September, 2014
TR1005_2_27_13
info@gfg-inc.com
info@gfg-inc.com
info@gfg-mbh.com
gfgsa@icon.co.za
info@gasdetection.asia
info@gfgeurope.com
info@gfg.ch
1194 Oak Valley Drive, Suite 20, Ann Arbor, MI 48108 USA
Phone: (734) 769-0573 Toll Free (USA / Canada): (800) 959-0329
Website: www.goodforgas.com info@gfg-inc.com
Course Description:
LEL combustible gas sensors are the most commonly used of all types of gas detecting sensors. They are
also among the least understood, and may not be able to accurately detect the specific gas of interest. In
addition, VOC vapors like benzene, toluene, diesel and hexane are toxic at concentrations far below LEL
concentrations. The course will focus on choosing and using the best technology for combustible gas and
VOC vapor measurement. The course will also explain selection and use of electrochemical sensors for
the measurement of specific toxic gases and oxygen deficiency. Technologies discussed include standard
LEL, infrared (IR) combustible gas, photoionization (PID) and electrochemical sensors; and provide
guidance on using multiple types of sensors to achieve the best monitoring results.
Outline:
Electrochemical sensors for oxygen and toxic gas measurement
Detection principle
Relative response to interfering gases
Electrochemical sensor limitations
Failure mechanisms
Setting alarms
Advice for using electrochemical sensors
Catalytic Hot Bead combustible gas (LEL) sensors
Detection principle
Combustible gas response curves
Correction factors
Setting alarms
Monitoring strategy for smaller (C1 C4) hydrocarbon gases such as methane, propane, natural
gas and butane
Monitoring strategy for larger detectable gases (C5 C9) such as pentane, hexane and octane
Monitoring strategy for gases too large to be measured with standard LEL sensor like diesel, jet
fuel, turpentine and kerosene
Combustible sensor limitations
Combustible sensor poisons
Advice for using standard combustible sensors
Non-dispersive infrared (IR) combustible gas sensors
Detection principleOperation
Capabilities Combustible gas response curves
Correction factors Response to smaller (C1 C4) hydrocarbon gases such as methane, propane,
natural gas and butane
Response to larger detectable gases (C5 C9) such as pentane, hexane and octane
Response to gases too large to be measured with standard LEL sensor like diesel, jet fuel,
turpentine and kerosene IR combustible sensor limitations Advice for using IR combustible gas
sensors
Photoionization Detectors
PID - Operating Principle
LEL vs. PID Sensors
Operation of PID lamp, sensing and counter electrodes
How does a PID work?
Ionization Energy
Ionization Energy values
Technical Advances in PIDs
Characteristics of PID Lamps Effects of Humidity and Contamination
Use of PID as Broad-Range sensor
Using correction factors
Integrated gas detection approach to Confined Space, Fire Service and HAZMAT applications
Choosing the best sensor configuration
Available sensors for combustible gas and VOC measurement
Actual downloaded measurement results of sensors exposed to various gases and VOC vapors
What about benzene?
Examples of sensor configurations for specific scenarios
Instructor information:
Robert Henderson
President
GfG Instrumentation, Inc.
1194 Oak Valley Drive, Suite 20
Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA, 48108
Phone: +1-734-355-1291
Home/Cell Phone: +1-734-355-1291
Email: bhenderson@gfg-inc.com
OK to print this information: Yes
Biography: Robert is the President of GfG Instrumentation, Inc., a leading supplier of portable and fixed
gas detection, and indoor air quality monitoring products. GfGs instruments are used in Fire Service,
HAZMAT, confined space, oil production and refining, industrial hygiene and other atmospheric
monitoring applications all over the world. Robert has over 30 years of experience in the design,
marketing and manufacture of gas detection instruments. Over his career he has held senior
management positions at GfG Instrumentation, RAE Systems, BW Technologies and Biosystems. He has
been a member of the American Industrial Hygiene Association since 1992. Robert is a past Chairman of
both the AIHA Real Time Detection Systems Technical Committee, and the AIHA Confined Spaces
Committee. He is also past Chairman of the Instrument Products Group of the International Safety
Equipment Association. Robert has a BS in biological science and an MBA from Rensselaer University.
September, 2014
Slide 1
www.goodforgas.com
Manuals
Data sheets
September, 2014
Slide 2
September, 2014
Slide 3
Introduction
2.
3.
4.
Photoionization
5.
6.
7.
