,spell
out.TheNationalElectricalCodeisastandardforelectricalwork.

NationalExtraFine

The[U.S.]NationalExtraFineseriesofpre1949correspondstoday
totheUnifiedNationalExtraFine(UNEF)oftheUnifiedThread
Standard.

NationalFine

The[U.S.]NationalFineseriesofpre1949correspondstodaytothe
UnifiedNationalFine(UNF)oftheUnifiedThreadStandard.

noteslist

Alistofnotesthatappearssomewhereonthedrawing,ofteninthe
upperleftcorner.

NEF

NF
NLorN/L
NOM[2]

nominal

NORMor
NORMD

normalized

referringtonormalization,astressrelievingheattreatment.Seealso
HTTR.

NPS

NavalPrimary
Standard[3]

(Nottobeconfusedwithannotatingstraitpipe.Thisshouldbe
abbreviatedNPSM,NPSLorNPSH[4])

NPT

NationalPipeTaper

AsubsetseriesoftheUnifiedThreadStandard.

NS

1.NationalSpecial,ascrewthreadseriesseeUnifiedThread
Standard.Anextensibleseries,coveringvariousspecialthreads.2.
Nearside:Thedrawingnotations"nearside"and"farside"tellthe
NationalSpecialnear
readerwhichsideofthepartafeatureison,inoccasionalcontexts
side
wherethatfactisnotcommunicatedusingtherulesofprojection
alone.Contextsofusageareratherlimited.See"farside"for
examples.

NSCM

NationalStock/Supply
Anoldernamefor"CAGEcode".AlsoFSCM(FederalStock/Supply
Codefor
CodeforManufacturers).
Manufacturers

N&TorN/T
orNT

normalizedand
tempered

Aformofheattreatmentinwhichthemetalisfirstnormalized(stress
relieved)andthentempered.CompareH&T.

NTS

nottoscale

SeealsoEngineeringdrawing>Scale.

OAL

overalllength

OC
OD
ODA

oncenter(s)

Thatis,centretocentredefinescentretocentredistanceoftwo
features,suchastwoholes.

outerdiameter
originaldesignactivity

Theentitythatoriginallydesignedapart.ComparetoCDA,theentity
thatcurrentlyhasdesignauthorityoverthepartdesign(definition).

overhighlimit

Thisabbreviationisusedinamachineshopwhenrecording
nonconformances.Forexample,"partscrappedbecauseIDisOHL."
SeealsoULL.

OPP

opposite

SeePartnumber>Symmetricalpartsforexplanation.

ORIG

original

OHL

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pc,pcs

piece,pieces

PD

pitchdiameter

PDM,PDMS productdata
management,product
datamanager[app],
productdata
managementsystem
[app]

Adatabase(s)andrelatedapplication(s)thatfacilitateallaspectsof
managingdatafilese.g.,TDPs,TDPversions,drawings,model
datasets,specs,addenda,certs,memoranda,EOs,ECOs,DCNs,
RFQs,quotes,POs,emails,faxes,photos,wordprocessordocuments,
spreadsheets.SeealsoPLM.

PHorP/H

precipitation
hardening,

precipitationhardened
pilothole

PHRBRZ

phosphorbronze

partslist

Alist,usuallytabularandoftenonthedrawing(ifnotaccompanying
thedrawingonaseparatesheet),listingthepartsneededinan
assembly,includingsubparts,standardparts,andhardware.Thereis
noconsistentlyenforceddistinctionbetweenanL/M,aBoM,oraP/L.

productlifecycle
managementplant
lifecyclemanagement

SeealsoPDM.

partnumber

pointofintersection

Apointthatmakeseasierthelayout,toolpathprogramming,or
inspectionofthepart.Itistheintersectionpointoflinesthatmaynot
meetonthefinishedpart,suchasthetangentlinesofacurveorthe
theoreticalsharpcorner(TSC)thatedgebreakinganddeburringwill
remove.SeealsoSC,TSC,andAC.

PLorP/L

PLM

PNorP/N
POI

PSI

poundspersquareinch Aunitofmeasurementforpressure.SeealsoKSI.

PTFE

polytetrafluoroethylene AlsowellknownbythebrandnameTeflon.

qualitymanagement
system

Asysteminplacetoensurethatqualityofmanufactureisproduced
andmaintainedasystemtopreventdefectivepartsfrombeingmade,
or,evenifmade,fromgettingintofinishedinventories.

