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28

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"avha[mif; (acwfv,fpepfrsm;)&J@ zdEydS rf _[m vl@tzG@J tpnf;twGi;f om
ysH@ESH@euf_dif;aewmomru ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDtwGif;rSmawmif pGJuyfaewJh
acwfaemufuswJh tawG;tac:w&yfyg? Oyrm - awmfvSefa&;twGif;rSmyif {nfh
onfvm&if trsdK;om;&Jabmfrsm;u pum;vufqHk ajym=u+yD;/ trsdK;orD; &Jabmf
rsm;u {nfjh yKpo
k l vkyaf vhvyk x
f jzpfcw
hJ m awG@&w,f? awmfveS af &;b0 tdraf xmif
awGxrJ Smvnf; tdrrf u
_ pd P trsm;ykid f;ukd &JabmfZeD;onfu wm0ef,al vh&+Sd yD; tdrfr_
udpaP wGukd vkyw
f Jh usm;[m (usm;ryDovk@d awmif) oa&mf=uwm awG@&ygw,f?
'ghjyif ArmjynfrSm trsdK;orD;rsm; EkdifiHa&;vkyfcGifh pwifwm[m 20 &mpk
tprSmqkda wmh &mpkESpf0ufa usmfavmufom &Sdao;wmrkd@ EkdifiHa &;vkyfwJh
trsdK;orD;u tenf;pkyg? (tusifhr&ao;wJh oabmyg?) 'ga=umifh EkdifiHa&;vkyfwJh
trsdK;orD;awG[m txifvGJrt
_ rsdK;rsdK; cH=u&ygw,f? Oyrm - vlxk pnf;Hk;a&;
qif;&if usm;&Jabmfu trsm;pk/ trsdK;orD;u tenf;pkqkdawmh wcsdK@ ygwDukd
axmufcHwJh &Gmrsm;rSmyif &Jabmfrrsm;ukd ysHv$m;rawGvkd@ ajymwm u|efawmf
uk,
d w
f idk f aqG;aEG;ynmay;&wm t}urd f tcsKd @ &Scd zhJ ;l w,f? olw@dk ajymwmu ysv
H m$ ;
rawG 'Dae@ 'D&JabmfeJ@ wGJvkduf? aemufae@rSm wjcm; &JabmfeJ@ wGJvkdufwJh? tJ'g
txifvGJcH&r_ wrsdK;yg?
aemuf wrsKd ;u awmfveS af &;xJrmS &Jabmfu trsm;pk? &Jabmfru tvGef
tenf;pk? vl@obm0t& 0kdif;ydk;=uw,f? cspfa&;qkd=uw,f? pmjyefzkd@yif cufcJ
ygw,f? pmrjyef&if 'grSr[kwf av;av;pm;pm; oabmxm;eJ@ pmjyef&if }udK;&Snf
&Snef @J vSefw,fv@kd tajymcH&ygw,f? pdwfr&Snfawmhvkd@ cwfjywfjywf a&;&if rme
}uD;w,f? kdif;pkdif;w,fv@kd tajym cH&jyefw,f? 'grsdK;uvnf; rjywf}uHK&wJh trsdK;
orD;rsm;&J@ 'kuw
Q ckygyJ?
yJcl;kd;r&J@ tajccHa'ota=umif; (t&ifjynfol@ tm%m*sme,frsm;rSm)
tenf;tusOf; zwfzl;rSwfzl;ygw,f? u|efawmf[m yJcl;kd;r tajccHa'orSm 8v
avmuf ppfwdu
k cf hzJ ;l ygw,f? tJ'u
D mvu u|eaf wmfw@kd ygw/D wyf/ wyfaygif;pk tm;
}u;D +y;D &efou
l dk &efuek t
f pk;d &vk@d ac:ae&wJh tajctaeyg? +rKd @}u;D trsm;pk - a&vrf;/
58

-oHvrf;/ um;vrf; yk@d aqmifa&; ,E&m; trsm;pkudk awmfveS af &; tiftm;pkawGu

ukdifxm;wmyg? 'Dvdt
k m;}uD;wJh tajctaerSm yJcl;kd;rrSm &SdwJh wyfawG iwfjywf
'kucQ H&wm[m u|efawmf wOD;csif;tjrift& ajym&&if ygwDA[kd&J@ tawG@t}uHK
Eke,fra_ wGa=umifhv@kd xifygw,f?
tJ'Dwek ;f u ygwDA[k[
d m ygweD @J wyfwnfaqmufa&;ukd t"du aomhcsuf
tjzpf rxm;bJ/ ygwDwGif; tawG;tac: rSefuefa&;ukd tav;rxm;bJ vkyif ef;
trsdK;rsdK;rSm Asmrsm;aewmyg? ygwDu tm;}uD;vmawmh rme}uD;vmwmvnf; yg
w,f? ygwDuGef*&ufvnf; rac:/ wyfaygi;f pkaqG;aEG;yGJukd t"duxm; vkyaf ew,f
vk@d yJ jyefvnfowdxm;vmrdw,f? 3 ygwD wyfaygi;f pk (ygw/D jynfo@l &aJ bmf/ tvHe)D
aqG;aEG;yGJawGrmS tcsdefukefaecJhw,f? 'Daemuf 2 ygwD(tvHeD/ Auy) aqG;aEG;
yGJawGrSm tcsdefukef&jyefw,f? rdrdygwD tawG;tac:rrSefbJ tvkyfawGukdom
oJorJ JrJ av#mufvyk af eawmh wvGJawGrsm;+y;D ydyuQawGu wk;d vk@d omvmygw,f?
ppfa&;rSmvnf; tJ'DumvtwGif; vuf0J/ vuf,mtrSm; 2 rsdK;vH;k awG@
&w,f? tJ'u
D mvrSm +rKd @awGay:u qkwaf y;&yH[
k m u|eaf wmfb
h 0twGi;f cHpm;csuf
raumif;wJh udpP}uD;wckyg? 'ga=umifh acgif;aqmif&JabmfawGu wa,muf+yD;
wa,muf vma&muf aqG;aEG;=uygw,f? OuUarmf ,iftefu qkwfay;+yD;
&efo@l wyfudk acsr_ef;cJhwJh Zmwfvrf;ukd xyfcg xyfcg &Sif;jy=uw,f? wu,fh vuf
awG@u ajym&if ,iftefu qkwfay;+yD; &efot
l rsm;ukd owfuiG f;xJoGif; acs
r_ef;awmh ,if tefvnf; jyef&w,f?
u|efawmfwkd@uawmh wqkwfwnf;qkwf+yD; b,f+rdK@rS jyefr&yg? +rdK@ukd
taoukdifwmrsdK;[m rSm;,Gif;ovkd tvG,fwul vufvw
$ fwm rSm;ygw,f? wifh
um;awG/ tajrmufawG/ puf}uD;awG/ cJ,rf;awGukdvnf; wefjyefxkd;ppftwGuf
qk+d y;D t0Suf ckifd ;f ygw,f? 'kw,
d urBmppfrmS &Jabmfpwmvif usio
hf ;kH ovkd wefjyef
xkd;ppfusrS oHk;r,fvkd@ ajymygw,f? vufawG@rSmawmh e,fajrawGuvnf;
wqkwfwnf; qkwfay;&awmh vufeuf}uD;awG cJ,rf;awG rwku
d f&bJ qH;k ukefwm
awG@&w,f? e,fajrodr;f a&; t"du r[kwf/ acsr_efa&; t"duqkd+yD; we,f+yD;
we,f vufvw
$ fcJh&w,f? wu,fu rdrda'oukd xkd;vmwJh &efou
l kd wm;qD;
wkducf kdufa&;eJ@ 0kdif;ywfacsr_ef;a&; aoaocsmcsm vkyw
f wf&if (u|efawmfw@kd [m
e,fajr us,fus,f}uD; ukdifxm;/ rdrd u|rf;usif&m yx0Dqkdawmh) tustqHk;
enf;enf;eJ@ wkdufuGufawG azmfEkdifw,f? tJ'Dumv vufawG@vkyfyHkuawmh
59

