Exhibit 29

Case 9:16-cv-01150-DNH-DEP Document 5-7 Filed 09/23/16 Page 1 of 243
EXHIBIT 29
PACKET ONE
'Amerlca~,Wc:)men,A
Look at the chart with the st~l'Y.Wdtr a:~s'V~l'S
to t~~qW;,~tipu~
the discussion qf.~esti6n~!,
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3. How m~n:y'pirths perl,ODO wonienwere ther~fol' ~omen age 20 t024? ...........

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4. 'Do you
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you ~re <;>ide.r

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arereasons 0'ther,thatft4osein the:8to& ferwomen to 4av,f' fe,wer c,

en?:
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Hilrriet the Eagle Helped Heal Wounded Veterans
Pg.2
True Dr Falax:1?Wijtf'J'rue or False for-each statement, Correcphe falseitiforniatioitThen

about ,the <ii$Qussiol.l guestiens.
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3. Harriet appearedon"The
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Today. Show" and "The tonight Show,"
The story ~ay$'that th.e ea,gleworked

irith children ..in hospitals .
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5. In 2007, Harriet wentto Nework to celebrate' t~e fact.thatbald eagles were nQJonger dying off.
Dlscusston Questions: HE),~eyou ever seen .a bird'

that was hurt? What was wrong'With it? Dojrou'see eagles Where
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you live?
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Complete each st!ntence;~ith;tti~j6bi1feJt\vlf&,ift~ii/th~
discussion questions. .
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, Discussion Q~estiop.s': Thlnk about the clqthi~g you )ike i.o wear. Do yqu like'to wear so~ethJng that'is worn more by the
opposite sx? If you' ~ave children, do you like thbm to' wear typical boy or girl' ciothblS? Why' or why not?
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th.at lt1oVie!our times.) Ci~\JI~the .s~nt~nces that use a pres,ept ,perfe.c.tverb, CQq:ect the Qth~:t:
sentences so they use a present perfect verb. Thentalk about the discussion questions,
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1~ The timing was verybad for schoQ!s.,

2. John. White leads the school districts in the state.
3., Federal a.iciha~gone fo'the state .
. 4. TV hews reports
show the damage,

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5. The rest of the country bas moved on,

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.Discussion Questions: Have you ever lived anywhere that flooded? What happene4? Have you
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Your Opinion! Do you think: the police should catch swarms in New York City, or should
private beekeepers do the, work? Writcaparagraph with your opinion. Give at'least thr~e
reasons to support your .opinion. Read YQutparag~~p.1i:to,a partner, Finally, talk about the
discussion questions.
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ev~rb~etitQ Louisiana?
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Discussion Questions: What was something new
01' surprising for you from this story; Have you ever seen bees swarm?
Have you ever seen a beehive? Do you-like to eat honey?'
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Answer the questions with complete .sentences. Then talk about the di~cuss~on,questions.
1. 'Who was watching Luke Aikins from the ground?
2.' How long did Aikins' crew plan the skydiving stunt? How big was the net they used?
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3. Why did Aikins use red and white_lighis?
5. Wh11did A~nsdo his nr$t~dive? HOW'111anY div~s ha.shetU~de? .

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Discussion Questions: Would you ever go skydivrng? Why or why not?
Do yo~ know anyone who has go~e skydiving!
i- SVrianWarClaimSLifeC)fTeenageTVS~.r"P~.4
.j -Match
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the person, place, or thing with the correot information. Then talk~?Qut the ~isQussi{)p
itquestions..
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Bashar Assad
a. n~nie of a
fJ' 2.
Qusai Abtini
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1O~mirtute TV show in SYJ:fa
a war~tpn'icity
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~ 4. Aleppo
d. -Ieader of Syrian government
~. 5. "Umm Abdou the Aleppan"
c. TV show director
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Discu~sion Questions: What sitcoms do you watch? What kinds of shows do you like to watch? Do you have .~f.avorite
actor or actress who has died?
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Use Your Memory! Without reading the '~tOl'Yagain, write down: ~ll of the animals, insects, or
plants named in the siorythat you can remember . .Ihen talk about the discussion questions.
~lscu.ssion Qu.estions: Have you ever built with Leges? Do you know someone who likes to build withLegos? Would,
you want to go see theLego ex;hibits? Why or why not?
'
Riders With JC)isabintiesCompet'~in Mexh:a,n Rodeo Sports

Put the events hi' order by when they happened (1 == first, 2 second.etc.). Then talk about the
Pg.3
:=:
discussion qJesti~ns. '
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__ ' __ Espino.z1l's wife was diagnosed with Guillain-Barre syndrome.

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___ . The paracharreria group started to open up the rodeo t~ people with disabilitie,s.
Discussion Questions: Have you ever been to a rodeo? Do-you know if there are rodeos in your area? Were you, surprised'
by what Salvador,. Espinoza is doing? .-."Why or why not?
,-
GED KILLRestating
restate information
to say something in
another way
hnforlmation
When you restate information, you say it in another way.

Sometimes you simply use different words. Other times you may
restate information by putting it in the form of a diagram} graph,
chart} or formula. Restating information is a good strategy to use
to make sure you understand important science concepts.
The most common way to restate information is to paraphrase}
or rewrite an idea, sentence} or paragraph in your own words. When
you take notes in class or While reading, you usually paraphrase.
When
However,
the order
presented
information is restated, all the facts remain the same.

the way the facts are presented changes. For example}
of the information may be rearranged. Or information
in sentences may be restated in pictorial form.
Read the passage and answer theqllestions below.

Runners pace themS~lves during alol1gThl?irrnuscle
cells need
a steady supply of en(?rgy.Cells usually get ~nergythrough a chemical
process called cellirlar respiration. In this process, cells use oxygen to
break down sugar whichreleases energy. When a runner can't breathe
fast enough to keep her muscle cells supplied with oxygen, the cells
sWitch to anotherenergy~rellEt$lng process, called fermentation.
Ferment~tl6n also Qreaks down $ugar to. release energY,but it does not
require oxygen. Lactice\Qid is>abyprqduct of fermentation. As lactic acid
collects In the celisl the rllnn~r'$ muscles start to ache. This may cause
the runner to slow down or even stop running.
1. Put a check mark by the restatement of the fermentation process.

---
a. a chemical process in which energy and lactic acid are

released from the breakdown of sugar in the absence
of oxygen
---
b. a chemicalprocess
to release energy
in which muscle cells use lactic acid
You were correct if you chose option a. Fermentation is explained

in the fifth and sixth sentences of the paragraph. Option a paraphrases
those sentences. Option b is not true: lactic acid is a by-product of
fermentation.
2. Put a check mark by the restatement
of the passage's last idea.
--
a. A runner's legs ache because of a build-up of oxygen.
--
b. A runner's legs ache because of a build-up of lactic acid.
You were correct if YOllChose option b. It rest~testhe idea in

sligl1tly(t1ierent words. Optlori a is not true: l1lusclefatigm~ results
from too little oxygen.
\_.
Use tile passage and the diagram to answer the questions below.
Alcoholic fermentation Is the process used
by bakers to produce bread and by brewers
to produce wine and beer. In this type of
fermentation, a single"celled microorganism
called yeast breaks down sugars to produce
alcohol, bubbles of carbon dioxide gas, and
release small amounts of energy.
The carbon dioxide gas produced by
fermentation causes dough to rise. It creates
the air pockets in bread. The bubbles in beer
and sparkling wine also come from the carbon
dioxide released by fermentation. In the
production of nonsparkllng wine, the carbon
dioxide is allowed to escape.
Carbon dioxide
gas bubbles up
through water
Grape juice,
yeast, and water
1. Write R next to the sentence that restates the main idea of the passage.
__
a. In alcoholic fermentation/ yeast breaks down sugars to produce alcohol/ carbon

dioxide/ and release energy.
__
-,
b. Using alcoholic fermentation/ bakers produce bread and brewers produce wine
and beer.
2. Write a sentence in your own words that restates the first sentence of the second paragraph.
3. Write R next to the sentence that is a restatement of what happens when dough rises.
__
a. Dough rises because of the bubbles that are formed by carbon dioxide gas.
__
b. Dough rises because of the carbon dioxide that is allowed to escape.
4. Write R next to the sentence that is a restatement of the information shown in the diagram.
__
a. Both alcohol and carbon dioxide are allowed to escape when fermentation
__
b.Carbon
is used.
dioxide is allowed to escape during fermentation to produce alcohol.
5. Put a check mark next to the likelyend product of the process shown in the diagram.
__
a. nonsparkling wine
__
b. sweet grape juice
GED CONTENT
The sun provides almost all the energy used by living
tIll
on Earth. Plants use the sun's e
to
produce their own food through a process called
photosynthesis. Animals get energy by eating plants
or other animals that eat plants.
In photosynthesis, green plants take water, carbon
dioxide} and energy from sunlight to make sugar,
oxygen} and water. The sugar is used as food and to
build other substances that the plant needs, such as
starches. When animals eat plants, they get energy
from the sugar created in photosynthesis. The water is
used by the plant or released into the atmosphere. The oxygen is
released into the atmosphere, where it can be used by other organisms .
....................
_Thc1irsLphase of-photosynthesIs-consists of .reactl OilS U:Jat- .~__
require light, usually sunlight. Light energy from the sun is trapped
by the plant's chlorophyll, or green coloring, located in the
chloroplasts. The chlorophyll changes light energy to chemical
energy, which is used to split molecules of water into hydrogen
and oxygen.
The second phase of photosynthesis consists of ((dark" reactions,
those that do not require light to take place. During this phase, the
hydrogen produced from water in the light reactions combines with
carbon (from carbon dioxide taken from the air) to form sugar. The
rest of the hydrogen combines with oxygen to form water.
Photosynthesis can be shown as a chemical equation. In the
equation below, the arrow with the words light energy and chlorophyll
means "yield when these elements are present. II
light energy
chlorophyll
carbon dioxide
+ water
----
..... sugar
+ oxygen + water
This equation summarizes all the reactions that make up

photosynthesis. The ingredients of photosynthesis-six
molecules of
carbon dtoxide and twelve molecules of water-are shown on the left
side of the equation. The products of photosynthesis, one molecule of
sugar (glucose), six molecules of oxygen, and six molecules of water,
are shown on the right side of the equation.
Directions: Choose the one best answ.er to each question.

Questions 1 through 6 refer to the passage and
diagram on page 44:
1. Which of the following restates the main idea
of the passage?
(1) Animals eat plants for food.
(2) Plants make their own food through
photosynthesis.
(3) Photosynthesis takes place In green
plants.
(4) Photosynthesis replaces the oxygen in
the atmosphere that Is used by animals.
(5) Ught is needed for photosynthesis
to occur.
2. Which substance produced during
photosynthesis does the plant use for food?
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
sugar
oxygen
water
carbon dioxide
chlorophyll
3. Which of the.following restates the equation

for photosynthesis?
(1) Water pluscarbon dioxide, In the
presence of sunlight, yields sugar,
oxygen, and water.
(2) Water plus carbon dioxide, Inthe
presence of chlorophyll,yields sugar,
oxygen, and water.
(3) Water plus carbon dioxide, In the
presenceof light and chlorophyll, yields
sugar,hydrogen, and water,
(4) Waterplus oxygen, in the presence of
light and chlorophyll, yields sugar, carbon
dioxide, and water.
(5) Water plus carbon dioxide, in the
presence of light and chlorophyll, yields
sugar, oxygen, and water.
4. Which of the following statements about

photosynthesis is correct?
(1) Both the light reactions and the dark
reactions produce oxygen and water as
byproducts.
(2) Water is a product of the light reactions,
and carbon dioxide is a product of the
dark reactions.
(3) Inthe light reactions, chemical energy
splits water into hydrogen and oxygen.
(4) Carbon dioxide absorbed from the
atmosphere Is used In the light reaotions.
(5) The light reactions yield light
products, and the dark reactions
yield dark products.
5. According to the diagram and the passage,
which of the following Is both a necessary
ingredient and a product of photosynthesis?
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
carbon dioxide
chemical energy
light energy
sugar
water
6. Which of the following statements is

supported by the passage and the diagram?
(1) Green plants capture the sun's light
energy and ohanqe lt to chemical energy
that plants and animals can use.
(2) The ultimate source of all energy on Earth
is the chemical energy in green plants.
(3) The energy conversions of photosynthesis
takeplace lntne plant's stems and roots.
(4) Without the process of photosynthesis,
there would be no water on Earth.
(5) Photosynthesis takes place only in
sunlight, not in artificial light.
Directions: Choose the one best answer to each question,

passageahO diagram.
Metabolism is the total of all the chemical
reactions that take place in a cell. There are
two basic metabolic processes: anabolism
and catabolism.
In anabolic reactions, raw materials that
enter tl1e,:g~1I are used to make more complex
molecules, such as proteins and fats. These
complex molecules are used for cell grQwth and
maintenance. In catabolic reactions, auoh.as
cellular respiration,energy.~s.t:~l~&trom
the
breakdown of organic materials.
ANABOLISM AND CATABOLISM
Amino
acid
Catabolism breaks
down glucose,
releasing energy,
water, and
carbon dioxide
(1) the process by which organisms oapture

energy from sunlight
(2) the sum of all the chemical processes
carried out by a cell
(3) the process by which energy is released
from glucose
(4) the total amount of energy released by
cellular respiration
(5) the total amount of raw material used by
the cell to get energy
2. Which symbol or symbols in tho diagram
represent the energy released by catabolic
reactions?
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
arrows
circles
chained circles
hexagons
sunburst
3. If the amount of glucose entering the cell

decreases, which of the following is likely to
happen?
Anabolism
uses energy
to build
complex
molecules out of
simple molecules
Water
Carbon
dioxide
When an organism's anabolism is greater

than its catabolism, then the organism grows or
gains weight. When catabolism is greater than
anabolism, an organism loses weight. When the
two processes are balanced, the organism Is in a
state of equilibrium.
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
Light energy decreases.

Fewer amino acids enter the cell.
More proteins are produced.
There are fewer catabolic reactions.
The cell produces more energy.
4. Kayle wants to lose weight by exercising more

each day. If she succeeds, what change will
she have made in her cell metabolism?
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
increased photosynthesis
increased catabolic reactions
increased anabolic reactions
decreased photosynthesis
decreased catabolic reactions

Sw:ieru::e aJS Unqu.ftjt
MEASURING A PRODUCT OF
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
questions 5 through ,7 refer to the following
passage.
Carbon dioxide Is a waste product of cellular
respiration. It leaves the body in the air you
exhale and can be measured. First, breathe for
one minute exhaling through a straw into a flask
containing 100 ml of water. The CO2 in your
breath dissolves in the water to form a weak
acid. Add five drops of phenolphthalein, .an acidbase indicator. Then, add sodium hydroxide, a
basic solution, drop by drop. The more drops
needed to neutralize the acid and turn the water
pink, the more carbon dioxide in the water and in
your exhaled breath.
To test whether exercise affects the amount of
carbon dioxide in exhaled air, Jason ran in place
for five minutes and then tested his breath using
the method described above. It took five drops of
sodium hydroxide solution to turn the water pink.
5. Jason hypothesized that exercise would result
in an increased level of carbon dioxide in his
exhaled breath. What wasthe assumption
underlying Jason's hypothesis?
(1) Plants use the carbon dioxide produced
during cellular respiration In the process
of photosynthesis.
(2) Plants release oxygen into the air as a
result of photosynthesis.
(3) Less cellular respiration is needed to
prcducs the energy required by five
minutes of exercise.
(4) The rate of cellular respiration goes up
during exercise to give additional energy
to the body.
(5) The capacity of the lungs to hold air
decreases during exercise.
6. In addition to the flask, water, straws,

phenolphthalein, and sodium hydroxide
solution, which of the following items would
be useful for this procedure?
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(!?)
a Bunsen burner
a dropper
a measuring spoon
a test tube'
a centrifuge
7. What was wrong with the method that Jason

used to test whether the level of carbon
dioxide in exhaled breath Increases as a
result of exercise?
(1) Jason ran inplace for five minutes, which
is not enough time to increase the level of
carbon dioxide in exhaled breath.
(2) After running in place for five minutes,
Jason should have rested for two minutes
before exhaling into the flask.
(3) Jason did not measure the level of
carbon dioxide in his breath when at
rest, so he did not have enough data
to draw a conclusion.
(4) Jason used phenolphthalein ratherthan
sodium hydroxide solution to measure the
amount of carbon dioxide in his breath.
(5) Running is not a suitable form of exercise
to use when testing carbon dioxide levels
in exhaled breath after exercise.
8. The leaf is the plant structure in which

most photosynthesis takes place. Which
characteristic of most leaves maximizes the
amount of light energy that can be captured
for photosynthesis?
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
pores on the underside

broad, flat shape
main stalk
network of veins
root system
GED
st. ~ Lesson 2
Directions: This is a ten-minute practice test. After ten minutes, markthe last question you
finished, Then COll1e the test and check on! answers. If most oion! answers were correct but
you
I try to wod<. aster next tlme.Caoese
the one best ansVllerto each question,
Questions 1 through 3 refer to the following
passage and diagram.
"
',I
2. Which of the following sentences restates the

equation for cellular respiration?
People and other animals get their energy

from food. When you eat, your digestive system
breaks down the carbohydrates in food into
Simple sugar, called glucose. Glucose enters the
cells of the body, where it is broken down to
release energy. This complex chemical process
is called cellular respiration.
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(1) Carbon dioxide and water combine in the

presence of light energy and chlorophyll
to yield glucose, oxygen, and water.
(2) Glucose and water combine to yield
carbon dioxide, oxygen, and energy.
(3) Glucose and carbon dioxide combine to
yieldoxygen, water, and energy.
(4) Glucose,oxygen, and energy combine
J9yi~lq9t.1Xl:lgn9i9.xi(j~.l.n<:lW?1~r.
(5) Glucose and oxygen combine to yield
carbon dioxide, water, and energy.
3. Which of the following is likely to result if the
supply of oxygen to the cell is reduced?

Water
(1) Less energy is released.
(2) More energy is released.

(3) Cellular respiration speeds up.
(4) More carbon dioxide is released.
(5) Cellular respiration is not affected.
During cellular respiration, oxygen combines

with glucose to release chemical energy and the
byproducts carbon dioxide and water. Cellular
respiration occurs in stages. The stage in which
most of the energy is released takes place in the
mitochondria.
4. Cellular respiration and photosynthesis are

opposite processes. In cellular respiration,
oxygen is used, and energy and carbon
dioxide arereleased. In photosynthesis,
energy and carbon dioxide are used, and
oxygen is released. Together, the processes
help keep the levels of oxygen and carbon
dioxide in the air in balance.
CeH1206 + 602 ___..,. 6C02 +6H20 + energy

glucose + oxygen ___... carbon + water + energy
dioXide
Which of the following statements does this

information support?
1. In which cell structure is most of the energy

resulting from cellular respiration released?
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
cell membrane
cytoplasm
chloroplast
mitochondrion
nucleus
(1) More green plants means less oxygen In

the air.
(2) More green plants means more oxygen in
the air.
(3) Fewer green plants means less carbon
dioxide in the air.
(4) Fewer green plants means more energy is
stored in glucose.
(5) There is more oxygen than carbon dioxide
in the air.
QU$stkms5and6 refer to the following
information.
"\\
Carbohydrates are nutrients that contain

only carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. We
obtain carbohydrates by eating plants. Some
carbohydrates are in the form of sugars, which
are easily digested and converted into glucose
and fructose. Syrup, candy, and fruit are sources
of sugar. Other carbohydrates are in the form of
starches. Potatoes, bread, rice, and pasta are
sources of starches. Before they can be used by
the body, starches are broken down by enzymes
into simple sugars like glucose.
Once carbohydrates have been broken down
into simple sugars, such as glucose, they can be
further broken down by the process of cellular
respiration in order to release energy.
5. Which of the following does the passage
imply?
(1) Carbohydrates are excellent sources
of energy.
(2) More energy is contained lnsuqars than
in starches.
(3) Carbohydrates are not part of a
healthy diet.
(4) Potatoes contain more starch than rice
and pasta.
(5) Carbohydrates are formed during
photosynthesis.
6. An enzyme in saliva begins the process of
breaking down starch in the mouth. Which of
the following supports this statement?
(1) Bread Is made from flour, which is a
source of starch.
(2) Potatoes and rice contain large amounts
of starch.
(3) Bread begins to taste sweet after it is
chewed for several seconds.
(4) Corn syrup tastes sweet because it is a
source of sugar.
(5) Carbohydrates are nutrients that contain
carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
7. In the process of photosynthesis, green plants

use water, carbon dioxide, and the energy
from light to make their own food. At the
University of California's Kearney Agricultural
Center, researchers have demonstrated that
tomato plants grow bigger and produce more
tomatoes when the soil is covered with sheets
of silver-colored reflective plastic. According
to the researchers, when this plastic is used,
more photosynthesis takes place and the
plants grow larger.
Which property of the plastic is likely to cause
the increase in photosynthesis?
(1) its thickness
(2) its weight
(3) .its reflectivity
(4) its .Iength
(5) its flatness
8. The energy released by cellular respiration
is stored in a molecule called adenosine
triphosphate (ATP). Cellular respiration
requiring oxygen results in 19 times as
many ATP molecules as does lactic acid
fermentation,a form of cellular respiration
that does not require oxygen.
Which of the following statements is
supported by this information?
(1) Lactic acid fermentation yields more ATP

molecules than does cellular respiration
using oxygen.
(~) Cellular respiration using oxygen is a
more efficient way to release energy
than lactic acid fermentation.
(3) Lactic acid fermentation uses oxygen
to break down glucose in order to
release energy.
(4) Once a cell's oxygen is used up, the
cell can use the process of lactic acid
fermentation to release energy.
(5) ATP molecules release energy during
the process of photosynthesis.
GED SKILL Distin
fact
something that can be

proved true
oplnlon
a belief that may

or may not be true
1..................................
....................
.....
ishingFact
"on
A fact is something that has objective reality. A fact can be proved

to be true. On the other hand, an opinion is what someone thinks is
true. An opinion mayor may not be true, and it cannot be proved
true or false.
You deal with facts and opinions all the time. For example, your
friend's halrline forms a widow's peak just like her mother's. It is a
fact that her hairline comes to a point in the middle of her forehead.
It is a fact that she inherited this trait, or the way a characteristic
is displayed, from her mother. You may think your friend's hail' is
pretty. This is YOUl' opinion. You cannot prove that your friend's hair
.i~p~~!rr:gt~~E~~~y11:9!~g~~~.
.
Much of what you read in science is fact. However, you will also
read scienttsts' opinions. Scientists observe things and then form all
opinion. They may use their opinion to formulate a hypothesis to
explain their observations. Then they experiment to learn if the
hypothesis is supported by the. data collected.
Read the passage. Then complete the fact and opinion
table below.
Scientists have produced a type of squash that is resistant to a

deadly virus. They did this by changing some of the squash's genetic
material. The new squash was approved by the Department of Agriculture
despite controversy over the risks it may pose to the environment. Some
scientists think that the genetically engineered squash will breed with wild
squash. The offspring may inherit the resistance to the virus. Then wild
squash may spread like a "superweed" throughout farmers' fields or in the
wild. Other scientists think that the government was right to approve the
new squash. They say the environmental risks are exaggerated, and the
benefits of the new squash outweigh the risks.
Scientists genetically engineered

squash to make it resistant to a
deadly virus.
Some scientists believe approval of

the genetically engineered squash
ts.a mistake; others think the
government was right to approve it.
1"
Facts from the passage include: The Department of Agriculture

approved the squash. There is controversy over it. From the fourth
sentence to the end, the author presents opinions about the squash.
You should have written two of these in the Opinion column.
19
II Exercise 15
PRONOUNS
A pronoun is a word that can replace a noun:

When the pilots completed their basic training, they had a party.
In using pronouns, remember these things:
1) Choose the right nurnberand person to match the noun being replaced.
2) Use the correct form and spelling of the pronoun.
DIRECTIONS: Underline the correct pronoun form in each sentence,
Example:
I
I
II
The finest mathematician is (she, her).
1. Calvin sent (we,us) a secret message.

2. (Our, Ours) flashlight needs, new batteries.
3. We need (you, your) signature.
4. This locker is (mine, mines).
5. There is a telephone call for (she, her).
6. Michael painted the kitchen (hisself, himself),
7. Give (you, yourself) a pat on the back!
8. Darkness frightens (I, me).
9. (I, Me) found some plums in the refrigerator.
10. Do (you, yourself) know the way to the auditorium?
11. Janet and Tanya drove home (herselves, themselves).
12. The Kleins' apartment is smaller than (ours, our's).
13. Those shoes are (hers,her's).
14. (We, Us) are going fishing.
15. Jeff lent his fishing pole to (us, ourselves).
16. Jackie gave (he, him) a kiss.
17. The boys pay for the insurance (theirselves, themselves).
18. The prizes were (theirs, their's).
19. Minnie wants your address for (her, herself's) records.
20. (He, Himself) was the fastest swimmer.
21. Please give the package to (he, him).
22. Do (they, them) have an answering machine?
20
II Exercise 16
COMPOUNDS AND PRONOUNS
, 1) Sometimes nouns and/or pronouns are joined by and, nor, or or. In

cases like these, read the sentence without the "extra' noun or pronoun
to decide upon the correct form:
Their parents and (they. them) get along well.
(Their parents get along well. They get along well.)
(She, Her) and (1 me) have the same perfume.
(She has. the same perfume. I have the same perfume.)
2) Remember to use the objective form after prepositions:
It was a problem for Deborah and (I, !lliD.
(It was a problem for Deborah. It was a problem for me.)
DtRECTIONS: Underline the correct pronoun form in each sentence,
Example: Emesto.and (l.me) will read the report.
1.
2.
S.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
Mike and (I, me) workwell together.

('We,Us) and (they, them) are distant relatives.
The loggers and (they, them) sleep in the bunkhouse.
(He, Him) and his motorcycle make me nervous.
Jason's grandmother used to knit beautiful sweaters for his
sister and (he, him).
The instructor showed Hiroshi and (they, them) the
answers to the test.
With you and (she, her) by my side, I am not afraid.
Darlene and (he, him) have been seeing each other in
secret.
(They, Them) and (we, us) do not get along easily.
Just between you and (I, me), I've noticed Steve spends a
lot of time on the office phone.
Jimmy tried to protect the other children and (we, us) from
the gangs.
Extra assignments were given to David and (I, me).
EXTRA PRACTICE
Write six complete sentences using these phrases correctly:
my family and I, my family and me, they and we, them and us, you
and I, you and me
Answers begin
on page 90.
21
II Exercise 17
WHO AND WHOM
In formal English, who and whoever are used only as subjects. The pronouns
whom and whomever are used as objects:
Whoever leaves last must lock the door.
Our leader, whom we admire, will be speaking soon.
DIRECTIONS:
Using formal English, write who or whom.
Example: Do you see

wlw
is sitting in the front row?
1.
have you chosen to play the part?
2. ~~~
__ ~ knows the combination to the safe?
3. The doctor
questions.
I saw last week answered all my
4. My sister,
collects souvenir plates.hae
returned from a plate auction.
5. The librarian to
reference
desk.
,
just
I spoke referred me to the
6. Parents
respond quickly to their babies'
cries are giving them a sense of trust and security.
7. Can you tell me
I should consult regarding
health benefits?
DIRECTIONS:
8. Marry
Using formal English, write whoever or whomever.
you please-it
is no concern of mine.
9.
needs assistance should notify the

representative at the blue desk.
10. I know that
teaches you will appreciate
your positive attitude.
11. You will endanger
inform.
12. ~
, has found the missing jewels should step
forward Immediately.
Answers begin on pqge 30.
22
EXercise 18
NUMBER AND PERSON
1) When the pronoun replaces two or more nouns joined by and, use the
plural form of the pronoun:
Leon and Bob rode their motorcycJes through. town.

2) When the pronoun replaces two nouns joined together by or, nor, either
... or, neither ,, . nor, or not only ... but also, the pronoun agrees with
the last noun in the series;
Not only the dogs but also the cat found its own food.
3) When the pronoun replaces a collective noun, use a singular pronoun if
the noun is thought of as a slngle unlt. Use a plural pronoun if the noun
is thought of as separate people or things;
The faculty is top-notch; its reputation is unmatched.
n of the
Example:
Not only the fenders
but also
two given.
the chrome trim has lost
(its, their) shine.

1. Barbara and her children lost (her, their) lease.
2. Not only the residents but also the owner asked for (his,
their) apartment to be painted.
3. The group holds (its, their) meetings at noon.
4. Not only hot soup but also fresh bread sent (its, their)
aroma down the stairs.
5. The team are taking (its, their) showers now.
6. In my opinion, the movies and television have lost (its,
their) appeal because. of the violence in them.
7. The crowd showed (its, their) approval by clapping.
8. The circus clowns and the ringmaster took (his, their)
bows.
9. The table or the chairs need (its, their) positions changed.

10. Either the fudge or the. chocolate brownies Iett (its, their)
mark on my waistline!
11. The orchestra tune up (its, their) instruments before each
performance.
12. Neither the employees nor the. president wore (her, their)
usual business attire on the day the company moved.
23
Exercise 19
An adjective is a word that describes a noun to tell what kind, which one, or
how many:
'
This was the first medicine to relieve allergy symptoms for twelve hours.
An adverb is a word that modifies a verb, an adverb, or an adjective to tell
how, when, where, or to what extent:
Yesterday, we met there very briefly to discuss the report.
DIRECTIONS: Draw an arrow from the underlined word to the word it

modifies. Then, on the line provided, tell whether the
underlined word is an adjective or an adverb.
Example: A ,tallman called for you.
-~
1. Your suit is very stylish.
1. ~
2. Some flowers seem to attract bees more than others.
2.
3. Theoran~
S. _~
blanket belongs in the back bedroom.
4. The coach eats that instant cereal I see advertised on TV.

5. The chairs scraped
6.
Salted
.~,
...
noisihr
on the floor when we stood up.
peanuts cost $2 a bag.
. 7. The detective creptcautiousl1
..._...~-,- __
_
4.
5. "_--'-'---
~
_
6. __ ----out of his hiding place.
7.
8. Come here and let me see you.
8..
___
9. Let's go to the laundromat now.
9.
--
10. There are,~~veral movies that are worth seeing.
10.
11. We finished the bread today.
11.
__
12. Lukewarm water is best for most washing.
12.
____..
13. A car~l~~~person broke the fragile antique chair,
13. _ __..
14. Jan was truly sorry to be late for the wedding.
14.
15. The hijacking victims were extremely: frightened, but not

hurt.
15.
-:--____..
24
1'1
ADVERBS
Exercise 20
The rules below will help you to spell adverbs
.......
correctly.
1) Most adverbs are formed by adding Iy to the adjective:

quiet, quietly; careful, carefully
2) Adjectives that end in y after a consonant
changing the y to i and adding ly:
are made into adverbs
by
easy, easily; happy, happily
3) Adjectives that end in Ie are usually made into adverbs by changing the
ending to ly:
probable, probably,' possible, possibly
4) Adjectives that end in II are made into adverbs
by adding y:
5) Adjectives that end in ic are usually made into adverbs by adding ally:
historic, historically; frantic, frantically
6) Some adjectives that end in ly remain the same when used as adverbs:
daily, early
7) Some ndjectlvos not enrling in
ly gtay the same when used t18 adverbs:
lust, lute, hurd, fur, long

8) Some adjectives
cannot
be used as adverbs:
lonely, friendly
9) Some adverbs have special spellings:
truly, publicly, wholly
DIRECTIONS: If there is an incorrect adverb form inthegrollp

of
adverbs, circle it and write. the correct spelling on the
line. If all adverb forms are correct, write "OK"
.....
gently
Example:
wickedly
undoubtedly
1. safely
2. posslblely
extremely
freely
posltivley
probably
daily
dully
3. secretly
4. publicly
5. lamely
6. guiltily
7. coldly
importantly
definltly
tightly
hlstorlcly
economically
realistically
expensively
tamely
truely
badly
finaly
seriously
coolly
warmly
hotly
mightily
messyly
coyly
peculiarly
foolishly
dangerously
sincerly
fairly
marvelously
8. happily
9. strangly
10. early
Answers be,tao/fl page 31
6~
msmi!I;
25
Exercise 21
PRED...
CATE A[)JECTIV~~
.... -_._---
-_
...
_.,
...
--'
---
--
--,---
....
... - -_-_
Use an adjective after forms of the verb to be and other verbs that do not ,
show action. An adjective in this position is called a predicate adjective:
The weather has been bad all week.
She looks good.
Note: Usually the word well is used as an adverb:
Damaris writes very well.
There is one exception to this rule. Use well as an adjective when referring
to someone's health:
I have not been well since I caught the flu.
DIRECTIONS: Underline the correct adjective form in each senten
.E$C(JJ,ff!lP(fi:; Gina felt Cbad, badly) about her mistake.

