Outline
1 Implicit Differentiation
2 Higher-Order Derivatives
Implicit Differentiation
-1-
Implicit Differentiation
Implicit Differentiation
-2-
dy
dx .
Implicit Differentiation
Example 1
Find
dy
dx
if xy 2 + x 2 + y = 2.
-3-
Implicit Differentiation
Example 1
Find
dy
dx
if xy 2 + x 2 + y = 2.
Sol.:
d
xy 2 + x 2 + y = 2
dx
2
dy
dx
dx 2 dy
x
+ y2
+
+
dx
dx
dx
dx
dy
dy
2xy
+ y 2 + 2x +
dx
dx
dy
dx
-3-
d2
dx
= 0
= 0
=
y 2 + 2x
.
2xy + 1
Implicit Differentiation
Example 2
Find
dy
dx
2
if x 3 = y x 2 .
-4-
Implicit Differentiation
Example 2
Find
dy
dx
2
if x 3 = y x 2 .
Sol.: Since x 3 = y x 2
dy
dx
2
=
=
3
d
x 2 + x2
dx
3
x + 2x.
2
-4-
Implicit Differentiation
Example 3
Determine the equation of the line tangent to the curve
x 3 + 3x 2 y + 17 = 0 when x = 1.
-5-
Implicit Differentiation
Example 3
Determine the equation of the line tangent to the curve
x 3 + 3x 2 y + 17 = 0 when x = 1.
Sol.:
d 3
x + 3x 2 y + 17
dx
dy
d3x 2
3x 2 + 3x 2
+y
+0
dx
dx
dy
3x 2 + 3x 2
+ 6xy
dx
dy
dx
d0
dx
= 0
= 0
=
-5-
6xy + 3x 2
2y
= 1
,
3x 2
x
Implicit Differentiation
-6-
Implicit Differentiation
Example 4
A nationwide company finds that the demand D (in millions) of
one of its products is given by
D=
x + A2
x2 + A + 1
(1)
where x denotes the price in dollars and A denotes the amount per
month spent on advertising (in millions of dollars). Currently, the
price is $2 and the company is spending $3 million per month
advertising this product (A = 3). Find the rate at which the
amount of monthly advertising expense is changing with respect to
the price of the product at the current demand level.
-7-
Implicit Differentiation
-8-
Implicit Differentiation
Sol.: Transfer D = 2
to
x +A+1
implicit differentiation,
D(x 2 + A + 1) = x + A2 ,
d
D(x 2 + A + 1)
dx
dA
D 2x +
dx
dA
dx
d
x + A2
dx
1 + 2A
2xD 1
,
2A D
by using
dA
dx
2(2)(1.375) 1
= 0.97
2(3) 1.375
Higher-Order Derivatives
Higher-Order Derivatives
The rate of change of a function f (x) with respect to x,
denoted as f (x), is called the first derivative. The second
derivative of a function is the derivative of its first derivative
and is denoted by
d2 y
dx 2
or
f (x)
-9-
Higher-Order Derivatives
or
-10-
f (n) (x).
Higher-Order Derivatives
Example 5
-11-
Higher-Order Derivatives
Example 5
-11-
Higher-Order Derivatives
Example 5
-11-
Higher-Order Derivatives
Example 5
-11-
Higher-Order Derivatives
Example 5
-11-
Higher-Order Derivatives
Example 5
-11-
Higher-Order Derivatives
Example 6
A ball moves in the path of a straight line and its distance S (in
feet), from its starting point after t seconds have elapsed is given
by
S = 4t 2 + 36t (0 t 9).
Find its acceleration. (Note: The instantaneous rate of change of
speed with respect to time is called instantaneous acceleration.)
-12-
Higher-Order Derivatives
-13-
Higher-Order Derivatives
Example 7
For the cost function C (x) = 0.001x 3 0.3x 2 + 40x + 1000 (in
dollars), where x is the production level in units, compute C (150)
and interpret the result.
-14-
Higher-Order Derivatives
Example 7
For the cost function C (x) = 0.001x 3 0.3x 2 + 40x + 1000 (in
dollars), where x is the production level in units, compute C (150)
and interpret the result.
Sol.:
C (x) = 0.003x 2 0.6x + 40
C (x) = 0.006x 0.6
C (150) = 0.006(150) 0.6 = 0.3.
Since C (x) is the marginal cost, C (x) is the rate of change of
marginal cost. Therefore the marginal cost will increase $0.3 per
unit square when the production level is 150 units.
-14-