13.

Integration by Substitution and Integration

by Parts
Tony U
University of Macau

Outline

1 Integration by Substitution

2 Integration by Parts

Integration by Substitution

Integration by Substitution

Reduced the given integral to a standard integral by a change

of the variable of integration
Corresponding to the chain rule in differentiation

-1-

Integration by Substitution

Let f (x) and g (x) be two given functions and let F (x) be an
antiderivative for f (x). The chain rule asserts that:

d
F (g (x)) = F (g (x))g (x) = f (g (x))g (x),
dx
turning this formula into an integration formula, we have
Z
f (g (x))g (x)dx = F (g (x)) + C .
Let u = g (x) then du = g (x)dx (called the differential of u), the
above formula can be rewritten as:
Z
Z

f (g (x))g (x)dx =
f (u)du
= F (u) + C
= F (g (x)) + C .
-2-

Integration by Substitution

Procedure of Integration by Substitution

1. Define a new variable u = g (x) where g (x) is chosen in such

a way that, when written in terms of u, the integrand is
simpler than when written in terms of x.
2. Transform the integral with respect to x into an integral with
respect to u by replacing g (x) everywhere by u and g (x)dx
by du
3. Integrate the resulting function of u.
4. Rewrite the answer in terms of x by replacing u by g (x) .

-3-

Integration by Substitution

Example 1.
Find the integral of

9
x 5 6 5x 4 dx by substitution.

-4-

Integration by Substitution

Example 1.
Find the integral of

9
x 5 6 5x 4 dx by substitution.

Sol.: Let u = x 5 6, du = 5x 4 dx, then we have

Z
Z

9 4
5
x 6 5x dx =
u 9 du
=
=

-4-

1 10
u +C
10
1 5
(x 6)10 + C
10

Integration by Substitution

Example 2.
Find the integral of

x 2 e x dx.

-5-

Integration by Substitution

Example 2.
Find the integral of

x 2 e x dx.

Sol.: Let u = x 3 , du = 3x 2 dx, then we have

Z
Z
1
3
2 x3
x e dx =
e x 3x 2 dx
3
Z
1
=
e u du
3
1 u
e +C
=
3
1 x3
=
e +C
3

-5-

Integration by Substitution

Example 3.
Find the integral of

10x 3 5x

dx.
x4 x2 + 6

-6-

Integration by Substitution

Example 3.
Find the integral of

10x 3 5x

dx.
x4 x2 + 6

Sol.: Let u = x 4 x 2 + 6, du = (4x 3 2x)dx, then we have

Z

10x 3 5x

dx
x4 x2 + 6

4x 3 2x
dx
x4 x2 + 6
Z
1
5
du
=
2
u

5
2 u+C
=
2
p
= 5 x4 x2 + 6 + C
5
2

-6-

Integration by Substitution

Example 4.
Find the integral of

(ln x)2
dx.
x

-7-

Integration by Substitution

Example 4.
Find the integral of

(ln x)2
dx.
x

Sol.: Let u = ln x, du = x1 dx, we have

Z

(ln x)2
dx =
x

u 2 du

1 3
u +C
3
1
(ln x)3 + C
3

=
=

-7-

Integration by Substitution

Example 5.
Find the integral of

x
dx.
x +1

-8-

Integration by Substitution

Example 5.
Find the integral of

x
dx.
x +1

Sol.: Let u = x + 1, du = dx, we have

Z
Z
u1
x
dx =
du
x +1
u
Z
1
=
1du du
u
= u ln |u| + C
= x + 1 ln |x + 1| + C
= x ln |x + 1| + C
-8-

Integration by Parts

Integration by Parts

To evaluate an integral with an integrand that consists of a

product of two functions
Corresponding to the product rule for differentiation

-9-

Integration by Parts

The product rule asserts that


d
u(x)v (x) = u (x)v (x) + u(x)v (x)
dx

d
u(x)v (x) =
u(x)v (x) u (x)v (x),
dx
integrating both sides with respect to x,
Z
Z

u(x)v (x)dx = u(x)v (x) u (x)v (x)dx,

since du = u (x)dx and dv = v (x)dx, the equation can be
rewritten as
Z
Z
u(x)dv = u(x)v (x) v (x)du,
or

v (x)du = u(x)v (x)

-10-

u(x)dv .

Integration by Parts

Procedure of Integration by Parts

1. Select one of the factors of the product as the one to be

integrated and the other as the one to be differentiated. The
factor selected for integration should be easy to integrate, and
the factor selected for differentiation should become simpler
when differentiated.
2. Integrate the designated factor and multiply it by the other
factor.

-11-

Integration by Parts

3. Differentiate the designated factor, multiply it by the

integrated factor from step 2, and subtract the integral of this
product from the result of step 2.
4. Complete the procedure by finding the new integral that was
formed in step 3. Add the constant of integration C only at
the very end.

-12-

Integration by Parts

Examples 6.

Find the integral of

xe x dx.

-13-

Integration by Parts

Examples 6.

Find the integral of

xe x dx.

Sol.: Choose e x for integrating and x for differentiating,

Z
Z
x
xe dx =
xde x
Z
x
= xe e x dx
= xe x e x + C

-13-

Integration by Parts

Example 7.
Find the integral of

R
x x 2dx.

-14-

Integration by Parts

Example 7.
Find the integral of

R
x x 2dx.

Sol.: Choose x 2 for integrating, and

R
3
x 2dx = 32 (x 2) 2 dx,
Z
Z

3
2
x x 2dx =
xd (x 2) 2
3
Z
3
3
2
2
x(x 2) 2
=
(x 2) 2 dx
3
3
3
5
2
4
=
x(x 2) 2 (x 2) 2 + C
3
15

-14-

Integration by Parts

Example 8.
Find the integral of

x ln xdx.

-15-

Integration by Parts

Example 8.
Find the integral of

x ln xdx.

Sol.: Choose x for integrating,

Z
Z
1
x ln xdx =
ln xd x 2
2
=
=
=
=

1
1 2
x ln x
2
2

x 2 d ln x

Z
1
1
1 2
x ln x
x 2 dx
2
2
x
Z
1 2
1
x ln x
xdx
2
2
1
1 2
x ln x x 2 + C
2
4
-15-

Integration by Parts

Example 9.
Find the integral of

x 2 e x dx.

-16-

Integration by Parts

Example 9.
Find the integral of

x 2 e x dx.

Sol.: Choose e x for integrating,

Z
Z
2 x
x e dx = x 2 de x
Z
2 x
= x e e x dx 2
Z
2 x
= x e 2 xe x dx
by using the result of example 6,
= x 2 e x 2xe x 2e x + C
-16-

Integration by Parts

Example 10.
Find the integral of

x 6 (3x 4)2 dx.

-17-

Integration by Parts

Example 10.
Find the integral of

x 6 (3x 4)2 dx.

Sol.: Choose x 6 for integrating,

Z
Z
1
6
2
x (3x 4) dx = (3x 4)2 d x 7
7
1
1
= x 7 (3x 4)2
7
7

x 7 d(3x 4)2

Z
6
1
x 7 (3x 4)dx
= x 7 (3x 4)2
7
7
Z
Z
18
1
24
= x 7 (3x 4)2
x 8 dx +
x 7 dx
7
7
7
2
3
1
= x 7 (3x 4)2 x 9 + x 8 + C
7
7
7
-17-