Universit Paris Diderot

48AN36TRA

L.E.A L3 TRADUCTION VERS LANGLAIS

This course provides an introduction to the techniques of translating non-literary texts from French to English. Texts cover
a wide range of subjects. They are taken from a variety of sources, mainly - though not exclusively - from recent French
newspapers and magazines.
A translation course is not a grammar course. Students are assumed to have a good knowledge of English grammar as
taught in first and second year, and basic grammar mistakes are therefore severely sanctioned. Grammar is dealt
with where necessary in a comparative perspective, in order to highlight the differences between English and French in a
given translation context. If your grammar is shaky, we advise rapid revision!
Translating requires a full understanding and analysis of the source text. Students are encouraged to 'read round' the
texts provided to improve their general knowledge and also to enlarge their vocabulary. Intelligent reading in
French and English often provides more useful information than instant recourse to a dictionary ... It is also necessary to
situate the text in its context. Where does it come from? When was it written? Who is it intended for? What message is
it trying to get across? Only when this preparatory work has been done thoroughly do you start to translate, keeping the
needs of your reader constantly in mind. Your aim should be to convey the message of the text in clear, correct
English, while staying as close as your own command of English allows to the style and register of the original.
Bibliography

DELISLE, Jean (codir. avec Hannelore Lee-Jahnke et Monique C. Cormier) : 1999 Terminologie de la
traduction / Translation Terminology / Terminologa de la traduccin / Terminologie der bersetzung,
Amsterdam, John Benjamins, coll. FIT Monograph
GUSDORF Florent : 1991 WORDS, Mdiascopie du vocabulaire anglais Paris Ellipses.
LARREYA, RIVIERE : Grammaire explicative de l'anglais Paris Longman, or other grammar book.
An all-English dictionary : The New Oxford Dictionary of English., 1998 OUP
Or; better still, a learners dictionary (Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary, 2000, OUP for example)
Longman Language Activator, 1992 second dition, Longman.
A good bilingual dictionary : Hachette/Oxford or Robert & Collins, for example.

Assessment
2nd semester
30% translation of a short text in class in 1 hour 8th or 10th April 2009.
70% final examination: translation of a text in 2 hours (length approximately 250 words).
June re-sits
Translation of a text in 2 hours (length approximately 250 words).
Students may bring an all-English dictionary to examinations. Each student must have his/her own dictionary, as
books may not be passed around.
Those for whom French is not their native language may also bring an all-French dictionary (permission to be
requested by the student before the date of the examination).

Teaching staff for 2009

Ann-Marie Kilgallon Ann-Marie.Kilgallon@EUI.eu
John Humbley John.Humbley@eila.univ-paris-diderot.fr

dates of classes

classwork

28/30 January 2008

INTRODUCTION

4/6 February

Hong Kong

11/13 February

Accident

18/20 February

Aroport de Paris

4/6 March

Meetic

11/13 March

Canaries

18/20 March

Call centres

25/27 March

Mon papa moi

1/3 April

Vivre sans ptrole

8/10 April

DST One hour only

29 April

Fridays project

6/8 May

Example of an exam
subject : Sarajevo

hand-in work

work returned

Tuberculoses
rsistantes
Tuberculoses
Jean Le Cam

Jean Le Cam
Crepuscule de
lautomobile
Crepuscule de lauto
Poissons tous prix

Poissons tous prix

Erasmus

Erasmus

CLASSWORK: 28/30 January

INTRODUCTION

Translate these extracts from an Air France in-flight magazine and compare your
translations with those of the professional translator.

1. Hong Kong, observatoire d'oiseaux

2. Kadoorie Farm, un parc semi-sauvage
3. Combattre la pollution, une priorit
4. Une biodiversit due la mousson
5. Dans les forts, plus de deux mille espces vgtales et des arbres sculaires, plants selon les rgles du
Fengshui, gomancie chinoise.
6. Eau et montagne , en chinois Shan Shui, mots qui illustrent parfaitement la rserve deau naturelle de Shing
Mun, que contourne la piste de MacLehose.
7. Cest en flnant que lon dcouvre la ville.
8. On lappelait autrefois la tte sans corps . [en parlant de Singapour]
9. On retrouve les chambres aux couettes de satin.
10. On dit que les femmes qui boivent du sak ont la peau plus douce.

1 . Paradis cologique, refuge pour oiseaux migrateurs Cest bien Hong Kong comme vous ne
lavez jamais vu.

2. Parmi les nombreuses plages de Hong Kong, celles du Sai Kung East Country Park sont les plus
remarquables.

3. Zone franche, Singapour est dabord un paradis commercial. Le port gre 1,5 million de containers
par an, disputant Hong Kong le titre de port le plus actif du monde.

4. Climat tropical oblige, Singapore, lhygromtrie slve 80%. Les mois les plus humides
schelonnent entre novembre et janvier.

5. Projets grandioses, dfis artistiques, investissements colossaux Shanghai nen finit pas de changer
de peau. Pour se dmarquer de lOccident ou pour mieux lui ressembler ?

6. A lentre des restaurants chinois, les lions de pierre et les dragons sculpts sont chargs de
repousser les intrus et les esprits malfiques. Vous pouvez dner tranquille.

7. Amoureux de la France depuis les annes 1950, le prsident de la Maison de la culture du Japon
Paris nous livre les raisons dune si longue passion.

8. A lorigine, le sak tait une offrande destine aux divinits.

9. De Tokyo Kanazawa, en passant par Niigata, une route introuvable sur les cartes permet de
dcouvrir lesprit de ce breuvage sacr, symbole du Japon ancestral.

10. Au Japon, modernit et tradition cohabitent.

Source : Air France Magazine n 51, juillet 2001
4

HOMEWORK : to be handed in 4/6 February

Tuberculoses rsistantes
L'infection humaine par le bacille de Koch a longtemps pu tre traite efficacement
partir de l'association de mdicaments antituberculeux dits de premire ligne . Tel
n'est plus toujours le cas du fait de l'apparition d'un nombre croissant de souches
bactriennes devenues rsistantes. Aprs celle de souches multirsistantes , les
mdecins sont dsormais confronts l'mergence de souches ultrarsistantes
contre lesquelles l'association d'antituberculeux actifs jusque-l se rvle sans effet.
Selon l'Organisation mondiale de la sant (OMS), 45 pays ont, depuis 2002,
diagnostiqu au moins un cas de tuberculose ultrarsistante sur leur territoire, parmi
lesquels dix pays europens. Sur un total de neuf millions de cas de tuberculose
diagnostiqus chaque anne dans le monde, on compterait respectivement environ
500 000 et 40 000 cas de formes multirsistantes et ultrarsistantes . Ce
phnomne est observ en particulier dans les pays de l'ancien bloc sovitique, au
Japon, en Core et en Afrique du Sud. Un espoir : un nouvel antibiotique, le
linzolide, pourrait aider en venir bout. Il a dmontr son efficacit dans le
traitement d'infections dues d'autres types de bactries galement devenues
rsistantes des mdicaments jusqu'alors efficaces contre elles.
Article by Y.Y.N. in Le Monde, 10 October 2008, p. 5 (Section: Plante) [198 words]

Back up texts

Tuberculosis | Drug-Resistant Strain of TB Beginning To Affect Hungary,

Institute Says
November 8, 2006
A strain of tuberculosis that resists current antibiotics is beginning to affect Hungary,
the country's TB institute said on Tuesday, Xinhua News Agency reports. The strain
first was identified in the 1990s, according to Xinhua News Agency. The institute said
there is no risk of an epidemic, but added that European Union standards are not
sufficient to initiate the rapid action needed to reduce the risk of the strain spreading
(Xinhua News Agency, 11/8). In 2005, 2,000 TB cases were reported among
Hungary's population of 10 million, and 70 of the cases were drug resistant,
according to MTI. The International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent
Societies last month warned about the heightened risk of TB in Europe, saying
Central Europe is one of the regions where a new TB strain has emerged (MTI, 11/7).
According to IFRC, 14 of the world's 20 countries with the highest rates of multi-drug
resistant TB are in Europe and Central Asia. In addition, about 50% of all TB cases in

the region are MDR-TB, and Europe also has the highest rate of XDR-TB. Although TB
had been controlled in Europe for decades, cases of the disease doubled over the last
10 years in the former Soviet Union states, where public health systems have
deteriorated, according to Michael Luhan, an official at IFRC
(GlobalHealthReporting.org, 10/10).
Source: http://www.globalhealthreporting.org/article.asp?DR_ID=40939 (Section:
News & Events: Weekly TB/Malaria Report), article accessed on 12 January 2009

July 24, 2007

THE DOCTORS WORLD
TB Tests Show Promise, but Flaws Limit Progress
In the escalating battle against extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis, conflicting findings from
laboratory tests have hampered efforts to control the spread of the disease.Some of the conflicts
come from a lack of standardized testing methods and others from subtle but critical differences
in the way the tests are performed. [
Last week a panel of experts met in Geneva at the World Health Organizations headquarters to
discuss resistant tuberculosis testing. The discussion focused on updating the recommendations
for such procedures made by a similar agency panel in 2001.
The overwhelming majority of tuberculosis cases are caused by bacterial strains that yield to the
standard, or first-line, anti-TB drugs. Newer, second-line drugs are used if a strain of tuberculosis
is MDR or XDR, which are resistant to the first-line drugs. If tuberculosis strains are not tested for
drug resistance as soon as they are found in a patient, the problem may be detected too late to
permit a cure.
Tuberculosis resistance develops when drugs are misused or mismanaged. For example, patients
may fail to complete their full course of treatment. Health care providers may prescribe the wrong
treatment, the wrong dose or the wrong length of time for taking the drugs. Another problem
occurs when drugs are not available, or when the drugs are of poor quality.
What alarms health officials is the potential for outbreaks of MDR to evolve into large XDR ones,
creating the specter of an uncontrollable health menace. Officials are trying to control an outbreak
in South Africa, in which XDR killed 52 of 53 infected people, all of whom were also infected with
the AIDS virus.
Reliable tests to determine resistance to first-line drugs were developed when the drugs were first
marketed about a half-century ago. Fewer resistance tests exist for the newer, second-line drugs
needed to treat MDR and XDR tuberculosis, and many of them are difficult to perform for a
number of reasons.
One reason is that some can become unstable under conditions of laboratory testing. Laboratories
do not grind up pills for resistance testing because they contain substances that could lead to
unreliable results. Instead, laboratories use pure powders of an antituberculosis drugs active
ingredient. But even such powders can be affected by heat and other factors, leading to
inconsistent findings.
Another reason is that the many steps involved in the laboratory process increase chances for
human error.
In 2001, the World Health Organization panel said that the latest knowledge was very incomplete
regarding how to best perform resistance tests of second-line drugs and the usefulness of the
tests in treating such cases.
Since then, experience with newer laboratory techniques and a review of published scientific
papers show their usefulness, participants said in interviews.
But countries have neglected investments in tuberculosis research and care for many years, and
now they need to make greater efforts to improve testing for resistance, said Abigail Wright, a
tuberculosis expert at W.H.O.
The panel also relied on quality-control checks of a number of laboratories, which showed their
ability to correctly detect resistant strains.
But no laboratory test for any disease is 100 percent, said one member of the panel, Dr. Karin
Weyer of the South African Medical Research Council. Labs often have problems and can and do
make mistakes, Dr. Weyer said.

