Chapter 5

1 mole=6.023x1023 particles (i.e., atoms or molecules).

Units : mol (g-mol), kmol (kg-mol), (Ib-mol).
Moles=Mass/Molecular weight.
We use moles instead of number of molecules
(quantities) because it is fixed number & easy to deal
with

Principles of Chemical Engineering Processes

How many moles of atomic hydrogen & oxygen would

be released in 1 mol of H2O if the latter was broken up
into its constituent parts?
As shown in the equation:
2H2O
2H2 + O2
Hydrogen:2 mol
Oxygen:1 mol

Principles of Chemical Engineering Processes

An average rain drop contains 0.05g water, how many moles

is in this rain? What would be the mass of air in the same
numbers of moles, if we assume air has a MW=29?
Molesrain= m/MW
0.05g/18(g/mol)=2.78x10-3 mol
Massair=moles X MW
29(g/mol)x2.78x10-3mol=.0783g

Principles of Chemical Engineering Processes

How many Kg of H2 can be obtained by electrolysis of

1 Kg of water?
The relevant equation is
H20
H2 + 1/2O2
1 mol of H20 yields 1 mol of H2
nH 0=1Kg/18(Kg/Kmol)=1/18Kmol
1/18 Kmol of H20 yields 1/18 Kmol of H2
MassH = 1/18 Kmol x 2 (Kg/Kmol)=1/9 Kg
2

Principles of Chemical Engineering Processes

Balance the equation of glucose oxidation to determine

, & .
C6H12O6 + O2
CO2 + H2O
C balance: 6 = = 6
H balance: 12 = 2 = 6
O balance : 6+ 2 = 2 + = 6

Solution:
=6
=6
=6
Principles of Chemical Engineering Processes


1.
2.

There are two types of material balances:

Differential balance
Integral balance

Principles of Chemical Engineering Processes

Is a balance at one particular instant in time & deals with

rates.
It is more precisely written in mathematical form as :
dM/dt=M-Mo+G-C
There some special cases:
For steady state: In out + generation consumption=0
For no reaction :In- out ;M1=Mo

Principles of Chemical Engineering Processes

It deals with the entire time of the process at once; so it

uses amounts rather than rates.
At steady state ,none of the process variables change
with time where as unsteady state process variables
change with time.
The simple relation The input equals the output
holds for steady state processes under the following
circumstances:

Principles of Chemical Engineering Processes

Few definitions frequently used in solving material

balance problems such as :
Stoichiometric equations.
Stoichiometric coefficients.
Stoichiometric ratios.

Principles of Chemical Engineering Processes

10

The equation must be balanced to be valid.

Stoichiometric equations that are not balanced:
C2H5OH + O2
CO2 + H2O
Stoichiometric equations that are balanced:
C2H5OH + 3O2
2CO2 +3H2O

Principles of Chemical Engineering Processes

11

Are the values preceding each molecular species in a

balanced stoichiometric equation.
Values defined to be positive for products & negative
for reactants.
2SO2 + O2
2SO3
vSO2=-2, vo2=-1, vo3=2

Principles of Chemical Engineering Processes

12

It is ratio of stoichiometric coefficients in a balanced

stoichiometric equation.

Principles of Chemical Engineering Processes

13

Limiting reactant is reactant that is completely

consumed when a reaction is run to completion.
Where as the other reactants are termed as excess
reactant.

Principles of Chemical Engineering Processes

14

How to find Limiting reactant?

First balance the stoichiometric equation.

Then take the ratio of the reactant feed rate to
reactant stoichimetric coefficients.

Principles of Chemical Engineering Processes

15

Is the ratio of the amount by which the feed exceeds

stoichiometric requirements in moles devided by the
stoichiometric requirement in moles.

Principles of Chemical Engineering Processes

16

Determine which reactant is limiting & which

is excess as well the percent excess for that
component when:

1)Two moles of (N2) reacting with 4 mole of (H2) to

form ammonia (NH3)via the reaction.