1.
2.
3.
4.
S.
The day looks (good, well) for our picnic.

The rotten eggs smell (awful, awfully).
I cut myself (bad, badly) on the sharp edge of the can.
I feel so (sore, sorely) I can't move.
Rachel sews (good, well).
6., The children became (noisy, noisily) on the long bus ride.
7. They behaved (good, well) at the museum, however.
8. The book is (easy, easily) for most students.
9. Sharona looked (beautiful, beautifully) in her bathing suit.
10. Pedro looked (good,weU) in his suit, too.
11. His arms felt (strong, strongly) as he carried me to safety.
12. She always grows (nervous, nervously) on Sunday night.
13. The doctor says I will be (good, well) by tomorrow.
14. Your cooking always smells so (good, well).
15. Our cat can't smell (good, well) enough to catch a mouse.
16. Your shirt looks (dirty, dirtily).
17. That girl appears (familiar, familiarly) to me.
18. When will you be (ready, readily)?
19. Do you feel (healthy, healthily) enough to travel?
20. The days become noticeably (Short, shortly) in the fall.
Answers befiTs on pille 31.
26
22
NEG,ATIVE
ERas
1) The adverb not can combine with auxiliary verbs such as is and have to
make contractions such as isn't and haven't. The word ain't is not
acceptable in formal or written English.
2) When you use such negative adverbs as never, hardly, scarceLy, rarely,
seldom, and not (or contractions made with n't), do not use any other
negatives in the sentence,
I didn'tbuy any food there.
(NOT: I didn't buy no food there.)
DIRECTIONS:
Underline the correct word for the sentence.
B:Ji!(JJmple:We never touched (any, none) of the money.
1. He (ain't, hasn't) received any news yet.

2. Julie and David Chen don't have (any, no) children yet.
3. I'm the wrong person to ask; I know (anything, nothing)
about it.
4. That child (has, hasn't) hardly touched her food.
5. The president (ain't, isn't) about to change his stand on
abortion,
S. Professor McKenna ChaR, hasn't) seldom come to class
unprepared.
1. ] was alone that evening; (anyone, no one) was with me.
S. So far, we (have, haven't) received no response to our
inquiry.
9. In my opinion, Leticia (isn't, ain't) confident enough in her
own abilities.
10. Mr. Banerjl (can.cannot) rarely take a vacation from his
busy job.
11. Rachel has hardly (any, no) sympathy for her brother's
drinking problem.
12. No gift has (ever, never) touched me as much as yours has.
EXTRA PRACTICE
Write four sentences using these words:
hardly
never
scarcely
seldom
Answers b~,llBon page 31.
27
..
Exercise 23
ADJECTIVE/ADVERB
COMPAR,I
Whenever you use an adjective or an adverb to compare two or more nouns

or pronouns, use the form that is correct for the number of things being
compared:
1) To show that two persons, things, groups, or actions are unequal, use
the er ending, or add more or less:
Today is warmer than yesterday.
You walk more quickly than Florence.
Courtney is less cooperative than his brother.
2) To show that one person, thing, group, or action stands out from a
group of three or more, use the est ending, or add most or least:
Genevieve is the cleverest person I know.
Of the three sisters, Ellen is the most talented.
Bones is the least playful dog I've ever seen.
DIRECTIONS: Underline the correct form of the adjective or adverb in

parentheses.
Example: She is the ([licer, nicest) of the twins.
1. Which was the (smaller, smallest) of the Seven Dwarfs?

2. Which class is (harder, the hardest): math or English?
3. Leontyne Price sings (more beautifully, the most
beautifully) than any other living opera star.
4. We had the (stranger, strangest) experience of our lifetime
last night.
5. Midge is (less patient, the least patient) than I.
6. Lake Thompson is (deeper, the deepest) of all the lakes
around the Rhinelander.
7. Which live (longer, the longest) as pets: goldfish or turtles?
8.. ' John Kennedy was one of the (more popular, most popular)
presidents.
9. Of the two brothers, Doug is the (more eager, most eager)
to graduate.
10. This is the (rainier, rainiest) April we have ever had.
Answers begin on page 31.
28
Exercise 24
ADJECTIVEI ADVER.B
3) Use only one form of comparison, not two;

Jan is smarter than her sister.
(NOT: more smarter)
4) Long adjectives (three or more syllables) and adverbs that end in /yare
usually not used with an er or est ending:
Gran is more impatient than ever.
(NOT; impatienter)
5) Some adjectives and adverbs have irregular forms:
better than mine.
This coffee
(NOT:
in the world!
n the blank with the correct comparison form of the

adjective or adverb underlined in each sentence.
B:xqmple: In Japan, Yoko is a 12Q!1ulatgirls' name, but Yasuko is

ftfIjllJ)
p.p~:.
1. I felt pad before, but I feel even .,__~

now.
2. You may be hungry, but I am definitely
person in this family.
3. Because of the excellent faculty, King High students go farmuch
than students in other high schools.
4. Today is hot, but tomorrow is predicted to be the
_
day of the year.
5. The ads say this cereal has more raisins than other brands,
but I think the store brand has the
raisins
of all.
6. If you think Melvin Is lli{!y, you should see his brother; he
ismuch
7. Nurses handle babies gently, but new mothers handle them

the
of all.
,8. Cathy wants curly halr: this permanent promises
the
hair possible from a kit.
9. Ann is heayy, but she used to be even~.;M- -"-.......
_~.",,;,.:
10. The sunset over the lake is beautiful, but the sunrise over
the mountains is even
.
Answers
bel/in
on page 31.
29
ANSWER. KEY
1
[
EXERCISE 1
1. 2
2.2
3. 3
4. 1
5. 1
6.3
7. 5
8. 4
EXgRCISE 2
I. OK
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
pennies
crowns
blueberries
witches
puppies
blankets
secretaries
EXERCISE 3
I. tomatoes
2. attorneys-at-law
3. bagfuls
4. brothers-in-law
5. OK
6. knives
7. photos
8. leaves
9. OK
10. potatoes
11. OK
12. cupfuls
IS. studios
14. senators-elect
~CISE4
1. OK
2. crises
3.$unglas$etl
4. poli<::ernen
5. teeth
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
OK
servicewomen
deer
godchildren
criteria
.EXERCISE 5
1. cities
2. churches
3. chairwomen
4. crises
5. monkeys
6. brothers-in-law
7. babies
8. teeth
9. beliefs
10. solos
11. checks
12. potatoes
13. wives
14. stories
15. lights
16. replays
17. spoonfuls
IS. fish
19. bookshelves
20. grandchildren
21. vacancies
22. crashes
23. annexes
24. quizzes
25. criteria
t;XERqSE 6
1. OK
2. bus's
3.1andlord1s
4. miners'
5. weeks'
6. OK
7.prote&ters'
8. Jones's
9. parents'
10. OK .
11. workers'
12. Gross's
13. OK
14. today's
15. Boys'
EXERCISE 7
1. Jose's
2. David's
3. OK
4. people's
5. OK
6. women's
7. Steve's
8. OK
9. Sally's
10. OK
EXERCI~E 8.
1. fewer
2. These
3. OK
4. less
EXERCISE 9
1. 1
2. 1
3. 5
4. 3
5. 1
5. OK
6. many
7.deaJ
8. advice
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
EXERC1SE .10
1. stirred
2. is
3. reported
4. slips, will break
5. will decide
6. left, was
7. is
8. give
9. dimmed, booed
10. pour, cause
11. saw, hit
12. slams, jumps
13. baked, were
14. spread
15. write
16. am
17. thinks
18. finish, take
3
1
1
2
4
EXERCISE II
2. carried
6. OK
3. OK
4. employed
7. scrubbed
8. committed
EXERCISE 12
1. threw
9. stole
2. wrote
10. was
3. ran
Ll. said
4. slept
12. lost
5. struck
13. felt
6. swam
14. saw
7. caught
15. taught
8. flew
EXERCISE 13
1. eaten
2. seen
3. go
4. to write
5. written
6. got
1. felt
8. spoken
9. hurt
10. heard
H. to get
12. broken
13. slept
14. left
15. frozen
16. doing
11. drink
18. swept
19. known
20. think
21. done
22. bought
23. answering
24. went
25. sung
26. ate
27. sat
28. order
29; taking
30. trying
2. 1
10. 1
3.2
4.
5.
6.
7.
3
5
3
4
12, 2
13. 5
14. 2
15. 2
8. 3
16.3
;EXE~~ISE
l. us
2. Our
2. Who
3. whom
H.4
li___._~
5. her
6. hlmself
1. yourself
8. me
9. I
10. you
11. themselves
12. ours
13. hers
14. We
15. us
16.him
11. themselves
18. theirs
19. her
20. He
21. him
22. they
EXERCISE Hi
1.1
2. We, they
3. they
4. He
5. him
6. them
7. her
8. he
9. They, we
10. me
U. us
12. me
4. who
___
5. whom
6. who
7. whom
8. whomever
9. Whoever
10. whoever
11. whomever
12. Whoever
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
his
its
its
their
their
8. their
9. their
10. their
11. their
12. her
EXERCISE 19
1. stylish; adverb
2. flowers; a,djective
3. blanket; adjective
4. cereal; adjective
5. scraped; adverb
6. peanuts; adjective
7. crept; adverb
8, come; adverb
9, go; adverb
10. movies; adjective
11. finished; adverb
12. water; adjective
13. person; adjective
14. sorry: adverb
15. frightened; adverb
Pronoun agreement pan be tricky when the' antecedent is an indefinite pronoun

like those you saw
page 3,?' Pay special attention to whether the antecedent is
'singular
plural.
on
or
"
.,
INCORRECT: Everyone in my women's. group forgot their notebook. (The

singular antecedent eyery0!le does not agree with the plural pronoun their.)
CORRECT: Everyone In my wo'men's group forgot her notebook. (This
singular antecedent' everyone agrees with the singular pronoun her.)
. JNCO,~flECT: Both ofthe. shirts were frayed around its sleeves. (The plural
antecedent both doesnot agree with the singular pronoun it~.)
CORRECT: Both of the shirts were frayed around their sleeves. (The plural
antecedent bothagtees with the plural pronoun their.)
INCORRECT: Either of the men will do their best for the department. (The
singular antecedent either does not agree with the plural pronoun their.)
c;ORRECT: Either of the men will
his best for the department
(The
singular antecedent either agrees with the pronoun his.)
do
There should be pronoun-antecedent agreement even when the antecedent

appears in a different sentence. Can you find the pronoun error in the paragraph
below?
'
When you are planning to look for another job, you should be careful not to'
jeopardize the one you already have. Here are some helpful tips to keep
your clirrenfJob safeWhlle$~arcI11ngfora ,better qn~.He$hQuld never
make $eat'()h~reJatfldpho!1e(;)~Il$from his office. He also should ,schedule
intetVlows aftarbus!l1ass hourS' as h)uqhtl$ .pO$sIblf;t.Wh(}o you have fau n d
a riew job/give notice according to the policy of your company.
,1
The paragraph starts outusing the second person pronoun you. However, in the
third sentence> the paragraph shifts to the third person he. This .pronoun shift is
an. error.
Errors in pronoun shift can be corrected by changing all pronouns to the same
person-either
second (you) or third (he).
Here is a corrected version:
When you are planning to look for ancithbr job, you should be oa;reful not to
jeopardize the one you already have. H)l'e arE) some helpful tIps to keep
your current job safe while searching fora. better onEk;ml!,.should never
make search-related phone calls frommlr.office.~
also should schedule
interviews after business hours as much as possible. When you have found
a new job, give notioe according to the policy of your company.
--:0-'.
A. Correct the pronoun reference errors in the paragraph below. There are four errors.
The best time to visit any vacation spot is in the "off" season, During the summer months, beaches,
WilO are willing to

travel to such places in the fall usually have the places to themselves, and he can relax so much more. You
resort towns, and national parks are all crowded with tourists taking its vacations.People
also might want to head south in the summer; as most people vacation there in the winter. Anyone who enjoys
their privacy will, appreciate the quietness of the "off" season.
,
B. Questions 1-3 refer to the following pamphlet. Circle the number of the correct answer choice.
What is The Nature Gr()upi'
,. (A)
(1) We, the members of The Nature Group, keep
plants and animals sofa from extlriction by
buying land. (2) We scorch the world for species
that are in danger of dying off, and wo purchase
and preserve the land that they inhabitj3)They
arear] organization that has worked hard since
1972 to preserve over a million acres of land
worldwide,
(8)
(4) Of course, we need your help,(5) Anything
can be accomplished if it Issupportad by
enough people. (6) Many of you have lent your
support through monetary donations and
volunteer hours,m If .everyons does their part in
keeping species from extinction, the world yvill
be a better place for all,
1. Sentence 3: They are
an orgcmizationthat
has worked hard since 1972 to preserve

over ~ million acres IOf land worldwide.
Which correction should be made to
seritonoo 37
(1) (lh~nge They to We
(2) chang'e are to ill
(3) change,trnIllWol'ketlto)AY1!iWQrk
(4) insert acomrna after 1972
(5) no correction
Is necessary
~. Sentence 5: Anything can be
accomplished iUt
enough poople.
is BY~~~l'ted by
Which is the best way to write the underlined

portion of this sentence? If the original is the
best way, choose option (1),
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
it is supported
it was supported
they are supported
they were supported
.he is supported
3. Sentence 7: If everyone does their part In

keeping species from extinction, the
world will be a better place for all.
sentence 77 .
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
change their to Q.\J.t

change their to they
change their to.~
change ~lii~ t06s:1acilll
insert a comma after place
Answers and explan;!ltiQns start on page
n!.
A pronoun should always have one clear antecedent, Otherwise, the meaning of a
sentencecan be confusing, Is the meaning of.the sentence below clear?
INCORRECT:
Nancy and Mrs. Carlson brought her car to the repair center.
I: ,
To whom does her refer? Which noun is its antecedent-Nancy
or Mrs, Carlson?
i .~
If
Because there is more than one female noun to which he.r can refer, this sentence
is confusing. In instances such as this, it is best to repeat the noun. Here are two;
possible ways to correct the sentence:
CORRECT; Nancy and Mrs. Carlson brought Nancy's car to the repair
center.
.
CORRECT:
Nancy and Mrs. Carlson broughtMrs ...CarJ~otUtcar to the repair
center.
Another way in which pronoun reference can be confusing is the use of the
pronoun they. Be SUTethat they always has a clear antecedent
Why is the sentence below incorrect?
INCORRECT:
a criminal.
I don't shop in that store anymore because they treat me like
Who is they? You might have ail idea to'whom the writer is referring, but the
sentence is not clear as written, If they has no clear antecedent, it is better to use
a noun. Here are .some possible corrections:
. CORRECT: I don't shop in that store anymore because il'mQwners 'treat me
like a criminal.
CORRECT: I don't shop in that store anymore because Ib.u~Sl.QIiI.~
treat me like a criminal.
FInd the confusing pronoun in' the paragraph below.

Finding the right car does not have to be as cornpllcated.as you mightthink
it is. Once you have decided on what features you ab$olytelY must have,
you can usethe Internet to find a new or used car in your area.They say car
shopping is easier than grocery shopping these days I
The pronoun they does not have a clear antecedent anywhere in the paragraph, To
correct the error, replace they with a noun:
Finding the right car does not have to be as complicated as you might think
it is, Once you have decided on what features you absolutely must have,
you can use the internet to find a new or used car in your area. M?ny
people say car shopping is easier than grocery shopplnq these daysl
.
,
.
A. Re)vrite each sentence in order to get rid of confusing pronoun references.

1. Joe andTrevon want to sell his motorcycle.'
2. Joe took an ad out in the pArer because thay said that wan tho best way to advertise.
4. Joe and his brother once sold his motorcycle
in a few hours.
B. Questions fi~7 refer to the advice belOTY.Circle the number Of the coned
Dealing with Difficult People
(A)
(1) Allliough irritating coworkers maveeam
impossible to deal with, they say that thtlse
difficult people do not have to ruin vour day.
(2) Here are some simple tips to help create a
healthy work environment.
(B)
(3) If a boss and a coworker disagree about his
idea and are trying to involve YO!J, takea de(;lp
breath. (4)Think through your own opinions. (5)
Listen to colleagues respectfully, and ask them
to listen to you. (6) If necessarv, don't be afraid
to get some help. (7).Keeping calm in .
challenging situations is a valuable sklltand
they'll thank you for it.
5. Sentence 1:Although irritating coworkers

may seemimposslbia to de.aJwi~h,they
say that these diffioult people clQ not
have to ruin your day.
.
.The most effective revision of sentence 1
would include which group of words?
(1) they say that this difficult person
(2)J~~pE:)rts.say Ih~tthese dJ'ffi9ul'tpaopi e
(~} th(:}y salclth'a't these dlfflcultj:>eople
(41.difftcu It peOpla say that those,' .
(5) strategies for difficult people
am:Wl;\r choice,
6. Sentence 3: If it boss and a coworker

disagree about his idea and are trying to
'involve you, taka a deep breath.
sentence 37
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
change his to the boss/s

change his to her
change you to him
change you to your
no correction is necessary
1. Sentence 7 :Keepi~90a.JmintfudJE:)ngrng
$ituations is a va.uablegUL.;I!1d.~theY~II
thank you f()r i~.
portion of this sentence? If the original is the
best way, choose option (1 ).
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
skll], and they'll

skill And they'll
skill, and people will
skllf, and you will
skilll and they had
Answ~3rsand explanatlons start on page 12.
6. Findingthe part
when the percent and the whole' arek.nown
Here is a rule that will help you with percents.
2~.:!_
whole
:=
percent
100
Wheri.you: work with percents, you are giVensome information.
Then you need toigure out what~smissing,

In thelast chapter, you learned how to find the unknown percent.
You were given the part and the whole.
The percent was missing.
part
whole
In this chapter, you will be given the percent and the whole.
But t}le pqrt is missing.
~cellt
100
Suppose you need to find 6% of 500.

, You know the percent: it is 6 %
You know the whole: It is the number after the word oj.
In this case, the whole is 500.
Those are the only two facts you know-the percent and the whole.
You need to find the missing part.
Suppose your family eats out.
The bHlis $24.00.
You want to leave a 15% tip.
What is 15% of $24.00?
You know the percent: 15 % .
You know the whole: $24.00.
30 I Finding the part
There are two ways to find a percent of a number.

You can use the fraction method, or you can use the decimal method.
Here's how to find 6% of 500 using the fraction method:
Fraction method
Step 1.
On one side of the equal sign, write the part over the whole.
The part is unknown. Use a question mark.
The whole is 500.
On the other side of the equal sign, write the percent as a fraction.
? (part)
500 (whole)
Step 2.
.1>0
Cross-multiply
6
100
the numbers that you know.

(500
Step 3.
3000)
Divide the answer (3000) by the number that is left (100).

30
100) 3000
So, 6% of 500 is 30.
Here's how to find 6% of 500 using the decimal method:

Decimal method
Step 1.
Change 6 % to a decimal.
6%
Step 2.
.06
MUltiply the percent times the whole ..

(6% oj 500 means 6% times 500.)
500
.06
30.00
==
30
You get the same answer: 6% of 500 is 3~.
Finding the part / 31
Practice finding the part

when the percent and the
Example 1.
whole are known
What is 15% of $24.00?

Fraction method
Step 1. ' On one side of the equal sign, write the part over the whole.
The part is unknown. Use a question mark.
The whole is the number after the word oj.
'r (part) .
2.4.00 (whole)
==
__![
100
know.
?
(24.00
100
Step 3.
360.00)
Divide the answer (360.00) by the number that is left (100),
3 ..60
100) 360.()O
So, 15% of $24.00 is $3.60
Decimal method
Step 1.
Change 15% to a decimal.

15%
== .15
Step 2.
Multiply the percent times the whole.
24.00
15
2000
2400
3.6000
3.60
You get the same answer: 15% of $24.00 is $3.60
15=
Example 2.
What is 25% of $2007
Fraction method
Step 1.
On the other side, write the percent as a fraction.
(Remember,25%
? (part)
200 (whole)
Step 2.
!)
==
;::!
4
Cross-multiply the numbers that you know.

(200
Step 3.
1 =
200)
Divide the answer .(200)by the number that is left (4),

50
4) 200
So, 25% of $200 is $50
Decimal method
Step 1.
Change the percent to a decimal.

25% == .25
Step 2,
Multiply the percent by the whole.

200
x .25
10 00
400
50.00
You get the same answer: 25% of $200 is $50,00
Exercise 6
Find the unknown part.
Use the fraction method or the decimal method.
1.
What is 75 % of 640?
4.
What is 90% of $5,400?
2.
What is 25% of 600?
5.
What is 10% of $1.00?
3.
What is 2 % of 300?
6.
What is 51 % of !O,OOO?
Answereforexercise6
Here are both ways
to
findthf.lallSWtIl'
Cbec~ yqur. wOl'kagainst on~df th~$emethods.
Fr~~Uonmethod'
1.
Decimal method
What is 75 % of 640?
75%=
.~
75%
3=
1920.)
.n)
640
x.
.70
3200.
So, 75% of 640. is 480..

6600?
""~'
(60() x
"" .25
600
6(0)
. 150.
3000
41600
12000
15(l,OO
600. f.s 150.
SOO?
(300. x2
. ,6
100.) 6,00.
""'6(0)
2%
300
>< .
0.2
6,00.
34 I Flndlng the part
.02
lpn.
Answers
for exercise 6 (continued)
Fraction
method
Decimal method
)
ii,
4.
What is 90 % of $5,400?
...,
1(0)
l~
(5400
90
486,000)
4a860
486, boo
90%
'So, 90 % of $5,400 is $4,860.
5,
.90
5400
,90
4860.00 "=
4,860
What is 10% of $1.00?

?
1.00
...IO
10()
(1.00
><
10-10)
.1
10%=
1 .00
, 10
X .1
.100
-ioo) 10:QO
.10
So, 10% of $1.00 is $.10
6.
Wh,at is 51 % of 10,000?
P
10,000
=.
_g_
100
(10,000
..., 5!!QO,
100} 510,000
$0>51% of JO?OOOis 5,100.
51
510,000)
51%
X
10,000
.51
10000
500000
5100.00
.51
== 5,100
7 " F'inding the whole

when the percent and the partare known
Sometimes you are given the part and the percent.

But the whole is missing.
Suppose the tax rate is 20 % 6f earned income.

June Walker owes $700 in taxes.
So, $700 is 20 % of June's earned income.
What is her earned income?
That is, $700 is 20 % o] what amount?
You know the part of June's income that she owes: It is $700.
You know the percent; It is 20% .
You know fhat the whnlp, always comes after the word oi;
Here, the words "what amount?" come after oj.
That means the whole is unknown.
Y9U need tofind the missillg whole.
36 I Finding the whole
There are two ways to find the unknown whole.

You can use the fraction method or the decimal method.
Fraction method
,$700 is 20 % of what number?
Step 1.
The part is $700.
The whole is unknown. Use a question mark.
700 (part)
? (whole)
Step 2.
~1~6f
Step 3.
_gQ_
100
(700 x 100
70,000)
Divide the answer (70,000) by the number that is left (20).

, ",3,500
20) 70,000
So, $700 is 20 % of $3,500.
(June Walker's earned income was $3,500.)
Decimal Method
$700 is 20 % of what number?
Step 1.
20%
Step 2.
.20
Divide the part by the percent.

.20) 700
35 00
.20, )700,00:
~..A..7' '
"~
You get the same answer: $700 is 20 % of $3,500.
Finding the whole / 37
I
I
Practice finding the whole

when the percent and the part are known
Example 1,
45 Is 90% of what amount?

Fraction method
Step 1.
45 (part)
Jill.
?(whhl~
100
Step 2.
Step 3.
Divide the answer (4500) by the number that is left (FlO).

50
90) 4500
So, 45 is 90% of 50.
Decimal method
Step 1.

90%
Step 2.
==
.90
.90) 45
....90,)
~.
. 50.
45.00,
~
You get the same answer: 45 is 90% of 50,
38 I Finding the whole
Example 2.
50% of what amount is $407
Fraction method
Step 1.
= .~)
(Remember, 50 %
40 (part) .
? (whole)
Step 2.

(40 X 2
Step 3.
::::l
80)

80
IfBO
So, 50% of $80 is $40.

Decimal method
Step 1.
Change the percent to a decimal,

50%=
Step 2.
.5
.5540
SO
=
40.0.
v'
You get the same answer: 50% of $80 is $40.
Exercise 7
Find the unknown whole.
Use the fraction method or the decimal method.
1.
24 is 15% of what number?
4.
25% of what amount is $20?
2.
36 is 90% of what number?
5,
$150 is 75% of what amount?
3.
2 % of what amount is $4?
6.
$45 is 50% of what number?
Answers for exercise 7

Here are hnth way~ to find the" answer,
Check your work against one of these methods.
Fraction method
1.
Decimal method
24 is 15 % of what number?
24
l.fl
100
J90.
= ~',240.0.)
15%
""
.15
360.0.)
90.%
"'"
.90.
160.
H5J~40o"
2.
36 is 90'% of what number?
7 ::: '1:~
(B6
100
40.
Oo.j.'SOOO
801 36 is 90.% of40.
3.
2 % of what amount is $4?
i=
l~O
(4.x
10.0-
4QO)
, 20.0.
2)40.0.',
So, 2% .of $20..0Is. $4,
40 / Finding the whole
oo.~
,02 J,;t.Oo.,
,&'".&'
Answers for exercise 7 (continued)

Fraction method
4..
amount is $20?
'25.% of what
25%
~? =!
25%
(20
80)
.25
80.
.Ja5. 20.00.
\',,,,,,~~
80
1) .80
80,25%
of $80 is $20.
5;: '$150 is 75 % ofwhat amount?
= ~4
75%
=
75%=
(150
#I.
600)
200
3)600
.75
.75 J 150.00,
\,,","~if'
....
~A;.$,
80; $150 is 75 % of $200.,

6. ..$45 is 50 % of
amount?
50%
50%
1
2
~=
?
(45 x
2=
90)
"'*
.50
90.
90
'U"1O
80, $45
# 50% ot. $90.
.
I
!
.,.,.,f.,
This chart shows what you have learned about percent.

You can find the percent, the part, or the whole.
Look at the fraction method.
The set-up is always the same.
But the question mark can be in different places.
Look at the decimal method.

Can you remember these rules?
_____"Tc=h=e=n
_you might likeJhi~methQd.hettE2r.
QUESTION
FRACTION METHOD
part
whole
What percent is
8 out of HI?
(Find the percent.)
.."" .. w.,,...
.
8 is 50% of
what number?
(Find the whole.)
42 I Understanding percent questions
"
DECIMAL METHOD
percent
100
part.
whole
Cross-multiply.
Divide the answer
by the number that
left.
What is 50% of lAP

(Find the part.)
l?()rcen~.
100
Divide the part

by the whole.
Multiply thA percent

by the whole.
Cross- m ultiply,
Divide the answer
by the number that
is left.
=
percent.
100
Cross-multiply.
Divide the answer
by the number that
is left.
Divide the part by

the percent.
"
"
ExerciseS
What do you need to find in order to answer the question?
Cirole the word that teUs what's missing.
The first one is done for you.
1. What percent is 36 out of 72?
part
whole
2. 75 is what percent of 200?
percent
part
whole
3. $6 is 50% of what amount?
percent
part
whole
4. What is 15% of 300?
percent
part
whole
5. ~5% of what amount is $40?
percent
part
whole
6. What percent of 63 is 9?
percent
part
whole
7. 200 is whatpercent
peroent
part
whole
percent
part
whole
9. What is ~% oIl,OOO?
percent
part
whole
percent
part
whole
percent
part
whole
percent
part
whole
10.
of BOO?
What percent is 9 out of lOP
11. What is 99% of200?

12.
10% of what number is 245?
Understanding percent questions I 43
An.swersfor exercise 8
1. What percent is 36 out of 72?
part
whole
2,
75 is what percent of 200?
part.
whole
3,
$6 is 50% of what amounti'
percent
4,
What is 15% of 300?
percent
6,Whatpercent
7,
I,
I
wogle
p.art
200 is what percent of BOO?
What is 2% of 1,00O?
whole
percent
percent
10.
What percent is 9 out of lO?
u.
What is 99% of 200?
percent
12.
percent
44 I Understanding percent questions
...~.
whole
of 63 is 9?

9,
part
whole
part
whole
whole
part
Percents >,greaterthan 100%
You know that 100 % stands for one whole thing,

We can show this by changing 100% into aJr~ption.
100%
l.~
..~
You know that some percentssbmg for less than one wholethin'g.
25%
50%
= ~ of a whole
= ~ of a whole
thing
thing
Some percents stand for more than one whole thing.

150%
You know tha:tlO()%stand$f9r o.newhple thing.
15Q%1,$50 % more than one whole thb:),g.
SllPpb$4 100 %standsfot one whole box.
100%
==
Then 150 % stands for 50% more than one box,

You know that 50% equals] .
,
'2
So, 150% stands for one whole box and
of a box.
150%
Ji
1
s
We can show this by changing 150% into a fraction:

150%
:="
150
100
1!
2
Percents greater than 100 % / 45
200% stands fur two whole things.

We can show this by changing 200% into a fraction.
, 200%
200
100
~g
= 2
Practlce wlthpercents greater than 100%

Example 1.
Find the part: What is 200% of the number 47
Fraction method
200
100
(4x
2 .~. 8)
4""
l)mS .
So, 200% of 4.is 8.
This makes sense because we knowthat 200% stands
In this case, the whole thing is the number 4.
So, two whole things means two4s.
And we know that two 48 are 8.
Example 2.
01'
two whole things.
Find the whole: $60 is 150% of whatamcunt?
Fraction method
150%
lliO
100
(60
3)
Decimal method
,=
X
150%
~j
2=
120)
40
120
So, $60 is 150% of $40,

($60 is 1 ~ times as much as $40,)
46 / Percents greater than 100 %
1.50,
1.5
Example 3.
Find the percent: What percent of 8 is 107

(Remember, the whole is the number after the word of.'
Fraction method
?
(10
Decimal method
X
100
1000)
125%
8) 1000 .
se, 10 is 125% of s,
!Q
1.25
1.25
8} 10.06
=
=
1.25.
LAt2"
125%
Exercise 9
Answer these percent questions.
First, figure out what is missing.
Are you looking for the part, the whole, or the percent?
Then use the fraction or decimal method to find the answer.
1.
What is 150% of 60?
2.
$85 is 125 % of what amount?
3.
What percentis 90'0 9?
4.
What percent of $90 is $702?
5.
6.
What is 110% of 20?
Percents greater than 100% / 47
Answers for exerciseS

Did you use the fraction or decimal method?
Check your work against one of these methods.
Deelmal method
Fractlon method
L
What is 150% of 60? (Find the part.)

