Heavy metals, salts and organic residues in old solid urban waste landlls and
surface waters in their discharge areas: Determinants for restoring their impact
J. Pastor a, *, A.J. Hernndez b
a
b
a r t i c l e i n f o
a b s t r a c t
Article history:
Received 30 September 2009
Received in revised form
16 June 2011
Accepted 24 June 2011
Available online 20 July 2011
This study was designed to determine the state of polluted soils in the main landlls of the Community of
Madrid (central Spain), as part of a continuous assessment of the impacts of urban solid waste (USW)
landlls that were capped with a layer of soil 20 years ago. Our analysis of this problem has been highly
conditioned by the constant re-use of many of the USW landlls, since they have never been the target of
any specic restoration plan. Our periodical analysis of cover soils and soils from discharge areas of the
landlls indicates soil pollution has worsened over the years. Here, we examined heavy metal, salts, and
organic compounds in soil and surface water samples taken from 15 landlls in the Madrid region.
Impacts of the landll soil covers on nematode and plant diversity were also evaluated. These analyses
continue to reveal the presence of heavy metals (Zn, Cu, Cr, Ni, Pb, Cd) in soils, and salts (sulphates,
chlorides and nitrates) in soils and surface waters. In addition, non-agricultural organic compounds,
mainly aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons, often appeared in very high concentrations, and high levels
of insecticides such as gamma-HCH (lindane) were also detected in soils. Around 50% of the water
samples collected showed chemical demand of oxygen (CDO) values in excess of 150 mg/l. Traces of
phenolic compounds were detected in some landlls, some of which exhibited high levels of 2chlorophenol and pentachlorophenol. All these factors are conditioning both the revegetation of the
landll systems and the remediation of their slopes and terrestrial ecosystems arising in their discharge
areas.
This work updates the current situation and discusses risks for the health of the ecosystems, humans,
domestic animals and wildlife living close to these landlls.
2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords:
Anthrosols
Soil pollution
Water pollution
Salinity
Heavy metals
Anions
Organic pollutants
Plants biodiversity
Nematodes
1. Introduction
Municipal solid waste landlls often represent a major environmental problem due to their proximity to inhabited areas.
According to Chiemchaisri et al. (2007) for example, in 2004 there
were 425 disposal sites (95 landlls; 330 open dumps) in Thailand
such that for many years over 60% of solid waste disposal in
Thailand involved open dumping. Recent literature in this area has
been abundant, with emphasis on publications from Asian countries (Esakku et al., 2005; Fan et al., 2006; Nagendran et al., 2006;
Xiaoli et al., 2007); eastern and southern Europe (Eitminaviit
and Matuseviit, 2005; Zupancic et al., 2009; Businelli et al.,
2009; Mari et al., 2009) but also with signicant contributions
from other regions (ygard et al., 2004; Slack et al., 2004;
* Corresponding author.
E-mail address: jpastor@ccma.csic.es (J. Pastor).
0301-4797/$ e see front matter 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2011.06.048
S43
Table 1
Current uses (2008) of the 15 landlls.
Landlls
Gneiss & granite
Colmenar Viejo
S. Lorenzo
El Escorial
Arkoses
Mstoles
Villaviciosa
Navalcarnero
El lamo
Limestone
Pinto 1
Pinto 2
Pinto 3
La Poveda
Arganda del Rey
Mejorada de campo
Alcal de Henares
Gypsum
Aranjuez
Lat.
Long.
Discharge areas
No. slopes
40 390 N
40 350 N
40 35 0 N
3 450 W
4 80 W
4 70 W
Cattle grazing
Nomad shepherding; Reforestation
Cattle grazing
3
3
4
40
40
40
40
200 N
210 N
170 N
130 N
3
3
4
3
520 W
540 W
170 W
590 W
3
1
e
2
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
140 N
140 N
140 N
170 N
180 N
230 N
290 N
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
410 W
420 W
420 W
260 W
260 W
290 W
220 W
Cereal crops
Cereal crops
Road
Creek
Creek
River
River
Reforestation
In disuse
Re-used; Use controlled at present.
Re-used for rubble disposal
Uncontrolled; new spillages of rubble
Nomad shepherding. Reforestation
Reforestation
5
4
4
2
2
1
1
Creek
40 10 N
3 380 W
Zn
Cu
Pb
Ni
Cr
Cd
Co
125.5
8.7
7.7
22.2
0.0
0.0
0.0
69.8
19.4
5.6
3.6
0.0
0.0
0.0
Arkoses
83.5
150.9
72.8
15.7
4.4
0.3
1. 5
Limestones
146.0
730.2
297.0
8.1
4.5
2.1
2.3
57.5
13.0
28.5
22.5
0.0
0.0
0.0
10.5
11.0
3.5
3.5
0.0
0.0
0.0
S44
Table 3
pH and heavy metal contents (mg/kg) recorded for the soil covers of landlls in the Madrid area 18e20 years after capping (2007e08).
