9/28/2016

ALawStudent'sCorner:NegotiableInstrumentsReviewerforFinals
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A Law Student's Corner

FRIDAY,MARCH29,2013

Negotiable Instruments Reviewer for Finals

PRESENTMENTFORPAYMENT
is the presentation of the instrument to the persons primarily liable for the purpose of
demandingandreceivingpayment
[Sec70]
Whennecessary:tochargepersonssecondarilyliable(drawer/indorsers)
BUT:presentmentfirsttopersonsprimarilyliable
EFFECT IF NOT PRESENTED: drawer/indorsers are DISCHARGED from their
secondaryliability.(GenRule)
Exceptions:(1)drawerhasnorighttoexpectorrequirethatthedrawee/acceptor

FOLLOWERS
Mgasumusubaybay(2)

willpaytheinstrument(ex.Hehasnofund/accountwiththedrawee/acceptor)[Sec.79]
(2) instrument was made or accepted for the indorsers
accommodation (indorser is the accommodated party and at the same time the principal

Sundin

debtor)[Sec80]
(3)afterexerciseofreasonablediligencepresentmentasrequiredby

BLOGARCHIVE

thisActcannotbemade[Sec82(a)]

2013(4)

(4)draweeisafictitiousperson[Sec82(b)]
(5)ExpressorimpliedWaiverofpresentment[Sec82(c)]

March(4)

(6)Billisdishonoredbynonacceptance[Sec151]

NegotiableInstruments
ReviewerforFinals

Note:Sec79,80:presentmentexcused

NegotiableInstruments
ReviewerforFinals

Sec82,151:presentmentdispensedwith

WhenNOTnecessary:tochargepersonsprimarilyliable(maker/acceptor)
(1) Liability is absolute on date for payment therefore, the holder can sue the
makerassoonasthedateforpaymenthaspassedwithouttheinstrumentbeingpaid.
(2)Instrumentpayableataspecialplaceandheisableandwillingtopayitthere
equivalenttoatenderandofferofpaymenteffect:heisnotconsideredindelay(incase
the instrument is unpaid and overdue), therefore he is not liable for costs and interests

NegotiableInstruments
ReviewerforFinals
NegotiableInstruments
ReviewerforFinals
2012(23)
2011(17)

subsequentlyaccruing.
(3)Evenifitisrequiredbytermsoftheinstrument.

ABOUTME

stardelight
Viewmycompleteprofile
[Sec71]
InstrumentNOTpayableondemand:presentmentonthedayitfallsdue
Instrumentpayableondemand:
a.(PromissoryNote):presentmentwithinareasonabletimeafteritsissue

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ALawStudent'sCorner:NegotiableInstrumentsReviewerforFinals

b. (BillsofExchange):presentmentwithinreasonable time after the last negotiation of the

instrument.
[Sec72]
Whatconstitutessufficientpayment(allelementsmustconcur)
1.Madebytheholder/personauthorizedtoRECEIVEpayment
2.Atareasonablehourwithinabusinessday
3.AtaproperplaceashereindefinedAND
4. To the person primarily liable/if absent or inaccessible, to any person found at the place
wherepresentmadeismade.
[Sec73]
Whatconstitutesproperplace(inorder)
1.Placespecifiedintheinstrument,anditistherepresentedorifnone
2.Addressofthepersontomakepaymentorifnone
3.Usualplaceofbusinessorresidenceofthepersontomakepaymentorifnone
4.Whereverhecanbefound,orathislastknownaddress.
[Sec74]
Valid presentment requires personal or facetoface demand, at the proper place,
exhibitingtheinstrumenttothemaker/acceptorfromwhompaymentisdemanded.
Whenpaid,theinstrumentmustbedelivereduptothepartypayingit.

[Sec81)
Whendelayofpresentmentexcused(alsoforacceptanceforhonor)
WhencausedbycircumstancesbeyondthecontroloftheholderAND
Withouthisdefault,misconduct,ornegligence
Note: When reason for delay ceases to operate, presentment must be made within a
reasonabletime.