150%
:=
1 =
60
150
100
(60
150%
==
180)
9p.Q
2J180
$85 is 125%
125%
100
, (85
,='
9Q
amount? (Find the whole.)

5
125%
Il~
of what
1.5
1.5
x 60
90
2.
50.
l:=
""
340)
.fji;"
1.25
6S,
1.25.)
85,00.
,At'
I,,~\c:?,
68
5) 340
So,$85 is 125 % of $68 ~
What percent
~
==
l~n.
is 90 of 9? (Find
(90
x 100
1000%
9jtlOO(J
So, 90 is 1,000% of H.
48 ! Percents greater than 100%
the percent.)
= ,9000)
10
.~
to:
10 ""
9) 90
10.-HO,OO.
)J"t\'
1000%
Recognizing Cause and Eff~ct

A cause is an action or event that brings about other actions
or events. An effect is the outcome of an action or event.
Sometimes a cause-and-effect relationship is directly
stated. Other times it is implied.

Certain wordf3 can signal cause-and-effect relationsbips,Sol'neo
them are because, therefore, so, as a result, since, in orderto,andi/lt.1um.
esuse
I
t
i
1
f
I dropped the paddle into the water,
..therefore,
+
effec~
sign~lwotd
'
Ihad difficulty getting back to shore.
Underline the cause ine~Ch sentence once. UnderUnetheeffect
twice.
Then circle the signsl word. or words.
1. Few people visited the antique shop, and as a result, it went out of business.
2. The new ski-liftrl.1t'l.s at the resort meant less crowding on the. slopes, so more visitors
flocked to the l'e!!&oi:t,
3. Mr. Davis turned the car around because he realized he had left an important report at
home.
4.
Maria has been considering
a career in government
since reading the biography
of
Abl'aham Lincoln.
For each cause, write an effect.
5. Because I bit into the hot
6. Since the movie we wanted to see was sold
7. As
it result of eating a spicy meal, George _.....~--,-~_.....~---------------
.......,_;;.,....--
8. Because of the choppy sea, the little
Recognizing Cause and Effect
159
Practice
Read each passage. Then follow the directions.
Most ducks have light,llo11owbones. Lighfbotieshelp ducks that teetlontl),t;!

surface of the Water to stay afloat. DiVing dud,<s11ave,m~chIiavier bones thai'!,
surface ..$eeding dt:l.cktl;Heavi~l' bQ11esallow thetn tostaytmdei'wat~rand
chasefish.
.
_,
1. Put an X in front of each cause found in the passage.

A
B
Most ducks have light, hollow bones.

Most ducks feed on the surface.
C
D
Diving ducks have heavy bones.

Diving ducks chase fish.
2. List two effects.

F
Most drakes (male ducks) are brightly colored so they attract attention during the
mafulgseason. However, attneend ofthe1tlatitigl3~aS01111t\ostdrakes molt. That is,
they lo.se 1.11eir old feathers. Withemi'their fUght fcatli!l;f}J
the drakbsal'e unable to fly.
They also lose their bright coloring and turn a drab brown.
3. Put an X in front of each cause found in the passage.
A
Most drakes are brightly colored.
B
C
Drakes molt at the end of mating season.

Drakes can't fly.
The drakes turn a drab brown When they molt.
4. List two effects.

F
160
Recognizing Cause and E~~ect
Apply
"'"~.
---~---~~-~~-~-------_""'__---o
Read each passage. Then write one cause, and one effect.
lnsects see:nto dlsflPpear d1.l1irtgthewirtter. As a reBuHtp~ople thought that they

died al1d wel'esomehow reborn. 111the ~Pl'illg ..N9W We know that if you look closely~
you can f~dinsects in many stages ofg1:'Owth dUl'ingthe winter nwnths.
Effect:
Bxcpt fQl' <'t. ntl1'rowstripalOtfud.i:tss!'tol'es Gl'eenlalid Jies b~l'ied tInder ."('tsheet
of pel'matlenfice.The icetsthollsandsoffectthick $0 that only.tIle tops or the
highest nlol.l,ntain.se~ten..daboveit. From this .icecap huge.gIaderspoul'into the
I<;ebe.1.'gsbreakfl'oln.these.gla(:ierSal}ci "drift intothc opeh seas. S0111etimest:lieymove
7
thousands of mllesto the.$OtlthbefOJ!CtheYfilelt
Alth.Ptigh theben.dits .of aspirin Ul'egreat, some people cannot take aspirIn at all.
Theygetskln rashes or asthrna.,likereacUorts even front normal doses. A small
nt1nlber ofpeoplewhosuf.fer from asthma, hay fever, and other problems may also
lufvea bad teacHn to aspirin.
Dolphltlsal'e tl1est~l'pijrfo)fmers In ntatry aqttarr~ns,Oolphfnscan

be trained to
'do ~lCU)Y'~dcl<$for attmences.ThElj can beftlught to leap high in the air tl) grtP ai$U
frOlntl1eirkeepet's
h~ndftojump
fhl'ough a hoop, and tofetcJ;;taba.ll 4rstici< .that is
thrown,
",
Effect: __
""""""
Check, Up
Write cause or effect to identify the underlined part of each passage.,'
The people of ancient Egypt made
Trees are an important natural resource.
m~lmmie8 because they believed that the
One man thought they were so important
~ea~ lived on in the next worl~. They
that they deserv~d a special day of honor.
wanted to preserve the bodies of the dead.
I Stel'IiJ:'\gMortonloved trees and wa.~
1.
concerned about the speed at which they

..
Larry Fuentes of California wants to
t;urn btherpElQPle'$ tl'asJj, int<;> art.
.....
,-
_.
,',
.. ----.
n ...
..
'
d.
...
"''"'''l
convince the Nebraska Board of Agriculture
tal'I'},
~
to make April 10 a special day for planting

~r~~s.TI1eday was 11<ln:tedAJ!bo:rDay,
pec:ause arbor is theL~t.in word for "tree."
trash!
The first Arbor Day was a resounding

success.
and
. litter. Hej.oins'buttons, 'bea,4$, and
"',
....
Were di$~pperu:.ing.In 1872 he helped
,~
other found materials together to form

4.
sculphues, artworks that sell for thousands

of dollars.
Automobile windshields rarely shatt:.:.
2.
They may crack, but they do not splinter or

Iyapart. This is because all vehicles al'e
If you started a <;:ompanYi

what would
you name it? George Eastman, an American
inventor, was faced with that problem back
in 1888. He had just invented a little camera,
and he didn't know what to call it. Eastman
wanted a short word that was easy to spell .
equipped with laminated safety glass. This

can be described as a glass sandwich made
of two layers of plate glass with a sheet of
plastic in between.
5.
and to say.,!nsteadoflJsinganekiSting
:WOrd,hededded
the
toma.ke one up. He liked
Iettet'l<n.ee:ause
itwas the first letter in
his mother's maiden name. Thinking about

it, he decided that two Ks were better than
one. He tried the Ks with other letters until .
he finally came up with the name Kodak.
Kodak has since become one oithe most
famous 'brand names in the world.
3.
162 Recognizing Cause and Effect
All baseball bats are manufactured with

the trademark running with the grain of the
wood. When a player uses the bat, the
trademark should be held up so that the
ball hits the grainy side of the bat. If a
batter is not careful to do this,tb;ebat tl1ay
split and possibly strike someo~,
6.
,Most sto:des tLtld,$Qlne nOlifictlon passages are built oncause-and~effect

r~latiOl)sh1pS. Acau$e xna:ybe an aCtiol1Ql' .eventthat lriakes$Qme,thing
else happen; "..... thing; that
.. ' is the effect Gaqsesal:td ~feC't8 may
be stat\:ldQr,jml'lied.,Wh~n
.ing
a passage,as,k these qttesl:jQ11.sto ,find
caUSe~aii.d",effect'1~elatio);,18hip8:
What.happel'led?(ereCf)
Wlty did it happen? (cuttse)

Then look f01' signatworctsorphl'<1Ssthat
state the connection between what
happened and W11Y Here are ~q,I:!1;eWOt,d8
or phrases to look for:
because
therefore
if/then
since
so
in orderto
sigllaI
Cause
word
+,
effect
We wanted to sraywarm. so we httilt a fire.

Read each sentence. Then circle the answer with the most likely cause or effect.
1. Because they want to learn new skills,

adults
Juety
3. When rulnm~gel'l'andstMl's.,Eya'Xl$
always bcrughtgl'OceriesJ{lstbecathiie
she
..,
a school
visit
take courses at night or on

weekends
go on an extended
vacation
D hire a baby-sitter
2. The electrician
order to
turned off the power in
test the electrical system
check the light bulb
H be safe when making repairs
replace a lamp
disliked grocery shopping
needed to see how much money she

had left
wanted to do other things first
didn't want the food to spoil
.
4. When a cal' isbuUt/ a$1l$peI1s10nsyst~lll,
lsiitduded becatlsetIte designers want
F
the cartohave
a way
a safe, smooth ride
.~6support the tires
H the car to brake smoothly
passengers
to be safe
Practice
Read the passage. Then complete each statement with a stated or an implied effect.
tH<e,its relative the whale,rhe c;lQlpl'tiniSr\ota Jl$hh~ttamrul1rxia1. A dol1'l't1n is,

warm::blooded and feeds it$ Y9Ullgon the moth~rf$lJ1J1k, ItDl'eathes atl' thro~gha,
'~lowhol~n in the topo its head. 'th~ blowholeisHu: fb:st partoft.l1e dolphin to
theilnimal.t!se$. from the.

0011'h111$havetorpedo~$haped bodi~$ and smooth,
. . .skin, A str01ig taU
sends the d6lphincruIsiuglhroughehewateratspeed,sllP
to 25 ml1esan.hou!;
DolpllhlS oftenracewHh .boats,. 'I'heYlriaycqll'H~ .alo11gside and. the111'llshtomard.to
th~how. There fheyta.ke. theitplace ill irontof fheb6at, They may hold this 81'o.t for
several ~1it1tlte$1as if dadng the capta.into race.
.
bt'eak fl'l1'ollghthesttrface
1, Dol,plutls aremf~lttri.1als;as a res tIlt, they
A have <:Oil1piJttnd eyes, like hees.do

B lay eggsi as birds do
C have scales, like fish do
D bear live young, as seals do
2. Dolphins are mammals and breathe through a blowhole; therefore, they
F must come to the surface
G can stay underwater all the time
H also have gills
can cover'greater distances than whales
3. Because a dolphin's body is smooth .~~9.graceful, the dolphin can

A breathe air
B hide behind rocks
C swim fast
D feed its young
4. Since a dolphin's tail is strong, a dolphin is
F protected from its enemies
G a natural hunter
H able to break the surface of the water
J a powerful swimmer
164 Using Cause and Efrect
Apply
Write acau$e"and~effe<:t sentence for eachpa$sag~.Use one of the words
Or phrases itl the box asa signal of the cause-ancl;effect relationship,
because
since
therefore
in order to
so
if/then
AhrahaI))!Jn~~ln
.lIac!i\I;t.clpole.1tWisn't lltel&lthilf1Joaa 8Jender !:all and
ds
Iive$ mpon f,~~
lNed Intill' WWte Hous.,. fl'js "tadpole"~. Jns l!lg $01),
'P<QlnIIS. Clt)~d..!r 'i\'~
bab~ ki11t(flttJ0b~datJij"" and .
"He l?"l<slijw. tadpole/' t.in.oo1nStli!l.Fr"m that c{jlyO ,~ baby _l'lIlleiL
11l~ was"
na-
Sl,tOltOl tadpo~e. J;Iewas known by tharI\ametofhe,natibn.

Il
.~
l'~I.""hol!k.t" t;Uve,!>lte.:t_1m KeyWi'11'rotn there, in~ or In&ti>lIJ?s,

.."tter tQ llteir mor!! d,.!:vin$' $p"':ts, Tile P()"'c{etY$01lds I'f the .!'lmida ll)'S. are
S'lllTCH.!l1ded
a.nd
colol's. bYCIearwatr$.11te8ewat~:t'$al'efmed
withmarinelie
of malty kinds
rtJ'Ql> W-told ilJl!ta 1'-"11ild)."""lnhlil orh"" es,.l"'UWQt4d probably

"""c1l!dthMllt~
petsonllfui~en hllrl,<lt w"'~1'lin
~y;
<'!PIe have
ln
teiltS llt~W" all!lw lime, ~. "'l~.ke wash.d"""!l~tl.J!t and
luld
tll!(! 1.llJt\d~
by the !"",g~ds
dQe'1thecleanln!?i'
i$$osmall th~t.it C~Uldrail't i:neptwosmalItllbest'ha:t

eyesartd the:ttdown intOf:lle sinuses.
The ~
of l'!t!id.
~d
are locklted it1~he 001'11ers 'of the
3.
The fossil remains of clamshells from hundreds of millions of years ago provide
clues about the ancient seasof the earth. Fossll. or" the pre_d
remainsor wacesof
anclnlplMtsQt ~1!.Sc!O!l!l!;I$$.!u.;y
t!1<'p:\ cIos<:>ly;l!k~i:l~ctives studying
fingel',Prin.t$fto learnffiescl'et& they 110ld.
CheckUp
Read each statement. Then circle the answer with the cause or effect that
, completes each statement.
1. Because less than 50% of eligible voters

vote in elections,
A
more people should vote
13
fewer elections are needed
elections are not important
events
D a minority, not a majority, of people

decide outcomes
2. Information on the Internet comes from
many different sources; therefore,
people have fewer sources to choose

from
it presents many points of view
H Internet users get easily confused
fewer sources are needed
3. If you see someone yawn, then you are

likely to
A
conclude the person is ill
ask him or her to stop
yawn also
fall asleep
I t:'(r,
"L
4. Many people buy DVDs rather than rent

them because
they hate the hassle of having to

pick up and return DVDs
it is cheaper to own than rent
H they can view the DVD more than

once
they have more movies to choose

from if they buy
5. Contact lenses are sometimes chosen

over eyeglasses in order to
A
make cleaning easier
savemoney
improve vision and appearance
D change eye shape

6. I)tlringa
tornad%i'dinaty
objects
becon't diqadlymi.ssUe$; thel'eofe,

F
clothes sometimes end up in trees
the wind must be calm
the best shelter is underground
everything should be brought inside

before the storm
Apply
'l'hediCfionalY entl',Yfor aWOl'd gives all the definitions for the word. Sometimes you will
need to' read all of the definitl<!n$to find thE~one that makes sense in a particular sentence.
Read the definitions for each word. Then write the number of the
definition that makes sense for each sentence.
bones or other parts of the body

2 thepla~e on apl~ntl>tem,where a leafor branchg:l,'Ows 3 a crack; in
a rock 4 (slang) place or dwelling
joiilt (jomt).n.ljtitictiop.between
1. We saw bugs near the joints of the plants,

2. The doctor checked my joints during my exam.
3. The Joint on Highway 12 has great barbecue.
ntissio:n.(xni,sh'an) n. 1an a:$s~gnedtask 2 a vpyage of a n1.m~ary

craftorspaceci:aft 3a.g.roupcl,tpeople sent to rep:tsentan organization
4: aJ:rtin<!rchtui'chthat.isS4p}')ortedby a larger church
4. The mission was sent to South America to explain
our company's offer.
5. Our mission was to clean up the park.
6. We tracked the space mission on the Internet.
pool(pttl) n. 1 a place to swim 2 a puddl~ pl' IilJnallamoul'~tof liquid

oil, v. 4 to combine res:O'lt1'ces so that others can
3 wldergroUIld gasOl:
share
7. A pool of water was left on the counter,

8. We can pool our food for the hike.
9. I took swimming lessons at the community pool.
Using the Dictionary
99
Check Up
1.
Which words are in alphabetical order?

A beat} beet, beast, beagle
B
beef, beat, beagle, beast
beagle, beast, beat,
beet
D beagle} beast, beef, beat
5. Radthe dictionary ~ntrybelQw,Which

deinutioll l11akeE:!sens~ In Hmsenton<:c?
'1'/tebearn;treatcd 'Cl(lumtts(1!wthe hikers.
l'ctreat{ii tret'-} 1).1 move away froxn
danger;withdraw,tL.2with;lrawal. of
tropp,s 3 ped;od or quiet and l'cst4satJ
place .torpebpleartd ardmals
2. The guide words on a page in the

dictionary are mechanic and meddle,
Which word would not be found on the
page?
G
medal
H medic
A 1
B
6, Which word matches the

pronunciation (hed)?
medalist
.F
he'd
G heard
3. The guide words on a page in the

dictionary arc rel>et and resist . Which
word would not be found on the page?
H head
had
resettle
resolve
resign
l'he guide words onapag(J in the

dict!b110try. are g1itnnnd glory. Which
word w()'uldbe found QnI:hepage?
.D
resist
glue
glove
4. Which word matches the

pronunciation (nik'al)?
F
night
7.
C glide
D global
G 'nickel
H nick
niggle
Read On Read "Gold Fever." Answer the

questions that make use of the dictionary and
other reference sources.
100 Using the Dictionary
Using Indexes
The index of a book lists names, topics, and important terms that are mentioned in the
book. Entries are listed alphabetically. Each page' where an item appears is listed.
Sometimes a book has a lot of information about a topic. In that case, the index also lists
subentries.
Index
Accommodations
bed and breakfasts, 73-74
camping, 70-72
hotels, 75-76
map, 3-4
Airport, 35
Air travel, 52
Aquarium, 164
Avery Island, 235
Babysitters, 29
Baton Rouge, 151-152,245-246
Blues, 183-186
Boat tours, 121
Bridges, 288....,289
Bus tours, 130-131
Cajun Country, 160-173
food, 165-166
map.of,166
music, 171-173
Campgrounds, 70-72
Car 'rentals, 99-100
Children's activities, 214-220
Cooking lessons, 200-203
Use the index from this book about New Orleans to answer each question.
1. On what page would you find information about the aquarium?
2. If you are traveling with children, which two entries might be helpful?
3. Which two entries give information about camping?
4. What topic is discussed on page 121?
5. Which two entries give information about traveling by plane?
Using Jndex~s101
Practice
ton,
Index
.....................................
~
salvia (plant), 32
sassafras (tree), how to identify, 131
sea lettuce (plant) picture, 75
seasons
desert, 98, picture, 99
mountains, 102, picture, 103
northern forest, 95
woodland, 87, picture, 88
seaweed (plant), 207
,"' '''.'.Se:qttoifl;'(tree::)i';$,!J5i',~(Jifh"pieJure''';
silver fir (tree), 220, with picture
akimk rahbage (plant), 22, with picture
snap bean (p]ant),??, with pir:tu.rp.
, ,"""''''',.,'',
..,'',.,',."'''"..,.,
, ,.,.,..,',".,, ,""
Use the index about plants. Decide if each statement is true or false. If it
is fals~.\explail1 why.
1. Seaweed is a plant.
true
false
2. In this book, a picture of a silver fir tree, is found on page 22.
true
false
3. This book explains how to identify a sassafras tree.

true
false
4. You can find a picture of a northern forest on page 95,

true
false
5. Skunk cabbage is an insect.

true
102 Using Indexes
false
":
"
Apply
Some magazines give information in an index at the back. For example, this index lists
recipes that would be found in a food magazine.
Recipes
Soups
Flat Noodle, 83
Garlic Chive, 54
Mushroom and Herb, 22
Salads
Asparagus with Parmesan, 99
Cucumber and Walnut, 40
. Pepper and Tomato, 19
Spicy Chicken, 34
Warm Bean, 93
Vegetables
Green Beans with Chives, 24
Potato Cmr)'t37
Tomato with Cheese,28
Fish and Shellfish
Corn-fried Fish, 74
Salmon with Dill, 52
Scallops with Lime, 64
Shrimp and Salsa, 38
Use the index above to answer the following questions.
1. How many soup recipes appear in this issue?

2. Which recipe uses dill?
3. On wh~tpage would you find a recipe that

uses'pot~toeB?
4. Are there any recipes that use carrots? If there are,

:rttttW~thli.}m.
5. How many entries use chives?

6. Which recipe uses chicken? .
7. On what page would you find that chicken recipe?
8. Ate the1.'eal1Yrecipes that use tomatoes? Ifthere are,
nanlethpm.
9. In what order are the recipes listed in each category?
cneck Up
Index
1. Which entry does not have a picture?

A'Pear1 Harbor
13 Peru
C Leaning Tower of Pisa
G 215
D LibertyBell
H 110
2. On what page would you find a picture

of the Parthenon?
198
5. What would you find on page 110?

A information about pyramids
13 information about Peru
H 110
C picture of the Pearl Harbor

monument
163
3. Whafis a pyramid?
!
187
F 130
G 131
J
}
4. On what page would you find a picture

of the Liberty Dell?
A towel'
B bell
C tomb
D rock
.D picture of the Liberty Bell

6. On what page would you find
information about Plymouth Rock?
F 187
G 131
H 215
198
, ,
104 Using Indexes
Using Re
fence Sources
Reference sources give information or tell you where to find information.
Gatd,catalogs lreiouna. online Inall Ubrfll:ies.Acal'd catalog Jis{s (tvery book in the
library: Bpol<;sarelisted l1ndel'authoi', title/and .subJe?t A ca~lll'Ultlber tellsYQuwhere to

find the book :inthelibralY. Other infoanation about the book.isalsoprovidE!d.
NP
4332
.55
5harp,fUyssa, 1952
Shaping Up: Exercises' for Water Sports.
New York:Healthy Living Books, 1999
252 p: ill.
Includes bibliography and index.
ISBN 0-11-863410-5
1. Physical fitness 2. Exercise 3. Aquatic sports
r. Title
Use this information to answer the questions.
1. 'What is the title of the book?
j'
2. How many pages does the book have?
t,
'.~'.
3. 'What abbreviation tells that the book has illustrations?

",
'
'1.-
4. Who is the publisher of the book?
5. What other subjects refer to this book?
6. Why is the number on the left side of the card important?
Using Reference Sources 105
Practice
Glossary
atmosphere: the envelope of air that surrounds the earth, held by the pull of gravity
'barometer: an instrument that measures atmospheric pressure
blizzard: heavy snow accompanied by vyinds of at least 35 miles per hour
climate: the pattern of weather that a location experiences over a specificperiod
convergence: an accumulation of air caused by air moving into the area from (.liffel'en[
directions
Circle the answer to the following statements using the glossary above.
1. ThE' book that rontains this glossary is

about
A
astronomy
weather
C plants
2. A weather condition including snow is a
F blizzard
G cloud
H barometer
3. Suppose the author wants to add the
word condensation to the glossary.
It would follow
A climate
B cloud
C convergence
106
Using Rderenc~ Sources
4. One weather instrument is called a

F cloud
G convergence
H barometer
5. Which of these words might you find in
this glossary?
A soil
. B hurricane
Corbit
Apply
Read the paragraphs
Newspapetsare
inio.t'n1i1ttiol).
and answer the questions.
printed daily or weekly. They provide news, articles, ads, opinions, and other
Newspaper indexes are references that tell which newspapers printed articles on specific
subjects. The indexes give the publication date and page number for each article. The National
Ne'C()BtUlperIndc;c lists topic!)iromiive m~jor11eWspapers: the New' YOl'kTim(!s, the Christ/an
S4ienc(! Monitor" the Wall Street/btu'naII the Los Arigeles Time$la:xtdthe'WashrngtonPast. 1;lte index
lists only articles that have been printed in the last three years.
1. How often do newspapers usually come out? _-,_,_""__~~_""",,,.
2. What kinds of information can you find in newspapers? _._,,_,..,. __
3. Name a newspaper index. ,~
."""",.;".,..,..";,_"",,,_...,.__....,.__.
~
--,.--
--,.~ __
~ __
4. What are two newspapers whose articles are included in the National Newspaper Index?
f.
~1..
5. Would a 1990 newspaper article appear in the National Newspaper Index? Why or why not?
Magazines are printed weekly, monthly, or sometimes once every two or three months. Like
newspapers, they provide news, articles, ads, opinions/and other information .
. . Magazi;tleb.1dex:es listarticlesal:pha.b~iqal1y by subject and by author. The indexes give the
name of thema.gazi:ne:th~tprinted the ari;'icle,the publication date, and the page number. The
ReadersGuide to Periodical Literature is the best known magazine index. It lists articles, stories,
and poems that have been printed in over two hundred magazines.
6. Name a magazine index. __
............
~_~~_.
7. How are newspapers and magazines alike? ~..;._~~
---....
........,.;..
Check Up
-" ,"'~
w,L,,~~e-wll~t"~Gtt~~II"tll'bt;}ttt~f!t!e~%fWat!et<tat~t""ilt;1:SWer"Nia'JeH~~ijtie$t~~-,="'_'
Then circle each answer,
'
1. A card catalog includes
A
a short passage from a particular

book
the title of the book
5. If you were looking for a newspaper

article about the Summer Olympics, you
would look in
C the birth date of the author
A the newspaper's glossary

B a current magazine
D a published
review of the book
__
a newspaper index under "Olympics"
D the card catalog

2. You can find a book in the card catalog
by knowing the book's
G author
H year of publication
number of pages
3. Which term might be defined in the

glossary of a cookbook?
A
astronomy
cross stitch
Held goal
D marinate
4. Which term might be defined in the
glossary of a book about baseball?
inning
trumpet
6. If
would look in
F
all the magazines

library
on display at the
G today'sIocal newspaper
H a magazine index under "Schickel,
Richard"
the card catalog
7. If you are looking in the card catalog to

locate The Lullery Winner by Mary
Higgins Clark, you would look for
A
Mary
Clark
C Winner
U The
H Congress
harvest
, '
Read On Read "Gardening on the Edge,"

Answer the questions that make use of
reference sources.
108 Using Reference Sources
m" __
'.,-.~"-'%'-"
Using Forms
Throughout your life, you will have to fill out different types of forms. A form is a
document with blank spaces to be filled in, When you fill out a form, you provide
necessary information.
For example, if you want to apply Jar a library card, you may need to fill out a form
similar to the one below. Fill in the information that is asked for.
Number
__ ,
_;,_-~
ExpITes __ ~~
__
DO NOT WRITE ABOVE THIS LINE