Landlls
pH
Al
Fe
Mn
Zn
Cu
Cr
Ni
Pb
Cd
Colmenar Viejo
San Lorenzo
El Escorial
Mstoles
Villaviciosa
Navalcarnero
El lamo
Pinto 1
Pinto 2
Pinto 3
La Poveda
Arganda
Mejorada del campo
Alcal
Aranjuez
Reference levels
6.3
7.3
7.2
5.7
7.5
6.5
7.2
7.3
7.6
7.9
7.6
8.0
7.7
7.6
7.7
33588
29819
29067
23886
26751
8744
8711
27366
31327
42483
28985
29684
70090
51800
71420
22598
21304
77315
12188
15479
5019
4149
16794
20261
25938
19731
15488
39706
32384
37512
293
218
446
241
213
202
93
217
204
631
225
193
366
288
256
68
185
693
38
93.3
12.4
26
39
39
144
50
110
148
130
86
140
14
40
139
8.8
36.1
4.3
8.0
8.5
8.2
55
28
27
29
23
69
36
3.7
12
23
2.7
1.3
1.6
1.9
0.3
0.4
40
2.8
5.9
8.1
12
2.2
100
5.6
6.0
13
3.1
2.9
1.1
1.5
3.4
3.4
5.0
9.1
7.4
15
15
15
35
13.9
223
182
9.4
24.8
2.7
4.4
7.0
4.7
51
13.4
60
20
13.4
11.6
50
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
Table 4
Anion contents (mg/kg) and electrical conductivity (mS/cm) recorded for the soil
covers of the landlls 18e20 years after capping (2008).
Landlls
Cl
NO2
NO3
PO4
SO4
EC
Colmenar Viejo
San Lorenzo
El Escorial
Mstoles
Villaviciosa
Navalcarnero
El Alamo
Pinto 1
Pinto 2
Pinto 3
La Poveda
Arganda
Mejorada del Campo
Alcal
Aranjuez
Reference levels
0.7
0.4
0.4
0.8
0.3
0.7
0.3
3.6
4.6
1.6
2.9
1.4
4.9
0.9
1.3
>12
53.8
9.7
15.1
65.3
9.6
4.9
10.8
9.8
5.8
30.9
10.8
64.4
55.0
43.9
20.3
>55
1.4
2.6
3.7
1.0
6.1
1.3
2.7
5.3
8.2
3.0
4.4
5.6
2.3
8.4
2.7
e
51.7
544.3
783.1
64.9
74.5
167.5
13.6
9.3
7.3
409.1
70.8
19795
298.5
443.3
189.4
>100
22.1
16.7
13.4
30.7
45.8
9.8
34.9
5.1
0.0
8.3
5.3
2.5
6.3
28.3
3.8
>45
64.3
46.1
73.3
852
19.3
17.7
14.8
17.2
17.2
676.9
774
3164
1195
102
4065
>150
244
669
606
160
392
101
106
190
184
759
645
1947
1248
650
2440
>350
S45
Table 5
Organic pollutants (mg/kg) recorded in the old urban landlls in 2008.
Landll
Phenolic compounds
Chlorinated Insecticides
Colmenar Viejo
San Lorenzo
El Escorial
Phenol
Lindane, Hexachlorebencene
Mostoles
Villaviciosa
Navalcarnero
El Alamo
Pinto 1a
Pinto 2
Pinto 3
La Poveda
Arganda
Mejorada
Alcala de H.
Aranjuez
Refer. Levels
Hydrocarbons
PCBs
PAHs
58.21
0.054
0.027
Benzo(a)pyrene
Dibenzo(a,h)anthracene
Lindane
Lindane
Lindane
Phenol (0.033)
2-chlorophenol
2,4,5-trichlorophenol,
2,4,6-trichlorophenol,
2,4-dichlorophenol,
Pentachlorophenol
Phenol, Cresols
2-chlorophenol,
Pentachlorophenol,
Phenol, Cresols
Pentachlorophenol, Cresols
Phenol
p,p-DDD
Hexachlorebencene
Benzo(a)pyrene
Benzo(a)pyrene
Lindane;
Hexachlorebencene
Lindane
Lindane (gamma-HCH)
62.34
Benzo(a)pyrene
0.01 (Lindane)
59.7
0.038
0.01
50.0
0.027
0.01
Table 6
Differences in soil variables (Students t-test) between landll covers (n 59) and reference ecosystems (92 pasture soils) in arkosic substrates.