SummaryRulesastoPresentmentforPayment
1.NotnecessaryPMLnecessaryPSL[Sec70]
2.NotnecessaryPSLunderSecs79,80,82,151
[Sec83]
Wheninstrumentisdishonoredbynonpayment
a.DulypresentedbutREFUSEDofPAYMENTCANNOTBEOBTAINED
b.(1)EXCUSEDandinstrumentis(2)OVERDUEand(3)UNPAIDall3mustconcur.
Note: if the presentmade is not made and it is not excused, there is no dishonor even
thoughtheinstrumentisoverdueandunpaid.
[Sec89]

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ALawStudent'sCorner:NegotiableInstrumentsReviewerforFinals

WhatconstitutePAYMENTINDUECOURSE?(all3mustconcur)
1.Madeatmaturity,oraftermaturitytotheholderthereof
2.Ingoodfaith(ofthemaker/acceptor)AND
3.Withoutnoticethathistitleisdefective

NOTICEOFDISHONOR
[Sec89]
Towhommustbegiven?
1.TothedrawerAND
2.Toeachindorser

Effectifnotgiven:Dischargesoneofliabilitybutheisstillliableforbreachofwarranties
pertainingtotheinstrument[Sec65and66]
Wheninstrumentisconsidereddishonored
1.Ifitisnotacceptedwhenpresentedforacceptance
2.Ifitisnotpaidwhenpresentedforpayment
3.Ifpresentmentisexcusedorwaivedandtheinstrumentispastdueandunpaid.
[Sec90,91,92]
Noticemaybegivenby:
1.Theholder
2.Onbehalfoftheholder
Effect: it inures to the benefit of all subsequent holders and all prior parties who have a
rightofrecourseagainstthepartytowhomnoticeisgiven[Sec92]
3. Anypartytotheinstrumentwhomightbecompelledtopaytheholder,andupontakingit
up,wouldhavearighttoreimbursementfromthepartytowhomnoticeisgiven.
Effect:Inurestothebenefitoftheholderandallpartiessubsequenttothepartytowhom
noticeisgiven.
4.Byanagenteitherinhisownnameorinthenameofthepartyentitledtogivenotice.[Sec
91]
Note:AGENTauthoritytoreceivenoticeNECESSARY
authoritytogivenoticeNOTNECESSARY
NoticetoPartnersanyoneofthem
NoticetoJointPartieseachofthem
NoticetoBankruptpartyhimselforhistrusteeotassignee
TIMEFIXEDFORGIVINGNOTICE(alsoforpresentmentforpaymenttoacceptor
forhonor103,104)
[Sec103,104,107]
(Sec103)Whenpartiesresideinthesameplaceandnoticeisgivenatthe:
1.businessplacebeforethecloseofthebusinesshouronthedayfollowing
2.residencebeforetheusualhoursofrestontheday
3. mail deposited in the post office in time to reach him in the usual course on the day
following.
(Sec104)Differentplace:
1.bymailmustbedepositedintimetogobymailthedayfollowingthedayofdishonor
iftherebenomailataconvenienthouronthatday,bythenextmailthereafter

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2.otherwisethanbymail(ex.personalmessenger)recipientshallreceivethenoticenotlater
thanthetimehewouldreceiveithaditbeenmailed.
(Sec107)TimeofNoticetoSubsequentParties:
sametimeasthatofantecedentparties
WhatconstituteDueNotice[Sec106]
1.ThenoticeofdishonorisDULYADDRESSEDAND
2.DEPOSITEDINTHEPOSTOFFICE
postoffice
anybranchofpostoffice
anyletterboxunderthecontrolofthepostoffice
PLACEWHERENOTICEMUSTBEGIVEN
1.Addressaddedinhissignature
2.Ifnone,eithertopostofficenearesthisplaceorthatwhereheisaccustomedtoreceivehis
letters
3.Eitherathisresidenceorbusinessplace(ifbotharenotinthesameplace)
4.Placewhereheissojourning
Note:Whenprotestiswaived,presentmentandnoticeofdishonorarealsodeemedwaived
Whendelayofgivingnoticeisexcused[sameasSec81]
WhenNoticetoDrawerNotRequired
1.Draweranddraweearethesameperson
2.Draweeisafictitiousperson
3.Draweeisapersonnothavingcapacitytocontract
4.Draweristhepersontowhomtheinstrumentispresentedforpayment
5. Drawer has no right to expect or require that the drawee or acceptor will honor the
instrument
6.Drawerhascountermandedpayment.