enf;enf;wku
d v
f u
dk f qkwaf y;vku
d ?f &efol aemufyidk ;f oGm;+y;D csHKckw
d u
dk v
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dk ?f wqkwf
wnf; qkwfay;&wJhykH jzpfomG ;awmhw,f?
+rdK@awGtm;vHk;ukeaf wmh +rdK@u &efo@l pcef;ukd wkducf kdif;wmeJ@ um;vrf;
csHKckdwu
kd fckdif;wmukd wyf&if;awG tvSnfhus wkducf kdif;w,f? wyftiftm;}uD;}uD;
pk+yD; wkdufuu
G fazmfwmvnf; aoaocsmcsm rpDpOf=u? u|efawmfwd@k awG@}uHK&wm
uawmh &efo@l pcef;awG wkduw
f m[m (rdru
d ,m,Dpcef; odr;f EkdifOD;) tustqHk;
rsm;w,f? usnt
f m; jzKef;wmvnf; rsm;w,f? ('ga=umifh u|eaf wmfw@dk ta&S@ajrmuf
ppfa'o a&mufawmh pcef;uk0d ikd ;f +yD; &efol@wyful wku
d fenf;(acsre_ f;enf;)ukd t"du
usifho;Hk cJhw,f?)
tJ'u
D mvu 2 ESpt
f wGi;f ppfEidk fa&;qkw
d m A[kq
d k;H jzwfcsuf r[kwb
f ;l vk@d
ajymygw,f? 'gayr,fh u|efawmfwkd@ wyfawGukd A[kdacgif;aqmifrsm; v_H@aqmfwm
uawmh aocsmw,f? A[kdjynfol@obif tzGJ@u oDcsif;awGvnf; t+rJ =um;ae
wmyJ? wyfr}uD; (1) rSm wvwyGJwkdufz@kd pDrHudef;cswm wu,f&SdcJhwmyg? yxr
v,fa0; wkdufckdif;w,f? 'DyGJawGEkdif&if ysOf;rem;ukd odrf;r,fvkd@ ajym=uwmyg?
wu,fv
h ufawG@ wkduw
f JhtcgrSmvnf; wyftiftm;pk+yD; omvGefweJh nf;eJ@ wkduf
uGufazmfwm r[kwfyg? wyf&if;awGvu
kd f tvSnfhus wkducf kdif;enf; vkycf Jhw,f?
u|eaf wmfw@dk ppfwu
dk w
f hJ yGaJ wGrSm b,facgi;f aqmifrSvnf; rvm=uyg? (wyfr[mr;
awmif rygyg)?
v,fa0;wkduyf GJ 2 yGJ? vrf;ysOf;rem; wyGJ(+rdK@uav;awGukd 0ifwkdufwJhyGJ)
ratmifjrifawmh &efol v_y&f mS ;pOfwu
dk f qk+d y;D um;vrf;(&efo)l ukd csKH ckw
d u
dk yf aJG wG
vkycf idk ;f ygw,f? 'gvnf; tiftm;pk+yD; aoaocsmcsm wkduu
f Guf azmfwm r[kwyf g?
wyf&if;awGyJ tvSnfhuswkdufckdif;ygw,f? u|efawmfwkd@ wyf&if;awGu oGm;wku
d f
=uwJhtcg &efoloGm;aeus um;vrf;ab;rSm vmwwfwmukd rSef;qwGufcsuf
apmi fh}udKwkdufyGJrsdK; om vkyaf vhvkyfx &SdcJhw,f? &eforl kcs v_y&f Sm;vmatmif zd
tm;ay;/ v_y&f Sm;vmwJh &efou
l kd wkduw
f Jhenf; r[kwfyg? (Oyrm - pcef;0kdif;+yD;
zdtm;ay;/ &efol wyfulvm&mvrf;ukd wkdufuGufazmfwmrsdK; r[kwfyg? &efo@l ydk@
aqmifa&;vrf;ukd wyftcsdK@u ukdifxm;+yD; wyfwcsdK@u v_y&f Sm;vmwJh &efou
l kd
wkduw
f mrsdK;vnf; r[kwfcJhyg?)
ppfwkduf&if &efo@l owif;qkdif&m ykdufuGefaumif;aumif; wnfaqmuf
&r,f? wduswo
hJ wif;tcsu&f &dS if csKH ckw
d u
dk yf [
JG m (eD;&mwyfo;kH +y;D ) wku
d &f if tusKd ;&Sd
60

wwfygw,f? rSef;qwGucf suf apmif}h udKwkdufenf;rsdK; rvkyfwm taumif;qHk;yg?