Drug-resistant tuberculosis is not new. In 1962, Eleanor Roosevelt died from a strain of
tuberculosis resistant to isoniazid and streptomycin, according to published research by Dr.
Barron Lerner of Columbia University, where she was treated.
As more tuberculosis strains have become resistant to more drugs in recent years, health officials
have come up with the MDR and XDR designations. Such forms are much costlier to control than
standard tuberculosis. In the 1990s, New York spent more than $1 billion to control an outbreak
of MDR tuberculosis.
In 2006, the Centers for Disease Control and the World Health Organization revised the definition
of XDR in part because of a lack of standardization of the tests for certain antibiotics needed to
treat it.
Under current definitions, MDR means that the strain of TB is caused by bacteria resistant to two
or more of the most important drugs, isoniazid and rifampicin. XDR strains are resistant to both
isoniazid and rifampicin as well as to any member of the fluoroquinolone antibiotic class of
second-line drugs and to at least one of three injectable second-line drugs like amikacin,
capreomycin and kanamycin.
The World Health Organization says that of the 424,000 MDR tuberculosis cases that occur in the
world each year, 25,000 are XDR, but the organization believes that fewer than 5 percent of
resistant cases are detected. The agency bases its opinion in part on the high prevalence of
multidrug resistance found in an expanding number of provinces surveyed in China and Russia,
indicating a larger epidemic than previously suspected.
The W.H.O. plans to publish a technical manual this year detailing the steps that the panel
believes are needed to ensure that all laboratories get the same results on the same specimen
concerning resistance to second-line drugs.
A key step involves the proper way to prepare the media used to grow tuberculosis bacteria.
Another step is determining the precise amounts of bacteria and antibiotics used in testing.
The panel endorsed use of certain new methods like a liquid culture medium that can facilitate
faster growth of tuberculosis bacteria, Dr. Weyer said.
The panel also recommended using molecular tests to detect rifampicin resistance as a proxy for
MDR tuberculosis. Use of such tests could reliably determine XDR in less than two months,
compared with the several months that are often needed now, Dr. Weyer said. Standard tests take
weeks to complete because tuberculosis bacteria grow slowly.
Speedier detection of resistant tuberculosis would allow patients to receive appropriate treatment
sooner and benefit the public by breaking the chain of transmission more quickly.
Molecular tests are available only for first-line antituberculosis drugs. Such tests require
identification of all the genes involved in drug resistance in the microbe. For second-line drugs,
we know very little about which genes are involved, Dr. Weyer said.
The cost of antituberculosis drugs is dropping, increasing chances for creating resistant strains,
the W.H.O. said, making it more imperative for countries where the disease is most rampant to
create and expand laboratory capabilities to detect them.
The panel emphasized that laboratory workers needed more experience in interpreting results of
the tests. As new laboratories are created in the many countries where drug-resistant tuberculosis
exists but testing facilities do not, technicians will need to learn how to do the testing. Refresher
training is also needed even in the best laboratories because they are mainly in countries with a
low incidence of resistant tuberculosis.
Some countries that believe they are free of MDR and XDR tuberculosis have prohibited shipment
of such strains to prevent accidental spread. Airline regulations also prohibit shipment of certain
strains.
The panel decided that XDR strains should not be sent anywhere for proficiency testing but that
MDR strains could be sent to countries that approve their entry and that have proper safety
equipment. For countries banning MDR specimens, certain other strains with predetermined
resistance to antibiotics can be sent for proficiency testing.
Resistance tests for the most powerful drugs against MDR and XDR the fluoroquinolones and
aminoglycosides are reliable, the panel said. But it also said that resistance tests for second-line
drugs like cycloserine and para-aminosalicylic acid should not be performed for lack of reliability.
Ethical considerations limit the type of research that can be done to improve resistance testing.
For example, scientists cannot carry out studies in which they would give only one
antituberculosis drug to a patient to correlate laboratory findings of susceptibility test because it
would mean withholding effective drugs, said Dr. Mario C. Raviglione, director of the tuberculosis
department at the World Health Organization.
Article by Lawrence K. Altman, M. D. from
http://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/24/health/24docs.html?_r=1&sq=TB%20strains%20resistant&st=cs
e&scp=16&pagewanted=print

CLASSWORK FOR 4/6 February

prepare the passage from Ce dimanche-l

Hong Kong, observatoire d'oiseaux

u cur de l'aprs-midi, une lumire laiteuse

flotte sur Deep Bay, o la mer a fait natre, en
se retirant, un vaste marcage. Dans sa gurite,
au bord de ta mangrove o les oiseaux font leur nid,
Lew Young, jumelles aux yeux, scrute assidment
l'horizon. Le directeur trentenaire de la rserve
ornithologique de Mai P nous chuchote l'inventaire
des visiteurs du jour : une arme de canards, un
bataillon d'aigrettes, deux ou trois cormorans, un
couple de hrons. Et voici que se pose l'hte
d'honneur, une spatule tte noire dont l'espce,
gravement menace, est devenue l'un des symboles de
Hong Kong, ornant jusqu'aux couloirs du mtro. C'est

randonne. Le plus long d'entre eux est le MacLehose

Trail - 100 km. Il traverse d'est en ouest les Nouveaux
Territoires. Dans le parc de Plover Cove, les cascades du
Bride's Pool sont l'un des rendez-vous favoris des piqueniqueurs. Une future marie, qui se promenait en
palanquin, dit la lgende, s'est noye ici aprs qu'un de
ses porteurs eut gliss dans la boue.
Horace et Lawrence Kadoorie furent les pionniers de
l'cologie Hong Kong. En 1951, ils fondrent une ferme
exprimentale pour aider les agriculteurs les plus
pauvres. C'tait l'poque, dsormais rvolue, o la colonie
avait encore des paysans. Aujourd'hui, la Kadoorie Farm
est un parc magnifique, mi-cultiv, mi-sauvage, dont les
jardins en terrasse semblent suspendus au pied du Kwun
Yum Shan, la Montagne de la Desse secourable. Ses
collines boises abritent des cerfs, des civettes et des
mangoustes. La ferme recueille des rapaces blesss ou
malades, incapables de survivre en libert. Elle possde
une riche colonie de perroquets parleurs et quelques
cacatos des Moluques, qui soulvent leur huppe
lorsqu'ils sont mcontents.

un chassier au bec en forme de cuiller. Il en reste six

cents sur la plante. Les spatules se reproduisent en
Core. L'hiver, une sur quatre vit tranquille Mal
P. Les autres choisissent le Vietnam ou Taiwan.
Hong Kong, refuge pour oiseaux migrateurs : qui
l'imaginerait, en Europe ? []
Ce dimanche-l, dans le bus 51 qui grimpe vers Tai Mo
shan, la Montagne au Grand Chapeau, point culminant
du pays (957 m), Helen, jeune secrtaire dans un cabinet
d'avocats de Hong Kong, consulte avec attention le petit
plan que son patron lui a dessin la hte sur une feuille
de cahier d'colier. C'est l'itinraire de sa promenade
d'aujourd'hui : quatre heures de marche tranquille,
travers le parc qui entoure la montagne. Elle
djeunera sur l'un des nombreux sites amnags cet
effet, avec tables, bancs et barbecues. Comme beaucoup
de citadins en qute de calme et d'air pur, qui
dcouvrent peu peu les secrets de la nature
hongkongaise, Helen empruntera un sentier de

Paysage se dit en chinois Shan Shui, soit eau et

montagne. Le mot convient Hong Kong, qui n'a pas
de fleuve mais des rivires et possde 800 km de ctes
et 260 les et lots. La topographie abrupte de Hong
Kong se rvle une chance cologique. Le relief
tourment, la rudesse des pentes et l'troitesse des
valles ont contraint 95% de la population vivre sur
moins de 20% du territoire. Ailleurs, la nature reste
largement intacte.

CLASSWORK 11/13 February

Describing a road accident
Translate the following text into English
LES FAITS Une soire arrose sest termine par un drame, mardi soir,
au nord de Lausanne. Intercept par les gendarmes, un automobiliste a pris
la fuite. Aprs avoir travers le village de Mex, il a fini sur le toit.
Mais quest-ce qui a pris ce quadragnaire de la rgion? Hier, les agents et les secouristes se
posaient encore la question.
Grivement bless, lhomme, g de 44 ans, a t emmen au CHUV par ambulance. Selon la
police cantonale, il est polytraumatis.
Les faits se sont drouls vers 23 heures, prs de Villars-Sainte-Croix. Une patrouille tait
occupe ramasser les dbris dun accident, quand lattention des policiers a t attire par le
comportement de trois automobilistes qui se suivaient de prs sur la route cantonale.
Une VW Golf a en effet effectu une marche arrire. Elle a ainsi heurt la BMW qui roulait
derrire, suivie encore dune Peugeot 205.
Les gendarmes ont arrt ces trois voitures et contrl leurs occupants. Ceux-ci taient
visiblement sous linfluence de lalcool, indique Claude Wyss-Brunner, porte-parole de la
police vaudoise.
Au cours de ce contrle, le conducteur de la BMW a soudain pris la fuite. Les agents ont
aussitt demand du renfort, pri les deux autres automobilistes de rester sur place, et pris la
voiture en chasse.
Spectaculaire embarde
Fonant dans la nuit, sur la chausse verglace, la berline grise a roul plus de 140 km/h
travers Mex.
A la sortie de la localit, dans une lgre courbe en direction de Penthaz, elle est sortie de la
route et a percut une balise. Elle a ensuite dfonc une clture, dont les piliers sont en bton,
avant de se retourner et de tomber sur le toit. Les pompiers de Lausanne sont intervenus pour
sortir le bless de lhabitacle.
Partis sans demander leur reste
Entre-temps, de leur ct, les deux autres automobilistes, on sen doute, navaient pas attendu
le retour des gendarmes et avaient fil langlaise.
Ils ont t interpells un peu plus tard dans la nuit, leur domicile, dans le Nord vaudois.
Selon la police, ces Suisses sont gs de 47 et 59 ans.
Des prises de sang ont t effectues et les deux hommes ont t entendus. Lun deux, qui
navait par ailleurs pas de plaque, accusait un taux dalcoolmie de 2,17.
Leurs permis de conduire leur ont t retirs sur-le-champ. Lalcoolmie du bless a
galement t demande. FAITS DIVERS / (27/01/2005)
http://www.24heures.ch/home/journal/gros_titres/index.php?Page_ID=6445&art_id=44873&
Rubrique=Gros+titres

Back-up texts on road accidents

The Scotsman, 24 February 2004
Lorry Driver Jailed for Ambulance Death Smash By Helen Morgan, PA News A lorry driver
who crashed on a motorway killing a man being treated in an ambulance was jailed for three-and-a-half years
today. James Kelly, 54, almost certainly fell asleep at the wheel and careered into the back of the ambulance
on the hard shoulder of the M4. Last month at Bristol Crown Court he admitted causing the death of 28-year-old
Mark Jenkins, by driving dangerously. Mr Jenkins, of Swindon, Wiltshire, had called for paramedics when he
felt unwell as he drove along the east bound carriageway of the M4 between Bristol and Bath.
Mr Jenkins was sitting in the back of the ambulance when the flatbed lorry, driven by Kelly, crashed into it on
August 18, 2002. Mr Jenkins was pronounced dead at the scene and two paramedics were injured.
Kelly, of Pontypool, South Wales, originally denied the charge, saying his lack of consciousness was due to a
medical condition. But on the second day of his trial, after hearing from an expert witness who said there was no
real likelihood that the accident was caused by any health problem, he changed his plea to guilty.
The court had heard how witnesses saw the lorry swerve and drift between lanes one and two on the hard
shoulder for up to 12 miles before the crash. Mr Jenkins was returning from visiting family in South Wales on
the Sunday afternoon when he began to feel unwell and pulled over. Paramedics could not find anything wrong
with him and were arranging to take him to a nearby service station for a fuller examination when the crash
happened. Kelly had been a heavy goods vehicle driver for 15 years and was driving from South Wales to
Eastbourne on the day of the crash. Kelly had one previous conviction for drink driving.
In mitigation Bryan Thomas, said Kelly had not been drinking before the accident, was not knowingly sleep
deprived and was not speeding. His employer described him as an exemplary employee who was reliable and
trustworthy and Mr Thomas said Kelly felt genuine remorse for the victims family.
Sentencing him today at Bristol Crown Court Judge David Ticehurst said that it was abundantly clear that Kelly
was not in control of the steel-laden lorry. http://news.scotsman.com/latest.cfm?id=2569199
Getting in with drunk driver costs injured farmer $76,000
By Sarah Crichton November 29 2002
Getting into a ute driven by a drunk friend has cost a farmer more than $76,000 of a payout for the severe spinal
injuries he suffered when the vehicle crashed. A Supreme Court judge ruled that Roderick Blake's payout should
be cut by 17.5 per cent because he should have been aware of Natalie Gruber's "considerable level of
intoxication ... even in his own intoxicated condition". Justice Caroline Simpson accepted that neither Ms Gruber
nor Mr Blake recalled the August 1993 accident. Both had denied being the driver. She found that on the balance
of probabilities Ms Gruber was at the wheel when the ute ran off the road and rolled five kilometres from the
Boorowa Hotel. Ms Gruber was less seriously injured.
The pair had spent the night drinking with friends in Boorowra hotels and Ms Gruber's blood alcohol reading
was 0.204 - four times over the limit - around the time of the accident. Mr Blake's reading was 0.16. Both sides
had agreed that if Mr Blake, a Boorowa grazier, could show Ms Gruber was driving he was entitled to damages.
Lawyers and insurers had agreed on $435,000. In turn, Mr Blake had accepted that it was likely he would be
found to have contributed to his injuries. "He accepts that a finding of contributory negligence is appropriate even inevitable - having regard to his knowledge, or constructive knowledge of [Ms Gruber's] intoxication,"
Justice Simpson said. There was little evidence on which she could form a view on the amount by which Mr
Blake's payout should be reduced but she noted the pair had a practice of determining a designated non-drinking
driver. Mr Blake was entitled to rely on Ms Gruber's adherence to this arrangement.Sydney Morning Herald, 29
November 2002 http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2002/11/28/1038386260739.html?oneclick=true

33 people killed in road accident in northern India

At least 33 people were killed and 27 injured, 20 seriously, when a passenger bus skidded off the road and rolled
down a deep gorge while negotiating a curve on April 2 in Indian-administered Kashmir's Poonch district.
The Press Trust of India reported from Kashmir that 20 people died on the spot, and 13 succumbed to injuries on
way to hospital. The accident occurred at Jandoral village in Mandi Tehsil of the district when the driver of the
overloaded passenger bus, proceeding from Sathra to Gali Pindi, was negotiating a curve. Thevehicle skidded off
the road and rolled down the gorge.
Civil and army rescue teams rushed to the spot and extricated the dead and injured from the gorge. Army
ambulances shifted the injured to the district hospital in Poonch, the report said.
This is the second such mishap in the area in the last five days. On march 29, 33 people were killed and several
injured when a bus rolled down a gorge in Loran area of Poonch district.
(Beijing Time) Saturday, April 03, 2004http://english.people.com.cn/200404/03/eng20040403_139348.shtml

10

HOMEWORK TO BE HANDED IN ON 4/6 March

Jean Le Cam, sain et sauf !