Specialized Detectors
8.
9.
Slide 4
Instrumentation Terminology
September, 2014
Slide 5
Analytical Sensitivity
September, 2014
Slide 6
Selectivity
September, 2014
Slide 7
Repeatability
Affected by:
September, 2014
Slide 8
Accuracy:
Precision:
Bias:
Accurate
September, 2014
Precise
Slide 9
Common Terms
Linearity: Measure of how well an instruments concentrationresponse curve fits the equation for a straight line
September, 2014
Slide 10
September, 2014
Slide 11
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Slide 12
September, 2014
Slide 13
Performance Parameters
Response Time: The time between when the sensor is exposed to a step
change in concentration and the time when the instrument shows 95% of
the final reading
Rise Time: The time between when the sensor reads 10% and 90% of the
final reading following a step increase in concentration
Recovery Time: The time between when the sensor is exposed to a step
decrease in concentration and the instrument displays 5% of the initial
(high) concentration
September, 2014
Slide 14
Performance Parameters
September, 2014
Slide 15
September, 2014
Slide 16
September, 2014
Slide 17
September, 2014
Slide 18
September, 2014
Slide 19
Hazard assessment
Exposure assessment
Indoor-air quality
Non-permit spaces
September, 2014
Slide 20
The most
commonly used
technologies are
highlighted in red
Each type of
detection has
capabilities and
limitations which
must be
understood for
safe use
Electrochemical sensors
Photoionization detectors
Non-dispersive infrared (NDIR)
September, 2014
Slide 21
September, 2014
Slide 22
78.1 % Nitrogen
20.9 % Oxygen
0.9 % Argon
Water vapor
CO2
September, 2014
Slide 23
Atm.
Pressure
meters
PO2
Con.
mmHg
mmHg
kPa % Vol
16,000 4,810
421.8
88.4
11.8
20.9
10,000 3,050
529.7
111.0
14.8
20.9
5,000
1,525
636.1
133.3
17.8
20.9
3,000
915
683.3
143.3
19.1
20.9
1,000
305
733.6
153.7
20.5
20.9
760.0
159.2
21.2
20.9
September, 2014
Slide 24
Oxygen Deficiency
September, 2014
Slide 25
4OH -
2PbO + 2H2O + 4e -
September, 2014
2PbO
Slide 26
Oxygen Sensor
Major
components of
a fuel cell
type oxygen
sensor
September, 2014
Slide 27
September, 2014
Slide 28
Oxygen Enrichment
Proportionally increases
rate of many chemical
reactions
September, 2014
Slide 29
While temperature
dropping O2 readings
slightly high
Once stabilized at
20, readings return
to 20.9%
As chamber returned
to room temperature
O2 readings slightly
depressed
Once stabilized at
room temperature, O2
readings return to
20.9%
September, 2014
Slide 30
Readings from
instrument taken
through negative
pressure airlock at
a nuclear
generating station
Readings
recovered to above
19.5% O2 within 55
seconds.
Readings
eventually reached
20.9% after about
10.5 minutes
September, 2014
Slide 31
O2 sensor response
to 100% N2
When exposed
to 100% N2
oxygen
readings
should drop to
zero within 1.5
minutes
O2 instruments
used to
measure near
zero should be
calibrated at
zero as well as
20.9%
September, 2014
Slide 32
O2 N2 N2
N2 O2
O2
N2
N
N2 2
N2
O2
N
N2 N 2N
2
2
N O O O2
N2
September, 2014
O2 CH4 N 2
N2 N 2
N2
CH 4 N N 2
2
N2
N 2 O2
O 2 CH N2
4
N N CH N 2
O2 & N2
N2
Methane
Slide 33
Be very cautious
when using O2
concentration to
estimate
concentration of
some other
displacing gas
Every 5% of
displacing gas
introduced into a
confined space
reduces O2
concentration by
only about 1%
September, 2014
Slide 34
September, 2014
Slide 35
Electrolyte leakage
Desiccation
September, 2014
Slide 36
Oxygen Pump
(Lead Free) O2 Sensors
September, 2014
Slide 37
Oxygen Pump
Detection Principle
2 H2O
O2 + 4H+ + 4e-
September, 2014
Slide 38
Advantages:
Disadvantages / concerns:
September, 2014
Slide 39
September, 2014
Slide 40
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Slide 41
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Slide 42
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Slide 43
September, 2014
Slide 44
Substance-specific
electrochemical (EC) sensors
Sensing electrode
made to catalyze a
specific reaction
Use of selective
external filters further
limits cross sensitivity
September, 2014
Slide 45
September, 2014
Slide 46
September, 2014
Slide 47
Substance-specific
electrochemical sensors
September, 2014
Slide 48
Typical Electrochemical
Detection Mechanism
H2S Sensor:
Hydrogen sulfide is oxidized at the sensing electrode:
H2S + 4H2O
The counter electrode acts to balance out the reaction at the sensing
electrode by reducing oxygen present in the air to water:
2O2 + 8H+ + 8e-
4H2O
H2 SO4
September, 2014
Slide 49
City Technology
4 COSH Sensor
H2S Gas Reaction:
H2S Sensing Electrode Reaction: H2S + 4H2O
H2S Counter Electrode Reaction: 2O2 + 8H+ + 8eOverall reaction: H2S + 2O2
H2 SO4
CO Gas Reaction:
CO Sensing Electrode Reaction: CO + H2O
CO Counter Electrode Reaction: O2 + 2H+ + 2eOverall reaction: CO + O2
CO2
September, 2014
Slide 50
September, 2014
Slide 51
H2 SO4
CO2
September, 2014
2HCl
Slide 52
Effects of
humidity on EC
sensors
Sudden changes in
humidity can cause
"transients" in
readings
Sensor generally
stabilizes rapidly
September, 2014
Slide 53
Oxidizing vs.
reducing gases
September, 2014
Reducing gases:
H2S
CO
SO2
PH3
Oxidizing gases:
Cl2
NO2
O3
HCl
HF
ClO2
Slide 54
September, 2014
Gas
Concentration
used (ppm)
Reading (ppm
SO2)
300
<1
50
0 to 5.0
< 10
25
< 0.1
Chlorine (Cl2)
< 2
Ammonia (NH3)
20
Hydrogen (H2)
400
<1
10
<5
Acetylene (C2H2)
10
< 30
Ethene (C2H4)
50
< 45
Slide 55
7.0
5.0
Important notes:
1.
4.0
2.
3.0
2.0
1.0
September, 2014
Slide 56
Concentration (% LEL)
6.0
Effects of hydrogen on
CO sensor readings
September, 2014
Slide 57
September, 2014
Slide 58
September, 2014
Slide 59
September, 2014
Slide 60
Different H2S sensors are optimized for different performance requirements (e.g.
cost, life, size, response to interfering contaminants, sensitivity, AND
ACCURACY!)
The electrical output per ppm of gas varies widely between sensor models:
City Technology 4HS/LM CiTiceL version H2S sensor is optimized for higher
sensitivity, and has an output signal of 0.7 0.25 A/ppm
September, 2014
Slide 61
September, 2014
Slide 62
September, 2014
Slide 63
September, 2014
Slide 64
Slide 65
H2S TLV only includes STEL and TWA limits; does not include a
Ceiling or Peak limit
Instruments typically have four user settable alarms for each toxic
sensor (Low, High, STEL and TWA)
Suggested alarms:
NIOSH:
Low: 10.0 ppm
High: 15.0 ppm
STEL: 15.0 ppm
TWA: 10.0 ppm
TLV:
Low: 3.0 ppm
High: 5.0 ppm
STEL: 5.0 ppm
TWA: 1.0 ppm
September, 2014
Slide 66
OSHA PEL:
NIOSH REL:
Old TLV :
TWA = 2 ppm
STEL = 5 ppm
September, 2014
Slide 67
Suggested alarms:
NIOSH:
Low: 2.0 ppm
High: 5.0 ppm
STEL: 5.0 ppm
TWA: 2.0 ppm
TLV:
Low: 0.75 ppm
High: 1.25 ppm
STEL: 0.25 ppm
TWA: 0.25 ppm
September, 2014
Slide 68
US OSHA PEL:
Ceiling = 5 ppm
US NIOSH REL:
15 min. STEL = 1 ppm
Old TLV:
8 hr. TWA = 3 ppm
5 min. STEL = 5 ppm
September, 2014
Slide 69
Suggested alarms:
NIOSH:
Low: 3.0 ppm
High: 5.0 ppm
STEL: 1.0 ppm
TWA: 1.0 ppm
TLV:
Low: 0.6 ppm
High: 1.0 ppm
STEL: 0.2 ppm
TWA: 0.2 ppm
September, 2014
Slide 70
Simple to use
Very conservative
Adjusted TLV =
Model used for chemicals where the TLV is based on acute or chronic
toxicity and not for chemicals that have a TLV based on irritation (i.e.