Soil variable
Landll covers
X s.d.
pH
OM
Fe
Mn
Zn
Cu
Pb
Cd
Cr
Ni
Co
Al
B
7.1
0.7
15291
223
89
187
89.8
1.9
4.6
14.0
1.9
37404
5.5
0.3
0.4
6455
113
157
741
313
3.4
4.7
9.2
2.6
13696
11.8
Reference ecosystems
Range
X s.d.
6.3e7.6
0.2e1.6
5047e28453
46e552
13.8e960
2.5e3680
0e797
0e10
0e17
0e32
0e9
15250e65790
0e50.0
6.2
3.5
9057
112
32
19.6
8
0.1
2.7
7.4
0.0
24783
2.6
Signicance level
Range
0.5
2.7
4029
88
11
32.1
22.8
1.6
2.8
6.3
0.0
11062
5.5
5.1e7.1
0.2e12.2
2315e21945
40e269
9.7e5.8
0e63
0e11.3
0e6.1
0e6.0
1.6e21
0e1.9
5700e54300
0e20.0
99.9
99.9
99.9
99.9
99.0
90.0
95.0
99.0
99.9
S46
Table 7
Mean and s.d. of electrical conductivity (EC) and soil anions in discharge areas of
several landlls (L) located in different substrata versus soils from nearby reference
ecosystems (R.E.).
Soil variable
EC (mS/cm)
Chlorides
(mg/100 g)
Sulphates
(mg/100 g)
Nitrates
(mg/100 g)
M
s.d.
M
s.d.
M
s.d.
M
s.d.
1430
156
33.5
7.8
68.5
3.5
4.2
0.5
Alcal de Henares
Pinto 1
R.E.
L.
R.E.
L.
R.E
530
3890
735
22.0
2.8
155.5
3.5
3.9
0.9
1200
11045
6583
76.5
10.6
4544.0
5883.1
31.3
19.1
3940
5.0
1.0
2.0
5.0
4.0
0.5
18.0
412.0
19.8
Table 8
Statistically signicant differences recorded in 36 soil samples taken from landlls
and 55 samples from a reference ecosystems in arkosic terrain.
Biological parameters
Landll
covers
Plants
Plant cover (%)
Average height of plant cover (cm)
Plant diversity (No sp/m2.)
Nematodes
Total Density (No/100 cm3)
Ectoparasites
Endoparasites
Omnivores
Bacterial feeders
Fungal feeders
34.9 17.1
14.9 9.1
15.5 7.3
45.6
10.1
0.1
10.6
71.3
8.0
38.3
13.2
0.4
11.3
18.7
9.3
Reference
ecosystem
soils
Signicance
level
60.6 25.0
22.7 10.2
29.5 11.4
122.1
30.5
0.9
12.6
37.7
17.0
95
95
50.7
15.7
4.0
10.2
17.5
13.3
99.9
99.9
99.9
95
The topsoil layer of the landlls is inhabited by soil populations such as microorganisms or nematodes, and is also the
main source of mineral nutrients for plant species growing in the
soil (Hernndez et al., 1998a; Urcelai et al., 2000; Pastor and
Hernndez, 2002). Our phytoecological and soil studies performed in the past years both on the capping soils and soils of the
discharge zones of urban waste landlls have revealed certain
features that may be of help when planning to ecologically
restore this type of environmental setting. Table 8 shows the
reduced diversity of plants and nematodes detected in the
capping layer of the landlls, which is probably the result of
adverse conditions in general, and toxicity due to heavy metals,
high contents of salts or organic pollutants. This diversity is even
lower than that reported for other highly degraded ecosystems of
the area (Urcelai et al., 2000). Biederman et al. (2008) also
investigated nematode community early development in ecological restoration.
Contrary to expectations, surface amendment treatments
signicantly increased bacterivorous, plant parasitic, omnivorous
and predator nematode densities, but had no inuence on fungi/
root-tip feeding nematodes. In agreement with these authors,
bacterial feeders were the predominant group detected at our
landlls. Numbers of ectoparasites, endoparasites, fungal feeders
and omnivores were signicantly lower than in our reference
ecosystems. Other observations in soil fauna were made by
Eitminaviit and Matuseviit (2005) who summarized data on
the domestic waste landlls of Vilnius (Lithuania). These authors
focused on the inuence of landlls on the soils of their environment. The structure of microarthropod complexes was monodominant, species composition was poor, and herbaceous plants
intensively accumulated heavy metals. Even after fteen years, the
landlls remained polluted with high concentrations of Cd, Ni, Pb,
and Zn.
Taking into account these ndings together with those of
Pastor et al. (1993a, b) and Hernndez et al. (1998a, b), who also
observed increased levels of salts in landlls, the difculty in
securing an environment of available nutrients for plants
becomes clear, despite the appropriate pH of the soil (means of
7.1 were detected for landlls and 6.2 for control soil samples).
