Chapter 15

Foods to avoid during pregnancy

-large fish (shark, swordfish, king mackerel..)
-unpasturized milk products and huice
-raw fish
- Caffeine (more than 1-2 cups of coffee)
-artificial sweetners (in moderation)
Most reliable predictor of infants future health status: Birthweight
Compare and contrast the nutrient needs of adult pregnant women
with those of adult non-pregnant women
-especially important: folate(150% DV), B12(to activate folate),
iron(to support increased BV, supplements recommended) and
zinc (cell development)
-Vitamin D, same recommended amount
-AMDR for pregnant women:
CHO: 135-175 g
Protein: additional 25 g
Fat: no increase in fat needs, except for essential fatty
acids
Describe the expected weight gain during pregnancy
25-35 lbs (healthy) (3.5lbs/week 1st trimester, 1 lb/week
last 2 trimesters)
Discuss the requirement for extra Calories during pregnancy and when
they are needed
-additional 340 kcal/day during the 2nd trimester, additional 450
kcal/day during 3rd trimester (15-20% more food energy for
pregnant women)
Define the term critical period and the result of negative influences on
pregnancy outcomes
-Critical period: finite periods during development in which
certain events occur that will have irreversible effects on later
developmental stages; usually a period of rapid cell division.
- mostly between 2 and 8 weeks
-Neural tube (CNS) development CP is between 17-30 days, any
nutrient deficiencies/excess can lead to neural tube defects like
spina bifida (taking folate supplements can offset this risk)
Identify which nutrients a pregnant woman is least likely to consume in
adequate quantities
-Iron
-folate
-Calcium
Effect of malnutrition during lactation
-Most women need at least 1800 kcalories a day to receive all
the nutrients required for successful lactation. Severe energy
restriction may hinder milk production

Define WIC: a high-quality, cost-effective health-care and nutrition

services program for women, infants, and children in the United States
Discuss the benefits of breastfeeding and the recommendation for
breastfeeding by the American Academy of Pediatrics
ForInfants

Providestheappropriatecompositionandbalanceof
nutrientswithhighbioavailability

Provideshormonesthatpromotephysiological

development

Improvescognitivedevelopment

Protectsagainstavarietyofinfectionsand
illnesses,includingdiarrhea,earinfections,
andpneumonia

Mayprotectagainstsomechronicdiseases
suchasdiabetes(bothtypes),obesity,
atherosclerosis,asthma,somecancers,and
hypertensionlaterinlife

Protectsagainstfoodallergies

ReducestheriskofSIDs

Supportshealthyweight

ForMothers

Contractstheuterus

Delaysthereturnofregularovulation,thus
lengtheningbirthintervals(thisisnot,however,a
dependablemethodofcontraception)

Conservesironstores(byprolongingamenorrhea)

Mayprotectagainstbreastandovariancancerand

ForInfants

reducetheriskofdiabetes(type2)

Increasesenergyexpenditure,whichmaycontribute
toweightloss