Ammonia)
For 12 hour shift according to this model the TWA TLV limit should be
reduced to one-half the 8-hour value
September, 2014
Slide 71
Explosive or Flammable
Atmospheres
September, 2014
Slide 72
Fire Tetrahedron
Oxygen
Fuel
Chain reaction
Source of ignition
September, 2014
Fuel Gas
Gas Concentration
Flammability
Range
September, 2014
UEL (%VOL)
2.2
Ammonia
15
28
Benzene
1.3
7.1
Butane
1.8
8.4
Carbon Monoxide
12
75
Ethylene
2.7
36
Ethylene oxide
3.0
100
Ethyl Alcohol
3.3
19
0.7
75
Hydrogen
85
1.8
12
Gasoline
1.4
7.6
Kerosine
0.7
Methane
15
Isopropyl Alcohol
UEL
LEL (%VOL)
Acetylene
Isobutylene
LEL
Slide 73
MEK
1.8
10
Hexane
1.1
7.5
Pentane
1.5
7.8
Propane
2.1
10.1
1.2
Slide 74
1.1
7.1
Toluene
Capabilities , limitations and proper use of atmospheric monitors
p-Xylene
7.0
Detects combustible
gas by catalytic
oxidation
Signal
Output
+VS
R1
Detector
+
Trimming
resistor
Requires oxygen to
detect gas!
VR1
D.C. voltage
supply
-
R2
Compensator
-VS
September, 2014
Slide 75
September, 2014
Stainless steel
housing
Flame arrestor
(sinter)
Slide 76
Porous
refractory
bead with
catalyst
Platinum
wire coil
0.1 mm
September, 2014
Slide 77
September, 2014
Slide 78
September, 2014
Slide 79
Vaporization is a
function of temperature
Gasoline evaporates
September, 2014
Slide 80
Boiling Point
F
Below 73 F
Below
100 F
Below 73 F
Above
100 F
Acetone
Ethanol
Gasoline
Methanol
At or above
73 F
Below
100 F
Styrene
Turpentine
Xylene
At or above
100 F
Below
140 F
At or above
140 F
Below
200 F
Examples
Aniline
Carbolic acid
Phenol
Naphthalenes
Pine
Slide
81oil
September, 2014
Relative response
when sensor
calibrated on
pentane
2.2
2.0
1.3
1.2
1.0
0.9
0.8
2.3
1.6
1.4
1.4
2.6
0.7
1.2
Relative response
when sensor
calibrated on
propane
1.7
1.5
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
1.8
1.2
1.1
1.1
2.0
0.5
0.9
Relative response
when sensor
calibrated on
methane
1.1
1.0
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.5
0.4
1.2
0.8
0.7
0.7
1.3
0.4
0.6
Slide 82
Reading % LEL
Slide 83
Correction Factors
September, 2014
1.25
Correction
Factor
50 % LEL
True
Concentration
Slide 84
September, 2014
Slide 85
Instrument
Reading
50% LEL
20% LEL
10% LEL
Response to nonane
5% LEL
True LEL Concentration
September, 2014
Slide 86
September, 2014
Slide 87
September, 2014
Slide 88
September, 2014
Slide 89
CH4 response
new sensor
Propane
response
Relative response to
methane may change
substantially over life of
sensor
September, 2014
Slide 90
September, 2014
Slide 91
September, 2014
Slide 92
Concentration of
methane used for
equivalent 50% LEL
response
Hydrogen
1.1
2.75% CH4
Methane
1.0
Ethanol
0.8
Acetone
0.7
Propane
0.65
n-Pentane
0.5
n-Hexane
0.45
n-Octane
0.4
Toluene
0.35
September, 2014
Slide 93
CC LEL sensor response to 50% LEL methane ( 2.5% vol. CH4), 50% LEL pentane
(7.0% vol. C5H12) and 50% LEL "pentane equivalent" (1.25% vol. CH4)
September, 2014
Slide 94
LEL (Vol %)
Flashpoint
Temp (F)
OSHA PEL
NIOSH REL
TLV
5% LEL in
PPM
Acetone
2.5%
-4F
(-20 C)
1,000 PPM
TWA
1250 PPM
None Listed
500 PPM
TWA;
750 PPM
STEL
15 PPM
Diesel (No.2)
vapor
0.6%
125F
(51.7C)
None Listed
Ethanol
3.3%
55F
(12.8 C)
1,000 PPM
TWA
1000 PPM
TWA
1000 PPM
TWA
1,650 PPM
Gasoline
1.3%
-50F
(-45.6C)
None Listed
None Listed
300 PPM
TWA; 500
PPM STEL
650 PPM
n-Hexane
1.1%
-7F
(-21.7 C)
50 PPM
TWA
50 PPM TWA
550 PPM
Isopropyl
alcohol
2.0%
53F
(11.7C)
400 PPM
TWA
400 PPM
TWA; 500
PPM STEL
200 PPM
TWA; 400
PPM STEL
1000 PPM
Kerosene/
Jet Fuels
0.7%
MEK
1.4%
Turpentine
0.8
100 162F
(37.8 72.3C )
300 PPM
None Listed
100 mg/M3
TWA (approx.