Le soulagement et la joie ont succd langoisse hier sur le Vende Globe.
Aprs avoir chavir et pass plus de dix-huit heures
dans une eau glaciale, Jean Le Cam a t sauv par Vincent Riou, venu son secours.
Que dmotion ! Le Vende Globe sest offert hier ses heures les plus stressantes depuis la
fracture du fmur puis le sauvetage de Yann Elis, le 18 dcembre. Victime dun chavirage
dans la nuit de dimanche lundi, Jean Le Cam ( VM Matriaux ) a t secouru par Vincent
Riou ( PRB ), hier soir vers 19 heures.
Cet heureux dnouement met un terme une opration de sauvetage qui a tenu en haleine tous
les observateurs du tour du monde en solitaire et sans escale.
La dlivrance. Coinc dans une eau 5oC sous son bateau 380 km au sud du Chili pendant
dix-huit heures, sans possibilit de communiquer par radio, Jean Le Cam russit finalement
sextraire seul de son monocoque, hier vers 19 heures (heure franaise). Vtu de sa
combinaison de survie, le navigateur de 49 ans se jette dans une mer forme de creux de 4 m
et saccroche un safran. Tmoin de la scne, Riou amorce lopration de sauvetage rpte
au large des ctes du Finistre, o il sentrane en compagnie de Le Cam. Quand on voit son
copain senfoncer dans leau, on ne se pose pas trop de questions, raconte le sauveteur. Je
mapproche la premire fois, je lance un cordage et il ne lattrape pas. A la quatrime
tentative, je me suis approch trop prs et jai entendu crac. Le cordage tenu par loutrigger
bbord (NDLR : le tube mtallique qui soutient le mt ct gauche) de PRB se coince
dans la quille de VM Matriaux et la pice rompt. Le naufrag parvient se hisser bord.
Dans lurgence, les deux hommes assurent le grement esquint et virent de bord avant que le
mt ne tombe. Rduisant la voilure au maximum, ils rassurent par radio les quipes terre.
Une journe dangoisse. Depuis 2 h 40 hier matin, le Vende Globe navait la tte quau
sauvetage de Jean Le Cam. A cet instant, le Breton signale par radio quil est sur le point de
chavirer. La communication coupe, sa balise de dtresse se dclenche. En fin de matine, un
avion de reconnaissance repre le bateau quille en lair, mais ne dtecte aucun signe de vie.
Un ptrolier bahamen approche 300 mtres son tour, mais son capitaine refuse de mettre
un canot de sauvetage leau en raison de conditions de mer trop agites. La deuxime balise
de dtresse se dclenche. Peu aprs 15 heures, Vincent Riou et Armel Le Clach ( Brit Air
) arrivent leur tour. Ils longent VM Matriaux et hurlent. De lintrieur de son bateau,
Le Cam fait entendre sa voix. Malheureusement, la trappe de secours, situe larrire du
navire, est sous leau. A Paris, le ministre des Affaires trangres obtient des autorits
chiliennes lenvoi dune quipe de secours. Une frgate militaire prend la mer avec des
plongeurs bord. Son arrive est alors prvue sur zone ce matin vers 8 h 30. Un hlicoptre
doit lui aussi intervenir.
Article by Matthieu Le Chevalier & Ava Djamshidi, Le Parisien, 7 January 2009. p. 15 (Section: Les
Sports) [631 words]

11

Back up texts
Vende Globe round-the-world race
Rival's rescue Le Cam relives ordeal
'I didn't know how long I could live inside,' sailor admits
Frenchman may rejoin race from southerly Ushuaia port
Jean Le Cam, the Frenchman who was rescued yesterday after his boat, VM Matriaux, capsized 200
miles west of Cape Horn during the Vende Globe solo round-the-world race, has today revealed the
trauma of being trapped in an upturned boat in big seas for 16 hours.
"I always had in my head, 'Do not leave the boat' then I didn't know how long I could live inside," Le
Cam said by radio to the race headquarters after his rescue by a fellow competitor in the Vende Globe
solo round-the-world race, Vincent Riou on PRB.
He described his disbelief when he heard Riou, who had been more than 100 miles astern in PRB,
hailing him. "I heard Vincent's voice in the morning and thought, 'Am I dreaming or not?' Then I
heard it again so I was sure he was there, and that's important, because if you get out and there's no
one, you're in really bad shape because possibly you can't get back in. I mean, there's only one shot at
this."
He escaped through the hatch in the stern, despite its being submerged, and at the third try caught a
line thrown by Riou and was winched to safety. PRB's mast was damaged in the process.
Using the escape hatch at the stern of his boat a rule of the Open 60 class Le Cam prepared to cling
on until his fellow Frenchman's arrival could rescue him. "So I went in the back, it was immersed in
water, I went back in my igloo in the front of the boat, and at one point, I thought let's go back, it's not
because there's water that I can't give it a try. I had capsized once and had held on to the outside of the
boat for five hours, you need to hold on to something, it's like when you go buy bread you can't forget
your money.
"So I opened the hatch and things kept coming out of the boat, Vincent saw things come out of the
hatch, and then I put my feet first, I got out in one movement with the wave. I held on, lifted my head
up, and saw Vincent, which was a great moment."
Le Cam was in the water in his survival suit, but the rescue was far from over. He still then had to
climb aboard PRB in wind speeds of 25-30 knots of wind and a big sea running. Riou attempted to
pass close to Le Cam and throw him a line so that he could haul himself towards PRB.
Three times he tried unsuccessfully. Le Cam described what happened then: "I was in the water, I get
on the boat, one arm around the rudder, Vincent came around a few times, I grabbed on to the line and
he heaved me up, then the outrigger hit the keel, and the mast of PRB was inclined 30 degrees, we
consolidated the mast, and that was it."
Riou had had to winch le Cam on the line towards PRB as it drifted away from the capsized VM
Materiaux and then secure the mast with the help of the rescued sailor. The pair are now headed to
Cape Horn and will go on to Ushuaia, the world's most southerly port, where Le Cam will transfer to a
boat owned by a former competitor, Isabelle Autissier. The race jury is debating how Riou might
return to the race with a time allowance for making this rescue. Michel Desjoyeaux's Foncia continues
to lead the race.
Article by Bob Fisher from guardian.co.uk. Wednesday 7 January 2009

12

Briton back in sea race after rescue drama

A British yachtswoman has resumed a solo round-the-world race after launching a rescue mission for a
rival who suffered a broken leg 800 miles off the Australian coast.
Sam Davies, 33, changed course towards French sailor Yann Elies after he was injured when a wave hit
his yacht in the Vendee Globe race.
But an Australian navy ship got to Elies first. Davies will get a time credit and won't lose her position.
She said: "We all know that most of the time we are our nearest rescuers and although it's a race and
we are all dying to win, the health and safety of the competitors, who are our good friends, is the most
important thing."
Article by David Smith, The Observer, 21 December 2008

13

CLASSWORK 18/20 Feb. Compare your translation with that of the professional.
AEROPORTS DE PARIS
Information
VOLS AIR FRANCE ET AEROMEXICO
Suite aux mesures de sret mises en place cet t, les vols des compagnies Aeromxico et Air France
vers les Etats-Unis sont transfrs au sein de l'aroport Paris-Charles de Gaulle. Les premiers partent
dsormais du terminal 2C et les seconds du terminal 2E, l'exception des vols vers Cincinnati et
Detroit (2C). Par consquent, les vols Air France, anciennement au dpart du 2E (principalement
destination de l'Afrique), sont dplacs vers les terminaux 28, 2C et 2F. Pour vrifier les termes de
dpart de votre avion, consultez le site www.aeroportsdeparis.fr ou contactez votre compagnie
arienne. Sur place, l'information est relaye ds les panneaux autoroutiers et par des services
d'accueil renforcs.

Les terminaux 2 E et 2 F changent de tte

Pour amliorer l'accueil des passagers, dans les terminaux 2E et 2F de Paris-Charles de Gaulle, les
points information d'Aroports de Paris ont pris une teinte orange et leur emplacement a t
matrialis par des mts rtro clairs. Ct chariots bagages,
des guides chariots et des totems ont fait leur apparition. Enfin, les espaces affaires permettent aux
voyageurs de travailler, en zone publique comme en salle d'embarquement de tous les terminaux,
grce aux bureaux amnags avec accs wi-fi et branchements lectriques.
Zoom sur les commerces
Depuis le dbut de lanne, Aroports de Paris amliore la signaltique de ses zones commerciales.
Trs apprcis des voyageurs, des plans ont t affichs sur des supports de verre dans les zones sous
douane. Ils indiquent, en vert, lemplacement des boutiques et des services (bureaux de change,
pharmacies, cirage de chaussures, dveloppement de photos, etc.). En rose apparaissent les bars et
restaurants. Cette nouvelle signaltique sera progressivement complte par des plans similaires
apposs dans les ascenseurs, en zone publique.

Le numrique simprime

Plus besoin dattendre pour raliser lalbum photo de ses vacances ! Dans chaque terminal dAroport
de Paris, des bornes Photomaton de dveloppement express livrent en sept secondes des tirages 10 x
15 de qualit argentique. Compatible avec ls cls USB, cartes mmoires, tlphones mobiles,
connexions wi-fi ou infrarouge, cet outil facture chaque dveloppement 0,25 euro.

Les bons plans de Guillaume Canet

Cest Paris-Charles De Gaulle que Guillaume Canet a tourn une scne essentielle de son nouveau
film, Ne le dis personne.
Quelles sont les difficults tourner dans un aroport ?
GC : Cest de plus en plus difficile pour des raisons de scurit. Avec le plan Vigipirate, cest
compliqu de faire rentrer une quipe entire avec du matriel. Aroports de Paris a t trs cool avec
nous, puisquon a pu tourner, et jy tenais, dans le terminal 2F, avec son architecture incroyable.
Deviez-vous tourner de nuit ?
GC : Pas exclusivement, parce quil fallait viter que les acteurs aient lair endormis et respecter la
lgislation sur les enfants, puisquun petit garon jouait dans les scnes. Ce qui ma amus, cest de
jongler avec la prsence des vrais passagers. On na plus le droit de filmer les gens sans leur
consentement mais, malgr le ruban de scurit, ils venaient tous sy coller en attendant leur avion.
Cest contraignant, mais positif, puisque cela oblige aller lessentiel.
Un bon souvenir, donc ?
GC : Excellent ! Sauf pour Franois Berland, qui sest pris les pieds dans une valise, a fait un vol
plan et sest cass lpaule. Cela ma oblig finir la nuite avec un figurant qui lui ressemblait de
dos.

14

CLASSWORK for 4/6 March

Le crateur du site Meetic est un homme press.
Rien d'tonnant donc qu'il ait choisi comme sport le jogging car, tout jeune,
il courait dj aprs les success stories . . .
PAR MILIE VUARNESSON, Aroports de Paris, octobre 2006
En 1989, vingt-deux ans, Marc Simoncini cre sa premire socit, spcialise dans la
conception de logiciels pour Minitel. Mais il oublie au passage qu'il est cens faire l'arme.
Vite rattrap par les drapeaux, il se dbrouille pour grer distance sa nouvelle socit.
peine le service termin, il revend son entreprise pour en lancer une nouvelle, Opsion
Innovation, diteur du portail Internet iFrance... qu'il cde Vivendi au printemps 2000.
Montant de la transaction: 192 millions d'euros, dont les deux tiers sous forme d'actions
Vivendi. L'homme cavale toujours et cela lui russit... Aprs avoir travaill pendant dix-huit
mois au service de Vivendi, il dcide de lancer un portail de rencontres sur Internet, Meetlc,
avec le succs que l'on connat. Si l'envie de crer des socits qui marchent toute allure lui
est naturelle, celle de courir lui est venue par ncessit. Marc Simoncini passe plus de
quatorze heures par jour devant son cran d'ordinateur et se dsespre de ne pouvoir entretenir
davantage sa forme physique. Du coup, l'homme d'affaires se met rapidement galoper. Le
jogging devient son sport favori. Lors de ses dplacements l'tranger, de plus en plus
frquents avec l'entre en Bourse de sa socit, il achte une paire de baskets chaque escale
et, tt le matin, se livre ce petit plaisir avant de commencer sa journe de travail. J'ai une
vraie collection de baskets: des brsiliennes, des chinoises, des allemandes... J'es- saie de
courir partout o je voyage, comme sur les plages de Rio 5 heures du matin, une heure avant
de me mettre au travail. D'une activit ncessaire pour rester en forme, la course pied est
vite devenue une vraie passion, qu'il assouvit maintenant depuis prs de vingt ans. Il court de
manire limite, emploi du temps surcharg de business man oblige, mais rgulire. Il avoue
mme s'tre achet un tapis de course pour augmenter la frquence de ses joggings. Peine
perdue. C'est le temps qui lui manque. Et le drame de ce chef d'entreprise, c'est qu'il ne
progresse plus dans cette activit physique. Depuis le temps, avoue-t-il avec un brin
d'autodrision, je cours toujours la mme dure, je n'ai fait aucun progrs... Je suis trs loin
d'un marathon, voire d'un semi-marathon. On lui pardonne, on ne peut courir plusieurs
livres la fois...

