Chapter 3-4
Stress concentrations
Deflection
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nom
max
yield
Sut
Sy2
nom
Sy1
nom
H/h=1.2
H/h=1.2
r/h=0.11
r/h=0.11
H = 55mm
H = 45 mm
t = 5 mm
avg = 4.5/(0.0450.005)
r =5 mm
45 kN-mm
H = 55mm
h = 45 mm
t = 5 mm
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nom
Stress Concentration
For an elliptical flaw in a plate, maximum stress occurs at ( a,0)
a
max 1 2 nom
b
nom
max 1 2 nom
b
max
nom
a/b
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a)
b)
c)
d)
D 4
64
d 4
32
1.65
8 kip
13.86 kip
16 kip
8 kip
d 4
32
1.45
1.6
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z
A
x
y
x
Increase radius
Reduce disruption
Allow dead zones to shape flowlines more gradually
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Cylinder with inside radius ri, outside radius ro, internal pressure pi, and
external pressure po
Tangential and radial stresses,
Fig. 331
Shigleys Mechanical Engineering Design
Fig. 332
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THIN-WALLED VESSELS
Cylindrical pressure vessel with wall thickness 1/10 or less of the radius
Radial stress is quite small compared to tangential stress
Average tangential stress
Deflection
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Spring Rate
Linear Spring
Nonlinear stiffening
Nonlinear softening
F
y
Fl
y
AE
AE
k
l
GJ
l
determines the effects of each load separately, then adds the results
Superposition
Moment-area method
Singularity functions
Numerical integration
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Angle brackets
indicate special
function to determine
whether forces and
moments are active
Deflection of Beam
Bending moment
Transverse shear
q d4y
EI dx 4
V
d3y
3
EI dx
M d2y
EI dx 2
dy
dx
y f ( x)
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Deflection of Beam
q d4y
EI dx 4
d3y
V
3
EI dx
M d2y
EI dx 2
dy
dx
y f (x)
Example 4-1
M d2y
EI dx 2
EI
d2y
M
dx 2
dy
dx
y f (x)
10
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Example 4-5
Boundary
Condition
y 0 at x 0
y 0 at x l
Singularity function
q d4y
EI dx 4
V
d3y
3
EI dx
M d2y
EI dx 2
dy
dx
y f ( x)
11
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Superpostion
Superposition
12
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Superposition
13
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14
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Strain Energy
external work done on an elastic member in deforming it is transformed into
strain, or potential, energy.
if the force-deflection relationship is linear, this energy is equal to the
product of the average force and the deflection,
F
F2
y
( y F / k)
2
2k
2k 2 AE
F
F 2l
U
2
2 AG
l G F AG
M 2 dx
2 EI
Bending Shear
Torsion
CV 2 dx
2 AG
GJ
l
F 2 T 2l
U
2k 2GJ
k
Bending
Direct Shear
Castiglianos Theorem
When forces act on elastic systems subject to small displacements,
the Displacement corresponding to any force, in the direction of the force, is
equal to the Partial Derivative of the Total Strain Energy with respect to
that force
U
i
Fi
Tension and Compression
yi
U
y
U
Fi
F 2 F 2l
2k 2 AE
F 2l Fl
F 2 AE AE
Torsion
U
Ti
F 2 T 2l
U
2k 2GJ
T 2l Tl
T 2GJ GJ
Bending
yi
U
Fi
M 2 dx
2 EI
M 2 dx
y
F 2 EI
U
1 F
F
dx
AE F
1
GJ
T
T
dx
M
1 M
M
dx
EI F
15
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Ex) a) for circular bar, find the strain energy in the beam
b) Find maximum deflection, including that due to shear
U
M 2 dx
2 EI
CV 2 dx
2 AG
Ex) a) for circular bar, find the strain energy in the beam
b) Find maximum deflection, including that due to shear
U
M 2 dx
2 EI
CV 2 dx
2 AG
16
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Using Castiglianos method, determine the deflections of points A and B due to the force
F applied at the end of the step shaft
The second area moments for sections AB and BC are I1 and 2I1, respectively
1
EI
M
M
dx
F
Using Castiglianos method, determine the deflections of points A and B due to the force
F applied at the end of the step shaft
The second area moments for sections AB and BC are I1 and 2I1, respectively
1 M
M
dx
EI F
17
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1 F
F
dx
AE F
1 T
T
dx
GJ M
1 M
M
dx
EI F
1 F
1
dx
F
AE F
GJ
1 M
M
dx
EI F
U
F
T
dx
T
M
18
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General for any thick circular curved member, with appropriate limits
of integration
19
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Intergrade from 0 to
20
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For thin curved members, say R/h > 10, eccentricity is small
M 2 dx
2 EI
F 2 dx
2 AE
0
U
CV 2
dx
2 AG
Example 4-12
Find deflection at D
d 2 mm
l 40 mm
R 50 mm
l
R
10 and
10
d
d
Bending is significant
21
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Example 4-12
Section AB
Example 4-12
Section BC
22
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Example 4-12
Section CD
Example 4-12
23