I apply for the right to use the library and will abide by its rules. I will pay fines or
damages charged to me and give prompt notice of any change of address.
::
Sign Full Name __
"""""""
__
""'"'-'.,_...
Address
~~
Phone Number
Personal
Reference
Reference's
Address
~~~
__
__ ~ __ ~~~
_
~ __
Your Age
-.....
~_~
~
~-~
Occupation
~--.-
~,__,,~ __
~_.
____..
,"",""",""_"_ .
~~
~_
...,.,.,...
Parent's Signature
[Only if under 16 years of age]
Use the form to answer each question.
1. Did you fill in the blank beside the word number? Why or why not?
2. What did you
fill in for occupation?
3. Why do you think the library asks fora personal reference?
4. Name two other appropriate
personal references that you might list.
I J~ino Fnrm~ tno
Pra.ctice
Suppose you want to applyol'altcense 'ox yOUl' .g....eur c qgl
La1:>+a~~9J~
He W;;lS homon July 4,.2000/ and yotU veter1nadan is Dr. 1-1f:lIlry.
ac .
fill in the form with ~heappropriate Informatioh.
EXPIRES DECEMBER 31
License Issue Date!
Mailing Address:
Dog's Name: ~
Sex: .~_~~_~
~ __
Neuter/Spay
"""""""""""-_DOB:~
Breed: __
....-
Cert.
_
u.
_
__,.
Color: _....-
Veterinarian:
Animal Welfare Unit,
State House 33
City; State 00001
"'-_......<
~
_
RENEWAL FOR DOG LICENSING

IS BY JANl.TA'RY 1 OF EACH
DOG LICENSE YEAR. A LATE FEE IS APPLIED
AFTER JANUARY 31.

1. What does DOB stand for?
2. Suppose you apply for a license on January 15. Will you need to pay a late fee?
3. Why do you think the form asks for a veterinarian
to be listed?
4. Why do you think the form asks for the dog's sex} breed, and color?
<
, -~
Apply
You may need to fill out an order form if you want to order something by mail. Suppose
you want to order the following items from the Athletic Closet catalog and pay by check:
1 pair of running shorts, item #422,black, medium, $12.95
1 'l-shirt, item #423, black, medium, $9.95
, Fill in the form below.
Athletic Closet
1200 Corporate Circle
Tandem, FL 04422
1-800-000-1234
Ship to:
Nrune:~~~~
Address: _----
__
-=__~~
~~
__~
Item #
Payment
[ ] Check
[ ] Credit Card __ -
__ ------,-~,.__-
Subtotal:
Delivery:
1. If you ordered two pairs of shorts, what would the total price be?
2. What is the two-letter abbreviation for your state?
3, How did you find the ,total order amount?
4. Why do you think the company asks for your phone number?
$5.00
Check Up
Computel'
News
Send me a one-year subscription for $16.
Names
~~
Address: __ --'City: __ --,~~.,&,~~-,=~,,-.
I..-....
--;;-o
_~_~__
"""'_State:
----Zip: _-'-
[ ] Bill Me Later
[ ] Payment Enclosed
Please allow 6-8 weeks for your first issue. Foreign countries, $45.
1. What iii the name
~_"
.. "_~~_"~"_
. _.~
.. _.~.,,
,,__
~ ..~~ ... _ .. _.~---
the magazine?
2. How can you pay for the magazine?
3. When will you receive the first issue?
4. What is the price fur a one-year subscription in this country?
5. What is the price if you live in a foreign country?
11i Using Forms
-l
Consumer Materials
Suppose you want to sell something or buy something used. You might look in the
classified ads section of a newspaper. There you will find advertisements for all types .
~~.
The items are listed under general headings. The headings are in alphabetical order.
APPUANCES
Upright freezer, white, 15.1 eu ft.
$150. Call 555-1234.
. , Match each item that is for sale with the appropriate

Painting Services
Camping Supplies
Musical Instruments
Computers
Pets
1. Sea Queen 14 ft boat
2. apartment stove
3. old glass and china
4. 12-string guitar
5. .Interior painting services
6, Cocker spaniel puppies
7. saddles
8. stained. glass supplies
9. color printer
10. tent
Hobbies
Antiques
Horses and Equipment
Boats
Appliances
heading in the box.
Practice
use a
understand
to save space.
the ads.
1998 JEEP COWBOY

4 WD, AC, 5. spd. 40K mi.
$11,000 OBO. For info. call
555-1234
'
SPRINGFIELD APT.
2 bdrms, W /D hook-up,
$500/mo. Avail. Sept. Ist.
Refs. Required. 555-1234
Match the abbreviations with the words that they stand for. Write the
'letter of the meaning beside the abbreviation.
2. spd.
B 40,000 miles
3. OBO
C bedrooms
4. info.
D washer/dryer
5. bdrms
E wheel drive
6. W/D
F references
7. mo.
G air conditioning
8. avail.
H speed
9. refs.
_.. ... ="',"",.,.w .........

"'.....,.........
,....
10. 40Kmi.
I or best offer
apartment
11. AC
K available
12. apt.
L month
114 Consumer Materials
Apply
Carpentry
A;.lCarpenttY"':"P$1inJing, sIding,
ropfsidecks~Sen. cit. d.fsc.F~ee
est. Fine, available. Fully ins. Call

555",1234 afterfi P.M.
Household Help
Cleaning Crew will clean your house
or apt. Exc. refs. Bmg own sppls.
Avl. MWF 8-4. Whl or hlf day.
$80/$40. 555-1234 or leave msg.
look at the carpentry ad. Circle the correct answers.

1. What,workdoes
A-l C81pentry not do?
A siding
B porches
'C decks
2. Who receives a discount?

F students
G teachers
H senior citizens
B painting
C cleanup
3. What service is free?
A estimates
4. What service is available?

F car rentals
G financing
H remodeling
5, Which time is appropriate to call A-1 Carpentry?

A 5 A.M.
B 3 P.M.
C 7 P.M.
look at the household help ad. Circle the correct answers.

6. What does the ~lean.ing Crew not clean?
F office buildings
G apartments
H houses
7. What will they show to prospective clients?

A photographs
B bills
C references
8. On which day are they available to work?

F Monday
, G Tuesday
H Thursday
9. What do they bring with them to work?
A children
B supplies
C truck
10. 'What is the Cleaning Crew's hourly rate?

,F $20
G $10
H $12
CheckUp
Circle the
answer for each question,
1. Under which classified heading would

used stereo speak:rs belong?
A
Boats
long rooms
Music
living rooms
Appliances
large rooms
Computers
light rooms
2. Under which 'classified heading would a

sofa belong?
,
r
'.1',
r .
W'
5. What does Ig. 1'1118. in an ad for an

apartment. probably mean?
Sports Equipment
II Pets
Appliances
3. Under which classified heading would a
dnB belong?
A jewelry
B
Appliances
Clothing
Books
6. What does
$400/mo. with util. mean?'
Utilities are not included in the rent,
The rent is $400 .a year,
The rent is $400 a week.
7. What does
gd. condo probably mean?
grand condition
air conditioned
goodcondo
good condition
8. What information
an ad?
4.. How arc the classified headings listed?
is most necessary in
date
seller's name
G by phuHe number
seller's address.
alphabetically
seller's phone number
by date
by number
.~.
t.'
116 Consumer
Materials
More Consumer Materials,
Part-time and.tulbtime jobs are listed in the newspaper want ads.

TIle ads use abhrevlatiQns.
COOKS needed immed. for small
restaurant.
PIT morn. and eve. $7.50/hr, 20 hrs a wk.
~~ll.'ecl.Will ttairttheright person.
Res'Ul:ll~SQnly: .
Maria 'SWanson, 1'.0.130><490, .
Any Town, TN 38621 BOB
Match the abbreviations with the words they stand for. Write the Jetter of
the rneanlng beside the abbreviation. ~
1. PIT
A morning
2. morn.
B hour
3. eve.
C experience
4. hr
D Post Office
5. exp.
E package
6. P.O.
F week
7. wk.
G evening
B. TN
H part-time
9. BOB
10. pkg.
-,-
Equal Opportunity Employer
Tennessee
More Consumer Materials 117
Practice
A resume is a summaryof a person's education and work experience. People send their,
resumes to potential employers when they are looking for a job.
Resume
Laurie Paxton
1210 Earl Drive
Newton, WI 88402
Phone: 555-1234
Education:
Present
HighSchool
Work
College
Baxter High School
Newton, WI
Honor Student, Yearbook Editor
Expedence:
2002-2003
Newton Daily News
2003
Fancy Florist
Worked part-time after school as
administrative assistant
Worked during the summer as a cashier
Use the resume to answer the following questions.

1. How could an employer reach Laurie?
2. Laurie wants to apply for a part-time job as a writer. How does her
background help?
3. Some employeesaskfor
references-c-people who know your strengths and weaknesses.
Who might Laurie ask to be a referencefor the job as a writer?
4; How many different places hasLaurie
118 More Consumer Materials
worked?
Apply
Read the following ad. Then answer the questions.
DENTAL ASSISTANT
New dental practice seeks licensed assistant. FIT
8-4, 'Iues--Sat. Med., De1).taLand Pd. Vacation.
Looking for person with high standards and
sense of humor. Comp. salary.
Send resume to: Dr. Higgins, 19 Oak Street,
Sycamore, NH 83025 EOB
1. What position is being advertised?
4. Which days is the office open?
5. How can you contact Dr. Higgins?
6. From reading the ad, what do you know about Dr. Higgins?
7. What might be the positive aspects of this job?
8. What might be the negative aspects of this job?
Check Up
.Nrume:.~
--~~~~----~~-------------
Address: _......_._"-
__
Phone Number:
Reference:
__"..'-'-~~~
~ __
__ ---------_;,.""".
~___"_~~
Circle Last Grade of School Completed:
10
11
12
Hours Available:
.8
Afternoon:
Evening:
Circle the answer for'
question,
1. What does FIT mean?.

A
fully
full-time
4. What is included on a resume?
:-"
education
weight
H parent's names
C part-time
D for today
2. Which of the following is
benefit?
an employee
religion
5. Whnt education is hot Included on a

resume?
salary
high school
G insurance
college
EOB
weekends off
C technical school
D elementary school
3. What does
A
extra
exit
expo
stand for?
C exepu:tive
D
experience
Read On Read "Food for AIL" Answer the
questions about consumer materials.
12.0 More Consumer Materials
Review
A bat graph ShC)'VVtLil'tfor.ti:lafiOllvlsua,Uy.

A linegl'aph shows change that happens over
thne. A circle gl'aphshQws: parts i1't relation to a whole.
Maps
Maps show
where plac~s are located. The scaleshowslhe
distance between places. The
key~xplairlswbat theSY1l1bolson the map mean. Coordinates describe a location.

v.
Dictionary
Word$111 f,l..dictionarya;re ar:t"angedill alphaJ;,etical order.l~ach en!l'yg;ivesthe
pronunciation and definil:lpn ofth~ wt'll'd. Itliilso gives the part ofsp~ech/.different
spellings, and history ?f the word.
.
mag net (mag" nit), n. 1 piece of metal ()l'ore thatatfl'acfs !ron or
steel: A lotiestone is a natural magnet. 2.anylfting that af:tracts: The
state park is a magnet for outdoor enthusiasts.
Index
The index is located at the back of a hoo.k XtIists topics covered in the book and gives the
page number where each topic is disC1:1$Sed.
Lincoln, Abraham
Administration
Election of 1864,431-432
Emancipation Proclamation, 428
Assassination, 433
Congressman, 426
Reference Sources
A card catal()gJs~~~fer~nce$ourcefound inHbral'.ies.ltis tlsuaJ1yaccessed by computer.
It lists books by at1thor(Bn~ll1e,tilrleor theboOl<rand,subJeddr the. bo615 .It tells you where
in the libraryapol&: CI:l:t'\beJound Iilltd gives othei' in!ormationaboutthe book.
t.
Forms
Formsask:forirtfo.trltation. You cQ;Il').pleteformsfcn'many different reasons such as
obtttln:!.ng a librul'ycara or applying for a dQgIic~nse.
Consumer Materials
Classified ads provide consumers with infol'nla.tion about buying or selling items.
Help-wanted ads provide information about jpps.
.
Assessment
Circle the answer to each question.
Formats of Radio Stations
in the United States
Number
of
Stations
800
700
600
500
Mf\!fI~Inri!i8WJ;lJ:iiilnftafltrlllltUl1L
400
. +-
Newill OldlefiRock Spanish

Talk
Format
Source: M Street
Gas
Oldies
B News/Talk
C Spanish
D Rock
2. Which format is played more than
Rock and less than Adult Hits?
F
News/Talk
G Spanish
H Oldies
Religion
122 Assessmen t
.... VehIcle ManUfaeture

Major Towns
Hits
1. Which format is played by the greatest

number of stations?
A
AsrClsn",,,,,
3. What are the two major industries

Little Rock, Arkansas?
A
gas and aerospace
engineering
vehicle manufacture
'D
finance and mining
and food processing

awl aeruspatt:J
4. Which of the following cities is a

financial center in Kansas?
.F
Topeka
G Wichita
H St. Louis
in
Oklahoma City
Assessment
continued
5. Which words are in alphabetical order?"

A father, fasten, farewell, fashion
B raccQon,raffle,radius,random
C page, pail, pajamas, panel
D hook, hop, hoop, hope
6, If the guide words on aclicf:ionalY'p.age
are material and matur.it!kwhJ.ch word

would not be found on the page?
F matter
Index
Caffeine, 126, 228
Circulation, 36,66,120
Coughing reflex, 200 .
8. TQWhi~page would you turn to read

a.bolltdiabetes?
F
H 216
H matrix
matinee
126
G 200
G maximum
Defibrillator, 266
Diabetes, 216
Diet, 315, 356
315
9. Whetewould you add an entry for
calcium?
'7. Which word matches the
A between Caffeine and Circulation

B before Caffeine
pronunciation (po'shan)?
A position
B poison
Cbetween
reflex
C pottery
Circulation and Coughing
D after Coughing reflex
D potion
10. If you wanted to learn about the causes

of coughing, where would you look in
the text?
F page36
G page266
H page200
)
page 356

~
~i:,
Assessment
continued
11. Which of the following information

not found in a card catalog?
A title of the book
is
14. You would, include all of the following

information on a mail-order form
except
B author of the book
F shipping and handling fees
C publisher
G number of-items
D price of the book
H date of birth
12. Which term would not be defined in

the glossary of a book about football?
F
touchdown
size
15. In a classified ad, OBO probably stands

for
A October availability
H pass
J
ts,
e0411ie
Which of the following information

would not be asked for on an
application for a magazine
subscription?
A
address
term of the subscription
C payment option
D savings account number
124 Assessment
desired
only best one
J)
only brand names
16. When do you submit a resume?

F when applying for a credit card
G when ordering
mail
an item through the
H when applying for a job
when ordering a magazine
Recognizing Fact a
Opinio~
A fact is a statelnt}ltt11,1atcan be tested and proved. George Wa$t#ngrotl was the first
Presidlmt of tht!tUnited States. This statement is~:fac:t. It can bepl'oved.
Anopltdon tellshQw ;;t person thinks I:)ree~$about something. Opinions cannct.be
proved, George, ,Washington !pttJ) tb~ ~)'~t1te$teresiClerlt.This statemsnt isal1op,inion. S?~"l(~
~\{ords s1.'1Jzha:$Jt$eemJ>, Hhmk,greatest,ti!rftble, should, and wonderful may signal opmlOns.
Read each statement. Write fact or opinion. Circle any word that signals
an opinion.
1. Yesterday was a lovely day.

2. The plot. oHhe newcltildrenl~Jnovie
cuddly mouse children willad()re.
centers around a
3. Ansel Adams was famousfor his photographs of the

American Southwest.
4. The Statue of Liberty is located on an island.
5. In the 1830s, San Francisco was a small village of about
800 people.
6. Everyone should vote because it is important to the country.
7. Statistics can be both impressive and misleading.
8. I love snowy days.
9. It would cost more to repair the fire station than to replace it.
10. More Americans died at the Battle of Gettysburg than in any
other battle in American history.
11. Wonderful views of the city can be seen from the
Washington Monument.
12. Without question, computers make all writing and organizing
tasks easier.
13. Ranchers often graze cattle on public land.
14. The castles of Spain are the most unique of all the
European castles.
Recognizing Fact and Opinion
1"
Practice
If a passage c:ontZiinsan opinion, underline the opinion. If the passage
contains only facts, circle the passage.
1.
Faults,
01'
cracks, in the earth's surface can run through land and under the ocean.
Undersea faults can create powerful ocean waves. SOl:);tepeoplecall these tidalwaves. They
shouldn't use 'thisterm, however, because the waves have nothing ttl dd with tide!?
Scientists use the Japanese word tsunami, which means "harbor wave," as the term for a
huge wave created by the movement of undersea faults.
2.
Monfi<;elloin Virginia was Thomas Jefferson's home. He designed the house himself,
basing it on classical architecture. After all, classical architecture is the best model of
harmony and proportion. The Temple of Vesta in Rome inspired the columned porticos
Jefferson used at Monticello.
3.
Authors such as Charles Dickens protested child labor conditions in British factories,
Unregulated child labor existed in British factories until the middle of the 19th century. The
Factory Act of 1847 limited a child's workday in textile mills to 10 hours.
4.
There is a new kind of addiction. The addiction is to computers. Some people can't
se.elU.topull theml!!elvesaway from the cQmpLtrer.T.hey can sit in6:ont of the l,TIaclune for
five hours, and Itn1ay seem to them Iike fiVe minl.ltes. One sign oladdiction to the
computer is that a person sneaks around to use one-just
5.
likeother addicts.
For some European settlers, hearing Native American words was an educational
experience. They learned new words for rivers, animals, plants, and mountains. Settlers in
cities and villages were wise to name their settlements using the beautiful Native American
words.
6.
George Of well is the :name used by at!thor Eric Arthur Blair. One ofh'tstamous
novels,
Animal Parm, is (tsatiie oi$f&1ipisl:il. This novel is his best. He also wrote lSJ84, a .uovel that
contains the well-known warning "Big Brother is watching you."
194 Recognizing Fact and Opinion
<
Apply
Read each topic. Write one fact and one opinion about the topic.
sport
, 1. Fact __ ~~
~~~
~~~~
__
movie
4.
food
5. Fact.__ ~~~~
~~
6. Opinion -"-
~~
__
......,_,_
......
season
president
9. Fact
....._
__ ~
___
,~
Check Up
Circle the answer that shows whether the statement is a -taa or an opinion.
1.
Gwendolyn
Brooks, an African-
6.
A fact
Perhaps the world's most famous

and most beautiful example of a coral
reef is the Great Barrier Reef in
Australia.
B opinion
Amedcliln poet, grew up on the South
side or Chicago.
The Florida panther is a beautiful

and critically endangered lluunUlal
whoseolllyhqpe
ofsUJ.'viva:l faa
captive breeding program.
2.
G opinion
7.
fact
B .opinion
Traditional Chinese medicine is an

tUlclentsdence;urifortlmatelYlmany
Wester.nel's are tUlfa:miIiar with. it.
A fact
8.
B opinion
4.
on
fact
OVElf.populatiqn is one problem that

anir1J2xe(!~ingnUlnber of natiqn$ will
$l.u:elyface unless drastic measures are
taken.uow.
A
fact
opinion
196 Recognizing Fact and Opinion
fact
G opinion
G opinion
5.
Although Eleanor Roosevelt was

the wife 9f'fJl'anklin Delano Roosevelt,
she becail1efamous far her own
achievements.
F
'Ibday's CD~ROMtechnology
per.mits whole libraries to be.stored
a single disk, thus allowing rapid
access toinfarmation.
Airbags, which inflate

automatJ,cally during an accident, can
only be used once,
A fact
G opinion
3.
fact
The LibraryofCollgress,.the
9.
wqrld1s
...
"..Hb:t'Al'Yihdlds milliqns
of ItelXtS an hasexl:tihitiqn area:stbat

display items of historical
A fact
B
significance.
opinion
1 0.t&()nard()d~l
Vil'lcifspainflngo1'the
~11.ystedous, MOlla Lisa .is his best WQtl<.
Freet
Gopinkll1
Identifying'Fact and
A fact is a staterru;llt that telIss9l'l'tet:hitlgth#t cClllbepl'oved.

An opinion expressesjuqgxnellts,teeli11gst 01'beliefs1 r\91leor
which canbeprqveci, SOlneopirtions are bftseCion$tlotton
o~bias .WOl'dssuch as wOl~d(?Jtul,best,QYstIfy signal this ki,nd
oroplnioli. All opil1iol1thatis supported by SOll'H:~I;wtdence
is c~lecla vt'llid opinion,
Read the foHowing passages. Then write fact or
each opinion, write biased or valid.
opinion
. .
on the line. For
1.
Many people think the Victorians lived bya rigid moral code. Books about the period
show that this was only partly true.
2.
The'p0lal' bear can:ri~hfIy'be.cal1ed the King of the North. Polar beUl:s are the largest
land predators in the NOl'th. S()a ,glXivvll polar bear fears no othex aUb-nal.
3.
The cowhand of the Old West had borrowed many ideas from the Mexican vaquero. The
Texas saddle, however, with a pommel for the rider's lariat, was a vast improvement over
Mexican saddle design,
4.
DUring the last ten seconds, your brain absorbed ten million bits of data. You will
forget most of this information immediately, but you may remember some of it all your life.
5.
'rhel'eis aSirl1ple way to reduce gai'bage in Ia11dBUs,.Few .people realize 'that 40 percent
of lalldfUls are uUlde up oipaE'er. Recycling.paper can help a 10ta~ldis a simple process.
6.:rIo~lg'I<O~lg
is a city of COtltra$ts.Anciellt and modern architecture exist side by side.
Interestit).g Chinese junks andlLll1lberingJcl'l.'ies sail the harbor,
Identitvinq Fact and Onininn 101
Practice
These statements
1.
2.
3.
4.
are opinions. Rewrite them so they express only facts.
Cole Porter, the mostfamotls Amgt'ican sorl,gwrlt.e:tiwas so depressed by the failure of

his first nutslcal that hefoo~i$hly joined. the Forru,gnLEl,gion.,
Historians have been unable to verify the sil~ybtlt populal'leget:ld that Betsy Ross made
the first flag at the request of a special COll'unittM that inlUclE!.d th~l)1'i11iantgeneral,
George Washington.
Everyone has heard of the Baseball Hall of Fame, which is located in Cooperstown,
New York. Inthe 1970s,1:\IOl).goverdue special committee was set up to consider admitting
players fl'omthe Negro Leagt1.es,
Marian Anderso~ was a famous African-American singer of her day. Her most famous
and most brilliantly performed concert took place in front of the Lincoln Memorial.
198 Identifying Fact and Opinion
Apply
Read each topic. Write a fact and an opinion about the topic.
song
1. Fact
~~~~
~ __ ~~
~----
__ ~--
__
vacation
3. Fact _~
~ __ ~~
~~
__
car
job
7. Fact --~~--~---~---------~--~-------~--~
__
--c--------
___
dog
9. Fact
~~
~~
~ __ ------------
__
Identifying Fact and 0Dinion ",
Check Up
Circle the answer that shows whether the statement is a fact or an opinion.
1.
At onetime, George Washington

Carver was the only agricultural
chemist interested in the peanut.
6.
There is no better book about two

generations of women than Amy Tan's
The Joy Luck Club.
F
fact
G opinion
A fact
B opinion
2.
AWMle podia a WOl:lde~'ful

SUppOl'tsy~t~i in which wl'tale family
lnt;;nlbe~scare fOfOne?}llot1:tex:.
F
7.
A fact
B opinion
fact
G opinion
3.
Workirt$ from borne using
8.
conip:tlter~~nd otherelectronlc
eCluipment ls.theid~a1 ..'V\rayto work.
4.
9,
You will find the markets of Cairo,

Egypt, attntctivb~cause of the strange
wal'eS that ate offered.
A fact
B opinion
San Francisco was originally

founded by the Spanish as Yerba Buena
in 1776.
fact
B opinion
fact
G opinion
5.
fact
G opinion
opinion
Sir Arthur Conan Doyle wrote 56

stories about the fictional detective
Sherlock Holmes.
One of the sights that should not be

missed on any trip to England is
Stonehenge.
A fact
B
The rhyming books by Theodor

Seuss Geisel, known as Dr. Seuss, are
favorites of many young children.
10.
Freedom of speech and our other

most cherished civl1liberties are
guaranteed inthe Bill of Rights of the
Constitution.
F fact
G opinion
Read On As you read "Tr~ppedby Fear,"

identify facts and opinions. Then answer the
questions.
ds
Borrowed
English is. a richlangtJage because it has borrowed words r.coutSo many

oflie.rlal1.guages. Use a di.ctiQnary to find out where a werd.eemeafrom.
Many di(:tionaries give a word's origin ill the entry for
the word,
doc tor (dok" tar) [Latin docere to teach] a person who is
licensed to practice any of various branches of medicine
Read each, word origin. On the line, write the letter

origin is being described.
A
B
1.
tornado
shampoo
--
C cargo
D vote
H cookie
I robot
lid
adultus, meaning "to grow up"
Latin
Dutch
koekje, meaning "little cake"
3.
Czech
robota, meaning "compulsory
4.
Greek
gramma, meaning "letter"
5.
Hindi
chiimpo, meaning "massage".
6. ~~
Spanish
7.
Old English hlid, meaning"
8.
French
9.
Spanish
Latin
G grammar
adult
camouflage
2.
10.
of the word whose
labor"
ironado, meaning "thunderstorm"

covering"
camoufler, meaning "to disguise"

cargar, mearung"to
votum, meaning
load"
lito vow"
Borrowed Words
a,.
usins Graphs
Gt'aphs are used to show information.
They make it easier to compare data.
A b1'l!graph 'ttsesbaxsancla grid toahow data. The title explains what the g~t:(lphisabbttt.
The Male .$Qw~h"'"Ihgi)1Orttll;i:k>nis being measured. The graph below dlDlplll'lli the
weekly salaries Qf.full-itm.e women workers in 1997.
.weekly Earnings of Full- Time Women Workers (1991)
Weekly
Salary
'TYpes of Jobs
Source: i9~9 Time Almanao
use the graph to answer the questions.
2. Which type of job pays the lowest salary?
3. Which type of job pays about $400 a week?
4. Abotit how much more per week does a manager earn than a salesperson?
5. About how much less per week does a woman who farms earn than a woman
who
drives
a truck?
Using Grdphs 89
Practice
A line graph can show changes that happen over time.
Number of Customers at Sisters' Salsa Cafe
Number
of
Customers
30
r--~~~~~~~-----____'r---~.
Time
Use the line graph to answer the questions.

1. At what time were the most people in Sisters' Salsa cafe?
2. At what times were the fewest people in the cafe?
3. At what time were 50 people in the cafe?
4. At what times were the same number
of people in the 'cafe?
5, What is the difference between the greatest and the least numbers of customers?
90 Using Graphs
Apply
A circle graph shows parts in relation to a whole. All of the parts together
must equal 100%.
Energy Sources in the U.S.
NUclear
8%
Source, Information from World Book Encyoopedla.199S
Use the circle graph to answer the questions.
1. What percentage of energy is supplied by natural gas?
2. What percentage of energy is supplied hy nuclear power?
3. Is more energy supplied by coal or natural gas?
4. Which source provides the least amount of energy?
5. Which source provides the greatest amount of energy?
Check Up
Circle the answer for each question,
Tallest Buildings in the World
Where the U.S. Government

Spends Money (1997)
80
Number 70
of
60
storl
50
ones 40
Towers
Source: 2000 World Almanao
1. Which of the buildings Iisted below has

the most stories?
A Petronas
B
Sears Tower
C Empire State
D Central Plaza
2. Which of the buildings listed below has
the fewest stories?

F
Empire State
Central Plaza
H Sears Tower
Petronas Towers
3. Which building has the same number of
stories as Petronas Towers?

A
Empire State
Central Plaza
C JinMao
D Sears Tower
92 Using qraphs
Source: TIme Almanao,1999
4. Where does the U.S. spend most of its
money?
F Interest on debt
G
Social Security
H Health
Military
5. Order the areas of spending t:om least
to greatest.
A
Social Security, Military, Interest,

Health
Health, Interest, Military, Social

Security
Interest, Health, Military, Social

Security
D Military, Health, Interest, Social
Security
ading
A map is a picture that shows where places are located. Maps are drawn to scale to
show the distance between places or buildings. Below is a map showing part of
San Diego, California.
N
W-$-E
S
Use the map above to answer the questions.

1. The Civic Theatre is located at what intersection?
2. You are at the Law Library. You walk to the Chamber Building. How many blocks
have you walked?
3. You are on Third Avenue at C Street. You walk west for two blocks. What street
do you come to?
4. On what street do trolleys travel?
5. On what street is the Performing Center?
Reading Maps 93
Practlce
The map key explains what the 'symbols on the map mean. On this map, coordinates
pinpoint locations. For example, the bus station is located at B4.
Key
Subway
Town of Waterville
Library
B
Aquarium
. City Hall
School
D
Hospital
E
Park
4
Bus Station
Use the map to answer the questions.
1. What does the symbol
2. What does the symbol
3. What is located. at C4?

4. What is located at A3?
5. What is located at D2?
6. What coordinates name the location of the park?
7. What coordinates name the location of the subway?
8. What coordinates name the location of-the school?
94 Reading Maps
,I
Apply
.f.
A,irport
--
Country Road
~
5
.. Highway
Use the map to answer the questions.

1. On what road is Midville located?
2. About how far is Pittsfield frornTown Hill?
3. You drive from. Griggsville to Watel'town.
What direction are you traveling?
4. On what highway is the airport located?
5. What coordinates
name the location of Little Trout Lake?
Reading Maps 95
.. :
Check Up
Use the map. Circle the answer for each question.
W-$-E
S
o~............J 1
miles
Key
.,fI' Moose
-
MajorRoad
"'--""' Paved Road
1. About how far is Bear Mountain from

Wolf Mountain?
A
1 mile
4 miles
6 miles
D 8 miles
2. You are hiking from David Pond to Lily
Pond. What direction are you traveling?
F north
G
south
east
west
4. About how long is Long Pond?

F 2 miles
G
3 miles
6 miles
10 miles
5. Which is a good place to look for

moose?
A
Lily Pond
Bear Mountain
Mt. View Pond
Snowy Mountain
3. You are driving from Mt. View Pond to

Snowy Mountain. What will the road be
like?
A 'interstate
B
paved
major road
D unpaved
Read On Read "The Bermuda Triangle."

Answer the questions about the graphic
information.
96 Reading Maps
Using the .D
<-
onary
A dictionary gives the pronunciation and definition of words. It also gives their parts of
speech, different spellings, and histories.
Words in the dictionary
are arranged in alphabetical
To Jist words in alphabetical order,

look at the first letter in each word.
List the words according to the
order of the alphabet.
order.
If the first letters are

the same, look at the
second or third letter.
bet
aollar
Write each group of words in alphabetical order.

1. elephant, ant, horse
2. pencil, paper, pepper
Guide words help you find words in the dictionary. They are printed at the top of each
dictionary page. They show the first word on the page and the last word on the page.
Write each word in the box under the guIde words for the dictionary page
where the word belongs. (You will not use every word.)
cellar
lapel
cemetery
cellophane
3.
cell
cement
cello
lamp
convent
convention
4. lap
lapse
convene
Celtic
larch
lard
convenient
constant
lapdog
lanky
5. control
conve~ge
~-._1:1-
Using the Dictionary 97
The Canine Heroes of 9~11

By Joyce Furstenau
Caption: A tired search dog finds time to rest as rescue efforts at the World
Trade Center in New York City continue just a few feet away.
2 . There were many heroes who worked to search for survivors of 9-11. One
groUp of re$cLl~ workerswsst1ot firefighters, miUta!y,orlaw enforcement
personnel, They. ditl not wear protective l:;ear over fhelr faoes.TIley were paid little
more for theIr efforts than a paton the head, a.litue pralseJand agood meal. This
amazing group of volunteers was the search-and-rescue canines. The SARC's are
dogs of different breeds and aqesthat have been trained to perform as searchand-rescue canines.
.
In the days following the terrorist attacks of 9-11, rescuers frantically worked to
locate as many survivors in the rubble as humanly possible. Some oflhe finest SAR dogsinJhe .
nation were dispatched to search the still srnolderlnq debris. More than three hundred and fifty dogs
were involved in the search and rescue efforts at the World Trade Center.
3
Ith~Sfjeens.aldthiswas
the fargestgroUp of search dogseveruseq ina searh ..and~rescue
operation in the history oftheUnitedStaies. Many were sent ,by different ag~nclesof thego\farhment
Some came with tnElirowners as volunteers from acress th$couritry. TheseSARdogs and their .
handlers searched through the rubble around the clock for weeks.
<4
Jake, ablack Labrador, was one of the. SAR dogs brought in by owner Mary Flood. She and Jake
came from Utah to help with the rescue. Jake and Mary worked for days on end at the site, sniffing
through the rubble for any sign of survivors.
5
Jakehaa peen abandoned asa puppy and left on the street. He had a dislocated hip and a
broken leg when he was found. MaryFlooqadopted him and,against all odds, he became a worldclass rescu~ dog. Marytralne.d Jake to beCOme a government-certified rescue dog. She and Jake
were on24~hour call to help with any l1atiol1wldedisasters such as earthquakes, hurricanes,
av~lanhe$Jorbullding oollapses.
I)
7
Mary Flood was a member ofUtah Task Force 1, which was one of eight federal search and
rsscueteams at Ground Zero searching for survivors. The day Jake and Mary arrived, they were
esc9rted to a fancy New York restaurant where they were treated to a fancy steak dinner. Jake ate his
steak from a plate under the table.
S
Jake also helped with the rescue of survivors of hurricane Katrina in Mississippi. Mary drove for
thirty hours from herhemafn OakleyrUtah,lo bring Jake to help with the search and rescue
operations. Theysearcned through the rubble offloodedhomes in search ofsutvfvors of Hurricane
Kettrina. SadlyfJake dfedln Julyof2007afier
a battle with cancer.
There are many dogs like Jake who have saved countless lives using their extraordinary sense of
smell to IOCl!ltesurvlvors~fter a catastrophe. Four dog soulpture~ have pt:)eriinstalled at the New York
offioesofJ.P Morganand Oompany honoring the Canine Searoh and Rescue teams who were caIled
to servefoUowing the attacks on September 11, Not aU hsross are numans,
9
e :
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9/13/2016
Name
www.edhelperblog.com/cgl-blr1lVspec.cgl
__
Date
The Canjl1eHeroes of 9~11

, 1. What does SARe stand for?
00 Search and rescue cops
@ Search and retrieve cats
Search and rescue canines
C1D$earch and' retrieve collars
3. What was special about this search and
.rescue 'operation?
'
,
CA)1t took longerthan any other rescue in
history.
@ It used the biggest dogs in U.S. history.
2.: How many doqswere involved ln the 'search

and rescue mission of 9-11?' '
CF;) Fifty
Three hundred fifty
Two hundred fifty
@ One hundred fifty
4. What kind of dog was Jake?
Q;;;; A'basset hound
aD
aDA
""'"'''''_'''''''''
~lnvas'lhErrargestorTfs'krrl(rri;-O;s':""~'~""-"'"
Labrador retriever
@ A collie
,,,'w
history.
(Jt:.lltused
Apoodle
,,'''_.'''','_'''''''~,
,_''~_'',',
.. ,
,_,
,."',M,'''""
' _"",_,_
both dogs and cats.
5. What was Jake given upon arriving in New
York City?
Ci;) A steak dinner
ClD A feather bed
. A bouquet of flowers
C1D A doggie treat
http://www.edhelperblog.com/cgl-binlvspec.cgl
6. What otherdlsasterdld
Jake help out with?

c:DThe Guatemala earthquake
.aD The Jamestown flood
<:::.It> The Titanic
QD Hurricane Katrina
218

VY VV
The Canine
By Joyce Furstenau
VVofJ\:lU.U!!'
Heroesot 91>011
member
rescuers
nation
odds
federal
became
, history
become
Directions:
"'''V'''''pt:I'IJIU\-j.UUIIIIU!:)I"1J1l
military ,
battle
world-class
government-certified
humanly
smoldering
country
terrorist
Fill in each blank with the word that best completes.the reading comprehension. ,
Caption: A tired search dogfinds time to rest as rescue efforts at the World Trade Center
in New York City conttnuefustafew feet away.
There were many heroes who worked to search for survivors of 9-11. One group of
rescue workers was not firefighters, (1) ,",
, or law enforcement
personnel. They did not wear protective gear over their faces. They were paid little more for
their efforts than a pat on the head, a little praise, and a good meal. This amazing group of
volunteers was the search-and-rescue canines. The SARC's are dogs of different breeds and
ages that have been trained to perform as search-and-rescue canines.
In the days following the (2)
attacks of9-11,
(3)
(4)
frantically worked to locate as many survivors in the rubble as

possible. Some of the finest SAR dogs in the
(5)
were dispatched to search the still (6) ";;_'
___;.
.............
___;.___;.
.............
___;.___;.~ debris.
More than three hundred and fifty dogs were involved in the search and rescue efforts at the World Trade Center.
It has been said this was thelargest group of search dogs ever used in a search-and-rescue operation in the
(7)
of the United States. Many were sent by different agencies of the government.
Some came with their owners as volunteers from across the (8)
These SAR dogs
and their handlers searched through the rubble around the clock for weeks.
!
Jake, a black Labrador, was one of the SAR dogs brought in by owner Mary Flood. She and Jake came from
Utah to help with the rescue. Jake and Mary worked for days on end at the site, sniffing through the rubble for
any sign of survivors.
Jake had been abandoned as a puppy and left on the street. He had a dislocated hip and a broken leg when he
was found. Mary Flood adopted him and, against all (9)
, he
(10)
a (11)
rescue dog. Mary trained Jake to
(12)
a (13)
rescue dog. She and Jake were on 24hour call to help with any nationwide disasters such as earthquakes, hurricanes, avalanches, or building
collapses.
Mary Flood was a (14)
http://www.edhelperblog.com/cgl-blnlvspec.cgl
of Utah Task Force 1, which was one of eight

3/8

!:JI
I "1;l.U
IU
www.eunelperolog.com/cgl-Dlrvvspec.cgl
(15)
search and rescue teams at Ground Zero searching for survivors. The day
Jake and Mary arrived, they were escorted to a fancy New York restaurant where they were treated to a fancy
steak dinner, Jake ate his steak from a plate under the table.
Jake also helped with the rescue of survivors of hurricane Katrina ill Mississippi. Mary drove for thirty hours
through the rubble of'flooded homes in search of survivors of Hurricane Katrina. Sadly, Jake <liedin July of
2007 after a (16)
with cancer.
There aremany
like Jake who have saved countless lives using their extraordinary sense of smell to
locate survivors after a catastrophe. Four dog sculptures have been installed at the New York offices of ~.P.
Morgan and Company honoring the Canine Search and Rescue teams who were called to serve following the
attacks on September 11. Not all heroesare humans.
Copyright 2016 edllelper
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4/8
::J/I"''<:UIO
Name

www.edhelperbiog.com/cgl-blnlvspeo.cgi
~----~------~--~
Date
-""ti(K'-eY"?"l
~~Au-sw-er=ID"'T."# 0="9=62=91)'
Fi~d each of the following words.