15

Homework for 18/20 March

Le crpuscule de l'automobile amricaine
Aux Etats-Unis, la domination sans partage des constructeurs nationaux - GM, Ford et
Chrysler - a longtemps constitu une immense fiert. Mais, aujourd'hui, tous trois sont
au bord de la faillite.
DETROIT, SOUTHFIELD, NORTHVILLE,
TROY, ANN ARBOUR (Michigan)
ENVOY SPCIAL

[] Pour sauver le secteur, les spcialistes voquent des sommes allant de 50 75 milliards de
dollars (39 59 milliards deuros), dont la moiti trs vite, pour lui fournir les liquidits qui font
dfaut. Ensuite Rien quen recherche et dveloppement, pour reconstituer des gammes de
produits adapts aux normes mergentes, cette industrie aurait besoin de 100 milliards de
dollars , estime M. Fitzgerald [responsable de lautomobile chez Plante & Moran, une socit
daudit et de conseil]. Et sil ny avait que cela. La radaptation de lautomobile amricaine est un
chantier immense. Le consultant numre : rduire fortement le nombre des marques (General
Motors passerait de 8 3), leur donner une identit cohrente, se sparer de 30% peut-tre
50% des salaris, cooprer avec leurs fournisseurs au lieu de leur donner des ordres, rengocier
les contrats avec les concessionnaires. On en passe.

Barack Obama envisage la dsignation dun czar , un haut responsable qui

superviserait lutilisation efficiente des fonds que lEtat insufflerait. Il ny a pas dautre choix
quune nationalisation partielle temporaire , admet M. Cole [prsident de CAR, la premire socit
dtudes amricaine sur lautomobile]. Mais il ne faut pas que lEtat se mle du management .
Oh que si, juge au contraire M. Robinet [vice-prsident d'une socit de conseil spcialise dans
l'industrie automobile]. Bien sr quil faut nationaliser. Ce secteur a besoin dun contrle
gouvernemental. Son modle industriel est mort. Sa restructuration sera difficile et longue. Seul
lEtat peut imposer ses choix stratgiques aux manageurs, obtenir des concessions des syndicats et
des concessionnaires. Sil apporte largent, il est normal que le czar dcide.

ll est inconcevable davoir une conomie base sur les seuls services. Il faut replacer la cration
de biens au cur de lconomie amricaine , conclut M. Fitzgerald. Et voil pourquoi il faut sauver
le soldat General Motors. On entend dcidment des choses inoues dans lAmrique en crise.

Extracts from an article by Sylvain Cypel, Le Monde, 21 November 2008, p. 3 (Section : Page
trois : La crise conomique)

[662 words]

Vocabulary:
Les D3 (ou les Trois de Detroit ): this term refers to the American automobile companies General
Motors, Ford and Chrysler.

16

Back-up texts
The not so big three
The future is uncertain for the US automobile industry as its leaders return to
Detroit without money or friends in Washington
guardian.co.uk, Friday 21 November 2008 18.30 GMT
Is there anyone who had a worse week than the CEOs of the big three automakers?
Granted, it has been a rough week for those of us watching our modest investments in the stock markets shrink
even further. Investors in the once-mighty Citigroup have seen their shares drop by half in the last four days.
Even the news that oil has dropped below $50 a barrel has failed to cheer economists, a gloomy bunch on a good
day. The price of oil is dropping, not because Opec is taking pity on the rest of us, but due to falling demand in a
slowing economy. The dreaded and unfamiliar word "deflation" has entered the lexicon for the first time
since the presidency of Herbert Hoover.
But the CEOs of the not so big three performed the remarkable feat of watching $25bn slip through their hands.
Robert Nardelli of Chrysler, Rick Wagoner of GM and Alan Mulally of Ford came to Washington to make their
case for a taxpayer bail-out, and left town empty-handed and with fewer friends than when they arrived on their
private jets.
Instead of wondering whether the automakers are too big to fail, members of Congress decided they are too
dumb to know how to beg for money. House speaker Nancy Pelosi and Senate majority leader Harry Reid, who
had really wanted to help the automakers, sent them packing, saying they should go back to the drawing board
and come back with a plan that isn't built on bleeding more red ink and hoping for the best.
Of course, US automakers are used to losing money and market share. They have watched as billions in
shareholder value have evaporated over the last three decades. Even after watching their share of worldwide
sales drop steadily for their entire careers, auto executives couldn't see the point of investing in new technologies
like electric cars.
Chrysler, which went through a taxpayer-financed bail-out in the early 1980s, is closing its plant in Delaware
where hybrid SUVs are built. Delaware's incoming governor, Jack Markell, has decided to forego the usual
inaugural ball, suggesting that citizens donate to charities like the food bank instead of buying new duds for a
fancy party.
The CEOs of the big three told Congress that they considered court protection as a way to restructure, but
decided they may not be able to stay open for business under what is being called a pre-packaged bankruptcy.
New vehicle models are expensive to finance and build even in good times, and automakers are complaining that
they can't find the financing to bring electric and hybrid models to the market. These guys are having trouble
figuring out how to keep the lights on.
Automakers have been enabled during their long decline by compliant lawmakers who have done their bidding.
Those days are gone. Yesterday, House Democrats voted to replace Michigan's John Dingell as chairman of the
House energy and commerce committee with Henry Waxman of California, a proponent of action on climate
change. Dingell, who has served in Congress since 1954, was a powerful ally of the auto industry in holding the
line on environmental measures and fuel economy standards. Waxman, who promises to act on climate change,
was elevated over his more senior colleague with the tacit support of House speaker Nancy Pelosi.
Chrysler, Ford and GM have hoped that they could muddle through as they have done over the decades of
shrinking market share, rising fuel prices and calls for action on global warming. The big three must completely
restructure their business model, which has changed only slightly over the decades, at a time when they are least
able to do so. But change is coming. Barack Obama, who favours support for the automakers, also plans to take
action on climate change. The big three may survive, but they will look very different from the companies that
once dominated the industrial landscape.
http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/cifamerica/2008/nov/21/us-automobile-industry-bailout

17

A Detroit bailout must include a green makeover

Any federal assistance package for US automakers must require that they
finally commit to retooling their industry to produce cleaner, more fuel-efficient
cars, says Jim Motavalli.
guardian.co.uk, Monday 24 November 2008 16.52 GMT

With much fanfare, the Clinton Administration in 1993 launched the Partnership for a New
Generation of Vehicles, challenging Detroit's size-obsessed Big Three to come up with 80mile-per-gallon vehicles. The $1.5 billion program ended in 2001 with successof a sort.
General Motors built a car called the Precept that reached the 80-mpg goal. Ford's entry, the
Prodigy, delivered 72 mpg, and Chrysler's ESX-3 did the same. All three were handsome
diesel-hybrid family sedans, and all three were one-of-a-kind prototypes. Yet with some
additional development work, versions of them could have hit the market in time to give the
Japanese hybrids Toyota's Prius and Honda's Insight some real competition.
Instead, Detroit's automakers abandoned their hybrids and plowed their research and
development money back into the trucks and SUVs that were making them steady profits. The
first American hybrid, the Ford Escape, did not appear until 2004the same year Toyota
introduced the second and much-improved version of the Prius. With such a commanding
lead and high-quality products, Toyota soon captured more than 80% of the hybrid market.
Detroit's bigger-is-better formula was never sustainable in the long term, because it depended
on a bottomless well of cheap oil. And when prices soared above $130 a barrel, the pain at the
pumps turned consumers away from gas-guzzlers, perhaps permanently. Even as oil prices
have dropped dramatically, SUV sales have made only very modest recoveries.
America's auto industry is drifting toward unprecedented disaster, and its resistance to change
is at the heart of the problem. Lawmakers rejecting a $25 billion industry bailout have been
understandably skeptical that auto executives, many of whom had flown to the congressional
hearings in private planes, had learned the proper lessons, not just about austerity but also
about increasing consumer demand for fuel-efficient, low-emission vehicles.
"Their board rooms in my view have been devoid of vision," said Senator Christopher Dodd
(D-CT). "The Big Three turned a blind eye to opportunities. They have promoted and often
driven the demand for inefficient, gas-guzzling vehicles, and dismissed the threat of global
warming."
As Washington weighs whether to provide some form of assistance, some of the best ideas for
saving Detroit are coming from environmental groups that would like to see any bailout or
loan package coupled with a green realignment of the industry. Although the Big Three may
regard that as a poison pill, it has the virtue of actually putting the automakers in line with the
emerging market. http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2008/nov/24/networktravelandtransport

18

CLASSWORK FOR 11/13 March

Aux Canaries, les Africains flots continus
Par Franois MUSSEAU, Libration, mardi 12 septembre 2006. Los Cristianos (le de
Tenerife) envoy spcial
C'est presque devenu un rituel. Lorsqu'une des deux vedettes orange du Salvamento
Martimo (sauvetage en mer) part en haute mer, les services d'accueil des immigrants se
mettent aussitt en branle. Tout le monde connat la signification de ce signal : un
cayuco, embarcation de fortune transportant des clandestins, a t dtect quelques milles de
l'le de Tenerife, aux Canaries. Sur la jete, les volontaires de la Croix-Rouge espagnole
montent des tentes gonflables et prparent des sacs plastiques o chaque Africain trouvera des
chaussures, un pantalon de survtement et un tee-shirt flambant neufs. De leur ct, les
policiers dlimitent une zone de scurit [...]
Sacs dos. Il est 14 heures, vendredi, au port de Los Cristianos, la partie la plus
mridionale de Tenerife, o arrivent la plupart des cayucos en provenance de Mauritanie, du
Cap-Vert et, surtout, du Sngal. Plus de 22 000 immigrants ont dbarqu aux Canaries
depuis le dbut de l'anne.
Entre les ferries ultramodernes, les yachts et les bateaux o l'on emmne les touristes
voir les baleines et les tortues de mer, on distingue une pirogue remorque par la vedette du
Salvamento Martimo. C'est le deuxime cayuco du jour. [...]Dans ce cayuco noir et blanc,
dont la coque offre des inscriptions en arabe, sont entasss 116 Africains. Un un, ils mettent
calmement pied sur le quai et tiquent peine lorsque les policiers leur retirent les sacs dos et
autres objets personnels.
Tous ont l'air jeunes et costauds, ont 25 ans tout au plus. L'un d'eux dit qu'ils sont
partis prs de Dakar, soit 800 milles de l (1 480 km), et ont pass au moins sept jours de
traverse sans pouvoir se mouvoir. Ils viennent d'enfiler les vtements neufs et boivent du th
chaud. Indiffrents la cohue des photographes autour d'eux. [...]
Frontex. Ds lors, le Premier ministre espagnol a deux options, aussi dlicates l'une
que l'autre, mettre en application : rapatrier et renforcer la vigilance sur les ctes
sngalaises.
Ce week-end, le dploiement dans le cadre de Frontex (l'agence europenne de
contrle aux frontires, oprationnelle depuis 2005) a commenc au large de la Mauritanie, du
Cap-Vert et du Sngal avec un hlicoptre, quatre patrouilles de la garde civile et quatre
navires fournis notamment par l'Italie et l'Espagne. [...] [378]

African Refugees Heading to Canary Islands in Growing Numbers

New York Times
Published: May 24, 2006

19

Back-up texts
TENERIFE, Spain, May 24 The Canary Islands are suddenly the outpost of Europe most at
risk of experiencing an infusion of refugees from Africa, and the European Union is reacting
with alarm.
"Europe has to wake up and stop staring at its belly button," Miguel Becerra, a senior policy
adviser for this region of the Spanish government, said in an interview. "If Europe doesn't
realize that this is a big problem and that it's going to get worse, we are going to be in real
trouble."
The European Union announced late Tuesday that at least eight member states would provide
planes, boats and other resources to help Spain patrol its borders.
If a day goes by without a boat full of sub-Saharan migrants landing on the shores of this
island, Red Cross officials here begin to worry.
"We know they are out there," said Rubn Fernndez, a Red Cross director in Tenerife. "We
get reports that boats have left the African coasts. If they haven't arrived, it's because they
have been held up by rough seas or have gone off course."
Tenerife, the largest of Spain's Canary Islands, which lie about 70 miles off Morocco's
southwestern coast, has become the focal point of a growing wave of migrants from subSaharan Africa who appear more and more willing to take enormous risks to reach Europe.
Over the past month, thousands of migrants have been coming ashore here on wooden boats
after journeys of 8 to 10 days from the northern coast of Senegal, about 870 miles away.
They come to start a new life, to earn money to send back home, or to flee wars, economic
distress and political persecution, according to government and humanitarian officials who
have spoken with them. More than 7,000 have arrived in the Canary Islands so far this year,
compared to only 4,700 migrants during all of 2005. Officials for the regional government
here say they are overwhelmed by the onslaught.
"It is time to realize that what happens in Africa affects Europe directly," Mr. Becerra said.
"As people realize that you can get to heart of Europe by taking a boat to the Canary Islands,
the situation is only going to get worse unless Spain, Europe and the international community
come up with policies for addressing this."