14.4 PPM)
200 mg/M3
TWA (approx.
29 PPM)
350 PPM
16F
(-8.9C)
200 PPM
TWA
200 PPM
TWA; 300
PPM STEL
700 PPM
95F
(35C)
100 PPM
TWA
100 PPM
TWA
200 PPM
TWA; 300
PPM STEL
20 PPM TWA
100 PPM
Slide150
95
TWA;
STEL
450 550
PPM
100 PPM
Xylenes (o, m
0.9 1.1%
81 90F
100 PPM
Capabilities ,(27.3
limitations
TWA; monitors
150
&September,
p isomers) 2014
32.3 and
C) proper
TWAuse of atmospheric
PPM STEL
400 PPM
September, 2014
Slide 96
Combustible
sensor poisons
Hydrogen sulfide
Note: The LEL sensor includes an internal filter that is more than
sufficient to remove the H2S in calibration gas. It takes very high
levels of H2S to overcome the filter and harm the LEL sensor
September, 2014
Slide 97
Effects of hexamethyldisiloxane
(HMDS) on pellistor sensor
September, 2014
Slide 98
September, 2014
Slide 99
September, 2014
Slide 100
September, 2014
Slide 101
Non-dispersive infrared
(NDIR) sensors
September, 2014
Slide 102
Non-dispersive infrared
(NDIR) sensors
September, 2014
Slide 103
Beer-Lambert Law
L
I1=I0*e-Lc
is the absorption
Size (length) matters...
September, 2014
Slide 104
Infrared Detectors
September, 2014
Slide 105
Symmetric
Stretch
Asymmetric
Stretch
Nonlinear Molecules
Linear molecules: SO
September, 2014
Slide 106
Bend
Infrared Spectroscopy
September, 2014
Slide 107
September, 2014
Slide 108
Requirements for
IR Absorption
IR-transparent gases:
H2
N2
O2
F2
Cl2
Hg2
Ar
September, 2014
Slide 109
September, 2014
Slide 110
September, 2014
Slide 111
September, 2014
Slide 112
Limitations:
September, 2014
Advantages:
Slide 113
September, 2014
Slide 114
September, 2014
Slide 115
September, 2014
Slide 116
September, 2014
Slide 117
September, 2014
Slide 118
Initial response of IR
sensor is slightly
quicker than the
pellistor sensor
September, 2014
Slide 119
September, 2014
Slide 120
Photoionization Detectors
September, 2014
Slide 121
September, 2014
Slide 122
September, 2014
Solvents
Jet fuel
Paint thinner
Benzene
Butadiene
Gasoline
Hexane
Diesel
Toluene
Heating oil
Xylene
Kerosene
Many others
Slide 123
VOC Toxicity
September, 2014
Slide 124
September, 2014
Slide 125
Real-time measurement
techniques for VOC vapors
Infrared spectra-photometers
September, 2014
Slide 126
September, 2014
Slide 127
LEL (Vol %)
Flashpoint
Temp (F)
OSHA PEL
NIOSH REL
TLV
5% LEL in
PPM
Acetone
2.5%
-4F
(-20 C)
1,000 PPM
TWA
1250 PPM
None Listed
500 PPM
TWA;
750 PPM
STEL
15 PPM
Diesel (No.2)
vapor
0.6%
125F
(51.7C)
None Listed
Ethanol
3.3%
55F
(12.8 C)
1,000 PPM
TWA
1000 PPM
TWA
1000 PPM
TWA
1,650 PPM
Gasoline
1.3%
-50F
(-45.6C)
None Listed
None Listed
300 PPM
TWA; 500
PPM STEL
650 PPM
n-Hexane
1.1%
-7F
(-21.7 C)
50 PPM
TWA
50 PPM TWA
550 PPM
Isopropyl
alcohol
2.0%
53F
(11.7C)
400 PPM
TWA
400 PPM
TWA; 500
PPM STEL
200 PPM
TWA; 400
PPM STEL
1000 PPM
Kerosene/
Jet Fuels
0.7%
MEK
1.4%
Turpentine
0.8
100 162F
(37.8 72.3C )
300 PPM
None Listed
100 mg/M3
TWA (approx.