Such high salt contents indicate a need for bioassays aimed at
evaluating the suitability of native plant species as plant covers
for landlls.
Table 9
Current pH, macroelement and boron contents (mg/l) of water samples obtained from the discharge areas of the landlls.
Landlls
pH
Ca
Mg
Na
Al
Fe
Mn
Colmenar Viejo
San Lorenzo
Mstoles
El Alamo
Getafe
Aranjuez
6.9
7.8
8.8
8.4
8.1
8.6
22.3
18.4
110.3
55.4
530.0
410.8
8.6
3.9
24.4
7.9
244.4
583.6
103.3
2.2
61.4
7.1
4.1
33.6
126.0
6.2
210.9
30.7
71.3
2736.5
0.0
0.0
2.19
0.56
0.0
0.0
43.6
8.7
20.3
26.1
567
2780
0.12
0.0
0.05
0.04
0.06
0.0
0.04
0.00
0.36
0.06
0.06
0.11
0.10
0.0
1.97
0.03
0.08
0.06
0.19
0.03
0.22
0.06
0.18
0.75
S47
Table 12
List of organic compounds detected in 2008 in water samples affected by the
presence of a landll.
Landlls
Zn
Cu
Mstoles
El lamo
Colmenar Viejo
San Lorenzo
Mstoles
El Alamo
Aranjuez
0.06
n.d
0.034
n.d
n.d
n.d
n.d
0.011
0.025
0.023
Tetradecane
4-tert-butyl benzoic acid
Dietiltoluamide
Diethyl phthalate
Heptadecane
Tetradecanoic acid
Undecane
Octanoic acid
Tetradecane
Terbucarb
Diethyl phthalate
2-methyl-, 1-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-2-methyl-1,
3-propanodyl, propionate
Diisobutyl phthalate
Butyl isobutyl phthalate
Dibutyl phthalate
Hexadecanoic acid
Pentadecane
Tricosane
Di 2-ethylhexyl adipate
Tetracosane
Eicosane
Di 2-ethylhexyl phthalate
Diisobutyl phthalate
Dibutyl phthalate
Hexadecanoic acid
Oleic acid
Octadecanoic acid
Tricosane
Di-2-ethylhexyl adipate
Tetracosane
Eicosane
di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate
Squalene
San Lorenzo
Colmenar Viejo
Octanoic acid
3-hydroxy-2,2,4-trimethylpentyl
isobutanoate
Tetradecane
Butyric acid
Undecane
3-Hydroxy-2,2-dimethyl
hexyl butyrate
Tetradecane
Diethyl phthalate
Diethyl phthalate
1,3-pentanediol, 2,2,4-trimethyl
diisobutyrate
Tetradecanoic acid
1,3-Pentanediol,
2,2,4-trimethyl diisobutyrate
Diisobutyl phthalate
Pentadecanoic acid
Dibutyl phthalate
Hexadecanoic acid
Octadecanoic acid
Pentadecane
Tricosane
Bis 2-ethylhexyl adipate
Tetracosane
Eicosane
Di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate
Squalene
Diisobutyl phthalate
Butyl isobutyl phthalate
Dibutyl phthalate
Hexadecanoic acid
Pentadecane
Tricosane
Di 2-ethylhexyl adipate
Tetracosane
Eicosane
Di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate
Dotriacontane
Squalene
Aranjuez
Undecane
Octanoic acid
Tetradecane
Diethyl phthalate
Tetradecanoic acid
Diisobutyl phthalate
Pentadecanoic acid
Butyl isobutyl phthalate
Dibutyl phthalate
Hexadecanoic acid
Oleic acid
Octadecanoic acid
Pentadecane
Tricosane
2-etilhexil adipate
Tetracosane
Eicosane
Bis 2-ethylhexyl phthalate
Squalene
Table 11
Electrical conductivity (mS/cm), chemical demand of oxygen and anion contents (mg/l) of water samples collected from damp ground and streams close to the landlls.
Landlls
EC
CDO
Cl
NO2
NO3
PO4
SO4
CO3
HCO3
Colmenar Viejo
San Lorenzo
Mstoles
El Alamo
Aranjuez
1281
265
2490
523
13420
261.0
168.0
207.8
91.4
111.8
0.12
0.17
0.28
0.24
0.12
269
4.46
568.3
41.5
770
n.d
n.d
0.10
0.49
n.d
67.7
5.2
4.5
5.4
20.3
n.d
n.d
3.0
2.3
n.d
130.9
26.2
60.9
69.3
8341.0
0.0
0.0
60.0
30.0
48.0
0.0
48.8
201.3
97.6
207.4
S48
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