20

Mr. Becerra said he hoped the announcement was a sign that the immigration problem facing
the Canary Islands would finally persuade Europe that it needed to commit to helping Africa.
"There is a chance that for the first time Europe will come up with a serious policy for
Africa," he said. "It is about time, because this is big problem that requires military resources,
intelligence resources, economic assistance, medical aid."
Boatloads of migrants have been landing on the Canary Islands regularly since March, but
over the last few weeks the numbers have increased dramatically, as have the distances
traveled by the migrants at sea. In order to escape police crackdowns in Morocco and
Mauritania, the migrants have begun leaving shore from farther and farther south, departing
from Senegal on journeys that can last over a week. Many of the boats look barely seaworthy.
"They used to come in fiberglass boats; now they are made of wood," said Austin
Wainright, the chief of an emergency response team for the Red Cross in Tenerife, after
treating a group of 78 immigrants who had arrived, apparently from Senegal.
The boat was about 65 feet long and looked like an enormous canoe, propelled by a small
outboard motor. A rusty piece of iron had been made into a rudder. There was a small
charcoal-burning stove, a lantern and metal barrels of fuel, but little else.
"They have no radio or satellite phones," Mr. Wainright said. "They usually have a small
compass or a G.P.S. device.
"They have lots of life vests," he added, "but if the boat overturns, this would be a slow,
miserable death."
Only two deaths have been reported among the immigrants arriving at the Canary
Islands this year. But Red Cross officials say the figure does not tell the full story of the perils
faced by the immigrants during their journeys.
"The motors are in terrible condition," Mr. Fernndez said, "and if they break, they are at the
mercy of the currents and can end up anywhere."
http://www.nytimes.com/2006/05/24/world/africa/24cnd-spain.html?_r=1&oref=slogin

21

CLASSWORK FOR 18/20 March

Call centres : Translate the following text into French
Paris-Casa, ligne directe
Libration le 26/10/2004
En France, des tloprateurs craignent de perdre leur emploi. Au Maroc, les jeunes
diplms sont embauchs dans les centres d'appels. Vision croise d'une dlocalisation.

Seizime tage de la tour Atlas, couleur rouille seventies, la vue ouvre sur le port de
Casablanca, ses cargos, ses paquebots. Les locaux sentent encore le neuf : ordinateurs dernier
modle, sparations vitres, rien ne diffre d'un immeuble classique de la Dfense. Sur
l'immense plateau open space, aligns par range de huit en face face, des tloprateurs
marocains rpondent des clients franais. A la porte des bureaux, une jeune salarie fume
une cigarette entre deux appels. J'adore mon travail, j'adore le casque, dit-elle joyeusement.
Elle est paye 4 000 dirhams par mois (400 euros) pour quarante-quatre heures de travail par
semaine. Toute nouvelle recrue, elle explique avec fiert l'expansion de son employeur. Les
deux tages du dessous sont encore en travaux, mais nous allons bientt nous y installer. La
socit vient d'arriver au Maroc, nous allons monter avec eux. Au-dessus de sa tte s'tale le
logo de son employeur : Business support services, plus connu sous le nom de B2S. Ce gant
franais des centres d'appels 2 500 employs, 11 sites en France, est devenu propritaire au
Maroc en dbut d'anne. Ds septembre, une centaine de tloprateurs taient oprationnels ;
en dcembre, ils devraient tre trois cents... []
A Casablanca, on ne parle pas de dlocalisation mais de relocalisation. Quand une
entreprise franaise s'installe au Maroc, elle ne dtruit pas des emplois, elle gagne en
comptitivit, explique Andr Azoulay, conseiller du roi Mohammed VI en matire
conomique. Vous avez le TGV ou Airbus, estime Hassan, jeune financier marocain qui a
investi dans le secteur. Nous, nous n'avons pas les ingnieurs. Chaque pays se positionne l o
il peut crer de la valeur. Nous sommes un pays de middle management. La production, c'est
pour nous. A vous, la recherche, le marketing, la commercialisation... Et puis, conclut Ali,
les Franais disent qu'ils en ont assez de l'immigration clandestine, mais quand on cre de
l'emploi au Maroc, c'est autant de jeunes qui ne traversent plus la Mditerrane.

22

Back-up text on call centres

Call centres or grenades It is a globaliser's fantasy to imagine that outsourced US jobs will
mop up the poverty that spawns terrorism Naomi Klein Tuesday March 9, 2004 The
Guardian
Thomas Friedman, America's foremost globalisation cheerleader, hasn't been this worked up since the antiWorld Trade Organisation protests in Seattle. Back then, the star New York Times columnist told his readers that
the work environment in a Sri Lankan Victoria's Secret factory was so terrific "that, in terms of conditions, I
would let my own daughters work" there. He never did update readers on how the girls enjoyed their stint
stitching undergarments, but Friedman has since moved on - to the joys of call-centre work in Bangalore. These
jobs, he wrote on February 29, are giving young people "self-confidence, dignity and optimism" - and that's not
just good for Indians, but for Americans as well. Happy workers paid to help US tourists locate the luggage
they'd lost on Delta flights are less inclined to strap on dynamite and blow up those same planes.
Confused? Friedman explains the connection: "Listening to these Indian young people, I had a deja vu. Five
months ago, I was in Ramallah, on the West Bank, talking to three young Palestinian men, also in their 20s. They
talked of having no hope, no jobs and no dignity, and they each nodded when one of them said they were all
'suicide bombers in waiting'." From this he concludes that outsourcing fights terrorism: by moving "low-wage,
low-prestige" jobs to "places like India or Pakistan... we make not only a more prosperous world, but a safer
world for our own 20-year-olds." In Friedmanworld, call centres are the front lines of world war three: The Fight
for Modernity, bravely keeping brown-skinned young people out of the clutches of Hamas and al-Qaida. But are
these jobs - many of which demand that workers disguise their nationality, adopt fake midwestern accents and
work all night - actually self-esteem boosters? Not for Lubna Baloch, a Pakistani woman subcontracted to
transcribe medical files dictated by doctors at the University of California San Francisco Medical Centre. The
hospital pays transcribers in the US 18 cents a line, but Baloch was paid only one-sixth that. Even so, her US
employer - a contractor's subcontractor's subcontractor - couldn't manage to make payroll, and Baloch claimed
she was owed hundreds of dollars in back wages. In October, frustrated that her boss wouldn't respond to her
emails, Baloch contacted UCSF Medical Centre and threatened to "expose all the voice files and patient records
... on the internet". She later retracted the threat, explaining: "I feel violated, helpless ... the most unluckiest
person in this world." So much for self-confidence. Friedman is right to acknowledge, finally, that there is a clear
connection between fighting poverty and fighting terrorism. He is wrong, of course, to argue that free-trade
policies will alleviate that poverty: in fact, they are a highly efficient engine of dispossession, pushing small
farmers off their land and laying off public-sector workers, making the need all the more desperate for those
Victoria's Secret and Delta call-centre jobs
And when it comes to the occupied territories, every credible study of the economy has concluded that the single
greatest cause of Palestinian unemployment - now at over 50% - is the occupation itself. Israel's brutal system of
sealing off Palestinian towns and villages - through checkpoints, roadblocks, curfews, fences and now the vile
"security" wall - has "all but destroyed the Palestinian economy", according to a September 2003 Amnesty
International report. In other words, economic development will not come to Palestine via call centres, but
through liberation. Friedman's argument is equally absurd when applied to the country where terrorism is rising
most rapidly: Iraq. As in Palestine, Iraq is facing an unemployment crisis, one fuelled by occupation. And no
wonder: Paul Bremer's first move as chief US envoy was to lay off 400,000 soldiers and other state workers. His
second was to fling open Iraq's borders to cheap imports, predictably putting hundreds of local companies out of
business.
Laid-off workers looking to land a job rebuilding their shattered country were mostly out of luck: the
reconstruction of Iraq is a vast job-creation programme for Americans, with Halliburton et al importing US
workers not only as engineers but also as cooks, truck drivers and hairdressers. Second-tier jobs go to migrants
from Asia and Iraqis pick up the trash. It seems worth noting that John Kerry and John Edwards, while eager to
condemn the loss of American jobs to "offshoring", have had nothing to say about this massive outsourcing of
desperately needed Iraqi jobs by US corporations. These policies have fuelled the violence that now threatens to
push Iraq into civil war. Hassam Kadhim, a 27-year-old resident of Sadr City, recently told the New York Times
he is so desperate for work that "if someone comes with $50 and asks me to toss a grenade at the Americans, I'll
do it with pleasure". Friedman's bright idea of fighting terrorism with outsourced American jobs is overly
complicated. A better plan would be to end the occupation and stop sending American workers to steal Iraqi
jobs. http://www.guardian.co.uk/globalisation/story/0,7369,1165312,00.html

23

HOMEWORK TO BE HANDED IN 1st/3rd April

Des poissons tous les prix

Bien cuisines, les espces ordinaires comme la sardine ou le maquereau
permettent dchapper la folie des prix dans les poissonneries
Peut-on continuer manger du poisson lorsque les prix sont aussi levs quen ce
moment ? La pression de la demande et la rarfaction des espces nexpliquent pas tout. Le
bar de ligne ltal dun march parisien un dimanche de dcembre est vendu 22,50 euros le
kg -16,80 euros seulement chez un concurrent moins achaland- et plus du double chez un
poissonnier des beaux quartiers. La grosse sole filet entire sera facture 49,50 euros le kilo
chez Jacky Lorenzo (march de la Bastille), qui achte par lots directement sur les cries.
Il y a 50% de perte dans un turbot, rappelle Bertrand Auboineau, le patron de lexcellent
bistrot Paul-Bert, Paris (11e), mais ce niveau de prix nous ne pouvons plus suivre. Le
pav de turbot sauce hollandaise ou la sole meunire, qui firent la gloire des brasseries et
bistrots soigns, sont donc condamns disparatre terme si les prix continuent de monter.
[]
La FAO (Organisation pour lalimentation et lagriculture) publie un nouveau rapport
alarmant sur la situation mondiale des pches et de laquaculture en 2006 : prs de la moiti
du poisson consomm dans le monde est lev dans des fermes aquacoles et non captur. []
On doit, si lon veut encore consommer du poisson sauvage prix abordable, se souvenir que
certaines espces sont strictement saisonnires, comme lalose, lperlan, le thon blanc, la
sardine ou bien le mulet. Dautres poissons ou crustacs connaissent des priodes plus
favorables pour leur capture, soit en raison des rglementations de pche, soit du rythme
biologique de chaque espce, comme la coquille Saint-Jacques ou les moules. Ainsi, jusquen
avril, le bar sauvage est-il encore relativement abondant. []
La bonne affaire du march reste toutefois la sardine, qui doit tre bien ferme, lil
vif. [] Sa relative mauvaise rputation vient des odeurs prgnantes que sa cuisson sur un
gril provoque en ville. Mais, enrobe de chapelure ou bien frite comme un beignet, sa saveur
reste intacte. Cuite au four en papillote, elle ne signale en rien sa prsence, de mme quen
escabche avec un accompagnement aromatique dail, de piment, de thym et de persil, ou bien
au vin blanc et aux oignons. [387]
Jean-Claude Ribaut, Le Monde, jeudi 7 dcembre 2006 [page 26, Rendez-vous]
Back-up texts
How the world's oceans are running out of fish
The future of our seas has never been more precarious. Ninety years of industrial-scale overfishing has
brought us to the brink of an ecological catastrophe and deprived millions of their livelihoods. As
scientific guidelines are ignored and catches become ever bigger, Alex Renton tells why the international
community has failed to act
It is early morning in Barcelona's La Boqueria market and the fish stallholders are setting out their wares.
Mounds of pink and grey glisten down the dim alleys - shoppers and tourists peering at the fins and tentacles. It
is not like any fish shop in Britain - some stalls sell five different species of squid and cuttlefish, half a dozen