14.4 PPM)
200 mg/M3
TWA (approx.
29 PPM)
350 PPM
16F
(-8.9C)
200 PPM
TWA
200 PPM
TWA; 300
PPM STEL
700 PPM
95F
(35C)
100 PPM
TWA
100 PPM
TWA
200 PPM
TWA; 300
PPM STEL
20 PPM TWA
100 PPM
Slide150
128
TWA;
STEL
450 550
PPM
100 PPM
Xylenes (o, m
0.9 1.1%
81 90F
100 PPM
Capabilities ,(27.3
limitations
TWA; monitors
150
&September,
p isomers) 2014
32.3 and
C) proper
TWAuse of atmospheric
PPM STEL
400 PPM
PIDs used for measuring solvent, fuel and VOC vapors in the
workplace environment
September, 2014
Slide 129
Best approach to VOC measurement is to use multisensor instrument capable of measuring all
atmospheric hazards that may be potentially
present
September, 2014
Slide 130
Sensing
electrode
Reading
Benzene
molecule
(neutrally
charged)
Counter
electrode
September, 2014
Slide 131
Sensing
electrode
Reading
e+
Benzene
molecule is
ionized
Counter
electrode
September, 2014
Slide 132
Sensing
electrode
Reading
e+
Electron counted
at sensing
electrode
Counter
electrode
September, 2014
Slide 133
Sensing
electrode
4. Positively charged
fragment (ion) is
electrostatically
accelerated to counter
electrode, where it
picks up replacement
electron and regains
neutral charge
Reading
e-
Neutrally charged
molecule diffuses
out of detector
Counter
electrode
September, 2014
Slide 134
Benefits:
Limitations:
September, 2014
Results:
Slide 135
September, 2014
Benefits:
Limitations:
Results:
Slide 136
September, 2014
Ionization Energy
Gas / vapor
Carbon monoxide
14.01
Carbon dioxide
13.77
Methane
12.98
Water
12.59
Oxygen
12.08
Chlorine
11.48
Hydrogen sulfide
10.46
n-Hexane
10.18
Ammonia
10.16
hexane (mixed
isomers)
10.13
acetone
9.69
benzene
9.25
butadiene
9.07
toluene
September, 2014
Slide 137
8.82
Slide 138
PID Components
Detector assembly
September, 2014
Slide 139
Primary
gas in
lamp
11.7 eV
Argon
eV
11.83
(nm)
104.8
1000
10.6 eV
Krypton
11.62
10.64
106.7
116.5
500
200
9.8 eV
Krypton
10.03
10.03
123.6
123.6
650
650
September, 2014
Window crystal
Crystal
transmittance
range (nm)
Lithium fluoride
(LiF)
105 - 5000
Magnesium
fluoride (MgF2)
115 - 7000
Calcium fluoride
(CaF2)
125 - 8000
Slide 140
September, 2014
Slide 141
September, 2014
Slide 142
September, 2014
Slide 143
September, 2014
Slide 144
September, 2014
Slide 145
September, 2014
Slide 146
September, 2014
Slide 147
September, 2014
Slide 148
September, 2014
Slide 149
September, 2014
Slide 150
CF measures sensitivity
More toxic the gas, more desirable to have low correction factor:
If Exposure limit is < 10 ppm, CF should be < 1
September, 2014
Slide 151
September, 2014
Slide 152
RAE
5.50
1.10
9.70
BW
4.60
0.90
10.60
Ion
4.90
0.70
8.50
GfG
5.40
1.20
9.40
IE (eV)
10.21
9.69
10.20
Benzene
Butadiene
0.50
1.00
0.55
0.90
0.50
0.85
0.53
0.69
9.25
9.07
Diesel fuel
Ethanol
0.80
12.00
0.93
13.20
0.75
8.70
0.90
10.00
n/a
10.48
Ethylene
Gasoline
