Daftar Isi

Kata Pengantar ................................................................................

Daftar Isi ...........................................................................................
Daftar Padan Kata ............................................................................

iii
v
xi

1. Metode Numerik Secara Umum ...............................

1.1
1.2
1.3

Metode Analitik versus Metode Numerik ..............................

Metode Numerik dalam Bidang Rekayasa .............................
Apakah Metode Numerik Hanya untuk Persoalan Matematika
yang Rumit Saja ? ...............................................................
Peranan Komputer dalam Metode Numerik ...........................
Mengapa Kita Harus Mempelajari Metode Numerik ? ............
Tahap-tahap Memecahkan Persoalan Secara Numerik ...........
Peran Ahli Informatika dalam Metode Numerik ....................
Perbedaan Metode Numerik dengan Analisis Numerik ............
Materi Apa yang Terdapat di dalam Buku Ini ? .......................

7
8
9
10
11
11
12

2. Deret Taylor Dan Analisis Galat .........................

15

1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9

2.1
2.2
2.3

2.4

Daftar Isi

4
6

Deret Taylor .......................................................................

Analisis Galat .....................................................................
Sumber Utama Galat Numerik .............................................

16
21
23

2.3.1
2.3.2
2.3.3

Galat Pemotongan .....................................................................

Galat Pembulatan ......................................................................
Galat Total .................................................................................

23
26
27

Orde Penghampiran ............................................................

28

2.5

2.6
2.7
2.8

Bilangan Titik-Kambang ......................................................

29

2.5.1
2.5.2
2.5.3
2.5.4

Bilangan Titik-Kambang Ternormalisasi ................................

Epsilon Mesin ............................................................................
Pembulatan pada Bilangan Titik-Kambang ............................
Aritmetika Bilangan Titik-Kambang .......................................

30
32
35
38

2.5.4.1
2.5.4.2

Operasi Penambahan dan Pengurangan .........................

Operasi Perkalian dan Pembagian ..................................

38
44

Perambatan Galat ...............................................................

Kondisi Buruk ....................................................................
Bilangan Kondisi .................................................................

45
46
49

3. Solusi Persamaan Nirlanjar

3.1
3.2
3.3

3.4

3.5
3.6

3.7

3.8

vi

.......................................

55

Rumusan Masalah ..............................................................

Metode Pencarian Akar .......................................................
Meode Tertutup ..................................................................

57
57
58

3.3.1
3.3.2

Metode Bagidua ........................................................................

Metode Regula Falsi .................................................................

61
67

Metode Terbuka ..................................................................

72

3.4.1
3.4.2
3.4.3
3.4.4

Metode Lelaran Titik-Tetap .....................................................

Metode Newton-Raphson .........................................................
Orde Konvergensi Metode Terbuka .........................................
Metode Secant ..........................................................................

72
84
91
93

Akar Ganda ........................................................................

Akar-akar Polinom ..............................................................

97
100

3.6.1
3.6.2
3.6.3

Metode Horner untuk Evaluasi Polinom .................................

Pencarian Akar-akar Polinom ..................................................
Lokasi Akar Polinom ................................................................

100
101
106

Sistem Persamaan Nirlanjar .................................................

107

3.7.1
3.7.2

Metode Lelaran Titik-Tetap .....................................................

Metode Newton-Raphson .........................................................

107
110

Contoh Soal Terapan ..........................................................

112

Metode Numerik

4. Solusi Sistem Persamaan Lanjar

...........................

117

Bentuk Umum Sistem Persamaan Lanjar ..............................

Metode Elimin asi Gauss ......................................................

119
120

4.2.1
4.2.2
4.2.3

Tata-ancang Pivoting ................................................................

Penskalaan .................................................................................
Kemungkinan Solusi SPL .........................................................

125
131
132

Metode Eleminasi Gauss-Jordan ...........................................

Metode Matriks Balikan ......................................................
Metode Dekomposisi LU .....................................................

135
139
140

4.5.1
4.5.2

Pemfaktoran dengan Metode LU Gauss ..................................

Metode Reduksi Crout ..............................................................

142
147

Determinan .........................................................................
Kondisi Buruk .....................................................................
Bilangan Kondisi Matriks ....................................................
Metode Lelaran Untuk Menyelesaikan SPL ..........................

