0 penilaian0% menganggap dokumen ini bermanfaat (0 suara)
35 tayangan3 halaman
Random and neat facts about Egyptian Civilization. That can also be found on http://www.FactPalooza.Com Along with many other cool and interesting random facts.
Random and neat facts about Egyptian Civilization. That can also be found on http://www.FactPalooza.Com Along with many other cool and interesting random facts.
Hak Cipta:
Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Format Tersedia
Unduh sebagai DOCX, PDF, TXT atau baca online dari Scribd
Random and neat facts about Egyptian Civilization. That can also be found on http://www.FactPalooza.Com Along with many other cool and interesting random facts.
Hak Cipta:
Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Format Tersedia
Unduh sebagai DOCX, PDF, TXT atau baca online dari Scribd
• Ancient Egypt was an ancient civilization of eastern North Africa,
concentrated along the lower reaches of the Nile River. • Its history is divided into old kingdom, middle kingdom and new kingdom. • Stunning advances in architecture, art, and technology were made during the Old Kingdom. • The pharaohs of the Middle Kingdom restored the country's prosperity and stability, thereby stimulating a resurgence of art, literature, and monumental building projects. • The New Kingdom pharaohs established a period of unprecedented prosperity by securing their borders and strengthening diplomatic ties with their neighbors. • In Predynastic and Early Dynastic times, the Egyptian climate was much less arid than it is today. • The head of the legal system was officially the pharaoh, who was responsible for enacting laws, delivering justice, and maintaining law and order, a concept the ancient Egyptians referred to as Ma'at. • The civilization coalesced around 3150 BC with the political unification of Upper and Lower Egypt under the first pharaoh, and it developed over the next three millennia. • Its history occurred in a series of stable Kingdoms, separated by periods of relative instability known as Intermediate Periods. • Ancient Egypt reached its pinnacle during the New Kingdom, after which it entered a period of slow decline. • Egypt was conquered by a succession of foreign powers in this late period, and the rule of the pharaohs officially ended in 31 BC . • When the early Roman Empire conquered Egypt and made it a province. • The success of ancient Egyptian civilization stemmed partly from its ability to adapt to the conditions of the Nile River Valley. • The predictable flooding and controlled irrigation of the fertile valley produced surplus crops, which fueled social development and culture. • With resources to spare, the administration sponsored mineral exploitation of the valley and surrounding desert regions. • They developed an independent writing system and also the organization of collective construction and agricultural projects. • The many achievements of the ancient Egyptians include the quarrying, surveying and construction techniques that facilitated the building of monumental pyramids, temples, and obelisk. • Egypt left a lasting legacy. • Its art and architecture were widely copied, and its antiquities carried off to far corners of the world. • Its monumental ruins have inspired the imaginations of travelers and writers for centuries. • A newfound respect for antiquities and excavations in the early modern period led to the scientific investigation of Egyptian civilization and a greater appreciation of its cultural legacy, for Egypt and the world. Sumer • Sumer "Land of the Lords of Brightness", Akkadian: Šumeru; possibly Biblical Shinar was a civilization and historical region in southern Mesopotamia, modern Iraq. • The term "Sumerian" is the common name given to the ancient inhabitants of southern Mesopotamia, Sumer, by their successors, the Semitic Akkadians. • It is the earliest known civilization in the world and is known as the Cradle of Civilization. • By the late 4th millennium BC, Sumer was divided into about a dozen independent city-states, whose limits were defined by canals and boundary stones. • The Sumerian city states rose to power during the prehistorical Ubaid and Uruk periods. • The Ubaid period is marked by a distinctive style of fine quality painted pottery which spread throughout Mesopotamia and the Persian Gulf. • The Sumerian civilization spanned over 3000 years and began with the first settlement of Eridu in the Ubaid period (mid 6th millennium BC) through the Uruk period (4th millennium BC). • There was no organized set of gods; each city-state had its own patrons, temples, and priest-kings. • The cities of Sumer were the first civilization to practice intensive, year-round agriculture, (from ca. 5300 BC). • The archaeological transition from the Ubaid period to the Uruk period is marked by a gradual shift from painted pottery domestically produced on a slow wheel, to a great variety of unpainted pottery mass-produced by specialists on fast wheels. • The Sumerians had developed core agricultural techniques including large-scale intensive cultivation of land, mono-cropping, organized irrigation, and the use of a specialized labor force. • In spite of the importance of this region, genetic studies on the Sumerians are limited and generally restricted to analysis of classical markers due to Iraq's modern political instability. • The Dynastic period begins ca. 2900 BC and includes such legendary figures as Enmerkar and Gilgamesh. • The Epic of Gilgamesh refers to trade with far lands for goods such as wood that were scarce in Mesopotamia. • The most important archaeological discoveries in Sumer are a large number of tablets written in Sumerian. • The Tigris-Euphrates plain lacked minerals and trees. Sumerian structures were made of plano-convex mudbrick, not fixed with mortar or cement. • The Sumerians developed a complex system of metrology c. 4000 BC. • The surplus of storable food created by this economy allowed the population to settle in one place instead of migrating after crops and grazing land. • Most authorities credit the Sumerians with the invention of the wheel, initially in the form of the potter's wheel. • They invented and developed arithmetic by doing several different number systems including a mixed radix system with an alternating base 10 and base 6. • It also allowed for a much greater population density, and in turn required an extensive labor force and division of labor. This organization led to the development of writing (ca. 3500 BC).