24

types of shrimp and prawn, 10 different cuts of salt cod. It is a fish eater's haven in the heart of a city that eats
and sells more fish than anywhere else in Europe.
Anyone who cares about where their fish come from - and this should mean anyone who wants to go on eating
them - should take two tools when they visit the fishmonger. One is the handy guidance provided by the Marine
Conservation Society, Fish to Avoid and Fish to Eat (the latter is still the longer); the other is a ruler. My ruler is
the type handed out to commercial fishermen by the international advisory body, Incofish, and has pictures of
key species with marks indicating when they can be considered mature (and, thus, OK to catch).
So I set about lining up my ruler against the La Boqueria fish, starting with the mackerel (should be 34cm), the
plaice (39cm) and the redfish (45cm). All turn out to be mere babies. The mackerel is half the designated length.
A glance around the stalls shows 10 or more species on the MCS's Avoid list, including hake, swordfish,
monkfish, bluefin tuna and, of course, cod.
I don't spend much time doing this because the Catalan fishmongers don't like my ruler - or me. They don't want
to talk about why they are selling tiny hake (one of Europe's most endangered species) and why not a single fish
in the market has any 'sustainable' labelling.
One old lady asks me what I'm after. 'I want to know why the Spanish are eating so many undersized fish from
populations that are running out,' I say. 'It's simple,' she says. 'We like fish and small fish taste better.'
Is anyone not aware that wild fish are in deep trouble? That three-quarters of commercially caught species are
over-exploited or exploited to their maximum? Do they not know that industrial fishing is so inefficient that a
third of the catch, some 32 million tonnes a year, is thrown away? For every ocean prawn you eat, fish weighing
10-20 times as much have been thrown overboard. These figures all come from the United Nations Food and
Agriculture Organisation (FAO), which also claims that, of all the world's natural resources, fish are being
depleted the fastest. With even the most abundant commercial species, we eat smaller and smaller fish every year
- we eat the babies before they can breed.
Callum Roberts, professor of marine conservation at York University, predicts that by 2050 we will only be able
to meet the fish protein needs of half the world population: all that will be left for the unlucky half may be, as he
puts it, 'jellyfish and slime'. Ninety years of industrial-scale exploitation of fish has, he and most scientists agree,
led to 'ecological meltdown'. Whole biological food chains have been destroyed.
Many of those fish you can see in such glorious abundance in Spanish markets - and on our own supermarket
shelves - come not from European seas but from the coasts of the continents of the poor: Africa, South America
and parts of Asia. Fishermen have always roamed far afield - the Basques began fishing the great cod
populations off Newfoundland at least 500 years ago. And when serious shortages in traditional stocks around
Europe began to be commercially apparent 30 years ago, the trawler fleets began to move south.
Strangely one of the first international attempts to conserve fish stocks, especially for the more easily exploited
nations, also became part of the disaster. The United Nations Convention on Law of the Sea, signed in 1979,
extended national rights over fisheries to 200 miles from a country's coasts. But it included a provision that, if
fish stocks in that zone were surplus to national needs, the country could sell its rights to outsiders. That
convention allowed cash-strapped and sometimes corrupt countries in west Africa to raise funds by letting the
industrial trawler fleets in. Since 1979 the EU has negotiated deals on fishing rights with a string of
impoverished African countries. Despite the EU's own studies indicating massive and quite possibly irreversible
damage to fish stocks off west Africa, these deals continue to be struck.
In 2002, the year an EU report revealed that the Senegalese fish biomass had declined 75 per cent in 15 years,
Brussels bought rights for four years' fishing of tuna and bottom-dwelling fish on the Senegal coasts, for just
$4m a year. In 2006, access for 43 giant EU factory fishing vessels to Mauritania's long coastline was bought for
24.3m a year. It's estimated that these deals have put 400,000 west African fishermen out of work; some of
them now take to the sea only as ferrymen for desperate would-be migrants to the Canary Islands and Europe.
And among the millions of Africans who depend on fish as their main source of protein, consumption has
declined from 9kg per year to 7kg.

25

North Atlantic fish stocks have been in decline for well over a century. Callum Roberts points out in his recent
book The Unnatural History of the Sea that it was obvious from the 1880s that fish stocks were in decline. Fish
catch records from the 1920s onwards show that, despite the enormous improvements in boat design and
trawling technology and better refrigeration, catches of the great Atlantic species, such as haddock, cod, hake
and turbot, remained constant or slowly declined. As they have ever since.
Unlike global warming, the science of fish stock collapse is old and its practitioners have been pretty much in
agreement since the 1950s. Yet Roberts can think of only one international agreement that has actually worked
and preserved stocks of an exploited marine animal - a deal in the Arctic in 1911 to regulate the hunting of fur
seals on the Pribilof Islands. So why has the international community failed so badly in its attempts to stop the
long-heralded disaster with our fish?
'Quite simply,' Roberts says, 'agreements and deals brokered by politicians will never be satisfactory. They
always look for the short-term fix.' He and his team at York University did a survey of the last 20 years of EU
ministerial decisions on fish catches and found that, on average, they set quotas for fishing fleets 15 to 30 per
cent higher than those recommended as safe by scientists.
'What that figure doesn't tell you is that often, for less threatened species like mackerel or whiting, they have set
quotas 100 per cent higher than the science recommended. So, in their efforts to pacify the industry, they are
bringing populations that could be sustainably fished into the risk zone,' he said.
The fishing industry, Roberts feels, has exerted excessive influence on politicians in Europe's Atlantic nations
since the 18th century - when it was necessary to keep the fleets well manned, as a source of seamen for their
navies when war broke out.
Europe is by far the worst criminal among the developed nations. It is in the Far East, in Japan and Korea, that
most fish are eaten, per head - the Japanese eat 66kg each a year, as opposed to Spain's 44kg and Britain's 20kg.
But the Chinese (at 25kg) alone eat around a third of the world's fish, and, as with meat, the fish proportion of
their diet is soaring as the population gets more wealthy. (The fact that much Asian fish is farmed is little
consolation - their feed may often be derived from wild fish.)
According to Greenpeace, Chinese fishing fleets are among the most rapacious when it comes to hoovering up
the stocks of small nations in the Pacific and Atlantic. But in no Asian country is the notion of sustainable
fishing much developed among consumers - and it is from consumers that any demand for change must come.
Because, as Roberts and all the green lobby groups note, the structures and organisations set up by politicians
and industry to control fisheries, or even preserve the most endangered species, have entirely failed.
The Observer went to see one of these bodies in action in Tokyo a few weeks ago. ICCAT, the International
Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas, is an obscure - if you're not in the tuna business - Madridbased organisation that spends some 2.3m (1.8m) of EU taxpayers' money a year collating and commissioning
scientific research, and holding meetings for the 45 nations with an interest in the tuna-type species in the
Atlantic and Mediterranean. These include the US, Japan, China and the UK. If you work for ICCAT, it's a high
air miles life: Tokyo in March, Florianopolis, Brazil, next month. This is all in the cause of conserving tuna, of
course. Which ICCAT, all observers agree, has utterly failed to do.
In fact, the commission is a joke: known in the business as the International Conspiracy to Catch All Tunas.
Sergi Tudela, the World Wildlife Fund's head of fisheries for the Mediterranean, doesn't find it funny. 'ICCAT is
a treaty, and some of its contracting parties pervert the spirit of it to ensure their overfishing of tuna continues,'
he says. Roberts agrees. 'ICCAT doesn't do what it says it does - it doesn't conserve. Instead it presides over the
decline and collapse of tuna stocks.'
After the first day's talks the Japanese government threw an ICCAT party. Delegates - fishermen, industry
moguls, scientists, lobbyists and fisheries ministry reps - stood around chatting politely, sipping their drinks, in a
grand carpeted conference room. Some very senior EU fisheries people were there, but not Mitsubishi, the
enormous Japanese company that buys most European tuna. It pulled out at the last moment.
Silver plates in hand, the delegates tackled the buffet. Among the crabmeat pilaf and stewed chicken, there were
several platters of sushi. There were nigiri rolls with slivers of raw-red belly meat on top - probably bluefin tuna,

26

the most endangered commercially exploited fish in the world and most likely brought to Japan by Mitsubishi.
Bluefin is also the world's most expensive fish - a tuna that was sold in Tokyo's Tsukiji market this year went to
a Hong Kong-based trader for the price of a top-of-the-range Mercedes.
Tudela, who'd been hopeful of this meeting, seemed depressed when we caught up with him in Tokyo. The
Japanese had talked of reining back their Mediterranean operations. It is they who buy much of the bluefin tuna
which is caught in the eastern Atlantic, often outside quotas; or caught young and fattened in cages in the
Mediterranean. 'The Atlantic bluefin fishery is unsustainable in every way - economically, socially and
ecologically,' said Tudela. 'But the fishing fleet keeps getting bigger. There are six new reefers [large tunacatching boats] linked to the Japanese in the region. I think the fishing industry is starting to feel really hijacked
by the Japanese.'
ICCAT may be the most ineffective international organisation of all time. In the course of its 42-year life,
several tuna species in the Mediterranean and Atlantic have come near disappearing, and nearly all are in grave
danger. Despite the endless conferences and scientific studies sponsored by ICCAT and member nations, WWF's
analysis shows that catches of bluefin tuna, a 'critically endangered species', according to the standards of the
respected World Conservation Union, are 'dramatically higher' than the quotas set. And that catches are
consistently under-reported, or not reported at all.
While EU ministers promise action on illegal fishing of tuna, they also continue to underwrite the tuna fishing
industry through massive subsidies: 16m (13.1m) has been spent in recent years on the European purse seining
fleet alone, according to the international lobbying group Oceana.
Xavier Pastor, its director in Europe, says bluntly: 'The over-exploitation of the bluefin tuna has been promoted
and financed by European taxpayers and continues through the subsidising of operating costs, such as fuel.'
The problem for many observers is not just that ICCAT is ineffectual, but that it may be doing more harm than
good. 'If you announce, as ICCAT did two years ago, an "emergency fisheries recovery" plan, then you are
telling the concerned public that something is being done about the problem. But it isn't - the fisheries recovery
plan is a misnomer,' says Roberts.
ICCAT refused requests for an interview, telling us to go and look at its website instead.
Is there any hope for fish? If we cannot sort out the problem of bluefin tuna - a highly prized fish, whose life
cycle is well understood, and whose fishing is closely monitored - what hope is there for the other stocks? Will
our children eat wild fish or only farmed? Tudela sees some encouraging movement in Europe - the French,
major tuna fishers, have for the first time prosecuted some quota-busting fishermen. At European Commission
level, he thinks the problems are being taken a little more seriously.
Roberts has one solution: marine reserves. Protecting up to 40 per cent of the world's oceans in permanent
refuges would enable the recovery of fish stocks and help replenish surrounding fisheries. 'The cost, according to
a 2004 survey, would be between 7bn and 8.2bn a year, after set-up. But put that against the 17.6bn a year
we currently spend on harmful subsidies that encourage overfishing.'
Reserves must not be ruled by politicians, says Roberts. 'The model of industry-political control for regulatory
bodies just doesn't work. It's like central banks - put them under politicians' control and they make dangerous,
short-term decisions that result in economic instability. Put them under independent control, and they make
better-judged, more strategic decisions.'
The Newfoundland cod fishery, for 500 years the world's greatest, was exhausted and closed in 1992, and there's
still no evidence of any return of the fish. Once stocks dip below a certain critical level, the scientists believe,
they can never recover because the entire eco-system has changed. The question is whether, after 50 years of
vacillation and denial, there's any prospect of the politicians acting decisively now. 'It is awful and we are on the
road to disaster,' says Tudela. 'But the collapse - in some, not all the situations - is still reversible. And it's worth
trying.'

http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2008/may/11/fishing.food

