Chapter 01
Introduction
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CH 01, Slide 2
Textbook
SYSTEM DYNAMICS,
Fourth Edition
Katsuhiko Ogata
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HW
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Attendance
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Instructor
Instructor
Loc.
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Office Hours
Sun, Mon, Tue, Wed: 9:30 > 10:20
or
by appointment.
CH 01, Slide 6
Weight Location
Date
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Home
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@ the end of
the lecture
@ the end of
the lecture
Laboratory
20 %
In lab
20 %
TBA
19:00 - 20:30
20 %
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19:00 - 20:30
Final Exam
30 %
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8:00 - 10:00
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Weekly
Time
As scheduled
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Course Outline
Ch.
Topics
No. of
Lec.
Laplace transform
Mechanical systems
Fluid systems
10
11
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HW Scheldule
Ch
Problems (Textbook)
Due Date
10
11
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CH 01, Slide 9
Chapter Objectives
Upon successful completion of this Chapter, students will be able
to:
Define dynamic systems and types.
Identify how mechanical, thermal, fluid, and electrical systems
are modeled.
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INTRODUCTION
A system is defined as a combination of components (elements)
that act together to perform a certain objective.
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Static Systems
Static Systems have an output response to an input that does not
change with time.
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Dynamic Systems
When the rates of change are significant, the systems are referred to as
dynamic systems.
Figure 1-1
system.
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Input/Output response of a
CH 01, Slide 13
Automobile
Water Tower
Boiling Pot
Figure 1-2 Examples of dynamic systems
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Mechanical Systems
Systems that possess significant mass (inertia) and spring and energy
dissipation (damper) components driven by forces, torques, specified
displacements are considered to be mechanical systems.
Mass (Inertia)
Spring
Damper (dashpot)
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Electrical Systems
Electrical systems include circuits with resistive, capacitive, or inductive
components excited by voltage or current.
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Fluid Systems
Fluid systems employ orifices, restrictions, control valves, accumulators
(capacitors), long tubes (inductors), and actuators excited by pressure
or fluid flow.
Tube (inductor)
Water tank (Capacitor)
A city water tower has a dynamic response of the height of the water as
a function of the amount of water pumped into the tower and the
amount being used by the citizens.
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Thermal Systems
Thermal systems have components that provide resistance (conduction,
convection or radiation) and a capacitance (mass a specific heat) when excited by
temperature or heat flow.
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Mixed Systems
Some of the more interesting dynamic systems use two or more of the
previously mentioned engineering disciplines, with energy conversion
between various components.
Figure 1-3 shows several examples.
Speaker
Engine
Space heater
Figure 1-3 Examples of mixed systems
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Fluid-Mechanical Systems
Hydraulic or pneumatic systems with fluid mechanical conversion
components exhibit dynamic behavior.
Examples are a hydraulic pump, a valve controlled actuator, and a
hydraulic motor drive.
A hydraulic servo system used for flight control in an airplane is a good
example of a common electro-fluid-mechanical dynamic system.
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Electro-Mechanical Systems
Systems employing electromagnetic component that converts a current
into a force generally have a dynamic response.
Examples are a loudspeaker in a stereo system, a solenoid actuator, and
electric motors.
In a loudspeaker, electrical current from the amplifier is transformed
into movement of the speaker cone and the subsequent air pressure
fluctuations that cause us to hear the amplified sound.
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Thermo-Mechanical Systems
A combustion engine used in a car, truck, ship, or airplane is a thermofluid-mechanical (or simply, thermo-mechanical) device, since it
converts thermal energy into a fluid power and then into mechanical
power. Thermodynamics, fluid dynamics, and mechanical dynamics are
all involved in the process.
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Electro-Thermal Systems
A space heater that uses electric current to heat filament, which in turn
warms the air, has a dynamic response to the surrounding environment.
An electric water heater is another common example of an electrothermal system.
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Classification Criterion
Mathematical Model
Linear Time
Invariant
(LTI)
Principle of superposition
applies
Linear Time
Variant (LTV)
Nonlinear
Principle of superposition
does not apply. Most, if not
all physical systems are
nonlinear
Continuous
Dif. eqs
Discrete
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+5
+ 1
+ 10 = 0
cos(2 )
=0
=0
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Mathematical Simplification
Assume environment
independent of system motions
Same as above
Replace distribution charact. with Leads to ordin. (rather than partial) dif.
appropriate lumped elements
eqs
Assume linear relationships
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Write Equations
Using Physical Laws
Solve Equations
No
Agree with
Experiment
Yes
Final Model
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Mathematical Model
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Satisfactory
Yes
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Figure 1-6
(a) Model representation of an
automobile. (b) A simplified
representation.
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Figure 1-7
Simplified, multiple model for a human body
standing on a vibrating platform
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Further Readings
https://legacy.saylor.org/me401/Intro/
http://www-old.me.gatech.edu/nader.sadegh/ME3015/
http://www.facstaff.bucknell.edu/mastascu/econtrolhtml/SysDyn/SysDyn1.html#TheSystem
http://www-old.me.gatech.edu/nader.sadegh/ME3015/
http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/mechanical-engineering/2-003j-dynamics-and-control-i-spring2007/lecture-notes/
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MN3RJWcJKnk
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