WhenNoticetoIndorserNotRequired
1.Indorserwasawareof#2and#3above
2.Theindorseristhepersontowhomtheinstrumentwaspresented
3.Indorseristheaccommodatedparty(andtheprincipaldebtor)
Effectwherenoticeofnonacceptancealreadygiven
1.Ifsubsequentlyaccepted,holdermustpresenttheinstrumentforpaymentuponmaturity
2.Ifnotpaid,holdermustgivethesubsequentnoticeofdishonor.
Effectofomissiontogivenoticeofnonacceptancebythepreviousholder
A holder in due course(subsequent holder) is not prejudiced. He may still present the
instrument to the drawee for acceptance and notify the drawer and indorsers if
acceptanceisrefused.
WhenProtestRequired
1.Foreignbillsofexchange
2.

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SUMMARYOFRULESASTONOTICEOFDISHONOR
1. Likepresentmentforpayment,noticeofdishonorisnotnecessarytochargethepersons
primarilyliablebutisnecessarytochargepersonssecondarilyliable
2.WhennoticeofdishonorNOTnecessary:
a.Noticeiswaived
b.Protestiswaived
c.Noticeisdispensedwith
d.AstodrawerunderSec114
e.AstoindorserunderSec115
f. Where due notice of dishonor by nonacceptance has been given under Sec
116and
g. As to holder in due course, without notice of dishonor by nonacceptance,
subsequenttotheomissiontogivenoticeunderSec117.

PROTEST
Istheformalinstrumentexecutedusuallyby
(1)anotarypublic,or
(2) by any respectable resident of the place where the bill was dishonored, in the
presenceoftwoormorecrediblewitness
certifyingthatthelegalstepsnecessarytofixtheliabilityofthedraweeandtheindorsers
havebeentaken
Madeonthedayofitsdishonor,unlessdelayisexcused
Attheplacewheretheinstrumentisdishonored,ifnotthereat,attheplacewhereitis
expressedtobepayable
Protestforbettersecurity
Protest before maturity where acceptor has been adjudged a bankrupt or insolvent, or
hasmadeanassignmentforthebenefitofhiscreditors
Whennecessary:
1.Incaseofaforeignbillofexchange
2.
Reasonsforrequiringprotestincaseofaforeignbillofexchange
1.Itmakesforuniformityininternationaltransactionsbecausemostcountriesrequireit
2. It furnishes authentic and satisfactory evidence of dishonor to the drawer who, from his
residenceabroad,wouldexperiencedifficultyinverifyingthematterandthusbecompelled
torelyonthepresentationoftheholder.
Howmade:
1.Mustbeannexedtothebillormustcontainacopythereof
2.Mustbeunderthehandandsealofthenotarymakingit
3.Mustspecifythemattersenumeratedasfollows:
a.Timeandplaceofpresentment
b.Thefactthatpresentmentwasmadeandthemannerthereof
c.Thecauseorreasonforprotestingthebill
d.Thedemandmadeandtheanswergiven,ifany,orthefactthatthedraweeor
acceptorcannotbefound.
Whenprotestisdispensedwith:sameasthatofpresentmentandnoticeofdishonor
DULYNOTEDmeanswrittenbythenotarypubliconhislogbookorontheinstrument

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Note:formalpapermaysubsequentlybepreparedafterithasbeendulynotedasofthe
dateofnoting.