rykdif&if rwku
d feJ@qkdwJh ppfa&;vrf;!efukd qkyfuikd foifhw,f? (u|efawmf yJcl;kd;r
aepOfu cHpm;csufukd jyefvnfowd&vkd@ tvsOf;oifhwmeJ@ a&;vkdufrdwmyg)?
&JabmfaiGu oH;k vGe;f wif/ ESpv
f eG ;f wif xrif;ta=umif;ajymawmh 'Dumv
A[kdtajccHa'orSm aecJh=u&wJh &Jabmftm;vHk; twlcpH m;&wJh 'kuQyg? tJ'Dwkef;u
usnfawmifuef+rdK@e,fu xrif;xkyfudk v,fa0;taemufjcrf;avmuftxd o,f
au|;&wmrsdK;jzpfcJhawmh reufpm nrS a&mufw,f? xrif;[if;wcsdK@u okd;ukef
w,f? wcsKd @&ufawG weyfompm;vku
d &f w,f? au'gawG/ ygw0D ifawG pHjyvkyjf y=uzk@d
u|efawmfwkd@u ae@wkdif;v_H@aqmf&w,f? au'gtrsm;pk[m ukd,fa&mifa&m*g/
0rf;uku
d af &m*g/ iSuzf sm;a&m*g pG=J uw,f? wcsKd @usq;kH ukew
f ,f? u|eaf wmf i,fpOfu
use;f rma&; vku
d pf m;olyg? v,fa0;a'o a&muf+y;D (3)vavmuf t=umrSm a&m*g
(3) rsdK;vHk; pGJuyfcJhw,f? (6)vavmuf=umawmh tqkyfa&m*gyg &vmawmhw,f?
'Da&m*gawGukd wkwfjynf ynmawmfoif a&mufrS ukoaysmufuif; oGm;ygw,f?
tpmtdrfa&m*geJ@ iSufzsm;'%fa=umifh qHyif u|wfwmuawmh &moufyef tarG
tjzpf usef&pfqJyg?
ysO;f rem;ckdif vlxk[m tvGefaumif;ygw,f? ckdifygwDuvnf; tvGef
pnf;Hk;a&; aumif;ygw,f? Oya'wGif; umvwkef;u ygwD&J@ v$wfawmftrwf
(7)OD;xJrmS ysO;f rem;ckdifu (4 )OD;yg0ifw,f? 'Da'oukd acgi;f aqmifoal wGuvnf;
vl=unfndK cH&olawGyg? ocifwifxGe;f / ocifazwif/h ocifwif&D/ &Jabmf&x
J eG f;pwJh
acgif;aqmifaumif;awGyg? v,form;or*~awGeJ@ acgif;aqmifawGukd umuG,fwJh
wyf[m wjynfvHk;rSm tiftm;tawmifhqHk;yg? aus;&Gmtrsm;pk[m Oya'wGif;
umvrSm tr_tcif;&S&d if ygwD ;kH awGrmS vma&muf ajz&Si;f avh&ydS gw,f? tJ'w
D ek ;f u
vlxkeJ@ ygwDukd umuG,fa&; wm0efcH[m &Jabmf (OD;)&JxGef;yg? &Jabmfodef;xkduf
(uG,fvGef)u ckdifw&m;ol}uD;yg?
1971 ckEpS frSm &Sr;f jynfawmifykdif;eJ@ tv,fyikd f; ajymufusm;a'orS acgif;
aqmif&aJ bmfrsm; u|eaf wmfw@dk ta&S@ ajrmufppfa'oukd a&mufvmw,f? yxrqH;k
a&mufvmolawGu &Jabmfarmifarmifav;(ppfukdif;)/ OD;&JxeG f;(ysO;f rem;)/ OD;armif
armifpdef(uG,fvGef/ awmifil)/ OD;cifndK(jrif;+cH) wkd@ygyJ? tm;vHk;[m u|efawmf
tvGefawG@csifaeolawG jzpfHkru awmfvSefa&; 'Da&us umv&Snf}uD;ukd }uHh}uHh
ckdifckdif &yfwnf jzwfoef;vm=uolawGyg?
61

u|efawmf[m 1300jynfh ta&;awmfyHkumvu pwif+yD; EkdifiHa&; e,f

y,fxJ a&mufvmolyg? 'ga=umifh 1951 txd t*Fvdyfe,fcsJ@qef@usifa&;/ *syef
zufqpf awmfvSefa&;wkdufyGJrsm;eJ@ jynfol@'Dru
dk a&pDwdu
k fyGJrsm;twGif; txufyg
&Jabmf}u;D rsm;(acgi;f aqmifrsm;)eJ@ b0wlawGyg? awmfveS af &;b0twGi;f tE&m,f
trsdK;rsdK;/ tcuftcJ qif;&J'kuQtrsdK;rsdK;ukd jzwfczJh l;=uw,f? jynfwiG f;jynfy &efol
trsdK;rsdK;ukd wku
d cf zJh ;l =uw,f? csHKajym&ifawmh awmfveS af &;&@J avmu"H trsKd ;rsKd ;ukd
jzwfausmf cJhz;l =uw,f? 'gayr,fh u|efawmf[m awmfvSefa&;&J@ twuftus um
vwkdom }uHKcJhzl;olyg? olwkd@vkd awmfvSefa&; tusumv&Snf}uD;rsdK; rjzwf
oef;cJhzl;ygbl;? ta=umif;uawmh 1951 Zlvikd fv (1) &ufrmS u|efawmf wkwf
jynfudk (ygw&D @J wm0efay;csut
f &) rmhupf v
f eD if0g' avhvma&; xGuo
f mG ; &vd@k ygy?J
awmfvSefa&; tusumv&Sn}f uD;ukd vkduyf g ausmfeif;&wm[m wu,f
yif rvG,fvSygbl;? awmfvSefa&;xJyg&if tE&m,ftrsdK;rsdK;/ tcuftcJ trsdK;rsdK;
uawmh }uHK&p+rJyJ? txl;ojzifh tusumv &Snfw,fqkd&if tE&m,fuvnf;
t}udrf}udrf}uHK&/ tcuftcJ trsdK;rsdK;ukdvnf; t}udr}f udrf}uHK&/ twGif;ydyuQ
rsdK;pHkukdvnf; &ifqkdif&wwfygw,f? u|efawmfhb0 tawG@t}uHKt& ajym&&if
tE&m,f}uHKvm&if/ tcuftcJ}uHKvm&if toufpeG f@zd@k txd qHk;jzwfvdu
k f&if r+zHK
awmhyg? (aouHra&muf &ifawmh) ausmfeif;EkdifawmhwmygyJ?
tcuftcJqHk;uawmh ygwDwGif; ydyuQ}uHKwJhtcg ykd+yD;cufygw,f? rdrd
taetxm;t& ajz&Sif;EkdifpGrf;vnf;r&Sd? tvGefw&m pdwf_yf&ygw,f? (1958
ta0;a&muf ygwDA[kdtwGif; tuGJt+yJ}uHKawmh u|efawmfwcsdK@nawGrSm
ikdzl;ygw,f)? 'ga=umifh u|eaf wmf[m awmfvSefa&;tus umv&Snf}u;D xJrSm vku
d f
ygausmfeif; vmcJholawGukd tawmfpmemygw,f? u|efawmfeJ@ OD;&JxGe;f / OD;armif
armifpdefwkd@ cifrifr_[m tJ'Dvkd b0aemufcHatmufrSm jzpfay:cJhwmyg?
OD;&JxGef; 71 cka&mufvm+yD; &Srf;jynfawmifydkif;udk jyefqif;oGm;w,f?
'kw,
d tokwf a&mufvmawmh/ &Jabmf r=unfav;[m &JabmfaiGtjzpfeJ@ ygvm
ygw,f? 'gjh yifo@l udk rH*k al 'orSm (,m,D)aezk@d ygwAD [ku
d wm0efay;ygw,f? 'Dumv
u oHviG ftaemufjcrf; ne=f um;a&;tzG@J udk u|eaf wmf wm0efcH& ygw,f? 'ga=umifh
ESpfaygif; 20 avmuf Armjynf awmfveS fa&; vufawG@ b0tajctae t&yf&yfukd
&JabmfaiGxHrS tawmfyif pHkpHkvifvif od&ygw,f?
&efol@xkd;ppf t}udr}f udrf }uHK&wmawG/ A[kt
d ajccHa'o a&$@ajymif;&wm
62