QTYorqty

quantity

radius

Radiusofanarcorcircle.Flatsandreversals(fallingwithinthe
dimensionaltolerancezone)aretoleratedunless"CR"(controlled
radius)isexplicitlyspecified.

RA,Ra

roughness,average
RockwellAscale

SeesurfaceroughnessseeRockwellscale.

RB,Rb

RockwellBscale

SeeRockwellscale.

RC,Rc

RockwellCscale

SeeRockwellscale.

QMS

REFor()[2]

reference

Thedimensionornoteisgivenonlyforreferenceandthusisnottobe
usedasapartacceptancecriterion(althoughitmaybeusedasanaid
toproductionorinspection).Thedimensionmayalsobesurrounded
byparenthesestosignifyareferencedimension.Whenadimensionis
definedinoneviewbutalsomentionedagaininanotherview,itwill
begivenasreferenceinthesecondcase.Thisrulepreventsthe
mistakeofdefiningitintwodifferentwaysaccidentallythe"main"
(nonreference)mentionistheonlyonethatcountsasafeature

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definitionandthusasapartacceptancecriterion.Seealsobasic
dimensions,whicharesimilarinsomerespects.
REQDor
REQ'D

required

Forexample,"4REQD"writtennexttoafastenermeansthatfourof
thosefastenersarerequiredfortheassembly.

revision

Engineeringdrawingsandmaterialorprocessspecificationsareoften
revisedtheusualrevisioncontrolconventionistolabeltheversions
A,B,C,D,etc.arevisionblock(revblock)isatabularareaonthe
drawing(typicallyintheupperrightcorner)thatliststherevision
letters,abriefdescriptionofthechangesandreasons,andapproval
initialsanddates.Revisionsbeyond"Z"startthealphabetoveragain
withdoubling,e.g.,AA,AB,AC,AD,andsoon.Inthedaysof
manualdrafting,redrawingwasexpensive,soengineeringorders
(EOs,ECOs,DCNs,ECNs)werenotalwaysincorporatedintoanext
letterrevision.TheythusaccompanythedrawingaspartoftheTDP.
Withthedisseminationofsoftwareusage(CAD,CAM,PDMSs),
revisioncontrolisoftenbetterhandlednowadays,incompetenthands
atleast.Inrecentyearstherevisioncontrolofengineeringdrawings
hasevenbeenstandardizedbyASME,intheirstandardY14.35M.[5]

regardlessoffeature
size

Amaterialcondition(ormoreprecisely,freedomfromsuch)in
GD&T.Meansthatagivengeometrictoleranceistrueinrelationtoa
certaindatumregardlessofitsactualsize(LMCactualsize
MMC).

righthand

Referringtohandedness,suchasthehelixhandednessofscrew
threadsorthemirrorimagehandednessofasymmetricalpairofparts.

RHR

roughnessheight
reading

Seesurfaceroughness.

RMA

returnmaterial
authorization

SeealsoRTV.

rootmeansquare

RMSingeneralisastatisticaltechniquetodefinearepresentative
valueforagroupofdatapoints.Withregardtosurfaceroughness,it
meansthattheheightsoftheindividualmicroscopicpeaksandvalleys
shallbeaveragedtogetherviaRMStoyieldameasurementof
roughness.Seealsohereinfasafinishmark.

roughturn,rough
turnedroom
temperature

Roughturnedmeansturnedonalathebutnotfinishedtoafinal
machineddimensionandsurfaceroughness.Canapplytobarstockor
topartsinprocess.Roomtemperatureissometimesabbreviated"RT"
withintablesofspecsforfinishingoperations(plating,painting,etc.).

releasetoproduction

Theissuanceofadrawingfromtheengineering/designactivitytothe
productionactivity.Inotherwords,theeventwhenadraftbecomesa
completed,officialdocument.Astamponthedrawingsaying
"ISSUED"documentsthatRTPhasoccurred.

RTV

roomtemperature
vulcanizingreturnto
vendor

1.RTVsealants,awaytosealjoints.2.Returntovendor,sendparts
backtoavendorforreworkorrefundbecausetheyare
nonconforming.SuchRTVoftenrequiresanRMA.