ProtestandNoticeofDishonordistinguished
PROTEST
Where
required
Form
Scope

foreignbill

Madeby

Wheremade
Whenmade

Written
Includes
presentment, notice
of dishonor, and all
the
steps
accompanying
dishonor
Notary public or any
respectable resident
wheretheinstrument
was dishonored in
the presence of two
or more credible
witnesses
At the place of
dishonor
On the day of
dishonor

NOTICE
OF
DISHONOR
any
negotiable
instrument
Verbalorwritten
Limited to notice of
dishonoronly

Byapartyorhisagent

Notessential
Within
the
prescribed

time

DISCHARGE
NegotiableInstrumentsaredischargedby[Sec119]:
a.Paymentinduecoursebyoronbehalfoftheprincipaldebtor
b.Paymentinduecoursebytheaccommodatedparty
c.Intentionalcancellationthereofbytheholder
howcancellationisdone:
1.BywritingthewordCancelledorPaidonthefaceoftheinstrument
2.Instrumentistornup,burned,ormutilated
d.AnyactwhichdischargestheinstrumentunderArt.1231oftheCivilCode:
1.Paymentorperformance
2.Lossofthethingdue
3.Remissionofthedebtorcondonation
4.Mergeroftherightsofthecreditoranddebtororconfusion
5.Compensation
6.Novation
7.

Others: annulment, rescission, fulfillment of a resolutory condition and

prescription
e. The principal debtor reacquires the instrument in his own right at or after the date of
maturity
Note: If reacquisition is made before maturity, the instrument can be renegotiated.
Therefore,thereacquisitionoftheprincipaldebtorbeforematuritydoesnotoperateto
dischargetheinstrument.
Methodsofdischargeofsecondaryparties
1.UnderSec119above

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2. Holder intentionally cancels the signature of parties secondarily liable on the

instrumentasifhehasneverbeenapartytheretounderSec.48
Sec.48Whenholdermaystrikeoutindorsementnotnecessarytohistitleandtheindorser
whoseindorsementisstruckout,andallindorserssubsequenttohim,aretherebyrelieved
fromliabilityontheinstrument.
a. A bearer instrument may be negotiated by mere delivery. In case it is
indorsed,itremainsabearerinstrumentandmaybefurthernegotiatedby
DELIVERY.
b. An order instrument may be negotiated only by the indorsement of the
payeecompletedbydelivery.SpecialIndorsementisnecessaryforfurther
negotiation. Blank Indorsement (the last indorsement) makes the order
instrument a bearer instrument and may be negotiated by mere delivery.
Hence,theSpecialIndorsementsarenotnecessarytotheholderstitle.He
maythereforestrikeoutthesignatureofthespecialindorser.Ineffect,the
special indorser and all indorsers subsequent to him are relieved of their
liabilitiestotheinstrument.
3.Bythedischargeofapriorpartybyactofholder(notbyoperationoflaw)
4.Validtenderofpaymentmadebyapriorparty
5.Byreleaseoftheprincipaldebtorbytheactoftheholder(notbyoperationoflaw).
REASON: With the release of the principal debtor, subsequent parties lose their right of
recourseagainsthim.
SUBSEQUENT PARTIES ARE RELEASED UNLESS: Holder reserved his right of recourse
againstthesaidsubsequentparties.
Ineffect,thereisanimpliedreservationbythesubsequentpartiesoftheirrightofrecourse
againsttheprincipaldebtor.
Effectofreacquisitionbypriorparty
1. Thereacquirer(whopaidfortheinstrument),forthemostpart,isremittedtohisformer
position,andconsequently,hemaystrikeouthisownandallsubsequentindorsementsas
theyarenotnecessarytohistitleunderSec48.
2.Paymentatoraftermaturitybyapartysecondarilyliabledoesnotdischargestheinstrument
butonlycancelshisownliabilityandthatofpartiessubsequenttohim.
3.IfthepartysopayingwasformerlyaHDC,hemayrecoverfrompriorpartiesassuchaHDC
eventhoughatthattimehehadalreadynoticeofdefenses.
EffectofRenunciation
1.Madebefore,at,oraftermaturity
Infavorofsecondaryparty
madebytheholder
effect:dischargeofsecondarypartyonly,nottheinstrumentwhichwillremaininforce
2.Madeatoraftermaturity
infavoroftheprincipaldebtor
effect:dischargeofPDandallpartiespriorthereto
Provided:renunciationisabsoluteandunconditional.
Whencancellationinoperative
1.Madeunintentionallyor
2.Bymistakeorthroughfraudor
3.Withoutauthority
MaterialAlterationreferstoanychangeintheinstrumentwhichaffectstheliabilityof
thepartiesinanywayasspecifiedinSec125,orchangesthecontractofthepartiesinany
respect.
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Spoilationmaterialalterationmadebyastranger
Effectofalterationintheinstrument
1. Regardless if the instrument is innocently or fraudulently altered, the instrument is
discharged/voidbuttheinnocentpartycansueupontheoriginaldebtforwhichithasbeen
given
BUT the instrument is not discharged/void as against (1) the party who has made the
alteration,and
(2)apartywhoauthorizedorassentedtothealteration,and
(3)indorserswhoindorsedsubsequenttothealteration.
2.Spoilationhassameeffectasalteration,ithasnoeffectupontheinstrumentisthe
originalmeaningcanbeascertained.
3. If an altered instrument is negotiated to a HDC, he may enforce payment thereof
accordingtoitsoriginaltenorregardlessifinnocentlyorfraudulentlyaltered.