awG/ usqHk;oGm;wJh acgif;aqmifrsm; ta=umif;awG =um;od&wJhtjyif 1955 - 56

umvrSm acgif;aqmifrsm;/ au'grsm;&J@ tdrfaxmifawGukd +rdK@ay:jyefoGm;ckdif;wJh
ta=umif; =um;&awmh tawmfyif &ifeifhp&m tjzpftysufawG ygvmygw,f?
awmfvSefa&; tusumvrSm trsdK;orD;rsm;/ uav;rsm;[m ykd+yD; 'kuaQ &muf=u
&ygw,f? 0rf;enf;zG,yf g? Oyrm-trsdK;orD;rsm;/ uav;rsm;ukd +rKd @jyefyk@d awmh &efol
tkyfpkd;wJha'o jyef=u&+yD; pm;a&;aea&;uvnf;cuf/ &efou
l vnf; ppfa=umar;
jref;/ +cdrf;ajcmufwmawGvnf;cH&/ rsufESmi,fb0 a&muf=u&yHkawG =um;od&
ygw,f? 'Dvkd 'kurQ sdK; u|efawmf r}uHKbl;yg? wu,fyif pdwrf aumif;zG,yf g?
u|efawmf awmfvSefa&;tusumv &Snf=umwJhtcg }uHK&wJh tE&m,f
trsdK;rsdK;/ qif;&J'kut
Q rsdK;rsdK; ygwDwGif;wkdufyGJrSm }uHK&wJh 'kut
Q rsdK;rsdK;ta=umif;
wyfr[m (2)rSm&SdwJh au'gawGukd &Sif;jyygw,f? tJ'DaqG;aEG;yGJ[m wu,fyif
touf0if vSygw,f? aqG;aEG;yGJ yg0ifol tm;vHk;[m wdwq
f w
d +f yD; rsuEf mS awG[m
wnf=unf 0if;vufvmw,f? 'Dtcg wyfr[m EkdifiHa&;r; &Jabmftifzef;u
tcuftcJ ausmfeif;vmwJh &Jabmfrsm;ukd avhvm=uvkd@au;a=umfawmh
&Jabmftm;vH;k u avhvm=u twk,=l uvkd@ oH+yKd ifau;a=umf=uw,f? (tck
'Dbufukd a&mufvm=uwJh &JabmfawG[m qefcgwifawGvkd@ jznfhqGuf ajym
jyawmh bmomjyef&Jabmf tcuf}uHKoGm;vkd@ u|efawmfu wvef@axmifpm;
qkdwJh wkwfa0g[m&ukd ajym+yD; &Sif;jycJh&wmukdvnf; rSwrf daew,f)?
awmfvSefa&;orkdif; ynmay;a&;[m tvGefyif ta&;}uD;ygw,f? awmf
vSeaf &; wuf&if rdrdwyfzGJ@xJrSm rme}uD;wwfwmawG/ au'gwcsdK@ ysufpD;wmawG
&Sdwwf+yD;/ awmfvSeaf &;uswt
Jh cg wyfajy;awG/ vufeufcsawG/ wcsdK@ opPmazmuf
awGtxd ay:wwfw ,f? trsm;tjym;[m pdw f"mwfu swmawG txd jzpf
wwfw,f? ynmay;a&; tm;pkduf=u&ygw,f?
&JabmfaiGukdvnf; 1974 ckESpfxJrmS e,fpyf&SdwJh vlenf;pk trsdK;om;awG
twGif;&Sd trsdK;orD;b0[m vlrsdK;}uD;a'orSmxuf "avha[mif;/ tpOftvm
a[mif; '%fawG cH&wmukd u|efawmf &Sif;jyzl;w,f? trsdK;orD;rsm;[m tz}uD;pkd;
wJhpepf/ a,mufsm;}uD;0g'/ usm;r wef;rwlrr_ sm;ukd cH=u&wm wlygw,f? 'gayr,fh
tpOftvma[mif;/ "avhqkd;awG[m ykdygw,f? vlenf;pk trsdK;om;rsm;twGi;f
trsKd ;orD;rsm;&J@b0[m a,mufsm;rsm;eJ@ wef;wltcGit
hf a&; &zk@d q&dk if tvkyo
f rm;
vlwef;pm; tm%m&+yD;awmif ESpfaygif;&meJ@csD+yD; *kpkduf ynmay;wm/ Oya'
63