27

Classwork for 25/27 March

Mon papa moi

Je suis devenu papa le jour le plus froid de lhiver 2004. Le vent faisait siffler les
fentres mal isoles de lhpital. La voiture, toute neuve, avait failli ne pas dmarrer. Je me
souviens encore du trajet du retour. Je nai jamais t aussi prcautionneux sur la route. Je
conduisais avec une telle conscience de mes gestes que cen tait dangereux.
Cest peine pendant ce trajet d peine trois kilomtres que jai compris que je ntais
plus seul au monde. Que mes responsabilits transcendaient ma simple personne et que jen
aurais pour le restant de mes jours minquiter pour cet tre fragile et vulnrable couinant
sur la banquette arrire. Est-il bien attach ? Son sige est-il en rgle ? touffe-t-il dans ses
vtements dhiver ?
Aujourdhui, je souris cette ide, en crivant ce texte, mon plus jeune sur les genoux.
Il a huit mois, un sourire irrsistible, la peau douce et mate de sa mre, les mmes yeux
noisette et une quitude dans le regard qui me fait croire que rien ne peut lui arriver.
Jai toujours voulu tre pre. [...] Jai pleinement profit de mes congs de paternit. Je
suis rest six semaines la maison la naissance du premier, puis jai pris le relais durant
cinq autres semaines lorsque ma blonde est retourne au travail. Jai fait de mme la
naissance du deuxime (je reviens dailleurs tout juste dun autre cong de cinq semaines). Je
sais que tous les pres nont pas cette chance. [...]
Mon plaisir paternel est simple et multiple, dans le ludique comme dans lducatif. Le
bonheur, cest mes garons qui menlacent dans leurs bras. Accroche-toi bien, petite
tomate ! que je dis au plus jeune, en sentant ses menottes magripper au cou. Je nai pas de
joie plus souveraine que de me retrouver avec mon an, en expdition au supermarch.
La complicit de son regard fait chavirer mon cur tout coup. Il mappelle mon papa
moi . Jen profite au maximum, en sachant quil nen sera pas toujours ainsi.
Marc Cassivi, Destinations (Canada), juillet 2007 (p. 37)
Sunday, September 2, 2007

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Back up text
Being a Young Dad...
Being a father is one of the toughest jobs anyone can take on. But being a dad when you're extremely young
is an even harder proposition. Young moms complain that these dads haven't got the maturity for fatherhood.
Inside Out meets three young dads who became fathers when they were barely more than kids themselves.
Parenthood is hard work a the best of times, but being a young parent is one of the most difficult situations to be
in. An increasing number of young men and teenagers are becoming dads at a very early age. For three young
South East dads it's a situation they know all too well. We asked them about their views on fatherhood today.
Martin's story
Martin Dykes is 23-years-old and has six children with two different mothers plus another baby on the way.
When it comes to parental responsibility Martin has more heaped on his shoulders than most. Martin has one
child of his own, plus five step children from his wife Karen's previous relationships. Karen is now seven months
pregnant with Martin's baby. As well as inheriting a ready made family Martin also has a child from a previous
relationship too. He was just 14 when he first became a dad, and he could become a grandfather before he's 30.
The price of parenthood
Martin is currently unemployed and looking for work, which makes life tough when it comes to the family's
weekly budget: "Bills are around 200 a week. I only get 100 off the Job Centre a week." So does he ever think
about why he got involved in all of this parenting in the first place? "No, no... I don't mind it. I had lots of
brothers and sisters - you get used to it." Karen is 15 years older than Martin, but she's impressed at how he's
coping with fatherhood: "The younger ones look at him as dada. They don't know any difference. He is good
with them. "He has got the body of a young man, but he's an old man already," she laughs. But although Martin
enjoys family life, his advice to other young men considering fatherhood is salutary: "Wait. Go and have fun.
Wait until you're older - that is my advice."
Chris' story
"Teenagers need to know what it is like to be a dad." Chris Miller, 22-year-old father of two children. Chris
Miller is 22-years-old and has two children by different women. Chris has a five-year-old a son called Callum
who lives with him - he had the baby with his then-girlfriend when he was just 17. At the time it was a huge
shock and pressure. Chris explains how he felt when he attended the hospital and first saw his son. "It was like
someone had just parked a lorry on my chest." When the relationship ended, Chris met someone else and then
had a baby called Shannon. Chris split up with her mum last year and rarely sees his daughter. With two
children before his 21st birthday, Chris needed help so his mum Jenny came to the rescue. She's now the official
guardian to Callum and looks after him full-time. "He's a very good dad, he loves his son. He's an idiot but he's
young," she says of Chris. And Chris is the first to admit it, "I've been irresponsible in the past - definitely. It
was really my irresponsibility that split me and my son's mum up". "I look at blokes aged 31 having kids and I
understand why. They've got a mortgage, a life built, a full time job - everything that I haven't."
Luke's story
Luke Denson is a good mate of Chris' and he is also a young dad - he has one child called Reece who is nearly
two-years-old. He broke up with the child's mother last year so he only sees Reece once a week. "I really did try
to deal with it but I don't think you should stay together if you're arguing. He's the first to admit that parenthood
is no walk in the park: "Yeah, it is tough - they either want a bottle, their bum changing, the dummy or they
want a cuddle." "Eventually I've learned what the baby wants". Luke has decided that he now wants to wait
before having another baby until he finds someone to marry him.
(Source: http://www.bbc.co.uk/insideout/southeast/series7/charver_dads.shtml)
http://nicorm99.blogspot.com/2007/09/being-young-dad.html

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CLASSWORK FOR 1st/3rd April

V I V R E

S A N S

P T R O L E

Lre du ptrole abondant et bon march prendra fin dans dix ou vingt ans. Ce qui
laisse de temps pour sy prparer.
Les transports constituent le principal dfi de laprs-ptrole : aucun remplaant ne
simpose naturellement au carburant utilis actuellement pour plus de neuf dplacements sur
dix dans le monde. [...]
LUnion europenne et la France en particulier attendent beaucoup des biocarburants,
produits partir de bl, de betterave ou de colza. Thoriquement, leur bilan environnemental
est neutre : leur combustion nentrane en effet que lmission du dioxyde de carbone qui a t
emmagasin par les plantes au cours de leur croissance. Mais, l encore, il faut pas mal
dnergie pour les produire, et on manquerait rapidement de surfaces cultivables si on devait
gnraliser leur utilisation. [...]
La rduction de la dpendance au ptrole passe forcment par une quation o la
voiture individuelle et le transport par camion occupent moins de place au profit des
transports en commun. [...] La tche apparat dautant moins aise que les mauvaises
habitudes prises dans les pays riches sont inscrites dans leur urbanisme. [...] Le dfi semble
priori moins difficile surmonter dans lhabitat et les btiments usage professionnel. Cest
le deuxime grand chantier.
Eolien, hydraulique, nergie de la mer, toutes ces techniques de production
dlectricit sont aujourdhui comptitives. Et leur potentiel est encore largement inexploit
dans les pays du Nord comme ceux du Sud. Pour le chauffage, les techniques ont, elles aussi,
fait beaucoup de progrs et sont devenues comptitives : la biomasse, le bois nergie, la
gothermie ou encore le solaire thermique (par exemple pour les chauffe-eau).
Mais le premier gisement dnergie se trouve dans les conomies dnergie. [...]
Troisime dfi dune socit sans ptrole : les produits de consommation du quotidien.
Leur production et leur acheminement jusquau consommateur ncessitent en effet souvent
beaucoup dhydrocarbures. [...]
Dans la consommation, comme dans les transports ou lhabitat, les changements
ncessaires reposent pour linstant essentiellement sur la bonne volont du consommateur
pourvu dune conscience citoyenne. [330]
Marc Chevallier, Alternatives conomiques, hors-srie, 2e trimestre 2006

30

Back-up texts
Biofuels
What will we drive when the oil runs out ?

With rocketing fuel prices and fears that oil supplies will dry up within 50 years,
petrol-powered cars are starting to lose their lustre. So, what will the cars of
the future run on?
It was during the last oil crisis in the 1970s that motor manufacturers seriously began to
consider alternative fuels. The electric car enjoyed a brief vogue, but development of the
idea was beset with problems - the cars lacked range, and batteries were both heavy and
costly.
As oil prices head up to record highs once again, the range of options for alternativelypowered cars is far wider.
Conceived of in the 1840s, the fuel cell still looms on the horizon as the automotive El
Dorado. Not only do they mean quieter engines - there is no combustion - but, if
powered by hydrogen, they emit nothing more harmful than water vapour.
Yet despite the millions invested in research and development, serious obstacles remain.
Liquid hydrogen does not store easily. The cells are slow to warm up, and performance
still lags behind that of petrol engines.
In addition, the process of extracting hydrogen from water uses huge amounts of (fossil
fuel) energy and is polluting.
Auto industry expert Professor Garel Rhys says we are at least 10 years from a
significant breakthrough. "General Motors has spent a billion pounds on fuel cell
technology but the cost needs to be reduced by 80% if they are to rival petrol engines."
In the 1950s Devon farmer Harold Bate developed a "digester" which turned
decomposing livestock droppings into methane on which he ran his car and truck for next
to nothing. While Bate's idea never caught on, many believe it highlights the potential
nature has to provide us with cheap, clean and plentiful alternatives to petrol.
Scientists have begun a 100,000 study looking at making bio-ethanol from Scottish
heather. Bio-ethanol is already mixed with petrol in France. And in Brazil, where maize
husks are used, some cars run on little else.
In the UK, innovative motorists who started using cooking oil, another bio-fuel, were
arrested for evading tax. But a number of firms are providing legal versions of the fuel,
which can entirely replace diesel and is readily available from restaurant kitchens.
"The diesel engine was originally designed to run on peanut oil anyway," says Martin
Brook of Biofuel.org.uk. "There's a smell to bio-diesel a bit like a kitchen fryer, but you
would only notice it if you put your nose to the exhaust."

http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/3782801.stm

31

Yorkshire Post

Published Date: 05 November 2007

What's going to happen when the oil runs out?

When, 50 years ago, Dr MK Hubbert had the temerity to suggest America's oil production would peak in the
1970s he might as well have announced the world was indeed flat.

He was widely thought to be an embarrassment to science, and television producers demanded interviews for the
sole purpose of poking fun but it was he who had the last laugh when, much to the annoyance of the oil
industry, the man they regarded as an irritant was proved right.
Dr Hubbert died in 1989, two decades after the rest of the world admitted, yes the Texan reserves were in
decline, but with the world still awash with Middle Eastern oil few lessons were learned about the stuff some call
the blood stream of the world's economy and others the excrement of the devil.
The entire globe now runs on oil and any fluctuation in the industry casts a mighty ripple effect. In recent weeks,
as the price of oil rose to US$96 a barrel, fuelling fears petrol would creep above the 1 a litre mark for the first
time, analysts began to rake over the causes which ranged from Middle East instability to the weakness of the
American dollar.
However, behind the immediate panic Dr Hubbert's truth remains at some point we will run out of oil and as yet
we don't have a back-up plan.
"Everything the industrialised world does is reliant on oil," says Basil Gelpke, co-director of the documentary A
Crude Awakening, which has earned the subtitle Another Inconvenient Truth, albeit without the high profile
backing of a certain Al Gore. "It's not just fuel, but plastics, pesticides, cosmetics, the list is endless. It's hard to
imagine a world without oil and perhaps that's why the vast majority of people are unwilling to admit that at some
point in the not too distance future it will run out."
The documentary refrains from pulling on any emotional heartstrings, instead relying on testimonies from industry
experts and cold hard statistics and according to Gelpke the reason for our dependency is clear.
It would take an average man performing physical labour for 25,000 hours to produce the amount of energy
contained in one barrel of oil. If that barrel happens to be produced in Iraq it can be drilled for as little as $1, less
than the cost of a bottle of water.
Up until a couple of years ago, even the mention of a possible plateauing of oil reserves was unheard of and while
The Oil Industry 2004 report forecast a peak in world production as early as 2013, many politicians remain wary of
addressing the issue perhaps because if they learned anything from Dr Hubbert it was that no one likes a bearer
of bad news.
"They know it's the messenger who always gets shot," says Gelpke, who made A Crude Awakening with Irish
documentary maker Ray McCormack. "In terms of popularity they know they are far better being seen reacting to
the problem rather than attempting to prevent it.
"We'd both heard snippets about what was happening in the oil industry, but until we embarked on the
documentary we had no idea just how serious the situation was and that's the problem, no one talks about it.
"Initially the idea was to discover exactly how much oil is actually left, but we realised that was a naive question
because no one actually knows. All we do know is that historically the resources have been greatly exaggerated.
"What happened was the amount oil rich countries were allowed to produce was dependent on how much they
had, so in order to make more money they simply lied about the levels of their reserves.
"In 1982, Kuwait added 50 per cent to its total reserves overnight, other countries followed suit and despite
producing millions of barrels a year, those levels haven't changed."
The truth will only be learned in time, but with increasingly sophisticated methods being used to extract oil more
quickly and efficiently and with the emerging economies of China and India, increased demand is unhappily
coinciding at a time when supplies are flattening out.