NATIONWIDE
RESCUERS
MILITARY
CANCER
SMOLDERING
COUNTRY
BECOME
OPERATION
ODDS
HISTORY
CANCER
CAPTION
FINEST
I:roMANLY
PRAISlS
WORLD ..CLASS
PTIISSALC-DLRAWYRATELIMAAA
ISO
- T N SM 0 L D E R
.T E 0 D Z Z E N O. R C A P
T N D R D C 0 A C C Y R I
A I B I A E N L L R R I E
T F R E WM
TNBB
N E
I N G C B 0 C N L OF
T
ON
C N S R D 0 T NC
S N NA
0 U S
R D 0 H H S H
A N C I R I E
IYUCNR
B A T TOEMAAY
T M R TOe
AR
K S
E R S PGTNRRS
D I S BA-LURO
IAHMTMYSNAOWMUHOCRRRYP
CPS
N T U H N A R 0 CB
CA
S R E U C S E R S CON
EIIFA
IML
SLOSFANOTR
RRANI
AOAORDTRBACOMEHCNECCN
P 0 R S C E B N NT
D L R 0 W R E
R E A I M B M 0 OM
A 0 S L R 0 0 P D U I I N Y D R
S T RT
I S M I 0 D L 0 B N N S
C 0 S I A C E E T E I TC A N C
A 0 NE E Y S P I A MPN
I N E
NI
I C N N Y R D R
S S A L C
S l A E R R N
Y R
IS
T E SOP
C E DO
CEURSR
D TEA
R M E
ACPOSMNYWLIORINELDMRAPESRM
T SON
A FAY
M E Y I 0 I
CNOI
TARE
PODCOUNNTRYPWPM
I PUR
ATE
MOT
C RIC
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0 N T PEl
- TN
H M NR
LPG
Y E C D T N
I
S U TM
0 U U C E R LIM
S R
RN
R S P U 0 E
A 0 0
E A P
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9/13/2016
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1. T~e:Canin~ Heroes
of 9-11 - Answer _K(Jf,
.
1 @ Search and rescue canines .
Ql) It was
the largest of its kind in U'S, history.
~ A Labrador retriever
A steak dinner
!i <JD Hurricane Katrina
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The Roots of Terrorism

By Toni Lee Robinson
The events of 9/11 and daily news fromthe Middle East might make terrorism seem like a modern
problem. Unfortunately, it has along and bloody history. Terror as a weapon b'egan almost with the
history of man. The word terrorism was first used in France in the late eighteenth century.
Leaders of the French Revolution used terror to force people to submit to their authority. In what
was called the "Reign of Terror," citizens were locked up, tortured, and guillotined. French scholars of
the time defined terrorism as lithe system or rule of terror."
2
The old French definition mayseemsimple and obvious. But what exactly is terrorism? Its basic
element, of course, isterror, or extreme fear. Violence is' its primary tool. Perhaps the most scary,
baffling thing about terrorism is,its lawlessness, Terrorists simply ign~:>re
the accepted rules against
murder, injury, and destruction. Our systems of law and order strive to protect us from terrible things.
Terrorists deliberately inflict them ..
3
Terrorism began as a weapon of war. Early Greek writings tell of the use of fear to defeat an
enemy. Rulers also used terrorism as a way of controlling or "cleansing" their populations. The
Spanish Inquisition was a so~call~d religioUScleansing, directed by Spain's Queen Isabella. Spanish
, Jews were the main victims of this 300-yearstretch of torture and butchery.
4
The Inquisition was only one of the many examples of the use of terrorby a nation against its own
people. Two others were the mass killings of Jews byNazi Germany and Saddam Hussein's chemical
weapons attacks on Iraqi Kurds. .
5
Terrorism was also carried out against governments bythose who were unhappy with national,
leadership. After the defeat of the South in the American Civil War,for instance, some angry Southern
whites formed the Ku Klux Klan. TheKlan's terror tactics, including arson and murder, were aimed at
keeping blacksfrom exercising their newly won freedoms.
6
In the late nineteenth century, several groups arose in Europe and Russia who saw assassination
as the way to end unpopular regimes. Groups like this were called anarchists because they used
anarchY,or disruption of law and order, toaccomplish their ends. The anarchists, like many terrorists,
believed that targeting their oppressiveleaders would rally the people behind them.
7
In ourtime, a new terrorism hasemerged.Today's terrorist is likely to be part of a large, loose

network of quasi-military groups. These "cells" operate in many different countries, linked by the
internet and modern transportation. They have access to far more sophisticated weapons and
methodsthan did their earller counterparts. AI Qaeda is amodel of the modern terrorist group.
9
A sinister trend of modern terrorism is toklll and destroy indiscriminately. Like the 3,000 who died
on September 11, larqe numbers of innocent people have been victims of the latest attacks. In 1983,
Pan AmFlight 103 was blown apart over Scotland,. killing 270. Libyan and Palestinian terrorists were
accused of the crime.
The 1995 bombing of the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City killed 168 people,
including children in .adaycare located in the facility. Timothy McVeigh,agent of an anti-government
military group, was later tried and executed for this act of terrorism.
10
In Augustof 1998, U.S.embassiesin Kenya and Tanzania were bombed, killing 224 people and
injuring 5,000 in the surrounding areas. Seventeen members of AI Qaeda were charged, but only four
were brought to justice.
'
11
12
Terrorists of today seem willing to victimize anyone and everyone. Advancing a cause has
become a lesser objective. The killing itself seems the primary goal. How to deal with such a mindset
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is a problem that plagues leaders the world over. It is a question that doesn't seem likely to go away
anytime soon.
Copyright 2016 edllelpcr
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218

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Name
--~-----------~------
Date
~------
Th$RoQts of Terrorism
"
1. Descrlb~._thetwo major political groups that

have used terror as a means of accomplishing
their goals.
3. Explain the circumstances wherein the word
2. What weapon of war is described in ancient

Greek writings?
a:> Fear
aD Torture
Deception
aD Kindness
4. Write your own definition of terrorism.
"terrortsm'' was first used.
~
..
.:
5. Name two examples of terrorism
by
governments against their people.
_ ...
7. Describe the trends of modern terrorisrn.
What makes It different from terrorism of the
6. Some terrorist groups fromthe lats nineteenth

century were called anarchists because:
CD They used the disruption of law and
order to accomplish their goals.
aD They refused to be-labeled terrorists.
They believed in assassination as a
.means of changing the government.
QD Theywere Russian.
8. Give two examples of recent terrorlst attacks.
past?
...
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The Roots of Terrorism

Robinson
mlndset
regimes
rally
antimgovernm'ent
blood
care
unpopular'
victimize
agent
oppressfve
Directions: Fill in each blank with the word that best completes the reading comprehension.
The events 01'9/11 and daily news from the Middle East might make terrorism seem like a modern problem.
Unfortunately, it has a long ami (1)
history, Terror as a weapon began almost with
"]he,hj,,'itn~'Y~ofmtn,JllC.,,,watdJ1Jrl'o:dsh1,:WJls<nl'it~tt$.edJnll'1,~tUlc~,.inMtllttlati},eighteentllJjel1t'Ut~.",,,,,,,,_,,,,~,,'''''''~''~''_
Leaders of the French Revolution used terror to forcepeople.to submit totheir authority. In what was called
the "Rdgn of Terror," citizens werelocked up, tortured, and guillotined. French scholars of the time defined
terrorismas "the system or rule of tenor."
The old French definition may seem simple and obvious. But what exactly is terrorism? Its basic element, of
course, is terror, or extreme fear. Violence is its primary tool. Perhaps the most scary, baffling thingabout
terrorism is its lawlessness. Terrorists simply ignore the accepted rules against murder, injury, and destruction.
Our systems .of law and order strive to protect us from terrible things. Terrorists deliberately inflict them.
Terrorism began as a weapon of war. Early Greek writings te11of the use of fear to defeat an enemy. Rulers
also used terrorism as a way of controlling or "cleansing" their populations. The Spanish Inquisition was a
(~),
religious cleansing, directed by Spain's Queen Isabella. Spanish Jews were
the main victims of this 300~year stretch of torture and (3)
,
The Inquisition was only one of the many examples of tho use of'terrorby a nation against its own people.
Two others were the masskillings of Jews by Nazi Germany and SaddamHussein's chemical weapons attacks
on Iraqi Kurds.
Terrorism was also carried out against governments by those who were unhappy with national leadership.
After the defeat of the South in the American Civil War, for instance, some angry Southern whites formed the
Ku Klux Klan. The Klan's terror tactics, including arson and murder, were aimed at keeping blacks from
exercising their newly won freedoms.
In the late nineteenth century, several groups. arose in Europe and Russia who saw assassination as the way to
end (4) ,
(5)
. Groups like this were called
anarchists because they used anarchy, or disruption of law and order, to accomplish their ends. The anarchists,
like many terrorists, believed that targeting their (6)
__.,.~ leaders would
(7)
the people behind them.
In our time, a new terrorism has emerged. Today's terrorist is likely to be part of a large, loose network of
quasi-military groups. These "cells" operate in many different countries, linked by the internet and modern
transportation. They have access to far more sophisticated weapons and methods than did their earlier
http://www.edhelperblog.com/cgl-blnlvspec.cgl
4/8

counterparts. Al Qaeda is a model of the modem terrorist group.
A (8)
trend of modern terrorism is to kill and destroy indiscriminately. Like
the3,OOO who died on September 11, large numbers of innocent people have been victims of the latest attacks.
In 1983, Pan Am Flight 103 was blown apart over Scotland, killing 270. Libyan and Palestinian terrorists were
accused of the crime.
The 1995 bombing'of'thc Allred P. Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City killed 168 people, including
children in a (9)
located in the facility. Timothy Mcveigh,
(10)
. of an (11)
military group, was later tried and
executed for this act of terrorism.

In August of 1998, U.S. embassies in Kenya and Tanzania were bombed, killing 224 people and injuring
5,OOOinthesuirounding areas. Seventeen members of Al Qaeda were charged, but only four were brought to
(12) .......-~~".,......--.........___....-.....,..
Terrorists oftoday seem willing to (13)

cause has become a lesser objective, Thekilling itself seems the (14)
. anyone and everyone. Advancing a

goal. How
to deal with such a '(15)

is a problem that plagues leaders the world over. It is a
question that doesn't seem likely to go away anytime soon.
Copyright 2016 edHelper
http://www.edhelperblog.com/cgi"blnivspec.cgl
5/8

9/13/2016
www.edhelperblog.com/cglblrrlvspec.cgl
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THE BIRTH OF THE CONSTITUTION

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'The
. Durirl theRevol~ticnE,lryW~r,the iJ~,iWdcoi9iiie~ nee'ded documsntto ~overnthe

lands then strug.gllng t9l?~ freefrcm Engh;md's rule ..The. Artio!es ot C.onfederatlon became
the first national conetltutlon of the United States In March .of 1781. '
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~stabHs,h~'d,a, gov!3'rnment omanized ,a 9i.md. a
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,;qf loa .thl~eensta..teswould only have one vote regardless ,of size .or
pqp~l.a~i.<:>n.
F.ora'lawtc.pa,~s,nin~ofthe<
thiJ1(3,e~<~tate,s.h~d,to.
agree.
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, " .,' ",The Articles ..QfOQnfadara.tlon
oo~,'~.~
a IDQt1~l.frlendg;hlp,,6etwa~~tn$ . , . "Aevol6ilo6iiiy War Soldi~r.J" ;,
thlrtC?~ftstate$, ::rhls lo~~~ Jriendship
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Artlole~of Oc5nfeoeraU
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':~ ,'<'By~17a6,morepr6bl<an1sware beglnnlng~o sLnfabe.ArJCi~v~ntIOhQffNe,~tth$
,thirteen $tF\te,s"calledth~.Annspoll~ Oonvention-Im.at t:\tAnnapoUsJ Marylandllr),Sep~emb~r,
17;~~!Th~Mme.t ,tostudylha trade problem. Thfita was nQt
rep're$,~nb,diC?h'
t9<m~~f;)
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,a~y,bigde<?lsiqn~lsothe d,af~gatf;)s,led'by,,A.le~$nder l:Iarn t9t1,,(New .ork) :an(;t;;J'~mes
Madison (Virginia) .oall~d,foranotherognventlon' to begin in May. 1187,.hi Philadelphia,
R~nnsylvanla. In,FebrlJaryQf th~dyear,C9ng\n:lS$.agread Withthe delegatesanqst~t~g the
oOl1yeolloo would have the tls.ole and express purpose of revl~lng the Articles of
Confederation," .
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THE BIRTH OF THE COt;lS,T1TlJTIQN: .:. '.
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7. Why was .there rio executive under the Articles? __ ~. "_~~,_~~",=-,,,,,,,,~,~ _
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8. What meeting occurred In September, 17867 What was its purpose? __ ~
9. 'What was scheduled to happen in May, 1187'? Why? ,.,.",,_,,_-""'"",._..;..."--
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The
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The Constitutional Convention opened in Philadelphia in May, 1787, and finisheq its
work In September. The delegates to the convention were not elected by the people, but
Instead were selected by their state.legislatures.
'
The delegates to the convention were. men of great ability. Many had fought In the
RevolutionalyWar, many were educated, and many were wealthy. They weremen of great
,'power and Influence in theirown states.
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two would become
presidents of the UnltedSt~tes, one a
vice presldent, and 26 would serve in
Congress. AUin all, there were 65 official
,delegates, put only 55 made it to
Philadelphia. T~eaverageattehdance
at eabhday's meeting was about 30.
George Washington; a'delegate
from Virginia, was chosen to be the
president of the Cohventlon.Atfirst, the .
: purpose of the convention was torevlse
the Articles. of'Confederation,bllt very
quickly the delegates decided to replace
the Artlclee with a new plan for
government.
Two, important leaders were
absent from the convention. John Adams
and Thomas Jefferson, who were
influ~ntlallnthe writing of.theDeclar~tion
of I~dependenoe~wereln EuroP$servlng
asambassadofS to other nations,
,Benjamin Franklin of Pe'nnsylvanla was George Washington was chosen as the president
the oldest del.egate at 81 y~arsold, .and
,
of the Constit~tional convent~o~.
Jonathan Dayton of New Jersey was the youngest at 26. Other delegates present were
Alexander Hamilton and James Madison. There was one state that refused to .send
delegates tothe Constitutional Convention; Rhode Island did not sendany representatives
to Philadelphia.
'
During those five hot summer months In 1781,the 65dalagate$struggl&dtooreate
a more flexible form of government for the newUn!ted States ..Th~ most~erioustaskthat
~ac.edthe delegates was how to. achieve a balance betWeen Ill)erty~lnd authority. There
were many different viewpoints and opinions onhow togo about that task. The oonoe-ptof
cornprornlse unified the differences Into a supreme dooument oapable of representing the
opinions of all Americans.
TheOonstltutionthaUest)lted from this historic oonvenUon isnoWover 200years old .
Few wrlttenoonstltutlom~ have lasted as long as the Oonstltutlon of the United States.
M~rkTwaln Media, lno., Publishers
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, TH~ BIRr,:,OF THI;CONSTITUnON,
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THE BIRTH OFrHE.:
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The Gre~t C-Qrripromi'se ~alledfor, a hloaroerarcoilgree(,. The'fif$fhuusawastobe
called the House of Repres~ntatlves, with repr~$!1lrita.tlv~s:eJe~t~d
byth,(;rpeopte fora/two ..
'ye~r te rm. The':humJ:Jer.01. r$pre$ent~tlve$' ,~~t}.h"j$t~tt
"coutd ,e.I.eQt.wolJld:dt1j~endon .the
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6. What was the Great Compromise" and how did it establish the legislative body?
7. Circle.the correct ending to each statement:

A Representatives in the House of Representatives are chosen by:
"POJJULATION
eQUALITY
B. Senators in the Senate are chosen by:

POPULATION
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THE BIRTH OF THE CONSTITUTION,

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Anqth~r problem fac,ing the QOnstitllt.1Q!J~!
,Qpn$($t)iionwas hpWto.,dlVide,t~;el'powers ,
of a government. Who will make the laws? Who Will mak~ siJrethe laWs are obeyed? WhQ
will make sure the laws are "good" la~s? These questions wer~ answered in the next set
of compromises','
,
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.
America'ngovernment can be seen as a tree, The Oonstitution is the trunk, or base,
with three branchesextendlnqfrom that'
trunk Those .three branches are the
legislative branch, the executive branch,
and the Judicial branch. Each branch
has different responsibiIitiesanq looks
out for ahdcheck,s' ;th~ ,'Qfh'er~tWo
. <branches.These goncepts;'respeotiv~ly;"
are called separation of poWers and
cheoks"'Emd balances. .
The legIslative branch was
de.fined during the Great compromise.
Tog'ether, the House of Representatives
and the:Sen~te,make the laws to govern
our country. The legislative branch also
checks the' executive and judtclal
branches.
,
The second branch is the
exeoutive branch., Eventually, the
del'egatesdecideqto
create a chief
executive .. Under the Arttclesot
Confed,eration, there was ncnaflona'
ieader.,ThefoundlnQfathersh~d fearedTheu.S.QU"stltutiQnprc>vld,~{dorth~l,gl~lathie,
oreatinganother"king,I'Therewas much
executlv~;tmd Judicial btiulohes Ofgotlll'nment.
dis~usslon,. even talk of having two
'.
....
....
.
''':
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equally powered leaq~rs. Theconv$n~fonagreedtocr~at$ one president, butol1ly If the
PraSJd~ntwould be cl1a.OKfi)QQrwat~hed by tha.legisl~tive,and Ju~ioial btanches. TheJob of
the Pre.sident,'and the executlvs branch Is to carry out the laws passed by the legislative
branch.,
'"
': ' .
The thlrdbranoh e~fabnshed the}udl()lalsystem.Tha Judiolal branch was'to be
heacledby the SupremeOoutt. Uls th.ejob of the Supreme Court to Ihterpret or define the
IflWS~TheSllprem~Court ischo$enbytheptesidsnt ahQ approvedbyth'e Senate. The'
judicial branch checks the exe9utiveand legislatJv~ branches ..
Each branch has its own specific resp0'n'sibillties. E.~chhas'a separate power. Part
of the responsibility of a branch Is to control or check the power of the other branches. That
way,no one branch gets to be too powerful; each branch Is balanced.
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4. What". is tnEfjob of the le'gisiative.branch?

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7. What two branches. are checked by the legisl.ative branch? __

.-
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8. What two branches are checked by the executive branch? .._......,."...

.
9. What two branches are checked by the judicial branch? ..
@
Mark Twain Medla,lno., Publishers
......................
__
...-
---"""""'
THE BIRTH OF THE CONSTITUTION .
OrganlzB:tlon of fhe Constitution

.'On September 11, 1187, lheConstltutiQnalCoovsntlon approved theOon$titutlon of
the. U nlte.dS.tate~:The~OclJmeot wasthe,nsent Q~.t,tothe,statestQ be ratiflerJ~orapPfovecil
througna speCific procedure $el up In,the Con~titutlon. QnJune, 21,1188, NeW Jersey
became the n:infj1stata to ratify' the Oonstltutlo,l1,'andlha neoessarythree"foudhs majority
.. was aohieVea",ThaUnltep Staies pegantofunolion under aneW form of govemp1ent
'!fhe'C9I1stitUfionl$
divided Into several parts . Itstal1s vJ11hthaPletlmble or
l
intro~uction ..Th,e m.aln' Qodyoftha dOQumen!cpnslsts Of sevem,Artlble$, Theflna!'sectlon

of the Coristi~utloncontarns the Amendmimtsj orc.hanges ,to th~OQnstltutlon, There are
presently 27 AmtH'1dments. '... .' '.. ...
. .. '
..' ." . . ..: . ....
TlJe first thre~Ar11ol.es dealwith the thr-eeseparata br~nch.esofgovemment!Th~Jlast
f()OtArtl~le$discussthepovvers ofthe$tates and the procedures, for fFltlfylngand,amendlng
th~CQn$titlJtion;EaQ,h .Articlels further subdivided Into Sections and then into .Olauses.
. ,. . .9nyour oOl?Yof tne Oon,stltption you' will notice t.hatsQme, phrases or seotions Flt'e
prlntedln.it81!c~,!hl~lp.qlcat~~tnaUhe$epad$ Eueno longer in effectdueto the passage
Of time'or chang'e,maae by the Amendments.
On.the nextp~a a chart oUhe organization of the Constitution .
is
..!
Throughoutthe conventio~ Ben Franklin

had noticed
the back
of George
'.
Washington's ohair. There was e'sun

carved Into it. III have often and often in
the eoutee of thIs session looked at that
behind the President without being able
to tell whether it was rising or setting; but
now at length I have the happiness to
know that It is a rising and not a setting
sun," Franklin obs~JVed.
I,
....
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"
Mark Twain Media, lno., publishers
~rjlanlz'StlfJl) of.the ~CotfstJ1:lJtlon, "

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ass~rntirY~~~tifion"
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property
VII
VIII
IX
X
XI
6f the~ccus,ed
Rightto trial by Jury
Bail and punishment

Ri.g~ltsPfth:~
people,
Rights 6fthastafes,
"',SUlts .agaJnststf,tte.s
EleotI9,t.offhaPtesldent
XII!,',
of slavery ,
XII
"
XIV
Oi,Vltlghls'fn the> states
XV:
Slack sy1frage ~
XVI 'Inc<)matax
XVII
t)jr~ote{ectionof sanators,
,XVIIIProhlbiflon
'
XIX
Wom~n's'sUffrage
XX
Illaroe Quok",parlod
XXI
Repear'ofProhlbition, '
XXII ,'Prasl~entral term Of offloe
XXIII
VotIng. IntheC>lstrfotof Oolumbla
XXIV . Abolifkm.of poll t$xes
XXV Pre$ldentialdjs~bilfty andauocesslon
XXVIEfghte~h"year"O'd vote
XXVII Congressionalpay rafses
Mark Twain MadIa" Ino., PUblishers
10
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'~'.'-~';> :.~'.~.'~." ..~.~'
.;
THE BIRTH OF THE CONSTITUTIO~"
Organlzatlo.n, af
t"" :Co.hstltutlon
~".,
:~Chair
"e'. e~'
. ~
1. D~flne:
,Ratify: ~ __
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Article: __,_~
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2.. W,hen was the oonsmunon approved by the Convention? ..,......,..,.--'--'--------3. Wh~t date 'was the Constitution approved by the states? ._;:;........;.....---'-------4. What do you think the sun represents in Franklin's quotation?
;......_......_--~~
5 .."What Is the purpose of the Preamble? ,_.;;,_;......_----,.,.;..,....,.-.........

--_..;.,~---------
6. Ho,W many Articles are In the Constitution?
..............
_------_,;._---------
.
....,
7. What is Article I about? __ -_---;......___;_...,...:.;..-~---------
... Article III?
9. Why havecertain
__ -----------
phrases orseotlons
...........
-----.......--.-----......"...-
been itallclzed?
"
Mark Twaln Media, lno., publishers
11
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, THE BIRTH OF THE CONSTITUTION
I.
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-T'he /Rtliat;tib}e
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(See the Preambte)
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'ih~f'r~an1bJeu~is,the major' 90al~ to b~ ~ccomp'lI~hed, by ;th,e unH~dSiates
:gQ,v~rnm~ntu.n.g,~tth~Qot)stltutIQn.:rhs Impprtan,c~of the, p r~am.bJea.nd.the06n$titqtion '

~reexp.re$$~q!1I11hefif~nhreawordsh.ljWetne peop.le.,., .' ," The Constitution was created
by tf1eJ,~~~pla;J16lQY901a,kingI'dlct~tor,';or
~bs,oIM.tfJ,.:rul~r.,
t:'
'
,,The,~
.,,f~th~rs had slx goals in mind' wtien 'they set out to create the
Constitution. .are~"
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.(U to, f6tm'~m6ra.perlect'unioh'" "
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($~tup 8 str~nfJer government than tl]ey had unaer the Articles of
. ,,f$P'(1l~d.~t~tfanr'
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(g) estaplI~h1tl~tlpa'
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,((rt1R(Qv{a..(be"owurt,ystem)
(3) Inswad9IT!ss,tiQtrariqUifIty
, (l:u~vepe(J.Qe1(1 't;I.!rf!(fJ.tes) ,
(4) provide'f6rthecon~on def~nse
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{51grornofaihegenera1wetia.ca
. . ,,(h~Vf3 gQqi;lll~lnl1 condlr~(ms)
(6) secursthe blessings of Uberty to ourselves and our posterity.
(hal(f# f"eedom for. thems1.lves'andfuture Arrteficans)
, The Pra,mbleexprsssasthehopes
for themselves'a..nd thelronlIdreri~
~.
...~~ww., .. ..~.ww".W"~_""""'_'''',''ww''w'''w'w'w,
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of the people for a good and honest g,Qvernment
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PREAMBLE TO THE UNITED STATES CONSTITUTION:
"
IA(~ the peaplfJ aftn!! United States, In order.to form a more perfect l/nion; Establish
JUsticel Insure domestioTra.nqulllty,provldelorth~ common Defense, promote the general
Welfare, and seci}fethebles~in(fs olLfb~rtyto.ourselves and our Posterity, do ordain and

establish thIs Oon$tl(utlon fot'ths United States of America,
Mark Twain Media, Inc., Publishers
12
The Preamble
~,Challenges ~
1. By whose power was the Constitution written? ........-....--~~--....----....--~
2. Fill in the blanks:
GOALS OF THE CONSTITUTION:
(Actua.l words of the Constitution)
(Your own words)
a.. __ -.---------~--------~
f.
3. Rewrite the Preamble in your own words.
Mark Twain Madia, lnc. publishers
13
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'1X2=~
lX3=:J
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1x1=1
. .', ." t
1,,4=
lxS=
-..2)i1~2
3X2-e
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-2x2=4
'.
2x3=6
2X4=8 .
~=12
,2xg-=1'S ,
2x"lOa20
7x/.:7
7)<';l IJf
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7 X 3-#,,'d1'
7)(S
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4x7-28
3X9r=:27'.
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3:x:tO=30" '".4xIO=40.
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l.l.33...
3~24
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6x:l~6
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6X3=l8
6x4=24
GXS='30
6x6=9S'
.5x7==35
~. -6x7=42
..
Sxa-4~- ',-6x8"48
!ix.6-30
SX9=4S
6)t9=54
Sx10=50
-6x10=60
Sxl1 =55 .~x~1 =66 .
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4d=.36
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1.5f ,~ 11:1''''70'
7X4J.ztr
3xS.15,
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.7XiD;;:r~
5x2=10'
4x3:"12
SXS=lS
- ',4X4=16. ~ Sx.4-=20.
,'4x5=20
5x5=~
3xl=21
:btB=J6
1x12=t12,
4X2~8
~'3X8~l8
2x1=14
1x111..112x.,1,
- .3X3a9
3x4~:"2.
Sicle=a5
..Ax1 =4
.3x.1=3
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3x.l::--l2
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6x12==72
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We see percents every day.
We learn to recognize common percents.
.s :
A store hasa saleo'50 % off. .

We know i
am.,
The radio
'cance'ottain,
Wekllo~vt
'a good
dayfqr f+picriic.
. .
.
..
Ihlf we. also need. totDorkwithp~r~~nt~,

Supposeynu .~ake.~te..~tto l'cnew y~tii'9;tiver~tlicense.
There~r~~~tlJle$ti()pS
.
" .
Yqtl P'eena SQore of 80 % to pass.
YOlln'eed to ign.te out bO'lvvmt,tn:y answers' you must get xlght.
-$JlPposethat 301,284 people can votel,n your city.
But only. 45,,193 peoplereallyd9 'lqte,
IFyouJ:igure oufthatthis .is 15%,'yoti know it was a poor turn-out.'
. ~.
Before you can work with perce~ts,yqu'"

.--chan~e ,a
t~J,aErfl.~t1on
'-c~9,n~ea '. ....,.,..to at1~rcent
~ch'ange a'percent to,~rde~irri41

~changea d~il:nn1 tqapercert't.
6 I Und~rstanding percents as fractions
how
do the
l
!
Percents are a kind of fraction.

Let's look at what you already know about fractions.
J~nunaerator
_31r::!
100
denominator
You know,that f).raoUQn,Jx~s't\.denominatolJ, andanun1~&atdr. ... .'..

'
The denominator ..t~l1s.h~w<roanyeStual'pa:t't~
.;a,.w~olot4ingw.as' diyided bltO. .",
The
num.erator t~Ilshc)'w:~na,p.yoftbQ$,e~qtlal patJstheta:ti~~,st~nds:o~..:;.:"
The fraction 10~ (three-hundr'edths)
stands
or3 6 100 'eq4al~arts;'
Percents are a.kindof fraction .. , <."

percents st~rt
'~whole':thihg'diVided
So, all percents have a denominator of 100.
But we do not write the denominator
Instead, we write a percent sign (%)';"
'r,he percent sign stands for the denominator 100.
All
. , .
.:;
<.
irit6' 100 ~qJal: parts;
wlti~
'
percent sign means a whole thing was divided into 100 parts.
The number 3 means this percent stands for 3 of the 100 parts.
Three percent is the same
3%
as three-hundredths.
100
Thfsbox was dlvided lhto 100 equal parts.