xkwfwm (vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_ vkyw

f m)awG &Sdzd@k vkdtyfygw,f? 'DudpPawGukd &Jabmf
aiGukd *kpu
kd f &Sif;jycJh&wmuawmh ol[m trsdK;orD;b0 vGwfajrmufa&; tawG@
t}uHKvnf;&Sd/ pdw0f ifpm;r_vnf; }uD;wma=umifh ygyJ?
&JabmfaiG[m e,fpyfa'o a&muf+yD; aq;ynmoif+yD;aemuf A[kd&J@
cef@cGJr_t& ta&S@ajrmufppfa'o aq;Hk}uD;rSm 'kEdik if Ha&;r;wm0ef ,lygw,f? tckid f
trm wm0efcef@co
GJ u
l u|eaf wmfyg? oleJ@twl wm0efcHvyk w
f hJ yxr Ekid fiH a&;rSL;u
&Jabmf avmif;arsmf (wkwfemrnf avmfuGrf;rH)yg? 'D&Jabmf[m rlvlrsdK; jzpf+yD;/
vlrsdK;a&;/ *kd%f;*% uif;pifolyg? ygwD0ifvnf;jzpf/ tvkyfvnf; wufu/ kd;om;
wJhol wOD; jzpfygw,f? vlrq
_ ufqHa&;uvnf;aumif;/ pdw&f Snfr_uvnf; csD;usL;
zG,yf g? &JabmfaiGeJ@vnf; tvGefyif oifhoifhjrwfjrwf ndEi_d f;avh &Sdygw,f?
e,fpyfa'o&Sd u|efawmfwkd@ jynfol@wyfrawmfxJrmS vlrsKd ; 21 rsdK;awmif
&Sdygw,f? 'ga=umifh b,f&Jabmf/ b,facgif;aqmifyJjzpfjzpf/ vlrsdK;a&; *kd%f;*%
'%fuawmh tenf;eJ@trsm; cH=u&ygw,f? vlrsKd ;}u;D awG&@J a&SmAf if0g'uawmh t"d
uxm; wku
d &f rSmyg? 'gayr,fh vlenf;pka'o(tajccHa'o) jzpfvm&if vlrsm;wmu
e,fcHvlenf;pkawGyg? olw@kd u tay:pD; tajctaeyg? 'ga=umifh tjyifuvmwJh
b,fvrl sKd ;yJjzpfjzpf vlenf;pkb0 a&muf=u&ygw,f? 'ga=umifh vlrsKd ;a&; *k%
d ;f *%&J@
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cH=u&ygw,f? xdyyf kdif;acgif;aqmifawGuakd wmh ajym0Hhol enf;ygw,f? vufawG@
vkyw
f Jh au'gawG[m *kd%f;*%'%f tvl;tvSdrfh cH=u&awmhw,f?
u|efawmf[m vlenf;pk&Jabmftrsm;pkeJ@ a&maESmaexkdifavh &Sdygw,f?
'ga=umifh &Srf;&JabmfawGu u|efawmfhukd &Srf;eJ@wlw,f? ArmeJ@ rwlbl;wJh? ucsif
&JabmfawGuvnf; ucsief @J wo
l wJ?h 0&JabmfawGuvnf; 0eJ@ wljyefowJ?h wkwf
&Jabmf awGuawmh wkwfeJ@ wljyefowJh? 'Dpum;awG =um;&awmh u|efawmfu
0rf;romwJhtjyif tcH&cufygw,f? 'Dpum;rsdK;awG&J@aemufu,
G frmS (ArmvlrsdK;
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vlenf;pk trsdK;om; a'owkid ;f rSmyJ vlrsdK; (3 / 4) rsdK; &S=d uygw,f? &Sr;f jynf
e,f[m a'owuGu/f t"dupum;wrsKd ; ajym=u+y;D / Armpum; ayguo
f u
l tenf;
pkyg? 'ga=umifh *kd%f;*%0g' qef@usifa&; vlrsdK;pHk0g'ynmay;a&;[m tcuf
tcJawG wkd;&ygw,f? 'g[m a&&Snfynmay;&r,fh tajctaeyg?
ta&S@ajrmuf ppfa'o aq;H[
k m vlrsdK;aygi;f pHkrS &Jabmfrsm;ukd aq;uko
64

&wmomru vlrsdK;aygi;f pHk &Jabmfrsm;(&Jabmfrrsm;)ukd aq;ynm oifay;wJh vuf

awG@ ausmif;}uD; wrsKd ;vnf; jzpfygw,f? 'ga=umifh 1977 ckEpS u
f p+yD; u|eaf wmft+rJ
*kpu
kd fwhJ Xmewckvnf; jzpfygw,f? 'Daq;H}k uD;[m wkduyf GJ}uD;awGrSm ta&;ygwJh
tiftm;jzpfrHk u aq;ynmonf trsm;tjym; arG;xkwfay;wJh ae&mvnf; jzpfyg
w,f? &JabmfaiG[m tJ'DrmS tcsdefawmfawmf=um wm0ef,lvkyfukdifcJh&wJh olyg?
&JabmfaiG[m e,fpyfa'o a&muf+yD;aemuf A[kjd ynfol@obiftzGJ@}u;D &J@
tpOftvmaumif;awG/ tawG@t}uHK awGukdvnf; o,f,v
l m+yD; jzef@csdol/ ukd,f
wkdif (tEkynm) ujyazsmfajzolvnf; vkycf Jhw,f? tEkynmobif v_y&f Sm;r_rSm
vnf; ArmjynfuGejf rLepfygwDtwGuf tm;xm;&wJh &JabmfwOD; jzpfcJhygw,f?
&JabmfaiG a&mufvm+yD;aemuf tajctaeay;wkdif; (tcsde&f wkid f;) usqk;H
wJh acgif;aqmifrsm;ta=umif; ar;jref;od&Sd&ygw,f? vuf&Sd touf&SifaeolawG
[m rdrdwkd@ odcJhor# tmZmenf &Jabmfrsm;ta=umif; rSww
f rf;rsm; (twkdcsKyf
jzpfap) jyKpk+yD; tzGJ@tpnf;xH ykd@oifhygw,f?
ed*Hk;taeeJ@ a&;vkdwmuawmh (&JabmfaiG a&;wJh tk%fOD; c&D;onf
ukd zwf+yD;aemuf u|efawmf rSwcf sufay; vkdwmuawmh) pma&;&if vlr_ avmu"H
awG a&;wmjzpfjzpf/ Ekifd if aH &; avmu"HawGudk a&;wmjzpfjzpf rmuhpf 0f g'aD wG&@J tajccH
vrf;!efuawmh wu,fhjzpf&yfrSefawGukd okyfazmf&r,f? tem*wftwGuf
vrf;!erf SefawG(cHpm;) &&Sdap&r,fqdkwrJh l (2) &yfeJ@ pHxd;k &r,f?
'DpH (2 )&yfeJ@ ol a&;wmawG[m ukdufnDygw,f?
u|efawmf xyfrHar#mfvifhwmuawmh &Jabmfaumif;rsm;/ acgif;aqmif
aumif;rsm;ta=umif; xdawGcJhor# xyfrH a&;om; oGm;Ekdifz@kd ygyJ?
u|efawmfwkd@u EkdifiHa&; avmu"HawGukd a&;wJh &nf&G,fcsuf[m awmf
vSeaf &; taumif;jrif0g'ukd jzef@csdzkd@ygyJ? orkid f;u oifcef;pmawGukdvnf; aemif
vm aemufom;rsm;twGuf vrf;!erf SefawG &&Sdzd@k oifhawmfpGm wifjyoifhygw,f?
Armjynf uGefjrLepfygwD t"Ge@f &n
S fygap?
?
&Jabmfcspfodef;(&Jabmfpkd;odrf;)
tk%fOD;c&D;onf ukd,fwdik fa&;awmfvSeaf &; twKy`wWdtwGJ (1) trSmpm?