RZ,Rz

roughness,meandepth Seesurfaceroughness.

SAE

FormerlytheSociety
ofAutomotive
EngineersnowSAE
International

Andthemanystandardsthatitissues,forexample,theSAEAMSand
SAEASstandardsseries.

REV

RFS

RH

RMS

RTorR/T

RTP

SCorS/C

Dimensionsmaybegivenas"acrosssharpcorners"althoughthe
cornersgetradiused.Inotherwords,distancesmaybegivenfrom

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sharpcorners

intersectionpointswherelinesintersect,regardlessofedgebreaksor
fillets.Thisisusuallyimpliedbydefault,so"S/C"oftenneednotbe
explicitlyadded.Butinsomecasesitclarifiesthedefinition.Seealso
TSC,POI,andAC.

SForS/F

spotface

SFACEor
S/FACE

spotface

socketheadcapscrew

Acapscrewwithasockethead(usuallyimplyingahexsocket,driven
withahexkey.

shown

SeePartnumber>Symmetricalpartsforexplanation.

socketheadsetscrew

Asetscrewwithasockethead(usuallyimplyingahexsocket,driven
withahexkey.

SHCS
SHN
SHSS
SI

Systmeinternational
[d'units][International Themetricsysteminitscurrentform(lateststandards).
SystemofUnits]

SNorS/N

serialnumber

SOLANN

solutionanneal,
solutionannealed

SPECorspec specification
SPHERANN spheroidizeanneal
SPOTFACE

Spotfacing

SR

sphericalradius

Radiusofasphereorsphericalsegment.

stainlesssteel
supersede

1.Stainlesssteel,seealsoCRES.2.Supersede/supersedes/superseded,
referstowhenonedocument(specification,standard,drawing,etc.)
replaces(supersedes)another(seealsorevisioncontrol).

stainlesssteel

Asomewhatunusualabbreviationspelloutforclarity."SS"or
"CRES"aremorelikelytoberecognizedwithcertainty.

SSorS/S

SST
STD

Standard

STEP

Standardforthe
ExchangeofProduct
ModelData

STA

solutiontreatedand
aged

STI

screwthreadinsert

STL

steel

STK

stock

Anominaldimensionforthestockmaterial,suchasbarstock

TAP

Tappedhole

Usuallyimpliesdrillingaholeiftheholedoesnotalreadyexist.

TBorT/B

AstandardformatdefinedbyISO10303forMBDdatageneration,
storage,andexchange.

Anareaofthedrawing,almostalwaysatthebottomright,that
containsthetitleofthedrawingandotherkeyinformation.Typical
fieldsinthetitleblockincludethedrawingtitle(usuallythepart
name)drawingnumber(usuallythepartnumber)namesand/orID
numbersrelatingtowhodesignedand/ormanufacturesthepart(which
involvessomecomplicationbecausedesignandmanufacturing
entitiesforagivenpartnumberoftenchangeovertheyearsdueto
mergersandacquisitions,contractletting,privatization,andthe
buyingandsellingofintellectualpropertyseeCDAandODA)
companyname(seepreviouscomment)initials/signaturesofthe
originaldraftsman(aswellsastheoriginalcheckerandtracerinthe

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titleblock

daysofmanualdrafting)initials/signaturesofapprovingmanagers
(issuance/releasetoproductioninformation)crossreferencestoother
documentsdefaulttolerancingvaluesfordimensions,geometry,and
surfaceroughnessrawmaterialinfo(ifnotgiveninaseparatelist/bill
ofmaterials)andaccesscontrolinformation(informationaboutwho
isauthorizedtopossess,view,orsharecopiesoftheinformation
encodedbythedrawing,e.g.,classificationnotices,copyrightnotices,
patentnumbers).Drawingrevision(versioning)informationisnot
alwaysincludedinthetitleblockbecauseitoftenappearsinaseparate
revisionsblock.

TDP

Thecompletepackageofinformationthatdefinesapart,ofwhichthe
drawingitselfisoftenonlyasubset.Italsoincludesengineering
technicaldatapackage orders(drawingchangenotices),3Dmodeldatasets,datatables,
memoranda,andanyspecialconditionscalledoutbythepurchase
orderorthecompanies'termsandconditionsdocuments.