150
154
160
165

4.9.1
4.9.2

Metode Lelaran Jacobi ..............................................................

Metode Lelaran Gauss-Seidel ..................................................

166
167

4.10 Contoh Soal Terapan ..........................................................

171

4.1
4.2

4.3
4.4
4.5

4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9

Interpolasi dan Regresi ................................................ 179

5.1

5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5

Persoalan Interpolasi Polinom ..............................................

182

5.1.1
5.1.2
5.1.3

Interpolasi Lanjar ......................................................................

Interpolasi Kuadratik ................................................................
Interpolasi Kubik .......................................................................

183
185
186

Polinom Lagrange ...............................................................

Polinom Newton ................................................................
Keunikan Polinom Interpolasi ..............................................
Galat Intepolasi Polinom ......................................................

188
193
201
202

5.5.1
5.5.2
5.5.3

Daftar Isi

Batas Antara Galat Interpolasi Untuk Titik-titik yang

Berjarak Sama ..........................................................................
Taksiran Galat Interpolasi Newton ..........................................
Taksiran Galat Interpolasi Lagrage ..........................................

207
211
212

vii

5.6

Polinom Newton-Gregory ....................................................

212

5.6.1

213

Polinom Newton-Gregory Maju ...............................................

5.6.1.1
5.6.1.2
5.6.1.3

Tabel Sesilih Maju ........................................................

Penurunan Rumus Polinom Newton-Gregory Ma ju .........
Menghitung Batas Galat Interpolasi Polinom
Newton-Gregory Maju ...................................................
Taksiran Galat Interpolasi Newton-Gregory Maju ..........
Manfaat Tabel Selisih Maju ...........................................

213
214

Polinom Interpolasi Newton-Gregory Mundur ........................

224

Ekstrapolasi.........................................................................
Interpolasi Dwimatra ...........................................................
Contoh Soal Terapan Interpolasi ...........................................
Regresi ...............................................................................

226
226
229
231

5.10.1 Regresi Lanjar ...........................................................................

5.10.2 Pelanjaran ..................................................................................

233
236

5.11 Contoh Penerapan Regresi dalam Bidang Rekayasa ...............

241

5.6.1.4
5.6.1.5

5.6.2

5.7
5.8
5.9
5.10

Integrasi Numerik
6.1
6.2
6.3

............................................................

249

Terapan Integral dalam Bidang Sains dan Rekayasa ...............

Persoalan Integrasi Numerik ...............................................
Metode Pias ........................................................................

251
253
253

6.3.1
6.3.2
6.3.3
6.3.4

254
257
258
260

Kaidah Segiempat .....................................................................

Kaidah Trapesium .....................................................................
Kaidah Titik Tengah ................................................................
Galat Metode Pias ....................................................................
6.3.4.1
6.3.4.2

6.4

6.5
6.6

viii

218
220
221

Galat Kaidah Trapesium ................................................

Galat Kaidah Titik Tengah .............................................

261
264

Metode Newton-Cotes .........................................................

265

6.4.1
6.4.2
6.4.3
6.4.4
6.4.5

Kaidah Trapesium .....................................................................

Kaidah Simpson 1/3 ...................................................................
Kaidah Simpson 3/8 ...................................................................
Metode Integrasi Numerik Untuk h yang Berbeda-beda.............
Bentuk Umum Metode Newton-Cotes......................................

266
268
276
279
280

Singularitas .........................................................................
Penggunaan Ekstrapolasi untuk Integrasi ..............................

282
286

6.6.1
6.6.2

286
291

Ekstrapolasi Richardson ...........................................................

Metode Romberg .......................................................................

Metode Numerik

6.6.3

6.7
6.8
6.9

296

Integral Ganda ...................................................................

Kuadratus Gauss ................................................................
Contoh Soal Terapan ...........................................................

300
303
311

Turunan Numerik ............................................................. 317

7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.5
7.6
7.7
7.8
7.9
7.10

Ekstrapolasi Aitken ...................................................................

Persoalan Turunan Numerik .................................................