65

aA'gysH tHukdcJ
armifvS0if;(jrif;+cH)

q&m aZmf*s.
D aA'gvrf;uAsmpkudk t&ifqkH; zwf_ESpfoufcJh&ygonf?
onfahf emuf a':cifESi;f ,k. yef;yefvsufyg 0wKESifh kyf&iS f? tm;vk;H ukd tEkynm
ajrmufonf[k cHpm;ESpfoufrjd cif;yg?
aA'gvrf;ESifh a0;cJh&onfrSm ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm =um+yD? odyfr=umvSao;
aomESpfrsm;twGif;u u|efawmfwkd@ ygwDxJrS touft}uD;qkH;acgif;aqmifjzpfol
&Jabmf-&JxeG ;f u raiGb0vrf;u aA'gvrf;uAsmxJu aA'gysH&J@b0eJ@ tawmfwl
w,f? 'ga=umifh 'DaA'gvrf;uAsmav;ukd aumufEkwfu;l ,l+yD; raiGxH ay;ykd@vkduf
ygw,f qkdum q&mr}uD;(u|efawmfw@kd tac:) xHo@kd aA'gvrf;uAsm wykid f;wp
ykd@vmonf?
xkdtcg ykwfcwfaeaom 'Dvi_d ;f rsm;t=um;rS kef;uefacgi;f armhvmum
raobJ&Sifoef-yef;yef+yD; b0ukd qefwufaeaom aA'gysHuav;ukd u|efawmfh
pdwfrmS jyefvnfjrifa,mifvmrdygonf? q&mr}uD;b0ukd aA'gvrf;ESihf E_id ;f ,SOw
f if
pm;onfukd tpu u|efawmfodyf b0ifrusvSyg? kd;ae+yDjzpfaom edrdwfykHwckeJ@
E_dif;,SOf xif[yfxm;w,f xifvkd@yg?
wpdrphf rd hf pOf;pm;=unfrh yd gonf? aA'gvrf;uAsmpkqw
dk m b0aygi;f rsm;pGmukd
xif[yfukd,fpm;jyKEkid fonfh kd;roGm;wwfaom uAsmrsdK;ygvm;? aA'gysHc&D;pOfwGif
kef;uefausmfv$m;cJh&aom tcuftcJawGu rsm;vSacsonf? t[ef@twm;
opfawG wkdufyGJopfawGu vrf;c&D; tauG@taumufwkdif;/ qpfcsKd;wkdif;rSm
ay:vmwwfonf? bJtkyfu w&mESpf&m ykwcf wfaeaom v_dif;*,ufrsm;
a&xefavxef umvrsm; 'Da&twuftusESihf avjyif;rkefwkdif;rsm; ? uacs
onf raA'gonf *k%"f eavmu/ yumoe [efaqmifqufqaH &; vlre_ ,fy,fwiG f
avmu"H v _ d i f ; . k d u f y k w f c suf r sm; eif h a eatmif cH c J h & onf [ k em;vnf
66

=unfjh rifchzJ l;onf? 'gayr,fh tcsuw

f csufudk u|eaf wmf zswcf eJ jrif vkdufonf?
awmfvSeaf &; tpykid f;uwnf;u yg0ifvmcJhol c&D;onf q&mr}uD;.
b0vrf;u v_id f;ykwfcsufawG wkduyf JaG wG t}udrfaygif;rsm;pGm jzwfoef;vmcJh
&onfhtjyif ,ckwkdif kef;uef wkduyf GJ0ifae&qJ yguvm;?
onfah emufwGifum; q&mr}uD;ukd jrifawG@&onft
h cgrsm;wGif u|efawmfh
pdwaf =u;rkHrmS onfuAsmtykdif;tpav; ay:vmwwfonf?
aA'gysH tHukdcJ
yef;yefvsufyJ
'gayr,fh q&mr}uD;uawmh ol@bmom wrsdK;wzkH =unfhjrifayvdrhrf nf?
tk%fOD; c&D;onfqkdyJ?

q&mr}uD;. onfbufykdif;b0ukdom u|efawmfwkd@ &if;ESD; em;vnf

ae=ujcif; jzpfygonf? u|efawmf ykdrkdpw
d f0ifpm;rdonfu a&S@yikd f;b0ukyd g?
uEm& ql;awmxJukd wkd;a0S@jzwfoef;I q&mr}uD; av#mufvSrf;vmcJh
&ygonf? usecf haJ om vrf;bufqDwGif jynfwGi;f ppfrD; w[kef;[kef; awmuf avmif
aeqJ ? onfc&D;rSm q&mr}u;D yefqifcJhaom yef;tvSrSm aA'gyef; r[kwfygav?
&J&JeDaeaom ESif;qDyef;wyGifhom jzpfonf[I
l u|efawmfjrifygonf? vrf; tauG@
awGwkdif;rSm ESif;qDawGuo
kd m wyGifh+yD;wyGifh q&mr}uD; yefvmcJyh gonf?
wkduyf GJawGukd tm;rmef/ ZGJ/ wufur_wkd@jzifh q&mr}uD; &iffqkdifcJhonf[k
jrifygonf?