PAYMENTFORHONOR
Paymentmadebyaperson,whetherapartytothebillornot,afterithasbeenprotested
for nonpayment, for the benefit of any party liable thereon or for the benefit of the
personforwhoseaccountitwasdrawn.
SINALOLANG
Whomaymakepayment
1.Byapartytothebill
2.Byastranger
3.Bythedraweeafterhehasrefusedtoacceptthebill
4.Draweofacheckwhichhasbeendishonoredandprotestedhasarighttointerveneandpay
ittoprotesthishonor.
RequisitesofaValidPaymentforHonor
1.Thebillhasbeendishonoredbynonpayment
2.Ithasbeenprotestedfornonpayment
3.Paymentsupraprotestismadebyanyperson,evenapartythereto
4.Thepaymentisattestedbyanotarialactofhonorwhichmustbeappendedtotheprotestor
formanextentionofit
5.Thenotarialactmustbebasedonthedeclarationmadebythepayerforhonororhisagent
ofhisintentiontopaythebillforhonorandforwhosehonorhepays.
Effectiftheaboveformalitiesisnotfollowed
PaymentwilloperateasamerevoluntarypaymentAND
Thepayerhasnorightoffullreimbursementagainstthepartyforwhosehonorhepays.
Preferenceofpartiesofferingtopayforhonor
Tothepersonwhosepaymentwilldischargethegreatestnumberofpartiestothebill.
Theruleisdifferentinacceptanceforhonor.
Effectwherebillispaidforhonor
1.Dischargeofsubsequentpartiesand
2.Subrogation
Rightofpayerforhonor
righttoreceivethebillitselfandtheprotest
Effectofholdersrefusaltoreceivepaymentforhonor
hecannotrecoverfromthepartieswhowouldhavebeendischargedhadheaccepted
thesame.

