EEE 309

Communication Theory
Instructor: Tishna Sabrina
Summer 2016
Lecture 7 & 8
Costas Loop, QAM, FDM

Costas Loop

The other scheme for generating a local carrier.

It was invented by John P.

Costas at General Electric in the 1950s

6/25/2016

Communication Theory: Lecture 7

Costas Loop

A local voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) provides outputs,

one to each of two phase detectors, e.g., product detectors.
The same phase of the input signal is also applied to both
phase detectors and the output of each phase detector is
passed through a low-pass filter.
The outputs of these low-pass filters are inputs to another
phase detector, the output of which passes through noisereduction filter before being used to control the voltagecontrolled oscillator.
The overall loop response is controlled by the two individual
low-pass filters that precede the third phase detector while
the third low-pass filter serves a trivial role in terms of gain
and phase margin.
6/25/2016

Communication Theory: Lecture 7

Quadrature Amplitude Modulation

It operates by transmitting two DSB signals

using carriers of the same frequency but in
phase quadrature.
Both modulated signals occupy the same band.

6/25/2016

Communication Theory: Lecture 7

QAM

At the receiver side, two baseband signals can be

separated by synchronous detection if two local carriers
are used in phase quadrature.
Two baseband signals, each of B Hz BW, can be
transmitted simultaneously over a BW 2B by using DSB
transmission and quadrature multiplexing.

6/25/2016

Communication Theory: Lecture 7

QAM/ Quadrature Multiplexing

Here two separate messages are conveyed by

the same
1) The upper channel is also known as the inphase (I) channel, and
2) the lower one is the quadrature (Q) channel.
It is used in analog color television to multiplex
chrominance signals, which carry the information
about colors.
Digital satellite television transmission also
applies QAM.

6/25/2016

Communication Theory: Lecture 7

Frequency Division Multiplexing

Signal multiplexing allows the transmission of

several signals on the same channel.
In FDM, several signals share the band of a
channel.
Each signal is modulated by a different carrier
frequency. These carriers are referred to as
Subcarriers.
When all of the modulated spectra are added to
give a composite signal that may be considered as
a baseband signal to further modulate a high
frequency carrier for the purpose of transmission.

6/25/2016

Communication Theory: Lecture 7

Frequency Division Multiplexing

At the receiver, the incoming signal is first demodulated by

the RF carrier to retrieve the composite baseband, which is
then band pass filtered to separate each modulated signal.
Then each modulated signal is demodulated individually by
an appropriate subcarrier to obtain all the basic baseband
signals.
Example: Analog L-carrier hierarchy telephone system.

6/25/2016

Each voice channel is modulated using SSB.

12 voice channels form a basic channel group occupying the BW
of 60 108 kHz.
Each user channel uses LSB and FDM is achieved by maintaining
the channel carrier separation of 4 kHz.
Further up the hierarchy, 5 groups form a supergroup, via FDM.

Communication Theory: Lecture 7

Analog L-carrier hierarchy system

6/25/2016

Further up the hierarchy, 5 groups form a supergroup, via FDM.

Multiplexing 10 supergroups generates a mastergroup, and
multiplexing 6 supergroups forms a jumbogroup.

Communication Theory: Lecture 7