n-Hexane
Jet fuel (JP-8)
Kerosene
Methyl-ethyl-ketone (MEK)
Naptha (iso-octane)
Styrene
Toluene
Turpentine
Vinyl chloride
Xylene (mixed isomers)
10.00
0.90
4.30
0.60
n/a
0.90
1.20
0.40
0.50
0.40
2.00
0.40
11.00
0.73
4.00
0.51
1.11
0.78
1.20
0.45
0.53
0.45
2.19
0.50
8.00
1.10
3.30
0.70
0.80
0.77
1.10
0.45
0.51
0.45
2.20
0.43
10.10
1.10
4.50
0.48
n/a
0.90
1.30
0.40
0.53
0.45
1.80
0.50
10.52
n/a
10.18
n/a
9.53
9.53
9.82
8.47
8.82
n/a
10.00
8.50
September, 2014
Slide 153
You can choose the correction factor for the desired gas
from the on-board library of CF values in the instrument
September, 2014
Slide 154
PID Alarms:
Varying Mixtures
If we are safe for the worst chemical we will be safe for all
chemicals
September, 2014
Slide 155
PID Alarms:
Varying Mixtures
Chemical
10.6eV CF
Name
Ethanol
10.0
Turpentine
0.45
100
1.2
250
Acetone
1000
September, 2014
Slide 156
PID Alarms:
Varying Mixtures
Set the PID for the compound with the lowest Exposure Limit (EL) in
equivalent units and you are safe for all of the chemicals in the mixture
ELchemical
ELIsobutylene =
September, 2014
CFchemical
Slide 157
PID Alarms:
Varying Mixtures
Chemical name
CFiso
(10.6eV)
NIOSH REL
(8 hr. TWA)
ELISO (PEL)
TLV
(8hr. TWA)
ELISO (TLV)
Ethanol
10.0
1000
100.0
1000
100.0
Turpentine
0.45
100
222.3
20
44.5
Acetone
1.2
250
208.4
500
416.7
IF you are following the NIOSH REL then ethanol is the controlling
compound when the exposure limits are expressed in equivalent
Isobutylene Units
Similar calculations can be done for any PID brand that has a
published CF list
September, 2014
Slide 158
CC %LEL
IR %LEL
IR %Vol
Electrochemical toxic
PID
September, 2014
Slide 159
September, 2014
Slide 160
September, 2014
Slide 161
September, 2014
Slide 162
September, 2014
Slide 163
Case Study
Fuel barge
explosion and
cleanup
September, 2014
Slide 164
Case Study
September, 2014
Slide 165
Case Study
September, 2014
Slide 166
Case Study
September, 2014
Slide 167
September, 2014
15 ppm
Kerosene
30 ppm
30 ppm
Gasoline
300 ppm
Slide 168
% LEL
PPM TVOC
(iso)
PPM Benzene
%TVOC from
benzene
32.8
0.8
2.44 %
38.2
0.4
1.05%
45.5
0.4
0.88%
75.8
0.3
0.4%
64.3
0.3
0.47%
34.8
0.6
1.72%
44.6
0.3
0.67 %
39.6
0.2
0.51 %
58.4
0.4
September, 2014
No (5) StbdCargoTank
64.8
0.68 %
Slide 169
0.5
0.77%
Benzene Exposure
Limit
1.0 PPM
0.5 PPM
0.1 PPM
41 PPM
20.5 PPM
4.1 PPM
September, 2014
Slide 170
% LEL
PPM TVOC
(iso)
PPM Benzene
%TVOC from
benzene
37.3
0.0
0%
44.1
0.1
0.23%
53.8
0.2
0.37 %
48.2
0.1
0.21%
68.5
0.4
0.58 %
13.2
0.0
0%
29.0
0.0
0%
58.1
0.1
0.17%
48.7
0.2
0.41 %
2014
Capabilities , limitations
use of atmospheric monitors
NoSeptember,
(5) StbdCargoTank
0 and proper
63.3
0.3
Slide 171
0.44%
Benzene Exposure
Limit
1.0 PPM
0.5 PPM
0.1 PPM
172 PPM
86 PPM
17.2 PPM
September, 2014
Slide 172
Questions?
Thank you!
September, 2014
Slide 173