Theri.S parts were- shaded,
3 %of the box is shaded.' :.
Understanding percents as fractions I 7
Here is how we write one hundred percent:

100%
We can ohange 10q % .to a fraction.
100%
== I~
I~
You can see that 100% equals one.

100% stands for one whole thing,
This box wail divided into 100 equal parts.

'Thenall.100 parts were shaded.
100% of thebox is shaded.
The whole
box.is shaded.
,
,
Example 1.
,.
25% (Twenty-fiv~ percent)
Twenty-five percent is the same as twenty-five hundredths.

25 "
~-100
25%
You can reduce the

fraction ~.
,
100
:::::
1
j[
100
80,,25%
'tI:ii
'I'hlsboxwas divided. into 100 equal parts.

Then '~5 parts were shaded.
25 % of the box is shaded,
You can see that 20 % is !
,
8 I Undcf9tundirig percents as fractions
4"
of the box.

Example 2.
50% (Fifty percent)
Fifty percent is the same as fifty"hu:ndredths.

50%
So, 50%
:=
OIl!
_]Q_
100
1
.2
b(j~ w~s~i~i~ed<into ltlO'equalJ?arts,

Tben50qut.ol100partswel,'eshaded.
$Q% of' the b,ox.i~fshadI34.
You can see that 50% is ~ of the box.
Wd~eeMb f1un'lbel'tls~percent.
'rbn wdte ItM a fraotion ov~rlQO.
Reduce the t:raotioll wb~npossible.
The
first one is done for you.

,
l.Eight
out of a hundred
2,
Twenty-five out of a hundred
3,
Seventy-fiv~ out of a hundred
4.
Ten out .of a hundred
5.
One hundred out of a hundred
6.
Ninety-nine out of a hundred
7.
Seven out of a hundred
8.
One out of a hundred
Percent
B%
Fraction
== .
.2
25
Um;ierstanding percents as fraotions I 9
Answers forexe
Sfit
S%
1.
~
..
7.
Seven.out.ofa hundred
7%
1%
.1
100
i"
10 I Understanding percents as fractions
2. Changing fractions topercen

When you work with percents, you will need to change fractions into percents,
Just multiply the fraction by
Then add a percent sign,
1~0,
.,
Suppose you need to change .~ to a percent.

Step 1.
Multiply the fractiqn by

lXlOO
5
Step 2,
100 ,
1,'J.,()
=!x1l)!f
All
=~==
20
Put a percent sign next. to the number,

20%
Practice changing fractions to percents.

Ex~mple 1.
Change
Step 1.
Step~,
lto
a per~ent.
Multiply, the fraction byl~.
~X
Put
I~
-,~
X,!
ss
a percent' sign n~it'totli
25
number:
'25%
So,!
j
Example 2.
Change
Step 1,
=:
i to a percent.
Multiply the fraction by
~
Step 2.
25%
X liD
100,.
lilt
:;:: }IX1
=:
75
Put a percent sign next to the number.

So, ~
= 75%
Ohanglng fraotions to percents I 11
E)(efCis~ 2
Change these fractions ,to percents.
1.
4. '
2.
1
,2
5.
3.
3
10
6.
f:i
_QQ_
100
_g
25
I
;:=
12 I Changing fractions to percents
99% '
....
-_- ...
3~ Un,d~rs~andingpercentslsdecimals
There is another way to lockat 'percents.
Percents stand for "hundredths."
You know that three percent is the same
,3%.
.,.
l~O
>~
"
You can change the fraction

Just'divide,the
.as three-hundredths.
l~O
-'.,
-~
into a deoimal.,
mi~erator'(top~umber)
by the,denominator
(bottom number) .
.03 .
~OO) 3.00
, 3
100
Remember what you know about decimals,

A two-place decimal is a "hundredth."
.03
So,3%
ee
==,
three-hundredths
.03
Now y'Ou havetbreeways

.,
.~':'-l
3%
__
100
three
three
hundredths
percent
three ()utaI~hund;l'f?d:
tdshow
'
;,
,.OS
;, '\ ~t
..
three
hundredths
Pr.acticeQhanging a percent into a,decimal

Here is 'a quick way to change 'a percent Into a decimal.
Example 1.
Ch~nge25% into a decimal.
Step 1.
Write the number.

But do not write the percent sign.
25
Step 2.
Put a decimal point after the number.

25 == 25.
Step 3.
~ove the decinHil,point twoplac~s t9 the len.

(You aredividinsny 10Q.wh~nyoudothat.
Torevlew dtvldi1'l.f?: by 100, see L~eZ '1'wo: Book 4.)'
~25t = .25
I~""'"
80,250/0
.,
,
~=
.25
Understanding percents
as decimals I
13
~Xa.m.ple2.
: Change 50%
Into a
Step 1.
Write the number 50.

But do not write the percent sign.
50
.
.
.
Step 2.'
Put
Step 3.
a decimal
50'
point after the number.

50.
Move (he decimal point two places to the left.

.50.
,.50
You ~ dmp thezel'oontl;lefliL~right Qt a deoimaL
, ',50 ~ .. 5"
"
So, 50%
Example 3.
d,eci~~~.
.50 or .5
Change 100% into a decimal.
ioo.
Step 1.
Write the number
Step 2.
Put a decimal point after the number.

100 := 100.
Step 3.Mov~
thedeci111al point two places to the l~ft.

1 II;AJ
..00.=
1.00 = 1
So, 100% """,I

(100 % equals on'e, whole thlng.)
14 / Understanding percents
as decimals
Exercise3a
Change the percent Into a decimal.
1.8%
2.2%
3.50%
4.75%
5.10%
6.99%
7. 100%
8.1%
Exercise 3b
81:1ow eatlilpetdent. as ade.oim.al.
Then shdwitas af:racti()no,y~l'

Percent
Decimal
Recluc('rthe
,' ' :'~.'
-- =, ..-:':
.-,
Fraction
_g[ = !
100
4
3.75%
4.10%
I 1
I \.......
II .:.\
.'..
I ..'...:
1...
!
~.20%
6.60%
7. 80%
8. 100%
f
Understanding percents, as decimals I 15
Answers for exercise 3a

==
.08
2.2%
ea
3. 5.0%
==
.50 01' .5
4. 75%
"'" .75
1.
8%
.02
5.
10 %
.1001'.1
6.
99%
...
.99
1. 1.0.0%
==
1.00 or 1
1%
-,
.01
8.
Decimal
Percent
'":
Fl\iction
0;(.
1.
"25%
==
,<25
2.
5.0,0/0
"'"
3. 75%
25 ~ 1
"'"
100
.5091' ./5
==
.-.,
..,..
75
*=
. 12....~ .
4. 10%
==
.1.0 or .1
"'"
~.2.0%
"'"
.2.0 01' .2
==
6~60%,
""
.60 or .6
"'"
.7.8.0%
==
.80 at .8
80
100
4
== .,.5
8. 1.00%
"'"
1.00
-==
, 100
100
...
16 / Understanding
percents as deoimals
or
150.
100
100
10.---:~
100
-_
.,20
100
10
m:
!
I)
3
,~.~,
1)
To change a percent toadecima.1, you moved the decimal point two places to the left.
(You we~edivi.dipg by lQ().)
,Toqhange.adeo.in1al. totll'ercenttdothe~everse.
.
Justmove tl~edeaimalpQblttwoplacesJ9
the right,
(Yout11'6,multiplylng by lOQwhen you do this.
v
'to1'6vieW111ulttplylng1>y lQO,see LetirelTwol Book 4.)

Percent to decimal
Suppose you need to charlgethe'decIinaf.03
Here's how to do it:
Step 1.
Step 2.
Dedinal to percent
to a percent.
."
Move the decimal pti'ixit~Wbplaces to the right.

.03. = 3.
\.All'
Now there is nothing to the tight of the decimal point.
So you can drop the decimal point.
3. =3
Put a percentsign.next to thenumber.
3%
So, .03
..,::: 3%
1
I
i
I
\
Changing decimals to percents I 17
Practice changing decimals

~
.. ..
,
,'
"1.
,~
."
"
;33>to
Step 1.
percents
... ,
a p~rri"nt.
,.;"; ..
,,;:
:..
:. '~.I'
~Qveth~ (leciroalpoint tW9 pl!iCestQ thedght .

.33.
33. ',~ '83
Uj-.," wa
," ..
Step 2.
Pt1ta'p~rcent sign nextto the:nU111bet.

$3%
So,
.,
Example 2.
ChanQe
to a percent.
Step I.
.:-.
the decimalpoint two places to the right.

a$. a p~a,ce.~pld,el'.
'
';
..
"
=30.
18 I Changing decimals to percents
'
..
30
Exerci'se4
Change these decimals to percents.
1.. 05
2.. 5
3
50
4 56
5.. 01
6 ..
7.. 10
8.
Changing decimals to peroents I 19
An$wers for exercise 4
=&~
1.. 05
~..5
.56,
.=
56%
.01-
1%
4. .56
""
5. .01
""
.1 =
6..1
50%
50%
.50.
6,
""
5%
""
3. .50
20 / Changing decimals to percents
..v~
50.
i=-
=.
I" ....'"
I.A#'
Vy'
,
.liW!
"
1m!
.10%
100%
6. Flnding .th, ,pere,ent ....
...."
Whe.,theiplnt.rt~the.lIV~olear.kno"Vn
You know that 10Q!YCl,:&t.ands}0.~
one
The "whole thing" can be anything.
W[1qle' thing.
Sandy buys a new shirt.

It is 100 % cotton.
That means the shirt is all cotton.
TQnygets 100%.'ona t~t.. ...'"
Thatmeans Tony all~JYel'e.dalltlle,questi9narlght.,

'I'here were te~'lque$tiqp'g on the test.,
'.. "
SQ, Tony g6taH tefi<iiiesttoll$:dgbt. '
Luis got a bill or$17 .50,
lie paid 100% of the bill. .."

,
,
That means Luis paid the whole afuount, $1:7;50.
100% of the number 25 is 25.
Finding the percent /21
Suppose there are 160 people at a meeting.

They vote on an issue.
All 160 people vote "yes."
We ~would say that 1QO% o(the'p_eoplevotedAyes/'
~ .
"
"
'.,
'.
.'
:;".
. . . \,
. .
N6W-Sl.lPP9s~theT6b people
vote oil 'anotherIssue,

This time, only 80 df them vote "yes."
>,:
What percent of thepeople voted "yes"?
That is, what percent is 80 out of 160?
There are two ways to figure this out!

You can use a decimal, or you can use a fraction.
Decimal method
Here's how to do it with a decimal.
What percent is 80 out of IBO?
'.
'''',',-,'... ''. ",,,'Step,,l~-~~Wr:i.t6,th~,.
-,,,()':I'<ert111k,1;$fl:tJle-,----:--,,'.,,~,-"~''''''''',,''''''-"
,
The-part that voted
"ge~"is
, 80 (part)
160 (whole)
Step 2.
Divide th~.p~rt.by _the. wh~le

(Remembet,
1:
means "80 ~ivide~ by160.")
.50
160) ,SO ,do'

Step 3.
Change the decimal to a percent.

.50
==
50%
So, 80 out of 160 is 50% .

50 %0 the people voted "yes."
22 / Finding the percent
.'"
'"., ---,,,,,.",,,,,,,,------.',.,.,.,,,,,,
',,,,,.,-,,,,,-.,.-,,,.,,,,,"-,-,,--,,---"'''''''--~-.,,----
Fraction method
Here'shovvto figure out the same problem using a fraction.
What peroent of 160 is 80?
Step 1.
Set up equivalent ftMtions.

..'. ..'. .. . ."
.'.
s.;
'
On one~lde qf theeql}al sign, ..yflte t~ep~~toverthe4tpho.lt., "
'
On the other ~id~of'the equal sign;:;~ite ~h~p.t:ll'()~nt'as'a:tr~ction.

In tWs l'aotion~w.titewha:ty()uktlOWaboutthep~~'oent.
'
You kt1()w that eVel'Y pefce)it lnls ..a.denomill~to:r9f lQO. .
.. '
Use a question~llar~ to stand fo:1''\Y~~~,Y()!lqg;tt~t~nptV,ap;qut tbel?er9~nt.
You don't .know how many paitrW~spercE?ntstapdsQ~.
That is, you don't know the 'nut~t!ator,ott~~'}?elq~ttt.'
,.
SQ, (pltr~)
'160 (whole)
Step 2.
==
.~
100
Cross- multipl yth~nu~nbei'Stha:tYQti ,know., '

:. '
This ITleal'l$ ,mplt:iply the fbp ,o''on~fra(jtion by the bottom qf the other.
(80
Step 3.
,.
Divide theanswer
100==
8000)
(8000,) by the number that is left (160).
50
160) 8000
Step 4.
Put a percent sign next to the answer,

50%
You get the same answen~O is 5Q%;, of16Q.
To work with percents, you can use decimals or .fractions.

.someumes decimals are easier to work with.
Sometimes fractions areeasier.
It depends on the numbers.
And it depends on you.
Use the method you like.
Finding the percent.j
23
Practice fin~ing
the percent
when the
p~rf,and 'the:whole'
E~ample1.
Ane,1(:a'o"h~d2.P' q~esdol1s.'
are known
Tyrone',g'ot 18q~e&11on~rig'nt. " ,

Whatperb~nt is fS"ouf ot20?
"
Decimal method
Step I.Wdt~
th~:p~rt Q'Ve~.
the whole.,
.
,
(alu~:The whple is always the number after the word of,)
18 (part)
20 (whole)
.90
20j 18.00
Step 3.
Change the dectmalto

.90
it percent.' :
=90%
So, 18 out 0,20
is :90 % '.' : ,
Tyrone got 90% on this exam,
24 I Finding the percent
:1
Fraction method
Step 1.
On one side of the equal sign, vyrite the part over the whole.
On the other side, wrH:ethe:per6~rit asa fraction.
You know all percents havea denominator of.100.
The numerator of the percent is unknown.
.r.
18 (part) .
20 (whole)
Step 2.
100
OrO$s"llltilf:11)lyth~,nul1ff:)eJ;s. tl1at),'Pll 'l~Jl()W.
I.'"
(18
Step,3.
Divide.the answer
00
20) H~OO.
..:
.~
I
II~..
Step 4.
(1800)
by the number that is left (20).
..
Put
90%
You get the same answer: 180.ut of2Qis 90,~ .
I \
I
I:,
'
Finding .the percent I 25
Example 2.
What percent is 3 out of 301

Decimal method"
Step 1.
Write the part over the whole.

3 (part)
30 (whole)
Step 2.
Divide the part by the whole.
.10
30) 3.00
Step 3.
Change the decimal into a percent.

.10
==
10%
So, 3 i~10% of 30.
Step 1.
011 one side of the equal sign, wti,ty the.part over the whole.
Youknow all percents have adenomlhator of 100.
The numerator of the percent is unknown,
:
.3
.{J
Step 2.
.,
==..L.
"
l .. :
Cross-multiply the numbers thatyouknow.

100
Step 4.
Put a percent sign next to the answer.

10%
You get the same answer: 3 is 10% of 30.
26 I Finding the percent
nOn)
'10
(0)300
100
~. (3.x
Step 3.
;.,..'
ExerciseS
Find theunkl1ownp~~ceht.
Somepeople like t~e fiaotion'metllQd.
Other people like the deolm.almethod.
Use themetho.ctyoulfkfl.
,.
1. 'Whafp~roent
is 6 out of 1O?
2.
What percent of 150" is 30?
3.
6 is what percent of 300?
4.
What percent' is $17 outof $340?
5.
What percent of $500 is $450?'
6.
$1 is what percent 9, $D?
I
Finding the percent I 27
Answers for exerclse 5

Oid you use the fraction method b~ thed~qhi)~l in~th()d.?
are both waystoindt,hean$wer~
';" .
Check. your work ag~b'i$t611eoftl1~e methods.
Here
Fraction method
1,
W~at percent
~
,~. 1~0.
is 6 out of lOP
(6
100
600)
1~
.60
= 10Ja,OO'
. ,.... eQ~
1O)6QQ .
of 10 Is 60%.
2"
Whl;tt 'percent of 150i~ 30?

'.
JQ.
150
==
_r
100
(30
100
20.%
~50') :3000 .
(6
l-
aQQ
50,6 i$',2%0300.
28 1 Finding the percent
lOQ
.l:mi
3000)
~O%
;'
Answers for exercise 6 (continued)

..
',.
,',_.
,:-:
.. :
"
_.:
J',
,:~'.,,:
,_,".
.~
-,
,'r'
:D~binial
methdd ':':
.
.
., ',,:,lf~,ac~iDU,m~~b~cl.;,:
-:
4.
.....
.,
What peroent is $17 out of ~349.?

17
340
'
:=
(17
_p
100
100
5%
340} 170~
Sp, $17 outo ,$.q40tsf;)'o//.
'~
~,,'
V'
->~
5.
"~'
What.petcent
450
500
:=
".
of $50'01s $450?
(450)<
?
100
100
==
45,OOq)
".9.0%
5(0)45)000' ...
So, $450'1899
6.
%0 $506.
$lisWhat percent of$5'?

,!
5
;::::: L
100
(1 ,X
'2(l%'
5J, 100 '
',)Qo..
!
'
=
"
So, $1 is~O% of $5.
~ ;:
Finding the percent 129'
6. Flndln,g
when
Here is
e part
e percentend the whQ,learfJknoW,n
a rule
that will help you with percents.
~
whole
percent
100
WI1Em YQU W(}l'kwitb peroentsr you a:t'egiven some info~matfon,
Then you need to tgur~'ott,tV!4at'$11lis$lng, '

Inth~ last (lhapterfyoulearn~d,how
to ihid the unknown pox'ce;nt.
Youwere given the, part and the whole.

The percent was missing.
In thisohapter, you will be given the percent and the whole.

But the part is missing.
Suppose you need to find 6% of 500.

Yot1k~9wth~perbent:' it isa~,
'. .: "
' "
Yon ,kribwthe whole: It is the num ber after, the word of.
In this(!~$~,tb~wlml.e is,nOn.
, Those are the only two facts you know-the
You 'need to find the missingpart.
'Suppqse
your family eats out,

The bill is $24.00.
Yo'u,want to leave a 115% tip.
What is 15% of $24.OO?
You know the percent: 15%. '
You know the whole: $24.00.
percent and the whole.
NOUN
Exercise 1
A noun is a word that names a person.tplace, thing, Dr idea:
Melinda chose a new backpack from the samples.
DIRECTIONS: In each of the following sentences, four words have been

underlined .'If one of the four words is a noun, blacken
the space in the answer grid over the number
corresponding to it. If none of the four words is a noun,
blacken the space over number (5).'
Example: J9hnBas$ h~S

1. The bus
!J!t. o~n
.,
company.
'2
0
0 0
1. 0 0
5
3 '4
2
at the corner near the new shopping

2
0 0 00
5
4
center.
0 0
2., 0 0 0
5
3"
iI
2
work, they often share

' ---r-' . --r-'
2. When a husband arid wlft'f both
-.:-}-
.:-r
chores at home.
3. 01 02 03 04 05
S. If the bus drivers de~tde to go on strike, 1 will have to

,
'get to my job anothel!.W'ay.

23
......
er predictshiSh~r
,Oil
4. Today' 81)
:II" --
4. 0l' 02 03. 04 05
taxes 'in the future

'
instead of lower ones.

3
-4-
5. The ~lct?res fromNa~cY'sthir~7ftfth
birthday party w~re
0
0 0
5. 00
<I
5
3
2
1
wonderful.
:)
6.
Evelyn iS$ta1ing.~no:h~~lle.wdiitlb~tVje
6. 01 0'2 (( 04' 05
'know she
won't stay 011 it.

7. Some high schools -offer
classes --2that teach
students how
.:-1-'
'-3-
7.
99
0
0 0
4
5
3
topl'acticeself-defense'.
Ii'
8.' I woncler if it is wise to marry young;maype

.
there would
be fewer divorces if people waited longer to marry.
8. 01 02 03 04 05
EXTRA.PRACTICE
Make a list of ten nouns. Include in your list persons, places, things, and
ideas.
Answers begin
on page :29.
II'
Exercise 2
A plural noun names more than one person, place, thing; or idea:
Many families buy homes to save money on taxes,
There are rules for forming the plurals of nouns. Here are the three most
basic rules:
1) The plural of most nouns Is formed by adding s:
car, cars,' sale, sales; <lesk, desks
2)1'he plural of nouns .e.ntling with s; sll, cll, x, or z is formed by adding es:
brush, brushes; box; boxes. '.
'
.
3) The plural of nouns that end with yafter a consonant is formed by
changing y to i and adding es:
>
bClby, bqbies; efty, cities

Note: Th~ :~lural of nouns that end with y after a vowel i~'fdrined by
aqd,lng 8:
day, days; attorney, attorneys
Di,IU:C'fIONS:I~ there is anIncorrect plural form .l~thegroup 0). nouns,