THDorthd

thread

THKorthk

thickness

THRU
Through

Optionallyappliedtoaholedimensiontosignifythattheholeextends
throughtheworkpiece.Forexample,THRUmaybestatedinahole
dimensionifthehole'sendconditionisnotclearfromgraphical
representationoftheworkpiece.[6]

Throughall

SimilartoTHRU.Sometimesusedonholedimensionsforclarityto
denotethattheholeextendsthroughmultipleopenspacefeaturesasit
goesthroughthewholeworkpiece.[7]

THRUALL

Ti

titanium

TiN

titaniumnitride
[plating]

TIR

totalindicatorreading Formeasurementsofeccentricityandotherdeviationsfromnominal
totalindicatedrunout geometry

TOL

tolerance,tolerancing

TSC

theoreticalsharp
corner(s)

SeediscussionatSCandPOI.

type

Foranexplanationof"type"abbreviatedas"TY",seetheexample
givenat"CL"meaning"class".

Typical

Otherfeaturessharethesamecharacteristic.Forexample,ifthe
drawingshows8holesonaboltcircle,andjustoneisdimensioned,
with"TYP"or"(TYP)"followingthedimensionlabel,itmeansthat
thatholeistypicalofall8holesinotherwords,itmeansthatthe
other7holesarethatsizealso.ThelatestrevisionsofY14.5deprecate
"TYP"byitselfinfavorofthespecifyingofanumberoftimes,such
as"2X"or"8X".Thishelpsavoidanyambiguityoruncertainty.TYP
orTypicalwasdescribeinMilStd8,thedirectingbodypriorto
adoptionofthedimensiontoleranceinterpretationY14.5series.Its
lastrevisionwasCin1963,butcanstillbefoundinmanyolder
aircraftdrawings.

useasis

OneofthepossibleMRBdispositions.Othersincludescrapand
rework.

TY
TYP[2]

U
UAI
ULL

underlowlimit

Thisabbreviationisusedinamachineshopwhenrecording
nonconformances.Forexample,"partscrappedbecauseODisULL."

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SeealsoOHL.
UNC

UnifiedNational
Coarse

UNEF

UnifiedNationalExtra
AsubsetseriesoftheUnifiedThreadStandard.
Fine

UNF

UnifiedNationalFine

AsubsetseriesoftheUnifiedThreadStandard.

UnifiedNational"J"
seriesCoarse

AsubsetseriesoftheUnifiedThreadStandard,withcontrolledroot
radiusandincreasedminordiameter.Forapplicationsrequiring
maximumfatigueresistanceamidchronicvibration(suchasin
aircraft).

UnifiedNational"J"
seriesFine

AsubsetseriesoftheUnifiedThreadStandard,withcontrolledroot
radiusandincreasedminordiameter.Forapplicationsrequiring
maximumfatigueresistanceamidchronicvibration(suchasin
aircraft).

UnifiedNational
Specialunified
numberingsystem

UnifiedNationalSpecialisasubsetseriesoftheUnifiedThread
Standard.Itisanextensibleseries,coveringvariousspecialthreads.
Theunifiednumberingsystemisavaguelynamedstandardfor
namingalloysbyprincipalelementpercentages.

unlessotherwisenoted

Alittleused(thusnotwellrecognized)abbreviation.Toavoid
confusion,spellout.

UOS

unlessotherwise
specified

Afairlywellknownabbreviation,buttoavoidconfusion,spellout.

USASI

UnitedStatesof
AmericaStandards
Institute

FormernameforANSI(19661969).

UnitedStates
StandardUnited
StatesSteel

U.S.StandardthreadsbecametheNationalseries(e.g.,NC,NF,NEF),
whichbecametheUnifiedNationalseries(e.g.,UNC,UNF,UNEF)
seeUnifiedThreadStandard.AsforU.S.Steel,itwasoncethelargest
steelcompanyonearth,oftenanapprovedsupplier,andnot
infrequentlyasolesourcehenceitsmentionondrawings.

UNJC

UNJF

UNS

UON

USS

AsubsetseriesoftheUnifiedThreadStandard.