(MWN2=28,MWH2=2,MWNH3=17)
2NH3
N2+3H2

Principles of Chemical Engineering Processes

17

 2)100Kg of ethanol (C2H5OH)reacts with 100 Kg of

acetic acid(CH3COOH) to form ethyl acetate:

C2H50H +CH3COOH

CH3COOHC2H5 +H2O

3) 64 g methanol (CH3OH)reacts with 0.5 mol of

Oxygen (O2) to form formaldehyde.

Principles of Chemical Engineering Processes

18

Chemical reactions proceed quite slowly.

Therefore, it is not practical to design a reactor

for complete conversion of the limiting reactant.

Instead, the reactant is separated from the reactor

outlet stream & recycled back to the reactor inlet.

Principles of Chemical Engineering Processes

19

The fractional conversion of a reactant is the ratio of

the amount reacted to the amount fed:
moles reacted
fractional conversion
moles fed
percent conversion fractional conversion 100 %

Principles of Chemical Engineering Processes

20

Extent of reaction method

Element or atomic balance method
Molecular of component balance approach

Principles of Chemical Engineering Processes

21

The extent of reaction()is the amount in moles that

converted in a given reaction.

The extent of reaction is a quantity that characterizes

the reaction& simplifies the calculations.

Principles of Chemical Engineering Processes

22

For a continuous process at steady-state & for a batch

process:
Where:

ni
ni 0
i

:molar flow rate of component i out of the system

:molar flow rate of component i entering the system
:stoich. Coef. + for product for reactant

Principles of Chemical Engineering Processes

23

Ethylene oxide is produced by reacting ethylene with

oxygen. The feed to the reactor contains 5 moles of
ethylene,3 moles of oxygen and 2 moles of ethylene
oxide.
Draw & label the process flow sheet.
Write the material balance equation as a function of the extent
of reaction.

Principles of Chemical Engineering Processes

24

2C2H4+O2

5 mol

2C2H4O

C2H4

3 mol O2

C2H4

Plug flow reactor

O2
C2H4O

2 mol C2H4O

Principles of Chemical Engineering Processes

25

General Compound Balance:

2C2H4+O2
2C2H4O
C2H4:nC H =nC H -2 =5-2
O2:nO =nO - =3-
C2H4O:nC H O=nC H O+2 =2+2
Total:
n=n- =10-
2

Principles of Chemical Engineering Processes

26

Element balance have no generation or consumption terms &

the mass balance is simplified to input equals output for
continuous ,steady-state processes.
The element balance is based on the number of moles of that
element regardless of the compound that it is in.
The number of moles of each compound must be multiplied by
the stoichiometric number for the element.

Principles of Chemical Engineering Processes

27

In the ethane dehydrogenation process ,there are 2

moles of carbon atom for every mole of ethane.
Thus, the element balance:
C balance: 2nC2H6=2nC2H4+2nC2H6
H balance:6nC2H6=4nC2H4+2nH2

Principles of Chemical Engineering Processes

Figure 5.2 Flowsheet molecular compound balances

Suppose 5 moles of O2 are consumed, then the number of
moles of SO3 generated is:

1 mol SO 3 generated
5 mole of O 2 consumed 1
10 mol SO 3 produced
mol O 2 consumed
2
Principles of Chemical Engineering Processes

29

 Ammonia is burned to form nitric oxide. The fractional conversion is

0.5.the inlet molar flow rates of NH3 andO2are 5 mol/h. calculate the exit
component molar flow rates using:
A. extent of reaction method.
B. atomic balance approach.
C. Compound balance approach.