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ACCEPTANCEFORHONOR
Anundertakingbyastrangertoabillafterprotestforthebenefitofanypartyliable
thereon,orforthehonorofthepersonforwhoseaccountthebillisdrawnwhich
acceptanceinurestothebenefitofallthepartiessubsequenttothepersonforwhose
honoritisaccepted,andconditionedtopaythebillwhenitbecomesdueiftheoriginal
draweedoesnotpay.
Purpose: to preserve the credit of the parties to the instrument or some party to it for
whosehonortheacceptanceismade.
Requisites:
1.Thebillmusthavebeenprotestedfordishonorbynonacceptanceorforbettersecurity
2.Theacceptorforhonormustbeapersonnotapartyalreadyliablethereon
3.Thebillmustnotbeoverdueatthetimeoftheacceptanceforhonorand
4.Theacceptancemustbewiththeconsentoftheholderoftheinstrument.
5.Mustbeinwriting
6.Mustindicatethatitisanacceptanceforhonor
7.Mustbesignedbytheacceptorforhonorand
8.Mustcontainanexpressorimpliedpromisetopaymoney.
9.Mustbedelivered(theacceptedbill)totheholder.
AcceptedforthehonorofP
(Signed)
X
AgreementofAcceptorforHonor
engages that he will, on due presentment, pay the bill according to the terms of his
acceptance,providedthatthe(1)billwasnotpaidbythedrawer,(2)itshallhavebeenduly
presentedforpaymentand(3)protestedfornonpayment,and(4)noticeofdishonorwas
giventohim.
Billpayableaftersight:thedateofmaturityiscalculatedfromthedateofthenotingofnon
acceptanceandnotfromthedateoftheacceptanceforhonor.
Protestfornonpaymentbyacceptorforhonor
1.Protestfordishonorbynonacceptanceorforbettersecurity
2.Protestfornonpaymentbythedraweeinordertoholdtheacceptorforhonorliable
3.Protestfornonpaymentbytheacceptorforhonorinordertoholdthedrawerandindorsers
whoseliabilitieshavenotyetbecomefixedbecauseoftheacceptanceforhonor.
AcceptanceforHonorandOrdinaryAcceptanceDistinguished

Astoprotest
Acceptor
Consentofholder
Liability
No.ofacceptors

Wheninstrumentsis
discharged

AFH
Previous
protest
required
Stranger
Required
Secondary
Maybeseveral AFH
for different parties
inthebill

OA
Protestnotrequired

Notdischargedeven
upon payment by
theAFH

Discharged
upon
payment by the
acceptor

Drawee
Notrequired
Primary
No acceptors in the
alternative or in
succession

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BILLSINSET
PARTIES:Payee(P)
Drawer(R)
Drawee(W)
BILSS:FirstPartneg.byPtoAonSept20furthernegotiatedtoD
SecondPartneg.byPtoBonSept25furthernegotiatedtoE
ThirdPartneg.byPtoConSept30furthernegotiatedtoF
Note:
1.EachpartmaybenegotiatedbyPalthoughhesnotsupposedtodothat
2.Aisthetrueowner(theholderwhosefirsttitleaccrued)
3.IfWpaysBinduecourse,hecanrefusetoacceptandpaythetrueowner,A.
4. Where the bill is indorsed separately, the holder is liable to that part, every indorser
subsequenttohimisliableonthatpartthathehimselfhasindorsed.
5.Wisrequiredtoacceptonlyonepartofabillinset.
6.Ifheacceptstwoormore,andthosewerenegotiatedtoaHDC,Wisliabletoeveryholder
asifthepartswereseparatebills.
7. If P, before negotiating to A,B and C, presented the 3 bills for acceptance to W, then
negotiatesthepartstoA,BandC(allHDCs),then
WisliabletoA,B,Cforeachamountofthepart.
8.IfPpresentedthe3partstoWforacceptancebutafterwhichdoesnotnegotiatethem,Wis
liableonlytheamountononeparttoP.
9. Wmustrequirethesurrenderofthebilluponhispayment,otherwise,hewillbeliableto
thatpartnotsurrenderedandtosubsequentholderthereof.
10. If part of the bill is discharged by payment, the whole bill is discharged, as far as R is
concerned.Thisisbecauseabillinasetconstituteonlyonebill.

Ipinaskilnistardelightsa1:02AM
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