0'_"'W'~"
~~~-t:==~~
Example:
1~eagles
2~delays
3. watches
4:. buggies
5. riches
6, tur~~ys
7~blazes'
8. secretarys
m~11ClewitTlU~lrwntij"tfj~rcQ'fieer$fi~llrnifoirtij"ij'nne;"nilf
~~--------~
ducks
thrushes
pennys
bracelets
candles
hopes
studies
dashes
directories
wishes
catches
parrots
keys,
necklaces
bluejays.
kisses
pupPys
blotches
mysteries
~.
finches
stories
crownes
blueberrys
wltchs
cavities
blanketes
volleys
A mother and child are taking a bus trip. They have packed two each of the
item~ below. Write a paragraph describing the bus trip. In your paragraph,
use the correct plural form of these items:
sweater
dress
lunch
toothbrush
toy
battery
Answer~ bellin on page 29.
Exercise 3
Here are more rules for Iorrnlng the plurals of n911ns.
4) The plural of nouns ending with .f or fe is sometimes formed by adding s;
sometimes it is formed by changing the for fe to v and adding es:
roof, roofs,' thief, thieves; knife, knives

5) The plural.ofmo$t nounseQding in 0 is formed by adding s. Sometimes
the same words can ende1the~ in s or es; check your dictionary ityou
are not sure. The following words aluiays end In es:
tomato, tomatoes; potato, potatoes,' echo, echoes; hero, ,heroes; torpedo,

torpedoes
'
6) The plural of hyphenated
noun:
father-In-law,
nouns . is formed byaddings
fathers-in-law;
,.
looker-on,
..
- -
tothe main
,
-
. . . .
lookers-on
7) The plural of nounsendlngwith tul is formed by adding s to the end of

the word:
'" '
'
spoonful,
spoonfuls
DIRECTIONS: If there -ls an Incorrect plure! form in the group of nouns,
circle it. Then writ~ the correctspeUing

on the line. If all
of the plurals are correct, write HOK" onthe line.
Example:
J
_J
,t
'J
solos
videos
heroes
1. tomatos
2. sisters"in-Iaw
potatoes
tattqos
toes
half-brothers
attorneys-at-laws
masters-of-ceremonies
.S. mouthfuls
bagsful
handfuls
4. cousins-to-be
mothers-in-law
great-aunts
brother-In-laws
5. echoes
shelves
auto~
wives
6. lives
bookshelves
knifes
beliefs
7. altos
stereos
pD.qtpes
radios
8. leafs
proofs
halves
calves
9. banjos
burros
cellos
sopranos
10. mosquitoes
hoboes
videos
potatos
11. briefs
puffs
tariffs
safes
12. cupsful
armfuls
bowlfuls
boxfuls
13. memos'
cameos
studioes
duos
14. lookers-on
runners-up
brides-to-be
senator-elects
"drawerfuls
Below are examples of plural nouns with dlfferent types of irregular

spellings.
.
8) For some nouns, the plural form is the same as the singular form:
one fish, two fish; one deer, two deer

9) Some nouns can be used only in the plural form:
binoculars; scissors
10) The plural of some nouns
is. formed by changing the spelling:
tooth, teeth; mouse, mice; child, children,' person, people

11) The plural of nouns ending with man, woman,
01"
using the plural forms men, women, or children:

salesman,salesmen,'
child is formed by ,
superwoman, superwomen
12) The plural ,of some nouns ending in is is formed by changing is to es:
~~" ~ "
crisM, crises; basis, bases,' hypothesis, hypotheses
"I3rfheplurarorsomenounsendrnginumor~onNisfu;;n;dWbY'th;~gi;;gth;N~
.
.
datum, data; memorandum, memoranda; criterion, criteria,' phenomenon,

phenomena
"
..
DIRECTIONS: If there is an Incorrect plural form in toe group pf nouns,

circle it. Then write the correct spelling on the line. If all
of the plurals are correct, write I'OK" on the line.
Example:
teeth
scissors
parentheses
1. mice
trout
fi~h
sheep
2. children
repairmen
crlsles
hypotheses
trousers
shorts
jeans
4. pollcemans
bases
feet
washerwomen
5. cattle
pants
data
tooths
6. clothes
slacks
overalls
briefs
7. servicewomans
lice
eyeglasses
moose
8. swordfish
deers
cows
horses
9. godchllds
godparents
chairwomen
chairmen
criterias
memoranda
media
'S.sunglass
10. analyses
"0','#0'"
htUItiJ~
DIRECTIONS: Write the plural form ofeMh noun

",.i .
Example: handful
1. city
"
.v ..
1. __.....,......_....,......
.............
2. church
3. chairwoman
4. crisis
2. -'""'--''"'''--'--
S; monkey
S.. ------
6.brother-in~law
7. baby
6...__.~ ..............
-""""""
7. _...:.........,.......;_j"""__
S. tooth
S. _._-~---
9. belief
10. 5910
iI. check
12. potato
13~wife
~4. story
IS.Ught
16.' replay
It
IS.
19.
20.
21.
22.
spoonful
fish '
bookshelf
grandchild
vacancy
crash
23. annex
24. quiz
25. criterion
3.' -. ...-e4
......,........--
------
9.. -------
10.
----
"n. _-_
.....................
12,' ._~-----""
13......
14._._............
-15.
------16. __
...........
---
17. __ -------
18._...........,._-19.
20.
2V __
'22.
__
----........:o ........... ---
...._-
...........
23._.,.._.....,..~---
24.
25.
--_.......--
Answers begin on pele29.
II Exercise
'SEI
The possesslve Iorrn of a noun shows ownership or relationship:
Peter's jacket is down-filled.
of
Here are the rules for forming the possessive

regular nouns:
1) The possessive of singular nouns is formed by adding 'so Even when a
singular noun ends. Inaadd IS to form the posseesive;
Mr. Lise's car; the girl's address
2) The possessive of plural nouns eliding with an s is formed by adding
only the apostrophe:
four hours'sleep; the Perezes' new home
DIRECTIONS: Each underlined noun in the following sentences has

been made possessive. If the underlined word is not
correctly used or spelled, write the corrected word on
the blank. If it is correct, write "OK."
1. Did Jph~~~ mother call this morning?

2. This bus' windows are all steamed up.
S. My
landlords rules are ridiculous: he is so unreasonable.
.
4. All of the miner's wives waited for their safe return.
5. Steve is taking two week's. vacation.
.,
"
~.H~ve you .ha~ that~atls. daw$removed?

7.
S.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
Those protester's complaints never reached the mayor.

Dr. Jones=office is in the new medical center.
Most parent's~hoice seems to be to keep the schools open.
Three comJ>anies' licenses were revoked.
Have city
jobs been cut?
Mr. Gross' family all respect him.
The restaurant launders its waitresses' uniforms free of
charge.
14. What is todays' date?
15. Boy's shoes are now on sale.
EXTRA PRACTIClE
Write a sentence for each' of the following possessive nouns;
the singular possessive of company

the plural possessive of company
.'!wl:l. types
of nO\111possessives r~qtlire. ettraattention:

irregular speUing~ and nouns that. preced,egerund$~
plural nouns with
3) To form the possessive of plural nouns that do not end in
5,
add's:
men's locker rOOID; chUdren:s department

4) (lert.J1ds are notlns that end iiiing. N9t~ristbat ptecedegerunds
PQ$~es~iveto show there~ationship between theiWo words:
must be
The family's arguing has gotten worse.

Ed's writing has really improved!
DIRECTIONS: If there is an error in a sentence; correct the error on

the line provided. If a sentence is correct, write"OK"on
the line.
1. Jose repairing his car made
a lot of noise,.'
2. David driving made me nervous. '
3. Did the children'smother
just leave them?'
4. Who is the peoples' choice for mayor?

5. His father's drinking greatly disturbed him.
6. Molly Yard fights for womens' rights.

7. Steve cooking is a joke.
11
,."~
8. The men's softball team challenged the women's team.

9. We worry about Sally drinking alcohol.
10. lXiany people's property was damaged.
10
II Exercise 8
COUNTABLE
D UNCOUNTABLE
NOUNS
'Countable nouns refer to persons, places, things, or ideas that can be

enumerated, or counted, such as one idea, two ideas or one machine, two
machines.
As these examples show, countable nouns have singular and plural forms,
Uncountable nouns cannot be counted and do not have plural forms. For
example, thereIs no such thing as two.knQwi~dge$or tenequlpments.
1) Some words can be used only with plural countable nouns:
many people, a number of reasons, few students, fewer teachers, these

books, those bananas
2) Some words can be used only with uncountable nouns:
much happiness, a great deal of work, little luck, less money

Some words can be used wlth both singular and uncountable nouns:
this, that
correct
precedes the noun. For sentence

correctthe noun.
Write the corrected sentence il1. the space. If there is"no
error in the sentence, write OK."
Example: I haoe too much assignments to do.
!3 !taue; U;o
to do,
1. Potatoes have less calories than you might think.

2. This suggestions are very helpful.
3. How many problems can one family have?
4. The boss assigned fewe! work to
me than
usual.
5. May I offer a little help?

6. That hospital has too much patients and not enough beds.
7. 'There was a great number of asbestos at that school. .
8. He won't listen to any advices,
11
NREV
DIRECTIONS: In each of the following sentences, four words. or groups
of words have been underlined. If one of these words is
an error, blacken the space in the answer grid over the
number corresponding to it. If there is no error in the
sentence, blacken the space over number (5).
Example: We caught alargenurglJlJr of fis~es due to

bringing
theriglztklnd
4
1. Thedo()rbeUl'i
Rali"i0ndt$
of bait.
..
while Iam takingap,tb,.
1.
is an
o111oo o4' oI
annoying
2. Too many~urnltu.remakesthe
.2.'
1"
close in.
""
walls of this room seem to
2. 00
000
1 .2
3 45
Was good, but his
3. 0i
3. JohnMcEnroe'stennis
"I .,
outbursts disturbed his
4.
-r.
3'
'
a23 600
45
concentration',
is~or~.!paper, andgl~e were
the, supplys
for the da~$!~
4. 0 0 0'0 0
1
3,
art project.
5. 01 0
000
2 3 45
this .state,
--4-
6. 61 0
03 00
'2
45
6. Michael's return set the dogs tails wagging.

"
1.
23'
."
7. Healthype().gles' hair .and nails are always growing and

'
,2,
replacing themselves,but
.'3
7. 01 0
000
2
3
4
8. 0
02 000
'1
3
4
their teeth cannot dothls.

~
8. White bloodcells
functioi11sfighting
-p-'
2"
'
dise~se
and
helping
. ~ .. '
bodies stay healthy.

'4
9.
10.
9.00000
1 2 345
My 518;e1"5 husband sellsrad~oes! ~ter;os! and CD
'5
,.
news told of the :rebel&' attackes on the military
--2-
3'
-;r--
10.
01 0
000
2
3
4
targets .
.. -.
.~
Answers b~,lnon page 29.
Exercis~ 10
VERBS
A verb is a word that shows action:
study, think, write, run

A verb can also show a "state of peing."~The state-of-being verbs are:
am, is, are, was, were, being, 'been, be
A verb helps make a sentence by telling what the subject does or is'.
Verb tenses set sentences in time periods. The three basic verb tenses are,
present, past, and future.
...
Anthony works for his family's bakery.
He worked in a factory before joining the famiiy'business.
He will work part time this winter while attending school.
DllutCTIONS: Underline the verbs in the sentences below. Some

sentences-have more than one verb.
o
I.
2.
3.
4.
5.
~.
7.
8.
9.
10.
,'''
om -. 'OlatJ.dlotheIJnited 8tat<J$,
->,'_
'.'
Alonzo stirred the onions and garllc together,

Janice is your new supervisor.
W~ reported the accident to the police.
If the ladder slips,you Will break your neck!
Your vote will decide the election.
Dana left early because she was il~.
Wisconsin is my favorite state.
Most mystery novelsgive dues throughout the story':
When the lights dimmed, the crowd booed.
WQenfactoriespo~u' hot liquids Intostreams orlakes, they
cause thermal ~pallution.
'
, '
11. The driver behind us saw us, but he still hit the back end of
oUf.car .
12. Every time the door slams, Mattie JUIJiPs.
13. The cookies that you baked were delicious!
14. We spread theblanket for our picnic.
15. [write to my mother-In-law once a month.
1'6. I am the youngest child of six.
17. David thinks highly of you.
18. After you finish, take a break.
Answers begin. on page 29.
13
Exercise
11"
1) The past tense of most verbs is formed by adding ed:
rain, rained,' arrest, arrested; listen, listened; anJi6y, a'nnoyed

2) if the verb already ends in e, just add do'
hope, hoped; demonstrate, demonstrated

3) If a short (Qne.syllable) verb ends in one vowel. and one consonant,
double the cOjlsQnant befor~ adding ed:
,
hop,hopped; grab, grabbed; strut, strlitted

4) If a longeryerb ends inon,e vowel.and one conscnant and the last
syllable is~tr~s~edt double the consonant before ed:
permit, permitted,' rebel; rebdled
5) If the stress is not on the last syllable, do not double the consonant:
listen, listened,' visit, Visited
6) Ita verb ends in y after a consonant, change y to i aM add ed:
copy, copied; marry, married

7) Add, ed to most verbs ending in y after a vowel:
play, played; annoy, annoyed
"
Note: Three common exceptions to this rule are said, paid, laicf.
----~.....
DIRECTIONS:
.....
,,'
,"
"'' '
If there is an incorrect past form in the group of verbs,
circle it. Then write the correct past form on the line. If
all past forms areccrrect, wrl~e "OK" on t~e line. ,
<
Example:
<
(Jf[i!j!jj)
1. fanned
2~ surveyed
S. dropped
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
, omitted
rainned
stayed
stopped
emploled
prayed
loosened
cleaned
visited
rallied
dryed
fastened
scrubed
limited
, .
edited
planned
carryed
dripped
emptied
sprayed
tightened
shined
commited
EXTRA PRACTICE:
Write five sentences about your life five years ago. Use the correct past forms
of these verbs in your sentences: enjoy, listen, hope, plan, worry. (Do not
write negative sentences.)
Examples:
Five years ago, I listened only to heavy metal.I hoped
to be a rock star.
II
Exercise 12.
.
'...
PA$TTEN~EJ:~IJEGULAIt
As you have seen, the past tense of most verbs is formed in a regular
manner, by adding ed:
..
look, looked,' pick, ptcked; rain, rained; jump, jumped
Some verbs, called irregular verbs, form the past tense differently:
bring, brought, eat, ate; come, came; sing, sang

To be certain of the correct past tense form of any irregular verb, y~u can
check the dictionary.
DIREC'rlO~S: Underline the correct past
B~(4mptetNoone (wfdare(wote) .t1W(lrm: iilcket.

1. Ryan (throwed, threW) the ball to the plate.
2. I (wrote, writ) a seven-page letter to Carlos,
5. The mail workers (strlked, struck) for higher pay.

6. Yesterday, Diana Nyad (swam, swum) across the bay.
7. Lou (catched, caughtjacold ~'nhis camplng trip.

8. The bird (flew, flied) over the rainbow.
9. Someone just (stoled, stole) a car from the parking lot.
10. Th,e ~r9wd (been, was) at the race since early afternoon.
11. The announcer (sayed, said) the show would goon.
12. Leonard and Doris (losed, lost) everything in the fire.
IS. I really (feeled, felt) awful about their bad luck.
14. Everyone (saw, seen) the firework~.
15. Ms. Johnson (teached, taught) math for twenty years.
EXTRA PRACTICE
Write five sentences about your first day of school this year or your first job.
(Do not write negative sentences). Use the correct past tense forms of these
verbs in your sentences;
feel
know
go
Answers begin
see
think
on page 30,
VERBS
15
Exercise 13
M_W
~m-~~
TENSES'
~ALL
__ ----l.--'
'_r~_~'~'--~'\.PI'$-~-----------~~~-------~
Besides the slmple present, past, and future, there are other, more
complicated, tenses a verb can take.
, In addltipn,one verb fQrm-tne infinitive-does not reflect different verb
tenses. As its name implies, the infinitive is "timeless":
.I
We like to go 'there. We wanted to go there last night. We plan to go there

tomorrow.
DIRECTIONS:
Before. each sentence below. the base form of the verb ,is
wdtten ill Ptl.t~~t~eE,l~)'.
De~ldeol'ltlle,correct. f~rm of the
verb needed to flU in the blank in the sentence. Write

the corred verbformbltl.16 'bltl.nk.,
E;Jtample: (bring) Has. Lu
61fJJgM..
her boys to, the class?
1. (eat) Have you __

- __ --yet?
2. (see) Everyone had ~~_
............
__ the movie.
3. (go) When will you
' . to Washington?
4. (write) Davida decided
a letter to her
boyfriend yesterday.
S. (write) Have you
down your Social Security
number?
6. ' (get) A minute ago Mark ~a
flashlight so we
could see.
7. (feel) I've never
... so sick before.
8. (speak) Has the main character.
yet?
9. (hurt) Ms. MiIlerJust ..
.her~elf on the rough
edges of the desk.
10. (hear) We haven't ...
fromthe unemployment
office.
11~ (get) Has Khalil been able
his raise yet?
down
12. (break) How could the new carhave_----already?
13. '(sleep) Barry,....:.;....~~_---oI)the"..
last night.
14. (leave) When my family
15. (freeze) The popslcles haven't
sofa in the living room
--'--, I felt very lonely.

yet.
16. (do) What are you ---___,-----?

17. (drln~)Ababywitl usut),lly_ ...............
~............___a
bottle of
formula every fo~r bours,
(continued)
16
18. (sweep) Don

the floor before his in-laws
, arrived.
19. (know) If I had
hoW:late it was, I'd have
stayed at home.
20. (think) Freddi promises she will
about our
offer.
21. (do) Has Felipe
the project?
22. (buy) Although we had just
the drap~s,
they looked so awful we returned them.
23. (answer) The operator is
your call now.
24. (go) When you
to school, how large were
your classes?
25. (sing) Verna and Mike have
in the choir for
29. (take) the plane will

morning.
30. (try) We are __ ~
difficult.
________
_
off on time this
save money, but it's very
PRAtTleR
Write ten sentences as directed. Use correct verb forms.
1. List three things that you have accomplished so far this

week.
Example: I /)ave 12P,idmy phone bill.
2. List two things that you 'must do today.
Example: l must go to. the store.
3. List two things that you should have done last week but
didn't do.
Example: I shouldhaQeS8nt a birthday card to my aunt.
4. List three things that you had done by the time the guests
arrived at yqqr last party. . .
,
ExaKf4pie: Ihadvae.Uumed the carpet.
17
VERBR.E
14
EW
DIRECT[ONS: In each of the following exercises, four-verbs have been

underlined. If one of the verbs is used or formed
incorrectly, blacken the space in the answer grid over
the number corresponding to it. ,If all of the verbs are
correct, blackenthe~pa,.ce numbered (5).
0.000
J!:jCample: We knew toeshould hd,ve went slower, but we wanted
=r:
,"2"
to arrive before dark.

,tt ... ..
' ' .
12
'
<
I. 00 000
1. Gah thi'W the ball so hard it hi~ted the window and

~.
'z""
br~ke the glass, which S.ttatl~~edall over the ground.

2. Federal Express should
have
2. 01 0
000
. 2.,3
4
5.
came to pick up the
package; if they don't come by noon,

-2--3-'
IwilideUver
4
it
myself.
3. 01 0
000
2
345
3. When the mayor became engaged to marry, the

1
newspapers run many articles about the couple-how they

-2-
'
met, where they went,

:-y--:r- and
.. so on.
4. Will you mske a new pot of coffee? Someone has drunken
1
.,~,
',,3
4. 01.. 0
000
2
3
4
5
all that was left.

"T
5. We hadron
l'
5.00000
1
2
3
a mile when we noticed that the fog had

"2
crept
oft the bay and .....
begun
to come inland.
3
4"'"
<
6. The Williamses will 1send

.'.....their children to,..public school
.1
,}
..
even though they wish they
" <I.
,-, -,~o
"
6. 0 0 000
12
d them to
-2-
private school. .
7. Winterbas~ome
f .
ShOW
--1
..
hasfal!en
early this year. It is only October, and

'2
twice. The cold has$t~r!
early',too.
7. 0 0 000
1
23
18
8. I I.ikethat sportscaster! You must listen to his program.

1
-r;'
0 0 0 0 0
12345
lai1)S the game well.
He -3had a sense of humor, and he

9. When the shirt was washt; it had
8.
a white
0 0 0 0 0
mark on it. 1.9.
12345
scrubbed and scrubbed, but the mark wouldn't come off.

3 .
',4
10. Someone rung the doorbell and spoiled the peaceful

1
. 2
..
10. 0 0 0 0 0
4
123
evening we wished we could have had by ourselves.

3
---~""4"
11. The City Council voted to end the reduced bus fares on
.
-1-
-~
. 11. 0 0 0 0 0
1
34
Sundays. Since then, we have had to paid full fare for our
3
shopping trips.
12. David felt proud. "I d0 ne my best!" he said,
2,
and
took his
4
12. 000
12
0 0
4
place in the winner's circle.
he had polio, which left him unable to walk without
---r
-3-
braces, he performs all around the world.

14. North Americans are very health conscious; people were
1
. .
.2
14. 000
1
2
0
0[)
4
careful about what they eat, and they enjoy many

T
types of exercise.
15. Has anyone relieved the doorman since he beg,,!!! his

1
is.:
0 0 0 0 0
12
shift? He looks as if he might be falling asleep.

3
16. The guide had warned us to bring warm clothing, so I

1
brung an extra coat and a pair of wool gloves that I

3
had been saving.

4
,
Answers beg/non page 30.
16. 000
1
23
0 0
4
GED SKILL Identi
ing
.air'I a
. When you take the GED Test, you will read science passages
and graphics for understanding. This means that as you read, you
must
for main ideas and details that ~tlppoh 'the main ideas.
Bow can you. find the main Ideas of a passage? .First look oyer the
passage quickly, counting the paragraphs. If there are three
paragraphs, you should find three mainideas. Together, the main
ideas ofthe paragraphs form the main idea. of the passage.
look
main.
idea
the central
paragraph
topic ofa
or passage
.:a~h 'paragraph is a.group of sentences abotitasillg1e topic_;_.the
tna.lti idea,rChe:ti.1Elinidea of a paragraph is usuallYsta.'t~d 1n tIle topic

S~)lterice.Qft<~nthetopicsentenceJs
the first or la~t$entenceof
the l)aragraphl but sometimes it is I'n tl1,eri1iddleof the paragraph,
WhereVl' it is, the sel1~e)lce~ith the.tuainideahaS a~eanl1),g
general enough to cover all the points inth'e par,a.gtaph,
'
,
_-
---,-
.- .....
.::_.
-_- ..
. someti;tl1es the main idea ofapar.(I,graph.isnotstated
dearly in
onesentence.In that case} yOU~11usuead.and thinK.abQutt:he whole
paragraph to understandthe main idea. Lookfor supporting details
'that will help you. These may be facts,examples, explanations,or
propfs that illustrate or tell more about the main idea.
Read the paragraph
and answe.r the questton below.
clonlng.istheproces$ofarUfiCilally
prodUlng an e~C\ctgenetlccopy of'
anexigtlng Indlvldu\liIQt'ganism. Inrecentyears. scientists have done
many clonlngexperlmants wlthmamrnal$.Such experiments$tart with
the egg cell of onaanimal-Sclsntlsts remove the nucleus, which Is the
control center,. of the egg cell and replace it with the. nucleus of aceu trom
a second, fully mature.adult animaL Thf:)nj~l1eyirnplantt~ealtered egg
cell into the uterus ot a third animal. The ant mal that 1$bornis\ copy of
the adult whose cell nucleus was placed in the egg cell.
Write M next to the sentence that best expresses the main idea of
the paragraph.
__ a. Cloning is the process of artificially producing an exact copy
of an existmg individual organism;
.
.
__ b. Cloning experiments start with the egg cell of one animal.
You were correct if you chose option a. The main idea is stated in
the first sentence of this paragraph. Option b is a detail that supports
the main idea.
Use the passage and the diagra1U to answer
YOl)fsl\ln forms a protective surface for your

body, Skin 1$mada up ofepUhalialtisslH~, whloh
J~fl~t ,and broad. The cells ofepithaHaltls6ueare
closa'togather.A$a. result, thistl$sue tigh~ly
controls whiohsubeta.nOaapas$ through It
Epithelial tl$suI,r;\lsoforms a protectiVe lining for
organs ',such aSlpl $tomfloh,
,Anqthertyp~'Oftlssull$oonnect1ve.tts$Ul,
T~lsti$$uesupport$andhOlds
together parts of
the body. pell$lnconneotivltl$$uear~not lose
together, 'Nonliving maier1rals,suoh asoalciutn! fill
tl'ie'~Paceb~tWeenoell$',Tha$e matarlalsgive all
oonn'actlve tlsslJls strength.So'ne 'andoartilage
are types of connective tissue.
. '
1. -YVriteM next to the sentence that tells the main idea of the first paragraph.
a;'~the cells of epithelial tissue are dose together.
,_
_"_,_ b.Epithelial
tissue,forms protective surfaces for the body.
2. Write one detail that supportsthe
main idea of the first paeagraph.
3. Write Mnrxt to the,sentence that tells the main idea of the second paragraph.
of connective tissue are not close together.
_:-
a.Thecells
--:-
-b, Connective tissue supports and holds together parts of the body.
-,
4. Write one detail that supports the main idea of the second paragraph.
S. Put a check mark next to the part of the body in which you would expect to find
shown in the diagram.
__
a. the skin
---'-
b.the
6.:puta,checl<
bones.
marknexttQ
t~l,~Characterlstic of the cells in the diagram that helps epithelial
tlS5~ecorttrol wheth~:tasupstanee
passes through it.
-'--'- ",a. The cells are very close together.

_
b. The cells have nuclei that are stained a dark color.
GED CONTENTCen Structures and

/
functmons ~~~
Allorganisms are made up of microscopic units called cells. Some

orga.hlsmscQ.tislst 0111yo a $i1.1glecell.Othel' orgallisll}s aremade up
ofmarlrcells,. Allcellsl.wheth~theyform
a sillgl<; ..eelled. Ol'g~Pi~rn
O!'fl.ltilllttcel1tlla! m;ganism!carryout lifeptbc<3sseS,PQI examplel ,all
cells,ti1<einf90$l.TheY<l1l bl'cakdown,food to .getel1ergy, and tlley
, a1rglve pff ~a~tproducts. MostGellsgrQW andxepro<Luce. Atl cells
ey~ntulll!ydie ..
.MQ~t~~l1Sh.avethe structures shown in the diagram. The 'nucleus

is one Qfthemost complex cell structures. The nucleus Is the control
c~~lterOfthecell. The l.ulcl~al' membrane protects' the nucleus
and controls what goes Into and out of It. The nucleus contains
ch!,ow.~tin-the cell'sgenetic material. When the cell divides, the
chrolllatin: forms elll'0lU()$)me~/.whicb~as$Qnthe .lier!i!QlttlIy
,inforn.latlQ;o, IQxtheceU.Thenttcleu$
als:oC61ita~11snucleoli, WhiCih
produce protein-making structures called ribosomes.
Outside the nucleus is a soup-like fluid c.alledcytoplasm. The
cytoplasm contains a number of cell structures called organelles.
The
.
work
to
'
and out ofthe cell.Use the 'diagram toleam about each

different organelles, the nucleus, and the cell membrane.
[)Ireotlons: Choose the one best answer to' each question.
QU,estions1 thl'Ol.l9f1 e refer to the 'information

and dIagram on pag()36.
1. What is the main idea of the first ~aragraph?
(1) All organisms are made up of many cells
that eventually die.
(2) All organisms ars rnade up of cells,which
carry out the basic life processes.
(3) .All cells are tiny and can be seen only
with a microscope.
(4) All cells take in food foreriergy and give
off wastes.
.
(5) Although most cells grow and reproduce,
they all eventually die. '
2. What is the main idea of the second

paragraph?
(1) Cells have many differentklnds of

''\
~;~
structures in the cytoplasm r

(2) The cells of .multicellular orqanlsms have
, a nucieus.
'
(3) The,nucleus is surrounded by the nuclear
membrane ..
'(4) The nucleus lsotten located near the
center of the cell.
(5) the nucleusisone of the cell's most
complexstru9fures.
3.Whichdetailbest
supports the main Ideaot
the second paragraph?
(1) The cytoplasm is outside the nucleus.
(2) The organelles are outside the nucleus,
(3) Mostcells Ipclude the.structures
, describedhi the. diagrar.n.
(4) The 'nucleus is the control center of
the cell.
.
(5) There are ribosomes In both the nucleus
and the cytoplasm.
4. What is the main purpose of the diagram?

(1) to show and describe the nucleus
(2) to show and describe various cell
structures
(3) to describe the runotlons ot ribosomes
(4) to show the difference between cytoplasm
and the nucleus
(5) toexplaln how materials pass through the
cell membrane
5. According to the diagram, how do different
organelles'V"0rk together to carry out cell
processes related to proteins?
Aibo~bm~~makeprotelt1s) the
I?ndoptasmic retloulumlransports them,
and the Goigi apparatus,~ends them
where they are heeded.
(2) Hibosomes make proteins, the Goigi
apparatus tr.ansports them, and the
mitochondria send trismwhete they are
(1)
needed.
(3) The mitochondria release energy and the

smooth.ei:ldoplasmic reticulum sends
proteinstrroughouHhe
cell,
(4) The mitoch9ndrla. release energy and the

Goigi apparatus makes lipldsanclprotf?ins.
(5) The mitochondria release energy, the
endoplasmic reticulum makes proteins,
and the Goigi apparatus makes liplds.
6. What is the main idea of the passage and

diagram together?
(1) Organisms are made of cells that have
specialized structures to carry out life
processes.
(2) Some organisms consist of Just one cell,
and others consist of rnany different-types
of cells.
(3) The life processes of cells include taking
in food forenergy,growing, and
reproducing.
(4) Cells are microscopic units with many
types of structures having different
functions.
(5) The cytoplasm contains organelles
needed to carry out the cell's functions.
Answl6rs start on page 266.

i/'
Practice e Lesson 1
Directions: Ohoose the one best answer to each question.

QU,estiOl1S 1 thraVgh ~ referto the following
passage and dl~gra.m.
Plant cells have certain structures that animal
cells do not have. For example, plant cells have
a cell wall surrounding the cell membrane. Oell
walls are made of bundles of cellulose and serve
to support the plant
PLANT CELL
1; Which is the best title for the passage and

diagram together?
(1)
(2)
, (3)
(4)
(5)
PI~nt Cen Structures and Their Functions

How a Plant Oell Reproduces
How Plant and Animal Cells Are Alike
How Plastlds Function in Plant Cells
Parts of a Green Plant
2. Based on the information in the passage,

which type of structure gives daffodil
and rose 'petals their color?
(1) cell membrane
(2) .cell wall
(3) mitochondria
(4) chromoplasts
'({S)' .leUq(;)p!~$ts"
3. Lisa did not water her plants for three weeks,
and they wilted. Why did the plants wllt?,.)
Plantcells also gain support frcimiarge,

water-filled sacs called vacuoles. In a mature
plant cell, one or two vacuoles may take up most
of the space Inside the cell. Animal cells rarely
contain vacuoles, and when they"are present,
they are tiny.
Also unique to plant cells are organelles
called plastids. Chloroplasts are one kind of
plastid. Chloroplasts contain the green pigment
chlorophyll. Plants need chlorophyll to carry out
the sugar-making process of photosynthesis.
Ohrornoplaets are another type of plastid
containing pigment. Yellow, orange, and red
pigments are stored in a plant's chromoplasts.
Leucoplasts are a third type of plastid. They
make starches and oils for the plant.
'-
(1) The cellulose in the cell wall$ disintegrated.

(2) The vacuoles shrank asthslr water was
used up.
(3) The leucoplaets made too many starches.
(4) The chloroplast\ lost all their chlorophyll
and stopped functioning.
.
(5) The chromoplastsproduced too much
pigment.
4. A protein In the mucus In your nasal passages

can break down the cell walls of bacteria,
many of which cause disease. Which of the
following is the most likely result of this
action?
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
Bacteria will not be able to enter your nose.

Bacteria that enter your nose will be killed.
Bacterla will enter your nose more easily,
Bacteria in your nose will grow more
rapidly,
(5) Bacteria In your nose will not be able to
change shape.
"
5. Which sentence best summarizes the main

idea of the paragraph and the diagram?
Historyarod Nature of SelenIC!
APPLYING
CELL BIOLOGY TO
Paop!.e.onQa maQejunof the notion that

sQm~day oelLciel'ltlsts WoulggrpWQ~Il~in the
lab~nafashlof! them Into Uvlngbody part~.

BeUeveltornol,\hat day has CQme, The diagram
balow, desorlbes how ,neW blood. vesse,hscan baoreatedQelll?yoellf; Qutside,a hl.JlTlanpQ~Y .
,-
_-,
to meet
human needs,
(2) Qellblologists90notthlnl<
that theY can
grow living body parts from celis,
(3.) Blood ve$selsare noHhefjrstbody parts
-cell biologists havebeElOGlblel0 grow.
(4) Cell biologi~t~ have~ucoeeded fngrowing
blood vesels from living cells.
(5) ,The flrststeplngrowing
blood vessels
',is tOCo(atplast.loscaffolding with
'rilus6le cells.
(1) Cell biologists have worked hard
HUMAN NEEDS
-.
BUllmN~,BlOOD VeSSELs, CELLSY cau,

1. Scientist coats the inside of a tube of plastic
scaff~ldlng with muscle cells.
2. Scientist places tube in nutrlent-rlchllquld Which

wa$h~s over and through tube in gentle w.aves.
3~After elghtwee,~~, the ,OJI.!scle6eUs ~ave broken

down the.pla~tl(l$CaTfoldll'lgandtheybe~ln
replaolng it with ()onnective~rs~u~.
.
Muscle cells
4. Scientist paintsth~ Il'l$kieofthe tube with skin

cells. A blo.odvEl$S$1h~~ be~nbuilt, cell by cell.
Tube of muscle celis and
connective tissue
Skin cells
6. What is the unstated assumptIon behind this

informati,on?
(1 )'Arllflcial body parts are superior to body
partsforrned from Ilvlngoell$,
.. '
(2)e1e,nti.st~ .rnaysomedaybeabletoform
replaoementbOQyparts from living cells.
(3) It is extremely easy to form body.parts
trom living 09.lls., . ,. . ..,.
..
(4) Theproces$ of fRrmlngo,odypartsbom
, living gell${akesloo long,tobepraqtloal..
(5) Plastic soaffoldlng must support new body
part$ formtJd from living cells.
7. It may soon be. possible that when nerves
are cut,d6otors can place a type of p1a$tic
between the cut nerves tohslp thenarve,cell$
grow back"What lsthe most likely function'
of the plastic?
(1) to req(jnhect the two cut oerves

(2) to supplyHvlnghsrVe oellsfor
rsgonneotlng the damaged nerve~
(3) to provide aphYf>:lcalsupportfor the
growing nerve cells
.
(4) to carry away the waste products of the
damaged nerves
(5)
allow both muscle cells and nerve cells
to grow
to
!it Lesson 1
@
cells have a life cycle.

five stages: Interphase,
rnetannase. anaphase, and telophase.
I grows, carries out its
The
<1.11-1"' .... ,
(3) The Process of Mltosls
(4) What the Spindle Does
(5) Why Cell Division Is' Important
""O'~
Which of thefollowingil) a detail about mitosis

that is supported by,thediag'n:~m?
nuclear membrane dissolves during
ase.
"''''.''''')1."",,,,,, fiber formation begins in
For mostcells, InternnJil~AjrlS
of the life cycle. During .,h.i'c.rrlhl!l(::t.1
carries out many different
important forits.gtowth
end of interphase, the cell
The chromatin Inthe
Mitosis begins with
prophase) the chromatin
form chromosomes. Eaoh
of two Identical chromatids,
centers. A network of fibers
spans the cell. The nuclear
The next phase of .
metaphase. During
chromosomes line up
the cell. They attach to
spindle fibe.rs get cut, mitosis

normally.
interphase, the protein
cell increases.
shortest phase in the
(4) Near the

content of
(5) Anaphase
process of mlt~~$ls.
3. If a parent cell has 6"Chromosomes at the

start of lnterphase, how many chromosomes
will each daughter cell eventually have?
(1) 1
(2) 3
(3) 6
(4) 12
(5) 15
N41-1L:
U :~J';'~ f
. (2 r~f/G!~
Gt.ndc/l/2.J rei, rY? S .

' +Ae.
.; he..r2 {I) /m eLI a nd .p tr!4>tI1t 4E: 1/ S':~
F'pt~/i's,r.
f~).e_,jn..f~Y-/MCO--!;'Ofl
-(; II
I ()
\'
11
PACKET TWO
Use the passage and the diagram to answer the questions below.
Deep within Earth, rock Is a hot liquid called magma. In some places, magma works