r_id ;f jym&Dr_efaeaom 0awmifwef;ESifh awmrifpGe;f wk@d .ajc&if;/ erhfcacsmif;

ab; r,fZvDawmtkyfteD; ajrjyef@vGifjyifrSm awmfvSefa&;c&D;wauG@tjzpf
u|eaf wmfw@kd v_y&f mS ;ae=ucsed fta&S@ajrmufppfa'oaq;k.
H 'k - Ekid if aH &;rSL;tjzpf
q&mr}uD;ukd pwifjrifzl;cJhjcif; jzpfygonf?
xkdtcsdefu q&mr}uD;onf oufvwfyikd f;t&G,favmuf&Sdrnf[k xif
onf? touft&G,fESifhpmv#if Ekonf[k qkd&ygrnf? Armjynf ajymufusm;
a'o toD;oD;Y wm0efxrf;aqmifae=ucsdefuwnf;u q&mr}uD;ESifh wkdufazmf
67

wkduzf uf &JabmfwOD;jzpfchaJ om OD;av;xl;u rr+idrf;(ol@tac:) u i,fi,fuqkd

odyv
f Swm/ ygwDyGJvrf;awGrSm t+idrrfh if;orD;tjzpf ol uw,fqkd&if vlwikd f;u
ai;ae=u&wm[k u|efawmfhtm; ajymjyzl;aom pum;wcGef;ukd owd&rdygonf?
[kwfavmufygonf? awmfvSefa&;.v_dif;wHykd;rsm; kdufcwfxkaxmif;onfh
'%ftrsKd ;rsKd ;ukd cHc&hJ onfhwikd /f aemuf+yD; touftenf;i,f&ifhvmonfw
h dik f q&m
r}uD;onf wifhw,faeqJ jzpfygonf? aemuf+yD; tdrfrS tjyifokd@ xGufcgeD;tcsdef/
c&D;oGm;rnft
h csed /f xkid &f mrS xvku
d f onft
h csed f ponft
h csed w
f idk ;f wGif q&mr}u;D
onf ol0wfxm;aom ppf0wfpkHukd csyf,yfjyef@jyL;atmif qGJqef@jyKjyifjcif; vkyf
avh&Sdygonf? aemuf+yD; =u,feDyGifh wyfqifxm;aom ol@ppfOD;xkyfukd ae&mwus
jzpfatmif jyifaqmif; avh&Sdonf?
q&mr}u;D onf tEkynmonfwOD;jzpfonft
h wGufayvm; rajymwwf/
tvStyukd xl;xl;jcm;jcm; ESpfoufwwfolyg? i,fi,fuqkd tkdrif;&ifha&mf+yD;
tusnf;wefb0eJ@ aeoGm;&rSmukd odyfpkd;&drfwm tJ'Dtcsed f tJovkd}uD; aeoGm;
&wmxuf aooGm;wmrS aumif;OD;r,fv@kd atmufarhrdw,fwJh? 'gukd zGifhajym
jyawmh a':cif}uD;(ocifA[def;.ZeD;) u tJovkd rpOf;pm;ygeJ@ =unfav; (xkd
tcsdefu q&mr}uD;emrnfrSm r=unfav;jzpfonf) wk@d rsm;vnf; tck tkv
d m
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f usdK;jyKEkid fwmav;awG vkyo
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uwnf;u qk;H rcJw
h m[k q&mr}u;D uk,
d w
f idk f ajymjycJzh ;l ygonf? 0g&ifah wmfveS af &;
&JabmfwOD; jzpfaomfvnf; tEkynmESihf tvStyukd cspfjrwfEd;k wwfaom vlom;
wOD;ayuk;d ?
,ckwikd f ol.om;orD;rsm;ESifh wl-wlrrsm;ozG,f jzpfaeaom trsKd ;orD;
trsdK;om;&Jabmfrsm;u tcGifh}uKHwkdif; yef;tkd;xkd;zkd@ yef;pnf;yef;ckdifrsm; ay;ykd@
ae=uqJ? oluvnf; tvsO;f oifo
h vdk vkt
d yfaom &Jabmfrsm;xH yef;pnf;yef;ckdif
rsm; ay;ykd@aeqJ ?

u|eaf wmfw@dk onf q&mr}u;D ukd vlu,

dk w
f idk rf awG@z;l cifuwnf;u jynfo@l
toHrS toHv$ifhay;aom q&mr}uD;.oDcsif;rsm;ukd r@ay:uae =um;odaecJh
ygonf?
u|efawmfw@kd yefqef;ok@d a&mufvmonfhtcsdefwiG frlum; toHv$ihf Hw
k iG f
68

oDcsi;f rsm;oDqadk ewwfaom/ uyGrJ sm;wGif uk,

d w
f idk o
f q
D u
dk jyaeaom/ awmfveS af &;
yGJvrf;obif ae@}uD;&uf}uD;rsm; eD;csdefwGif trsdK;orD; trsdK;om;&Jabmfrsm;tm;
tu oifay;aewwfaom q&mr}uD;.tEkynmv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;ukd teD;uyf
awG@jrifvm =u &ygonf?
pwifou
d |r;f ptcsed f q&mr}uD;ESihf u|eaf wmf r=umc% awG@q&kH onf
rSmum; ta&S@ajrmufppfa'o. ckdifESifh Xmeaygif;pkH tpnf;ta0;rsm;wGifyg?
q&mr}uD;u ta&S@ajrmufppfa'oaq;kHukd ukd,pf m;jyKum tpnf;ta0; wuf
jcif;jzpf+yD; u|efawmfu yefqef;txl;r@e,f ukd,pf m;vS,ftaejzifh tpnf;ta0;
wuf=u&jcif; jzpfygonf? tpnf;ta0;rsm;pGmwGif q&mr}uD;ESifh u|efawmfwkd@
r=umc%qkdovkd xdyfwkduf tajctwif pum;ppfxkd;&avh&Sdygonf? xkdpOfu
pkdufysdK;a&;ESifh arG;jrLa&;=um;u ydyuQawG trsm;tjym; ay:aygufaecsdefjzpfI
c%c% ajz&Si;f ay;&ygonf? omref ajz&Sif;vkd@r&aom jy\emrsm; ppfa'o
tpnf;ta0;txd a&mufwwfygonf? aq;kHu pkdufcif;xJ vlxk. u|JEGm;rsm;
0ifpm;onfh jy\em/ vlxk. pkdufcif;xJ aq;kHrS jrif;/vm;/0ufawG 0ifaronfh
jy\em ? onfjy\emrsm;wGif oluvnf; ol@bufutjrifESifh? uk,
d fuvnf;
ukd,fb
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f e,f pum;ajym+yD; ppfa'oacgif;aqmifrsm;xH
wifjy=u&jcif; jzpfygonf? wcgw&H aq;kH bufrS aiG'*Fg;awG avsmfa=u; ay;&
wm&So
d vkd wcgw&H r@e,fbufrS avsmfa=u; ay;&avh&Sdygonf? xkdtcgrsm;wGif
q&mr}uD;u pum;vkH;awG a&G;cs,f+yD; wnf+idrf at;aq;pGmjzifh jywfom;aom
tcsuftvufukd wifjywwfa=umif; u|efawmf owdxm;rdygonf? u|efawmfu
awmh pdwfvu
kd frmefyg ajymwwfolyg?
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tm; *kwpku
d af q;0g;ukoay;krH u awmfvSeaf &; tjrifrsm; zvS,I
f &aom q&m
r}uD;ESifh a':_,Of(a'gufwmvSausmfaZm) wkd@ twlaexkdif=uonfhtdrfokd@
tm;vyfcsderf sm;wGif Arm&Jabmfrsm; oGm;a&mufvnfywfwwfonfeh nf;wl &Jabmf
ausmaf qGESihf u|eaf wmfw@dk vnf; wcgw&H oGm;a&muf vnfywfavh &Sdc=Jh u ygonf?
&JabmfausmfaqGEiS fh q&mr}uD;wkd@.arwWmZmwfvrf;wGif u|efawmfu teD;uyf
xdawG@cJhzl;ol jzpf&m tus,fw0ifha&;om;jcif;rjyKayr,fh tcsufwcsuf ukdawmh
u|efawmfazmfjyvkyd gonf?
wcsdK@u q&mr}uD;bufu ESarsmonf? wcsdK@u &JabmfausmfaqGbufrS
69