Principles of Chemical Engineering Processes

30

NH3+5O2

4NO+6H2O

nNH3
nO2
nH2o

nNH3=5mol/h

nO2=5mol/h

nNO

Reactor

Principles of Chemical Engineering Processes

31

A. 4NH3+2O2
4NO+6H2O
Thus,vNH3=-4,vO2=-5,vNO2=4,VH2O=6
Ni=ni+v
Balance ofNH3:nNH3=nNH3-4
Balance ofO2:nO2=nO2-5
Balance ofNO:nNO=nNO+4
Balance of H2O:nH2O=NH2O+6
Total number of moles at the outlet of the reactor:
n=n+(-4-5+4+6) =n+

Principles of Chemical Engineering Processes

32

 Inlet molar feed rates:

nNH3=5mol/h ,nO2=0, nH2O=0
Conversion=x=(nO2-nO2)/nO2
E-Z solve:
=0.5, nNH3=3mol/h, nO2=2.5mol/h
nH2O=3mol/h, nNO=2mol/h

Principles of Chemical Engineering Processes

33

Balance on N:5= nNH3+nNO

Balance on O:2(5)=2( nO2)+ nH2O+nNO
Balance on H:3(5)= 3nNH3+nNO
Relations: conversion=0.5=(5- nO2)/5
nNH3=3mol/h , nO2=2.5mol/h
nH2O=3mol/h, nNO=2mol/h

Principles of Chemical Engineering Processes

34


1.moles of O2:
Conversion=x=0.5=(moles reacted/mole in feed)=(mole
reacted/5)
moles of O2 reacted =0.5*5=2.5 mol
moles of O2 exiting reactor=5-2.5=2.5 mol
2. moles ofNH3 consumed=2.5 mol O2 consumed*(4 mol
consumed/5 mol O2 consumed)
moles of NH3 consumed=2 mol
moles of NH3 exiting reactor=in consumed=5-2=3 mol

Principles of Chemical Engineering Processes

35

 3.moles H2O generated=2.5 mol O2*(6 mol generated/5 mol

O2 consumed)=3 mol
4.moles NO generated=2.5 molesO2 consumed*(4 mol
generated/5 mol consumed)

Principles of Chemical Engineering Processes

36

 Ethylene oxide (C2H4O) is produced by reacting ethylene

(C2H4) with oxygen, The feed to the reactor contains 5 moles
of ethylene, 3 moles of oxygen, and 2 moles of ethylene
oxide. Set up the compound balances in general, then use it
to solve the suggested problems:

Principles of Chemical Engineering Processes

37

Principles of Chemical Engineering Processes

38

Material balances:
2C2H4O
2C2H4+O2
C2H4:nC2H4=nC2H4-2
O2:nO2=nO2-
C2H4O:nC2H4O+2
A)the amount of C2H4 coming out the reactor is 5 moles how
much the reaction has occurred?
5 mol=5 mol-2
=0 mol
B)if nC2H4=6 mol, moles how much the reaction has
occurred?
6 mol=5 mol-2
=-0.5mol

Principles of Chemical Engineering Processes

39

 C) if nC2H4=0 mol, how much the reaction has occurred?

0 mol=5 mol-2
=2.5mol
D) which component is the limiting reagent, and what the
theoretical yield?
(nC2H4/vC2H4)=5/3 < (nO2/vO2)=3/1
limiting reagent: C2H4moles of C2H4 produced
=nC2H4-nC2H4=2 =5 mol
E)if nC2H4=2

X=(nLro-nLr2)/nLro=(moles used/moles in feed)=(5-2)/5=0.6

Principles of Chemical Engineering Processes

40

 Acrylonitrile(C3H3N)is produced in the reaction of propylene, ammonia

,and oxygen:
C3H6+NH3+(3/2)O2
A+ B + (3/2)C

C3H3N +3 H2O
D +3E

The feed contains 10 mol% propylene(C3H6),12 mol% ammonia(NH3),and

78 mol% air. A fractional conversion of 30% of the limiting reactant is
achieved. Taking 100 mol of feed as a basis, determine which reactant is
limiting, the % by which each of the other reactants is in excess and the
molar amounts of all products gas consistent for a 30% conversion of the
limiting reactant.

Principles of Chemical Engineering Processes

41

Reaction
vessel

Principles of Chemical Engineering Processes

42

Basis:100 mol of feed

System: reaction vessel
Limiting reactant has lowest (n/v) ratio

Continue solution

Principles of Chemical Engineering Processes

43