32

"The better job you do the more quickly it will be gone," adds Ray. "The North Sea Oil reserves will be dry within
another 20 years and 58 countries are physically producing less oil than they have in the past. The only region
where it hasn't peaked is the Middle East, but a massive geographical study, which lasted from 1967 to 2005
resulted in the discovery of just one new oil field.
"At the same time we are using more oil than we ever have before. In the 1970s, half the globe didn't use any at
all. Once only Europe, the US, Canada and the former Soviet Union were serious consumers, but now apart from
perhaps Papua New Guinea and a couple of Pacific Islands everyone else is hooked on trying to create a society
which looks like us and for that they need oil."
As Matt Savinar who founded the pressure group Life After the Oil Crash puts it "the rest of the world has joined
the party when the glass is literally half empty" and many are now busy attempting to predict what will happen
when the flow finally does turn into a trickle. The worst case scenario points to a Great Depression worse than the
1930s. The more optimistic are confident that necessity will be the mother of invention and as oil dries up it will
spark scientific minds into action to find an alternative. The truth probably lies somewhere in between.
"While it is impossible to produce accurate forecasts there are lessons to be learned from history," says Gelpke.
"At the turn of the 20th-century Baku was producing 95 per cent of all Russian oil. It was a major industrial centre
and the people became affluent. The same happened in McCamey, Texas, the boom began and people never
thought it would stop. Now, particularly in Baku, there is a sense of eerie desolation, and the rusting platforms are
a symbol of how quickly the good times can end.
http://www.yorkshirepost.co.uk/features/What39s-going-to-happen-when.3444040.jp

33

HOMEWORK TO BE HANDED IN on 29th April

ERASMUS. EN ESPAGNE, UNE PRIORIT STRATGIQUE

LAMPLEUR ET LA POPULARIT DU PHNOMENE DPASSENT LES
ESPRANCES
Les arrivants tant de motivation et denthousiasme que cela nous encourage
renforcer les liens avec les facs trangres . Un professeur.
En se promenant dans les facults de Barcelone, Madrid, Salamanque, Sville ou Valladolid,
le phnomne Erasmus saute aux yeux : dans chaque facult, il existe un local daccueil et
dinformation, un ou plusieurs dlgus ; des associations se chargent des difficults logistiques
(recherche dappartements, orientation dans le campus et dans la rgion), fournissent une carte qui
permet des rductions dans certains commerces, organisent des excursions, des ftes, des points de
rencontre
Sant insolente. Alors que le programme Erasmus montre des signes de fatigue dans
certains pays de lUnion Europenne, il affiche une sant insolente en Espagne. En 2000-2001, 17
000 tudiants de la Pninsule y ont particip, soit un peu plus que les communautaires qui
viennent en Espagne. Cest un succs qui dpasse nos esprances, tmoigne Rosa Ins, sousdirectrice de lAgence nationale dErasmus, Madrid. Au milieu des annes 90, on tait un peu la
trane. Dsormais, lEspagne talonne la France en termes de mobilit. Nous avons sign des accords
avec 300 universits dans toute lEurope. Et nous sommes submergs de demandes de professeurs,
et surtout dtudiants, pour intensifier nos changes.
Le programme Erasmus occupe 70% de nos activits extrieures, cest une priorit
stratgique , affirme Fernando de Hiplito, responsable du programme luniversit madrilne de la
Complutense, la plus grande du pays, avec quelque 100 000 tudiants. 1 400 communautaires
viennent y tudier dans le cadre dErasmus, contre huit en 1987-1988, au dbut du programme. []
Dans un pays de trs faible mobilit, il y a surtout de quoi tre surpris par le nombre lev
dtudiants espagnols qui sexpatrient. Les spcialistes y trouvent trois explications. Tout dabord, la
meilleure connaissance des langues trangres langlais surtout ; puis les progrs de lorganisation,
en particulier la reconnaissance et la validation des diplmes ; enfin, une certaine aisance financire
due au fait que 80% des tudiants espagnols vivent toujours chez leurs parents. [363]
Franois Musseau, Libration, vendredi 25 octobre 2002 [L2th07.doc]

Back-up texts

Erasmus orgasmus in Spain and Germany

The Erasmus programme was first introduced in 1987 to increase student mobility within the
European community. It largely succeeded in its aim, with about 90% of all European
universities participating in the programme and one and a half million of Erasmus students.
Yet where do all these students chose to go to? Which countries attract them the most?

Destination Spain
Of all Erasmus destinations, the most popular by far is Spain, which welcomed 26, 600
students in 2006 (about 20% more than the second most popular country, France). Spanish
universities host the highest numbers of Erasmus students , and Spain is one of the few
European countries who receives more than it sends students. Yet, Spain has only become this
popular since the past five years; in 2000, it was still lagging behind France and the UK. It is

34

claimed that its Erasmus population only started to take such proportions after the movie
l'Auberge Espagnole by French director Cedric Klapisch was released in 2002.
Aude Verbeke, a Belgian Erasmus student in Spain, believes that this popularity comes from
the festive reputation of Spain. For many students, Spain is synonymous with parties and
sun. Some are only expecting that from their Erasmus exchange. I was told that Spanish
universities were easy and that there would be a lot of free time. Yet I had to work more than
what I thought. Manuella Portier, a French Erasmus student in Spain, agrees that Spain is
popular because of its climate, its festive side and its language. The Auberge Espagnole
contributed a lot to its reputation. Spanish is also one of the most learned languages in the
world, and it might be easier for someone to live in a country whose language he knows.

Boo to the UK
Learning or improving a language is indeed one of the main motivations behind Erasmus
exchanges identified by the Erasmus Student Network (ESN); therefore it comes as no
surprise that other popular European destinations include France, Germany, the United
Kingdom and Italy, whose languages are widely learned. These countries respectively
welcome between 15, 000 and 20, 000 Erasmus students a year, a number which has been on
the rise for the past decade.
The United Kingdom is an exception to that regard. The Erasmus programme seems to be
losing its popularity at a high speed, with an ever-decreasing number of Erasmus exchanges
from and to the UK. Besides, British Erasmus students have always been in small numbers,
most of them choosing France as a destination.
Another particularity is the success of Germany among central and eastern European students,
especially from Poland and the Czech Republic. The main reason is that many Czech and
Polish students regard German as an important language to speak. According to the ESN, they
are more concerned than other European students about the positive consequences of an
Erasmus exchange on their future career.

Go east
For the moment, the countries that attract the least Erasmus students are the new member
states of the European Union, like Bulgaria and Romania. This is because most of them have
only been part of the Erasmus programme since the late nineties and did not have much time
to develop its implementation. Yet the odds are slowly changing. Poland and Czech Republic,
for example, are starting to attract more and more German Erasmus students.
Benjamin Feyen, president of the Erasmus Student Network in Germany, observes a slow
change in the opinion of many German students: depending on the size of the city and the
reputation of the university, central and eastern European destinations become increasingly
popular - including their languages. Since the EU enlargement in 2004, the former eastern
bloc states are not really considered as such anymore. But doubtlessly more still has to be
done to promote those countries among German students. Perhaps there only needs to be
another Auberge Espagnole in one of these countries
Cafebabel
http://www.cafebabel.com/fre/article/3204/erasmus-orgasmus-in-spain-and-germany.html

35

CLASSWORK FOR 29th April

Fridays Project. Le chanon manquant de la mode

Sur le clbre Paseo de Gracia de Barcelone, au numro 91, Fridays Project
fonctionne comme une vraie pompe aspirante. Entre les mannequins vtus de Fornarina dun
ct de la vitrine et ceux arms de guitares lectriques Fender de lautre, touristes et
Barcelonais sengouffrent sous le lourd portique en bois plac juste aprs lentre. Notre
cible de dpart devait avoir 25-35 ans. Finalement, elle est plus large, et nous attirons les 1840 ans , explique Pedro Muoz, responsable de merchandising. Comme la vingtaine de
personnes composant le noyau dur de cette chane cre voil un an par lindustriel textile
catalan Juan Imaz (du groupe Comdifil, qui fournit entre autres Inditex), le succs de Fridays
le dpasse un peu : 28 magasins implants ce jour, 35 dici la fin de lanne, 90 fin 2007
et, dj, une dizaine dinaugurations simultanes au Portugal !
We select, you choose
Tout est parti du constat quil manquait une vraie offre en termes durban wear. Or,
cela intresse prcisment les consommateurs dots dun certain pouvoir dachat , raconte
Mariona Sanchez, responsable du marketing. Do lide dun magasin baign de musique
rock, ouvert sur la rue et proposant chaque semaine, juste avant le week-end, friday, une
slection des meilleures marques de modes [sic] fminine (65% des rfrences totales) et
masculine, sur la base dun ticket moyen de 120. Le slogan tait tout trouv : We select,
you choose . [...]
Le concept repose sur deux ides fortes : tre un prescripteur, de sorte que le client soit
en confiance et regarde plus le produit que ltiquette ; et renouveler les collections en
permanence. Pas de rptition, mme pour les articles succs. Juan Imaz ayant compos son
quipe avec de transfuges dautres chanes espagnoles connues, le savoir-faire dploy dans la
dcoration est indniable. [] Les escaliers reliant les trois niveaux du magasin (homme,
femme, chaussures et complments) sont en fer brut dpoli par endroits, les miroirs sont
poss contre les murs, les canalisations deau sexhibent sans pudeur. Des armoires en verre
cercles de mtal aux prsentoirs en bois, le lourd et massif mobilier joue sur lide de
gomtrie urbaine. Pour viter de conditionner le client, les produits sont prsents toutes
marques confondues, par coloris. [380]
Armand Chauvel, LSA, pp. 64-65, 16 novembre 2006 [LSA, Groupe Industrie
Services Info, 12-14, rue Mdric, 75815 Paris cedex 17, tl. : 01 56 79 43 00]

36

Backup texts
Fridays Project to open 70 shops in France
09/04/2008
The Spanish chain operates 166 shops in seven European countries.

A young Spanish chain is all the rage with Europes youth. Fridays Project is a successful
venture launched by Julin Imaz, who, in 1998, created Bershka, the youngest, most casual
brand of Spanish textile giant Inditex (Zara, Massimo Dutti, Stradivarius, Pull and Bear,
Oysho).
France is the companys top priority on the global market, where it will open more than 70
shops in the next few months. Fridays Project notched up turnover worth 40 million euros in
2007 and operates in seven European countries: Spain, France, Portugal, Italy, Greece,
Rumania and Russia.
The first Fridays Project shop was a three-storey building on Barcelonas Paseo de Gracia,
which opened its doors in the year 2000 as a multi-brand store selling international brands.
Today, the company devotes all its energies to its own five brands: Fridays Project, Double
Agent, Star System, Melody Maker (of which it controls 50%) and Made in Ibiza, under
licence from the Balearic brand.
Fridays Project goes for a cool, urban style and is designed entirely at Arenys de Mar in
Barcelona. The company has a workforce of 500 and is about to move to an ultra-modern
facility covering 5,000 sq.m. in the same locality.
http://www.fashionfromspain.com/icex/cda/controller/pageGen/0,3346,1549487_5857712_58
57556_4135419,00.html
AMAZING FRIDAYS PROJECT WHILE B&BB
January 23, 2008

The store has received many new arrivals and organised different events because of B&BB.
Fridays Project presented new spring collection (Celebrity collection) with devoted
Double Agent, and unexpected popular labels Star System and Melody Maker.
The prices are amazing. On top of that, customers changed their look,
had cava in the shop and could get their new trainers drawn.
Yeah these details and something else in Fridays
91, Paseo de Gracia in Barcelona
What else? You are the
Star!!!!http://www.fridaysproject.com/es/blog/index.php/page/3/?lang_pref=es/

37

EXAMPLE OF A TRANSLATION EXAM : MAY 2006

C48AN36TRA

THEME ANGLAIS

EXAMEN

Dure : deux heures

Autoris : dictionnaire monolingue (anglais ; franais pour non
francophones)

Traduire en anglais le texte suivant, y compris le titre

Neuf casques bleus1 franais meurent dans un accident

Sur les monts Igman, o ils exercent une surveillance du sud de Sarajevo, laccident
dun vhicule chenille fait 9 morts et 4 blesss graves chez les casques bleus franais.
Neuf casques bleus franais ont trouv la mort, mardi matin, dans un accident de la route
survenu dans le secteur des monts Igman, massif au sud de Sarajevo. Selon les premiers
dtails fournis par larme franaise, un vhicule chenille2 a drap sur une plaque de glace
lentranant dans une chute de 50 mtres au fond dun ravin. Quatre autres soldats seraient
grivement blesss.
En fin daprs-midi, en raison des difficults de liaison avec la capitale bosniaque encercle, il
tait difficile dobtenir des prcisions sur les circonstances exactes de laccident. On ignore le
nom des victimes et sil sagit de militaires de carrire ou dappels volontaires.
Depuis lautomne dernier, les casques bleus franais, avec beaucoup de difficults, ont pu se
dployer dans ce secteur dominant la capitale bosniaque. Ils y exercent une surveillance des
mouvements de troupes et linterposition entre les belligrants. En tout, 220 hommes, pour
une zone dmilitarise de 280 km2. Dans le secteur nord, entre les sapins, leur camp de base
est install au pied du tremplin3 olympique dvast des Jeux dhiver de 1994. []
Depuis 1992, date de lengagement des casques bleus franais en ex-Yougoslavie, 30 dentre
eux y ont trouv la mort, soit par accident, soit du fait de la guerre.
BRUNO PEUCHAMIEL, LHumanit

Casque bleu : equivalent given

vhicule chenill : equivalent given
3
tremplin : equivalent given
2

38