ESarsmonf? wcsdK@u ESpfOD;pvkH;.EkdifiHa&;*k%foduQm usqif;oGm;avrvm;[lI

yllyif =uonf? xkdtcsdefu &Jabmfrsm;. tjriftrsdK;rsdK;a=umifh olw@kd . arwWma&;
ysufjym; oGm;awmhrvm;[k pkd;&drfum wa,mufeJ@wa,muf aqG;wajr@ajr@
zufikdae =uonfukd rsufpda&S@arSmufwGif jrifawG@ae&olu u|efawmfyg? Tjrif
uGif;onf olw@kd csif; v_duv
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u|efawmfu ,lqonf? 'ga=umifh u|efawmfu oabmwlkHru tm;ay;wmyif
vkyfcJhonf?
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a'o acgif;aqmifrsm;. a&S@arSmufwGif olw@kd ESpfOD; vufrSwfa&;xkd;um awmfvSef
a&; qefqef tusOf;kH; vufxyfxdrf;jrm;cJhavonf? olw@kd vufxyfcsdefu u|ef
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70

onf?
q&mr}uD;onf aq;ukoa&; c&D;xGufonfhtacgufwkdif; vlxkta&;
twGuf vkdtyfonfh aq;0g;ypPnf;rsm; enf;enf;rS wGe@f wkdjcif;r&SdbJ xkwfay;cJhyg
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onfudk rSww
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jzifh vufawG@ukd,fwkdifukd,fus wm0ef,lulncD Jh=uaom q&mr}uD;ESifh a'gufwm
vSausmfaZmwk@d . pdw"f mwfEiS fh tcef;uukd rarhravsmh/ owd&aeqJyg?
xkdpOfu q&mr}uD; wm0efcHukdifwG,fcJhaom aq;*kda'gifrSm ,GrfaiG
aomif; csDwefaom cGJpdwfud&d,m aowWmrsm; yifv#if tvkH;aygi;f ajrmufjrm;pGm
&Sdaeonfudk u|efawmfukd,fwkdif awG@c&Jh ygonf? aq;0g;ypPnf;ud&d,mtpkH ,GrfaiG
ode;f aygif;rsm;pGm wefzkd;&Sdaom aq;*kda'gif}u;D yg? (&efukefrSmyifv#if 'Dvakd q;*kda'gif
rsKd ; rawG@z;l cJ-h [k a'guw
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ukd,u
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rvkduaf vsmkrH u qef@usicf o
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ol@ukd av;pm;cspfcifolrsm; &So
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u|efawmfwkd@ auseyfpmG *k%f,lae=uqJyg?

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71

aqmif&ygonf? q&mr}uD;u olvkyfcsifonfh trsdK;orD;b0 vGwfajrmufa&;vkyf

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av;xm;cJh=uaomfvnf; xkpd Ofurl awmfveS af &;twGif;rSmvnf; avmu"H w&m;
ESifh vl@pdwf"mwftajymif;tvJrsm;ukd awG@cJh&ygonf?
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jzef@csdr_ vkyif ef;rsm;/ tuoifay;jcif;/ yGJvrf;obifrsm;Y tursm;/ jyZmwfrsm;
ukd pDpOfyg0ifjcif; ponfwkd@ukd wm0ef,l&if; aysmfarG@rmefwif;cJhonf? u|efawmf
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vnf;aumif; q&mr}uD;onf tqkdtu tzGJ@rsm;/ kyf&SiftzGJ@rsm;ukd OD;aqmif
ac:iifum wawmifausmf wawmifqif;jzifh 0e,fvlxktwGif; trsdK;orD;or*~
pnf;Hk;a&; vkyif ef;rsm;udk olukd,fwkdifyg0if+yD; aus&mG rsm;txd qif;um azsmfajz
pnf;kH;jcif; jyKcJyh gonf?
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wm0efukd ,lxm;&ygonf? xkdr#ru wyfr[m.wyfom;xk vef;qef; wufu
atmif pnf;kH;v_H@aqmfa&;twGuf tcgtm;avsmfpGm tqkdtutzGJ@rsm;/ kyf&Sif
rsm;jzifh oGm;a&muf azsmfajz&if; kyf0wKrsm;jzifh ar;jref;(awmfvSefa&; tokH;
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72

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onf? ol@ukd tjyifac:+yD; tqkd tutzG@J ukd OD;pD;vmol q&mr}u;D ESihf rdwq
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73

tcg 0rf;omrdygonf? 'gayr,fh &Jabmfrsm; wa,mufESifhwa,muf uGu

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74

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75

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94

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104

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tvkyftau|;jyKcJyh gw,f?
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105

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(28 azazmf0g&D 2016)

107

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109

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110

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111

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112

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113

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114

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115

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116

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117

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118

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167

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169

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174

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175

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176

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