its way toward the surface by melting solid rock or by moving through cracks in Earth's
crust. When magma reaches the surface, it Is called lava, The place where lava emerges
from Earth Is called a volcano,
Volcanoes can be classified aocording to the kind of
eruptions that forms them. One type of volcano is called a
cinder cone volcano. Cinder cone volcanoes are formed
from explosive eruptions. Explosive eruptions are caused
when lava in vents, or openings, hardens Into rock. Steam
and magma build up under the rocks, causing pressure.
Eventually the pressure becomes great enough to cause
a violent explosion. The volcano is formed out of cinders,
ash, and other rock particles that are blown into the air. A
Cinder Cone
cinder cone volcano has a narrow base and steep sides.
Ash
Rook (cinders)
Magma
1. Wl'ite C next to the cause of a cinder cone volcano eruption.

_'_
a. Underground ash particles build up, eventually causing an explosion.
~._
b. Steam and magma create great pressure, eventually causing a forceful eruption.
2. Put a check mark next to the phrase from the second paragraph that helped you answer
question 1.
.
__
a. "The volcano is formed out of cinders, ash, and other rock particles ... "
__
b. "... the pressure becomes great enough to cause a violent explosion."
3. Write C next to the cause of the layering found in a cinder cone volcano.
__
a. deposits of two types of materials, ash and cinder
__
b. a pool of magma at the base of the volcano
4. Write R next to each result of a cinder cone volcano eruption. Mark all that apply.
~_
a. Cinder and ash explode into the air.
_'_
b. Magma and steam build up underground.
__
c. Cinder and ash form a cone-shaped mountain.
__
d. Lava flows out very slowly.
__
e. Magma works its way through cracks in the slope.
An earthquake is the shaking and trembling that results from

the sudden movement of rock in Earth's crust. Most earthquakes
occur along the boundaries of tectonic plates.
TYPES OF FAULTS
Rock
layers
Before a Fault
The most common cause of earthquakes is faulting. A fault is a

break in Earth's crust. Rocks on either side of the fault begin to move.
As they break and slide past each other, they release enormous
amounts of energy. In a normal fault, the rocks are pulled apart,
causing one side to slip downward. In a reverse fault, the rocks are
pushed together, causing one side to rise up. In a lateral fault, the
stresses cause horizontal movement of the rock.
The point beneath Earth's surface where rocks break and move
is the focus of the earthquake. Directly above the focus, on Earth's
surface, is the epicenter. The most violent shaking occurs at the
epicenter.
Normal Fault
When rocks in Earth's crust break, vibrations travel out in all

directions from the focus. These vibrations are known as seismic
waves. There are three main types of seismic waves.
The seismic waves that travel the fastest are called
waves.
e waves can
and gases. Primary
waves are push-pull waves. They cause pieces of rock to move back
and forth in the same direction as the wave is moving.
Reverse Fault
Lateral Fault
The seismic waves that travel the next fastest are secondary waves.
Secondary waves can travel through solids but not through liquids or
gases. Rock pieces disturbed by secondary waves move from side to
side at right angles to the direction the wave is traveling.
The slowest seismic waves are surface waves. Surface waves travel
from the focus directly up to the epicenter. Surface waves cause the
ground to bend and twist, sometimes causing whole buildings to
collapse.
The more energy an earthquake releases, the stronger and more
destructive it is. The strength ofan earthquake is measured on a
special scale, the Richter scale. The Richter scale measures how
much energy an earthquake releases by assigning the earthquake a
number from one to ten. Any magnitude of 7 or above on the Richter
scale indicates a very strong earthquake. When a strong earthquake
hits a populated area, there can be considerable property damage and
numerous deaths.
Thousands of earthquakes occur each year, most of them minor.
According to the U.S. Geological Survey, an average of 19 earthquakes
per year worldwide measure 7 or above on the Richter scale.
Directions: This is a ten-minute practice test. After ten minutes, mark the last question you
finished. Then complete the test and check your answers. If most of your answers were correct,
but you didn't finish, try to work faster next time, Choose the one best answer to each question.
2. Sentence 3: These direct payments are
for basic needs such as medicineJ
transportation, buyin.g heat, anqJood.

brochure. --,---Eastport Senior Council
(1) This is about the Eastport Senior Council.
(2) Our mission is to provide emergency funds
directly to people living in Eastport who are over
age 64. (3) These direct payments are for basic
needs such as medicine, transportation, buying
heat, and food. (4) Social Security, a major
source of Income for many of our senior citizens,
also helps with these needs. (5) In addition, we
finance activities that improve the quality of life of
seniors In Eastport. (6) Our program includes
exeroise groups as well as educational and
oultural aotivities. (7) All aotlvlties are free to
senior citizens, (8) The goal of helping ease
loneliness and Isolation.

portion of the text? If the original is the best
way, choose option (1).
0), and
medicine, transportation,
food
buying heat,
(2) medicine, transportation, heat, and food

(3) medicine, transportation, buying heat and
buying food
(4) medical needs, getting rides, buying heat,
and food
(5) medical needs, transportation needs,
heating needs, and for food
3. Which revision should be made to the text?
Senior Council,
(1) remove sentence 4

(2) move sentence 5 to follow sentenoe 2
Which revision should be made to

sentence 1?
(4) remove sentence 6

(5) replace sentence 7 with Never charging_
1. Sentence 1: This Is about the Eastport
(3) begin a new paragraph after sentenoe 6
((0rePlace sentence 1 with I~e Eastport,

Senior Council is an organization in
Eastport. "---------.(2) replacesentence 1 with The Eastport
Senior Council offers charitable programs.
(3) 'repracese'ntence1 wiffi'TheEastporf--'"
_~ni9LQ~unoil 111_o.!l~s~~,JJ!~~"f_9lq~X
peoele,~ou know; it is a 9roue thatworks
for them.
(4) replaoe sentence 1 with I.re Eastp<2!!
Senior Council is a nonprofit charitable
organization dedicated roserving the
a fee.
-c,
Eilaerry,------
(5) no revision is necessary
4. Sentenoes 7 and 8: All activities are free to

senior citizens. The goal of helping ease
loneliness and isolation.
The most effective combination of sentences 7
and 8 would inolude which group of words?
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
Free activities help ease

Being free, senior oitizens in activities help
Free, and with a goal of helping
citizens, and to help
.
cltlzens, with the goal of helping ease

information.
Varnished Wood Furniture
(A)
(1) Wood that is varnished stands up well to
normal wear and tear. (2) That's because varnish
Is a tough finish. (3) It protects for decades. (4)
The major problem with varnished wood is that

scratches show up very easily.
(6)
(5) Dust it regularly. (6) Wash it occasionally
with paint thinner, which dissolves dirt. (7) Paint

thinner may dull the finish, however, so be
prepared to restore the shine with a good buffing.
(8) A mild solution of a good detergent and water
will also clean varnished furniture, but water
should be used sparingly. (9) Polish Isn't needed
on varnished furniture. (10) Polish can build up
and dull the finish. (11) It can even collect dirt.
(1) Moreover, the following is advice for wood
maintenance.
(2) Most important, you can always clean
the wood.
(3) Fortunately, you can keep varnished wood
looking good If you follow this advice.
(4) Nevertheless, dusting wood is important,
but polishing it isn't.
(5) In contrast, rugs look good
varnished floors.
on
clean,
7. Sentences 5 and 6: Dust it regularly. Wash it

occasionally with paint thinner, which
dissolves dirt.
The most effective combination of sentences
5 and 6 would include which group of words?
(12) Follow this advice, and your varnished

wood furniture will look good and last for a long,
....
, ------------
(1) and, of course,

(2) and, In addition,
(3) and, as a result,
(4) and, for example,
___,'~51_)-<aal-/Jnc4tI, ..,.uil ....J....."CO.u..t11..U1'l'Jd.8cust ......,
5. Sentence 4; The major problem with
8. Sentences 9 and 10: Polish isn't needed on
(C)
--'----II~lr:t~~
6. Which sentence below would be most

effective at the beginning of paragraph B?
varnished wood is that scratches show up

very easily,
varnished furniture. Polish can build up

and dull thefinTsh-, _.---
Which revision should be made to

sentence 47
Which Is the best way to write the underlined

portion of the text? If the original Is the best
way, choose option (1).
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
replace The with Unfortunately, the

Insert unfortunately, after wood
insert, unfortunately aftel:scratches
Insert unfortunately after up
no revision Is necessary -
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
furniture.
furniture,
furniture,
furniture.
furniture,
Polish
polish
so polish
In fact, polish
likewise polish
r- ..
GED SKILLh:Alentifyh1g
theain
helea
:i'1"l~d~ldea
the central topic ofa
paraqraph or passag,e
. 'When you take the GED Test, you ~lil ]:ead sctencepassages
ancl'graphtcs Ior understandmg, This means that as you read, you
must look for .nllllJallll.l'itrlc@s and detailsthat support the main ideas,
How can youflnd the 1':(1ai1:1
Ideas of a passage'? l'l11'stlook over the
1?ass~\geqttickly, eountlng'tne paragraphs. If there are three
pa:cagraphs, youshould find three main ideas. Togethel:, the main
ideasofthe paragraphs form the main idea. Qf the passage,
".' ,':,:~.~~hpa:r~tgra:ph
is a group
.(jf sentences' 'abolit
sjng'le. topic-the
main'Idea. The.l1iaii1 Idea of a pmagrGlp.11. is usuaUy stated in the topic
sentence, Often the topic sentence is thefirst or last sentence of
thep~ragrapht but sometimes it is in the middle of the paragraph.
Whereyer it is, the sentence with the, main idea has a meaning
. genera! enough to cover all the points
the paragraph.
'(1
in
,,Sometimes the main 'idea of a paragraph is not stated clearly in

one sentence. I'D,that case, you must read and think about the whole
pm:agl'tlph to uaderstandthe main Idea. Look ~()rsupporting details
'that will help you. These may be facts, examples, explanations, or
proofs
. that illustrate or tell mote about the main idea.
,
Read the paragraph and
answer the question below.
Cloning Is the process of artlfiolally proouolna an exact 9E1netlccopy of .

an existing Individual OJ'ganlsm. 111recent years, scientists have done
many plonlng experiments with mammals, Such experlmsnts start with
the egg oe!1 of one animal. Soientists remove the nucleus, which Is the
control center, of the egg cell and replace it with the nucleus 9f a cell from
a second, fully mature adult animal. Then, they lmplantthe altered egg
. cell Into the uterus of a third animal. The animal that 1$born Is a copy of
the adult whose cell nucleus was placed in the egg cell.
Write 114 next to the sentence that best expresses the main idea of
the paragraph.
__
a, Cloning is the process of artificially producing an exact copy
of an ~xistfng individual organism:
~_ b. Clonirl,g experiments start with the egg cell of one animal.
You were correct if you chose option a. The 1p.ain idea is stated in
the first sentence of this paragraph. Option b is a detail that supports
the main idea.
~')
Use the 'passage and the diagram to answer t:htq1.l.~stiQDS below.

Yo~!r81<lnforrns a protective $wfaoe'fQI' your
!)oq,y" $kln Is. Intcl_e up of ,eplthellal Us~ue, whloh
:j~fl~tMd btoacL TrW cells of epl,!hell~ii tiesLI0 ai'e,
cL9~frtogetll~r. As aresult, tills tr~sue.tlg!)tly
oontrols' which substances pass tl1rough 'ft.
Epithelia'! tissue. also forma a proteotlve, lining for
ol'Qan~:~upI1,as ,tJle. stornach.
" '. AnMhe:l: typ~QftlsSLlGl.18, Qonneotlve tissue.,

l'bis,tl$,sJJ0 s011~p6rts.aridhold$ together parts of
tli~bpc!y, Gens 'In oonneotlve tlsaue are 'hot ()16~0
tOga,tl1ll:'- '~lonllvil1g maf@rlais SLfChas oalclum, fill
tl1'e'.space betweeil cells, These ITlcit0rlais give ~lll
l
oQhiiectivetlstjLl0S strength. Bot1eancl oElrtna~J0

are Wpssof ecnnsctlvs tissue.
1. 'Write M n~xtto the sentence that tells the math idea of the first paragraph;
;
:.
,~
".
".'
. '.'.
"'"
:.
.a.:~'\fhecells
of epithelial
tissue are close together
.
. ..
.
.
'
.'
",_",_'
_. b. Epithelial tissue forms protective surfaces for the body,
the main Idea of the first paragraph.
the sentence that tens t11ema,il1: idea of the second para~raph.

_
a. The cells of connective tissue are not ~los,together.
'
~b,~Connective
tissue supports and holds together parts of the body.
::l., Write M,nrxtto
4. Write one detail that supports the mamtdee of-the second paragraph,
!
'
"".,
"
S. Put a check mark next to the part of the body hi which you would expect tofindtbf;i, cells
shQwnirithe.diagraro.
....
" .'
__:;.,:,a; the' skin ,

_'--' , b. the bones,
6. Put achecl; mark next to the characteristic of the cells in the diagram that helps epithelial
tissue control whether a substance passes through it.
_._ n. The cells are very close together,
_
b. The cells have nuclei that are stained a dad, color.
All organlsms are made up.of-mlcroscoptc units called cells, Some

organisms consist only of a singlecell. Other or~allisnlS:are made up
O.(lup~12ens, i~ll cells, whettHn:.they form a.si11gle ..celled ol'g~ilJsm
01': i(ji.t~,(tl.cel'tl~ar01"g~lii:9m,,cauy out life processes, .1I0rexample, }'Ill
~,ns.,till,<e~i.tifQo~,They all break down food to get energy, 'Ind. they
'"a~l:~~v.e,,~)f(~~\:~tGPl:oducts.
Most cells, grow al'l~lr~pJ:OCluc~.. AlI.cells
eY~fl~il~~Jy.:tHe.
f
"
"
,i,.'.hi~~t.~~iJi:ll~fve
the structures
"',
Sh()~l tn the',d~ag):alh.Therincieus
,:j~8f.~~'2~:.f,ll~,ttlb:~t
complex ce,U$~1'tit~)r9s.
'Ihe llUCr~\1~is, the control
, ,'.~,"c~lt~'t:;qt~~t~,;.c:e-lI,
The )l,~~lfd~~l)l'
Jln~ie~~1tWx1i'm,lt(e
PNtects.the,rl\tcleu~,
" .' ,,'artCl:c~>Pi(1,9Js)l,rJl!lt goesinto' nlld out Ql tt. The nucleus contMns
.' ; ~~~~\~~~~~~~~~Jl~'~lle
c~I's,,genQtlc matenal, Wh(:)l1the cen, cUvJ<:tes, the
',' 'cli!tiritatinfdl:tltscllli'()Ji~1t6sP)llIl\e&t which pas~ on the h\;!l'cd,itary
, lnforrnation foe the cell. The nucleus also c(:)nta.iJ~snuclepli/which
produce protein-making structures called ribosomes.
1
,Ot!i:si,dl~the nueleus is a,soupuJfl<efluid called cyt\o'n))l@~.nl .The

cytoplasm ccntalns a numbei; of cell structures calIeq lfIil:'g~'nli!l!n'i'.s.
11H~,ol'ganeU~s work tog-ethel' to help the cell bn1ak clown food for
e.riergy/g1'Owth, and rsptoductlon, The cytoplasm and crganeltes are
Slll'~qt111de(tby a cell )J:tmeJIRIlIIN~lll\e, whtch control~ what goes into
and out b{th.e cell. Use the 'ellagratn kmtnabout each od:ftle'
to
different organelles, the, nucleus, and the cell membrane.
to :e~o,h:q!J0:stlol1.: .
.D.lr~.2!!ns: 0110080 the oll0 be~!.~ns~er
;g.':l!?s~:Qliuil!~?~I~Il.
refer to tne'lhfor.matlon
and(ll&lgram on pa\ge 36.
"
1;:'Whafl~<th~mali"lqeaof
.
. ~.
":, ;.
".
. :' I:.,' '
' .
theflrst paragraph?
"
.~'.::'; I .'.
4. ,;What Is the
(1)' to SliOW and desorlbe the nucleus

: (2) to show and describe various cell
,.:, stI'Llch,H'0S'
"
('I) An organl~!t1S are made up of memy cells

that,@ver1tuall~elle,
.'
.
(2) All organ'!8m~rare macle up of cells, which
oatTY cut the ,basic Ufe processes.
(3) All eellsare tiny and can be seen only
. wlthlamlb,;Os,oope,'
(4) \i\lrO~n$tal<f)';!n food for energy and give
off wastes:
(5) Although meet O(1!jS grow fmc! reproduce,

tlley all eventually dle, .
main purpose ot the diagram?
ancl the nuoleus
')
6, Acoo.rdlt19 to the cliE;\gl'6.,m,how do different

orgElh~ll@g:wc)':I,<
together to, carry out cell
PI;()C0S,8~8
i'~lated to proteins?
make proteins, the
t(~tl.uILilil'tran$ports them,
. :$.ends them
(1)
(3) The I'lLICleU8 1,8s~lrr()unqed py the nuclear

. mell'ibJ'CltlEl.
"
, ..
(4) The 'nucleCls 'I~foftenlo'6.~tednear the

Qent~rof the cell.
"
,
(5) the' n'uol$'CIs.]s 'on~ otths cell's most
'OoI11p'!eX,:Eitructqres.
. ~.
3.
whicH'
(2)
a rnrcleus;
.
'
'
(5) to'explaln how materials pass throu~Jhth(1

cell membrane
paragraph?
j'
'
($)' 1000801'11:>,0the funotlons of ribosomes

(4:), t~)':ghowthe difference betvveen oytoplasm
2. What IS the main idea of.tne 'second

(1) Cells have many cjl~ferent kinds of
the
'
'.
detail 'bes~suppbrts
the main Idea of
the second paragraph'?
(1) The cytoplasm Is outside the nuoleus,
(~) The organelles are outside the nuoleus.

(3) , !VIDat oeUs Ipclucle the struotures
.' 'd,e~orlbed iri the,dlagral:T\.
"
(4) The nUQleus,ls:the ,con.trol center of

the cell.
.
(5) There are ribosomes In both the nuoleus
and the oytoplasm,
(3) T11~l;nltochondrl~l release energy and the

s.nJ9,Qth eb<:!opJas\nlo l'1tloulurn sends
Ijl'(?JGln,s tl1l'Olighoutthe cell,
(4) The l:j'lltOohonelrlarelease en0r~niand the
'G01(g1 apparatus makes lipids and proteins.
(6) Tlle'mltoohondrla release energy, tile
encl<;Jplasmlc retioulwil makes pro,eln, 8,

anel the Gotglapparatu8 IT)al<e$ I1plde,
6, Whl(it is the main Idea of the passage I:\nd

diagram together?
.
(1) Organisms are made of cells that have
specialized structures to carry 0Ut life

processes.
(2) Some organisms oonslst of just one celi,
and others consist of ,many different. types
of cells.
(3) The life processes of cells include taking
In food for energy, growing, and
reproduolng.
' , ,
(4) Cells are microscopiC units with many
types of structures having different
functions.
(6) The cytoplasm oontalns organelles
needed to oarry out the oell's functions.
Answers start on page 266,
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GIED Mhrli",'fest
Lessons 5-7
Dfrectfons: This is a thirty-minute practice test. After thirty minutes, mark the last item you
finished. Then complete the test and check your answers. If most of your answers are correct, but
you didn't finish, try to work faster next time.
Part 1
Direotlons: Choose the one best anSWer to each question. You MAY use your calculator.
1. Of the 24,000 cellular phones Inspected in the
last production run, 50 were defective. What
fraction of the cellular phones Inspeoted was
defective?
1
(1) iGlOO
(2)
(3)
4. Usually, Ramon drives ~ mile to pick up Joe.

They then drive another ~" mile to work.
Today Joe Is sick, so Ramon drives 1 mile
directly to the office. How much shorter Is the
direct route?
"(1)
960
1
480
(2)
(4) 9 6
(3)
(5) 4~
(4)
t mile
% mile
% mile
it miles
(5) 2t miles
2: Keisha can drive her car 354 miles on
15 galions of gasoline. At the same rate,
how many miles can she drive her car on
20 galions of gasoline?
(1) 472
(2) 359
(3) 265t
(5) Not enough Information is given.
(1) 8t
(2)
8t
(3)
8t
(4) 9t
5
(5) 16
(1") 74
(2) 74
60
x
(4) 74 x
67
(3) 74
(4) 236
3. What Is the value of T~
5. Kathy can type 74 words per minute. At this

rate, which expression shows how many
words she can type over a period of 7 hours?
it?
(5)
:0
~6x 7
6. A tank holds 5075 gallons of water. How

many oontainers of water can be filled from
the tank If each cont~lner holds
gallons?
6t
(1) 813
(2) 812
(3) 811
(4) 810
(5) Not enough information is given.
~:
Solve the following problems and enter your answers on the grids provided,
1. A piece of wood is 2t feet long. If you cut off

1
t feet, how many feet are left?
2, Andrea cuts a piece of ribbon that is 2% yards

------+I;;/IO++lRQIII-I.
3, Raohel has 4 oups of flour and uses ~ of it for

a recipe. How many cups of flour are left?
4. A map scale shows that ~ inoh on the map
it:1~G.~~%tHtrH'Te-left@tl~e:qmrt~lttstmm;~miHleS,lfa
each piece?
distance on the map Is
% inch,
actual distance In miles?
what is the
Adding aUlld Subtractirog Mixed Numbers

'1H'.. -.-.-.--
....--.-
A mixed number is a whole numberand a proper fraction. To add

..--.-.---.----.-.'--.J::l:uLhlJ2mi!:;.t.l;Q,J~:~gl
1)Ig.gRe.E~LyvO:rk
separately
then-_..-.._- .
combine the results.
--_ with
__ each
- part_.-..
__.._--_ and
_.--_._
Example
6t
For a painting job, Leland spent

hours preparing the
rooms to be painted and
hours doing the painting and
cleanup. How many hours did he spend on the job?
4t
Step 1
Write the fractions with common

denominators.
Step 2
Add the fractions first. Add the

numeratorsand put the sum
over the common denominator,
Then add the whole numbers.
Step 3
Change the improper fraction to

a mixed number. Add this to the
whole number answer,
Leland spent
61..61~33X4-
6 '1
4~+4144X3-'
'i '
1
12. 1
10 + 1-'12
11 'J
Ilf2 hours on the job.
When subtracting mixed numbers/ sometimes the fraction you are

subtracting from will be smaller than the fraction you are subtracting.
In this situation/ you will need to regroup, or borrow, 1from the whole
number and rewrite it as a fraction. Remember, a fraction with the same
numerator and denominator equals 1.
sl
Example 2 A pipe is
feet long. If a piece measuring 3 feet is cut:
the pipe/ what is the length of the remaining piece? Is the
remaining piece long enough to cut a piece that measures
1 feet long?
Step 2
Step 1
Write the fractions with common
denominators. The lowest
, 1
1
8
1
5-8 -- 5-8 -- 4-8, + --8common denominator is 8.
1
'
6 .
3
6
Step 2 Because 8 is less than 8' you
-3"4 ""-38
need to regroup. Regroup 1
from the whole number 5,
rewriting 5 as
then add
the fractional parts ~. and .~.
Step 3 ' Subtract. The fraction is already reduced to lowest terms.
Step 1
4l
Ii
The remaining piece of pipe is

feet in length. Since is greater than .
1'~ is greater than 1 The remaining piece is long enough to cut a piece
1
t.
of pipe 18 feet long.
. Ada:":Re(mE{rali:~wef.non.)'wesrfel;rns,"Cllffilge-ili'iI5'ro151'!lrf.i:acrlo1'lS
Whole o't 'mxeu"- ...--..-.--.-.....,
to
numbers.
1.
3.
3"
+~1
5,
4.
'9
8.
8"
+14
15.
"4
6'
1
-IT
12.
+12
"3
13.
"6
+2.
4
.B, Subtract. Reduce answers to lowest terms.

13
3
11. IT
9.
-4
7.
6.
TO
+ ..
-9
10
+~9
+18
+2.
6
2.
'6
-2
-2
7
-12
14.
16.
"3
'9
Add or subtract as directed. Simplify your answers,
17.
5" + 3" :::
19,
IcT-'2 =
'8 + '5 =
20.
Decide whether to add or subtract. Solve. Simplify your answers.

..
26. Chris estimates that he spends "4

of his mcorne on rent and on
transportation. What fraction of his

income does he spend on these two
items?
27. Shedon is making a vest for her
daughter. The pattern calls for yard
3'
of ribbon. If she has "4 yard of ribbon,
how much will be left over? .
28. A walkway will require '3 cubic yard

of concrete. A worker has already
mixed ~ cubic yard. How many more
cubic yards of concrete will he need?
3
29. Ariel walked 1 0 mile to the market,

mile to her child's school, and
'
then "4 mile to a friend's house. How

many miles did she walk In all?
Behavioral S@imenes
LESSON
Recognizing Assumptions
When you assume something Iyou take for granted that the information
is true. Of you may assume that people are aware of information that you
are not explicitly stating. For example, you may assume that your friend will
invite you to go to a concert with her, Meanwhile, your friend may be
unaware that you would like to go and therefore does not invite you.
Questions on the GED test ask you to analyze whether an assumption is
true or based on reliable information. At other times, you may need to use
information in a passage or graphic to make a reasonable assumption.
Try these sample GED items. Circle the bestanswer to each one. Then check your answers.
As people grow, they learn to adapt to social
norms and to take on the roles that society
expects of them. The soclallzatlon process
goes through three distinct phases as a person
.develops. The first stage, primary socialization,
takes places from birth until late childhood and
early adolescence. During this stage, the child
learns what society expects of him or her. If the
family and other close community members do
not provide positive experiences during this
phase, the child will have difficulty meeting
society's expectations.
Secondary socialization is the next stage.
This takes place when the young person goes
to school and is influenced by other adults
outside of the family and by his or her peers.
During this stage, the Individual forms a strong
sense of self. The last stage, adult soclallzaton,
Is when the person learns to adapt to the roles
expected of an adult-spouse, worker, parent,
and community member.
1. One key assumption of the passage is that
(1) family influenoe is key to a ohlld learning
to act as a "normal" member of society
(2) there Is nothing that a family oan do to
influence a child's socialization
(3) an individual's personality Is based
exclusively on biological factors
(4) the kind of person one becomes does
not depend on home environment
(5) peer group members are not a significant
part of the socialization process
--- ~'.. -
...,_""""""
2. Which of the following statements is an

assumption about the socialization of girls?
(1) Girls are not naturally as good as boys
in science and mathematios .
(2) Girls tend to be the same height as boys
until puberty.
(3) Girls are instinctively more nurturing and
compassionate.
(4) Girls are not as physically strong as boys.
(5) Girls tend to become assertive If they
have strong female role models in their
families.
'
1. Option (1) Is a key assumption of the

passage, since the passage argues that a
child will have problems adapting to society
. if the family has not provided the right
experiences and modeled society's
expectations. Options (2), (4), and (5)
contradlot information in the passage.
Option (3) emphasizes heredity, which is
not mentioned In the passage.
2. Option (5) reflects the assumption that family
influence Is critical in developing a young
woman's personality traits. Options (1)
and (3) use the words "naturally" and
"instinctively" which are representative of
biological, not social Influences. Options (2)
and (4) relate to girls' physical characteristics,
not the process of socialization.
....
Social Studies GED Skill Book Economics, Geography and Behavioral Sciences
.",_,,,,-,",,,,,,---
............
'-_._ .....
_-
.......
45
Influences on 1"1umanBehavior
1!l!'sg_!loJ!:Olrcle the .be8tl!!J~ to each item,
Items 1 to ~ refer to the following Information.
The pSYOllOlofJJstErik Erikson developed a
theory about stages of personality development.
This theory fooused on the conflicts faced by
the developing person. Actor-ding to Eril,sorl,
a person who successfully resolves these
connlcts Is mature enough for the next stage
of development. Such an individual will learn
to be trusting and caring toward others.
Confllot ...... Resolution
Basic trust vs. Mistrust
-III>-
When eVil1uating Information,

carefully consider what assumptions have
been made to reach a conclusion.
3. As a child, Brandon was unable to develop
any lasting personal relationships outside of

his family. As a result, Brandon is a loner at
25. According to Erikson's model, you could
reasonably assume that Brandon has not
developed the characteristic(s) of
(1) will
(2) competence
(3) love
(4) will and competence

(5) will and love
4. Some social scientists do not believe that
children under the age of ten should be
Involv0d in Qrgfi,\tJlzed t!ilEJnJ sparts
1. According to Erikson's theory of porsonality

development, the stage at which a person
develops a sense of Independence Is
(1) infancy
(2) early childhood
(3) play age
Which of the following Is it most likely social

scientists assume can be potentially
damaging to children?
(1) physical activity
(2) competition
(3) coaching
(4) teamwork
(5) scoring
(4) school age

(5) adolescenoe
2. An assumption of Erikson's theory of

personality development is that a failure to
successfully resolve the oonflict at any given
stage will result in an individual who is
(1) shameful
(2) guilty
(3) Isolated
(4) desperate
(5) Immature
46
Lesson 15
SAMPLE fARES ro GRAND CENTRAl.

.. TE:.IFtMINAL& IHARlEM ...125TH STREET
. ,.,.
Ticket Type:
Web Ticket
OW Peak:
$7.60
10 Trip Peak:
$75.00
OW Off-Peak:
$5.70
10 Trip Off-Peak:
$48.45
Monthly:
$171.50
Weekly:
$53.20
Station
. $8.00
On Board Train
$11.00
':N/A
$80.00
$6;00
$51.00
$.175.00
$9.00
N/A
N/A
N/A
$56!OO
Find the time in minutes for each of the following train trips from White Plains
to New York:
a. the local train that leaves White Plains at 6:19 A.M.
b. the express train that leaves White Plains at 8:40 A.M.
c. the local train that leaves White Plains at 5:38
P,M.
d. the express train that leaves White Plains at 8:58 P,M,
. 7. What is the cost per ride of a lO-trip peak ticket that is bought on the Web?
8. What is the cost per ride of a lO-trip peak ticket that is bought at the station?
9. Find the cost per ride of a lO-trip off-peak ticket that is purchased on the Web,
:W. Find the cost per ride of a lO-trip off-peak ticket that is purchased at the station.
U. In one month with no holidays, Rosa calculated that she will make 22 round-trip
rides between White Plains and New York or a total of 44 rides. To the nearest
cent, what will be the cosrperrtde if she buys arnonthly'pasa forthe trips
between White Plains and New York on the Web?
Lesson 6: Travel
The table below and the table on the next page show the weekday timetable and
fares for trains from White Plains to New York City. E is 01' express trains, and L is
for local trains. X means that the train does not stop at 125th Street, and OWmeans
one-way. Peak refers to trains that leave White Plains from 5:03 A.M. unti19:03 A.M.
Use the tables to ~lls'Yerproblems. 6 to. u,
WHITE PLAINS TO NEW YORK
7.
~:
'
i'I
12:06
5:03
5:31
5:35
5:59
6:04
6:19
6:30
6:35
L
L
E
L
E
L
L
E
E
6:L~0 E
6:43
6:51 E
7:00 E
X 7:18
7:22
7:37
7:40
X 8:01
8:05
8:13
E
E
E
E
E
E
8:28 E
8:31 E
X 8:40 E
12:55
5:48
6:02
6:20
6:30
6:49
7:03
7:05
7:09
7:13
7:26
7:29
7:33
7:52
7:56
8:14
8:18
8:38
8:42
8:51
9:05
9:07
9:19
PM
X 9:00 E
9:03 E
9:26 E
9:29 L
9:54 E
9:58 E
10:08
10:30
10:58
11:08
11:30
11:58
E
L
E
12:08 l
12;58 IE
1:08 l
1:30
1:58 rE
2;08 l
2:30 l
2:58 E
3:08 l
3:33 l
3;58 E
9:33
9:l~2
'10:03
J,0:18
10:33
10:36
:1:1:01
1l:1lj
:l1: 31J
'11:59
12;.14
12:34
1:01
1:35
1:59
2~14
2:34
3,~01
3:22
3:34
3:59
4:23
4:34
.:':
Financial Literacy
4:06 L
4:25 E
4:31 L
4:58 E
5:03 L
5:32 E
5:38 L
5:58 E
6:081..
6:36
tl:51 E
7:06 l
7:58E
8:58 E
9:06 l
9:58 E
10:06 l
10:58 E
11~06 l
12:06 L
.. H:"' ..,
.... ,...:
...
;;;<
...... :......
PM
4:59
5:04
5:21
5:35
5~56
6:10
6:29
6:36
7:00
7:21
7:27
7:55
8:32
9:32
9:55
10:32
10:51
11:32
11.:55
12:55
....~:
,......
....... :... '"
--: .......
AM

Exhibit 29

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Case 9:16-cv-01150-DNH-DEP Document 5-7 Filed 09/23/16 Page 1 of 243

Case 9:16-cv-01150-DNH-DEP Document 5-7 Filed 09/23/16 Page 2 of 243

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Case 9:16-cv-01150-DNH-DEP Document 5-7 Filed 09/23/16 Page 8 of 243

Case 9:16-cv-01150-DNH-DEP Document 5-7 Filed 09/23/16 Page 9 of 243

3. How m~n:y'pirths perl,ODO wonienwere ther~fol' ~omen age 20 t024? ...........

you ~re <;>ide.r

arereasons 0'ther,thatft4osein the:8to& ferwomen to 4av,f' fe,wer c,

Hilrriet the Eagle Helped Heal Wounded Veterans

True Dr Falax:1?Wijtf'J'rue or False for-each statement, Correcphe falseitiforniatioitThen

Han'iettfie'ba!4'~gl~'lQstpaJ!t{}fber left WinginaagliiWitlt;anQt~e.f; f,ird,

tObe35 years 019,

Today. Show" and "The tonight Show,"

The story ~ay$'that th.e ea,gleworked

Dlscusston Questions: HE),~eyou ever seen .a bird'

Case 9:16-cv-01150-DNH-DEP Document 5-7 Filed 09/23/16 Page 10 of 243

Case 9:16-cv-01150-DNH-DEP Document 5-7 Filed 09/23/16 Page 11 of 243

Complete each st!ntence;~ith;tti~j6bi1feJt\vlf&,ift~ii/th~

is normal fer anentire group.

,:'"e ~.:" ,:5.Ci!

Case 9:16-cv-01150-DNH-DEP Document 5-7 Filed 09/23/16 Page 12 of 243

Case 9:16-cv-01150-DNH-DEP Document 5-7 Filed 09/23/16 Page 13 of 243

verb tA~~tQ,s~ytllatatl a(}tiQP,bft~pe~Qa

ma~still be ~ilp.p~tling~~t i':!ftenus~s th~ !')~ell?in$Hvetbs ~(Pl~J.''f1aj1fl.tJl~(fillWJift;lhavf!8,e~n'.

1~ The timing was verybad for schoQ!s.,

show the damage,

5. The rest of the country bas moved on,

Discussion Questions: What was something new

Case 9:16-cv-01150-DNH-DEP Document 5-7 Filed 09/23/16 Page 14 of 243

Case 9:16-cv-01150-DNH-DEP Document 5-7 Filed 09/23/16 Page 15 of 243

3. Why did Aikins use red and white_lighis?

5. Wh11did A~nsdo his nr$t~dive? HOW'111anY div~s ha.shetU~de? .

Discussion Questions: Would you ever go skydivrng? Why or why not?

Do yo~ know anyone who has go~e skydiving!

1O~mirtute TV show in SYJ:fa

d. -Ieader of Syrian government

~. 5. "Umm Abdou the Aleppan"

Case 9:16-cv-01150-DNH-DEP Document 5-7 Filed 09/23/16 Page 16 of 243

Riders With JC)isabintiesCompet'~in Mexh:a,n Rodeo Sports

discussion qJesti~ns. '

__ ' __ Espino.z1l's wife was diagnosed with Guillain-Barre syndrome.

.... ,,_' _., ~~..:!......."-~ ....,.,._... ,,.,._..,.

Case 9:16-cv-01150-DNH-DEP Document 5-7 Filed 09/23/16 Page 17 of 243

When you restate information, you say it in another way.

information is restated, all the facts remain the same.

Read the passage and answer theqllestions below.

1. Put a check mark by the restatement of the fermentation process.

a. a chemical process in which energy and lactic acid are

in which muscle cells use lactic acid

You were correct if you chose option a. Fermentation is explained

of the passage's last idea.

a. A runner's legs ache because of a build-up of oxygen.

b. A runner's legs ache because of a build-up of lactic acid.

You were correct if YOllChose option b. It rest~testhe idea in

Case 9:16-cv-01150-DNH-DEP Document 5-7 Filed 09/23/16 Page 18 of 243

Case 9:16-cv-01150-DNH-DEP Document 5-7 Filed 09/23/16 Page 19 of 243

a. In alcoholic fermentation/ yeast breaks down sugars to produce alcohol/ carbon

b. Dough rises because of the carbon dioxide that is allowed to escape.

dioxide is allowed to escape during fermentation to produce alcohol.

b. sweet grape juice

' Espino.z1l's wife was diagnosed with Guillain-Barre syndrome.