UTS

ultimatetensile
strengthUnified
ThreadStandard

finish

Aletterv(Latinsmallletterv)writtenonalinerepresentingasurface
isawaytoindicatethatthesurfaceistobemachinedratherthanleft
intheascastorasforgedstate.Theoldersymbolforthiswasasmall
script(italic)f(seehereinf).LatertheASAconveneduponaletterV
(specificallyasansserifV)touchingthesurface.Soonthisevolved
intothe"checkmark"signwithaccompanyingnumberthattellsthe
readeramaxroughnessvalue(RMS,microinchesormicrometres)for
themachinedfinish,tobemeasuredwithaprofilometer.

tungstencarbide

The"W"comesfromtheelementsymbolfortungsten,W,which
comesfromtheGermanWolfram.

wroughtiron

Boththematerialandtheabbreviationareobsolete,ornearlyso.Spell
outthewordsifthismaterialistobementionedatallinmodern
drawings.

W/I,w/i

within

Alittleusedabbreviation.Bettertospelloutforclarity.

W/O,w/o

without

Bettertospelloutforclarity.

W
WC
WI

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_X_

usedtoindicatethe
wordby

WhentheletterXisprecededbyaspace,thismeans"by".For
example,achamfermaybecalledoutas12X45

X[2]or()

Whenadimensionisusedinmultipleplaceseitheroftheseprefixes
canbeaddedtothedimensiontodefinehowmanytimesthis
dimensionisused.Thisexamplesignifieseightplaces.Thereshould
benowhitespacebetweenthenumeralandtheletterX.(Noteon
numberofplacesfor characterencoding:Althoughintypography(includingUnicode)the
example,8Xor(8)
letterXandthemultiplicationsign()aredistinctcharacterswith
differingglyphs,itisalongstandingtraditioninengineeringdrawing
thattheletterXisinterchangeablewiththemultisign,unless
otherwisespecifiedbytheCAxsystemsused.)

Callsoutthedrawingstandardthatthisdrawingisfollowing.For
example,ASMEY14.5andY14.100arecommonlyusedstandards
thatdefineallofthesymbolsanddraftingconventionsused.

Y14.X

YS

yieldstrength

Jumpto:09ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXY
Zseealso

Contents
1 Seealso
2 References
3 Bibliography
3.1 Sourcescited
3.2 Furtherreading

Seealso
Listofgeometricdimensioningandtolerancingsymbols

References
1.ASME2007.
2.Sheaffer,M.K.Thomas,G.R.Dann,R.K.Russell,E.W.(May1998),EngineeringDrawingsfor10CFRPart
71PackageApprovals(PDF),pp.1112,retrieved20110625.
3.ASMEY14382007page102
4.ANSI/ASMEB1.20.11983Section6.1
5.ASME1997.
6.DimensioningandTolerancing,ASMEY14.52009.NY:AmericanSocietyofMechanicalEngineers.2009.pp.16,
17paragraph1.8.10.ISBN0791831922.
7.DimensioningandTolerancing,ASMEY14.52009.NY:AmericanSocietyofMechanicalEngineers.2009.p.16
paragraph1.8.10.ISBN0791831922.

Bibliography
Sourcescited
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ASME(1997),Y14.35M1997:Revisionofengineeringdrawingsandassociateddocuments,ASME.
ASME(2007),Y14.382007:Abbreviationsandacronymsforuseondrawingsandrelateddocuments,
ASME.
French,ThomasE.Vierck,CharlesJ.etal.(1953),Amanualofengineeringdrawingforstudentsand
draftsmen(8thed.),NewYork,NewYork,USA:McGrawHill,LCCN52013455.Throughout,but
especiallypp.689690,appendixlistofabbreviationsandsymbols.

Furtherreading
Y14.1002004

Engineeringdrawingpractices

Y14.241999

Typesandapplicationsofengineeringdrawings

Y14.32003

Multiviewandsectionalviewdrawings

Y14.312008

Undimensioneddrawings

Y14.36M1996 Surfacetexturesymbols
Y14.382007

Abbreviationsandacronymsforuseondrawingsandrelateddocuments

Y14.4M1989

Pictorialdrawing

Y14.412003

Digitalproductdefinitiondatapractices

Y14.422002

Digitalapprovalsystems

Y14.52009

Dimensioningandtolerancing

Y14.5.1M1994 Mathematicaldefinitionofdimensioningandtolerancingprinciples
Y14.62001

Screwthreadrepresentation

Y32.71972

Graphicssymbolsforrailroadmapsandprofiles

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