Tiga Pendekatan dalam Menghitung Turunan Numerik .........
Penurunan Rumus Turunan dengan Deret Taylor ...................
Penurunan Rumus Turunan Numerik dengan Polinom Interpolasi ...
Menentukan Orde Galat ........................................................
Program Menghitung Turunan .............................................
Ringkasan Rumus-rumus Turunan ..........................................
Contoh Perhitungan Turunan ..................................................
Ekstrapolasi Richardson .......................................................
Terapan Turunan Numerik dalam Bidang Pengolahan Citra .......

Solusi Persamaan Diferensial Biasa

318
318
320
323
325
326
326
328
329
332

....................

341

Kelompok Persamaan Diferensial .........................................

Terapan Persamaan Diferensial ............................................
PDB Orde Satu ...................................................................
Metode Euler ......................................................................

342
343
345
346

8.4.1
8.4.2

Tafsiran Geometri Metode PDB ..............................................

Analisis Galat Metode Euler ....................................................

347
349

Metode Heun ( Perbaikan Metode Euler ) .............................

352

8.5.1
8.5.2
8.5.3

Tafsiran Geometri Metode Heun .............................................

Galat Metode Heun ...................................................................
Perluasan Metode Heun ............................................................

353
353
357

8.6
8.7

Metode Deret Taylor ...........................................................

Orde Metode PDB ...............................................................

358
361

8.8

Metode Runge -Kutta ...........................................................

364

8.8.1

365

8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4

8.5

Daftar Isi

Metode Runge-Kutta Orde Satu ..............................................

ix

8.8.2
8.8.3
8.8.4

Metode Runge-Kutta Orde Dua ..............................................

Metode Runge-Kutta Orde Tiga ..............................................
Metode Runge-Kutta Orde Empat ..........................................

365
368
369

8.9 Ekstrapolasi Richardson .......................................................

8.10 Metode Banyak-Langkah .....................................................

371
371

8.10.1
8.10.2
8.10.3
8.10.4
8.10.5

Metode Adams-Bashforth-Moulton ........................................

Metode Milne-Simpson ...........................................................
Metode Hamming .....................................................................
Prosedur Pendahuluan ..............................................................
Keidealan Metode Predictor-Corrector .................................

372
376
376
376
377

Pemilihan Ukuran Langkah yang Optimal ............................

Sistem Persamaan Diferensial .............................................
Persamaan Diferensial Orde Lanjut ......................................
Ketidakstabilan Metode PDB ...............................................
Contoh Soal Terapan ..........................................................

379
381
384
387
389

Daftar Pustaka ...................................................................................

397

8.11
8.12
8.13
8.14
8.15

Daftar Padan
x

Metode Numerik

Bahasa Inggris Bahasa Indonesia

Inggris

Indonesia

approximate (v)
approximation (n)
accurate (adj)
array (n)
continuous (adj)
continuous function (n)
derivative (n)
discrete (adj)
dimension (n)
design (art) (v)
domain (n)
effective (adj)
efficient (adj)
efficiency (n)
engineering
engineer
error (n)
estimate (v)
estimation (n)
exact (adj)
exact solution (n)
floating-point numbers (n)
generalize (v)
generalization (n)
iteration (n)
interval (n)
subinterval (n)
linier (adj)
loop (n)

menghampiri
hampiran
teliti
larik
menerus, sinambung
fungsi menerus
turunan
farik
matra
meripta
ranah
sangkil
mangkus
kemangkusan
rekayasa
rekayasawan
galat
menaksir, pemperkirakan
taksiran
sejati
solusi sejati
bilangan titik-kambang
merampatkan
rampatan
lelaran
selang
upaselang
lanjar
kalang

manipulate (v)
multistep (n)

mengutak-atik
bahu-langkah

Daftar Isi

xi

non linier (adj)

problem (n)
plot (v)
round-off (n)
rule (n)
single-precission numbers (n)
double-precission numbers (n)
strategy (n)
substitute (v)
substitution (n)
significant figure (digit) (n)
subscript (n)
stagnant (adj)
step (n)
strip (n)
truncation (n)

xii

nirlanjar
soal, persoalan, masalah
merajah
pembualatan
aturan
bilangan berketelitian tunggal
bilangan berketlitian ganda
tata-ancang
menyulih
sulihan
angka bena, angka berarti
tikalas
mandek
langkah
pias
pemotongan

Metode Numerik