Main diseases:
VIRAL- Yellow Fever
Cause: Yellow fever is caused by the flavivirus which
is put into the bloodstream through the bite of a
Aedes or Haemagogus species of mosquito. Once in
the blood stream flavivirus invades and infects
monocyte cells which are in the immune system.
From here the virus is transported to the lymph
nodes and targets organs within the body, which as
a result causes different symptoms. Yellow fever is caused because the
flavivirus targets the liver.
Transmission: Yellow Fever is transmitted in the form of the flavivirus
through mosquitoes. When a mosquito bites an infected person for a
blood meal some of the flavivirus gets transported into the mosquito and
stays in its saliva. Then when the mosquito bites another human for its
next meal the flavivirus that was in its saliva is transported into the
human, resulting the that person now being infected with the virus which
causes yellow fever.
Major symptoms: Symptoms for yellow fever come in three stages,
Infection, Remission, Intoxication. Infection has symptoms including:
Headaches
Muscle and joint pain
Fever
Flushing
Loss of appetites
Vomiting
However, these symptoms will go away in 3-4 days.
The second stage of remission is where symptoms go away, and generally
most people will recover, but for some, they get worse within the next
day.
Stage three is where problems with organs occur, often the liver.
Symptoms for this stage include:
Bleeding disorders
Seizures
Coma
Delirium
Treatment: There is no specific medical treatments for yellow fever. Some
common treatment for the more severe cases of yellow fever include:
Blood products to treat sever bleeding
Dialysis for kidney failure
Providing fluids and oxygen
Prevention of the diseases: To prevent yellow fever on my trip I will
prevent the chances of being bitten by mosquitos. This will involve using
nets to separate me and the mosquitos when bushwalking and when
camping, wearing appropriate clothing- I will be wearing long pants and
long shirts that have DEET manufactured into them, however to better
protect myself I will again spray myself with insect repellent each day. I
will also have had the yellow fever vaccination.
BACTERIAL- Typhoid Fever
Cause: Typhoid fever is caused by the Salmonella
typhi (S. typhi) bacteria. This type of bacteria is
extremely poisonous.
Transmission: Typhoid fever is transmitted through
the form of the Salmonella typhi bacteria. It is
transmitted by eating or drinking the bacteria in
contaminated food or water. People who are either
carriers or infected by the bacteria can pass on the
disease by handling food and water therefore contaminating it and then
someone else handles/uses the food or water and they get infected, or by
PRONZOAN- Leishmaniasis
Cause: Leishmaniasis is caused by protozoan parasites from the
Leishmania parasite species. The Leishmania parasites are single-celled
organisms that cannot be seen with the naked eye. There are numerous
types of leishmania, Visceral Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous Leishmaniasis and
Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis. The Leishmania parasites live inside an
infected phlebotomine female sand-fly. The sand fly gets the Leishmania
parasites by sucking blood from an infected person. The parasite then
dolphins. However, I will not hope in the water as I want to prevent myself
from getting the disease. Also I will only be drinking bottles water and
when bathing I will roll boil the water first.
Summary
of how to
prevent
disease
Vaccinatio
n
Drink
Bottled
Water
Eat fully
cooked food
served at
room
temperature
Have Good
personal
Hygiene i.e.
wash hands
regularly
Isolation
from
contaminate
d humans
Disease
Hepatitis A
Hepatitis B
Typhoid
Fever
Tetanus,
Pertussis,
Diphtheria
Measles,
mumps,
rubella
Influenza
Chicken pox
Malaria
Dengue
fever
Japanese
Encephalitis
Travelers
Diarrhea
Tuberculosis
Meningitis
Rabies
Cholera
Schistosomi
asis
Polio
Yellow Fever
Iso
con
ani
Leishmanias
is
Brucellosis
In this case I
will avoid all
unpasteurized
dairy products
Part 2:
For malaria include a detailed description of the:
Cause
Transmission
Host response
Major symptoms
Treatment
Prevention and control of the diseases
Malaria
Cause: Malaria is caused by a single celled parasite called Plasmodium.
Plasmodium is a genus/type of protozoa (A protozoa
being a single celled organisms) and a genus/type of
the Apicomplexan parasite. The life cycle of
plasmodium includes a human who acts as a host and a
mosquito which acts as the vector. Plasmodiums have
three life stages, gametocytes, sporozites and
merozoites. Gametocytes within a mosquito develop
into sporozites. Then the sporozites are transmitted
through the saliva of a mosquito and into the humans
bloodstream when a mosquito feeds on the humans
blood. First the plasmodium, in the form of sporozites,
enters and lives in the liver where it grows and
duplicates forming merozoites. These merozoites enter
the blood stream and invade Red Blood Cells feeding on
the haemoglobin. Again they replicate and when enough have replicated
they burst the red blood cell and enter the blood stream invading other
cells. This replication of merozoites continues for 1-3 days and will result
in the person getting symptoms for malaria.
Transmission: Malaria is transmitted through mosquitos. However not all
types of mosquitos are able to transmit malaria. Only the female
Anopheles mosquitos are able to transmit malaria providing the have
picked up the infection from a blood meal from an infected human.
When a mosquito bites an infected human for a blood meal, the
small amounts of blood taken will contain malaria parasites.
The mosquito holds onto this blood meal for about one
week. Then one week later when the mosquito takes its
next
blood meal the malaria parasites mix with the saliva and
are
injected into the body. The parasites then continue their
lifecycle
of replicating and feeding on haemoglobin in the form of
merozoites, and therefore giving the person who was bitten malaria and
its symptoms.
Host response: The human body is malarias host. The human bodys
immune system fights the plasmodium, however only when its out of the
red blood cells (the immune system cannot fight it if its in the blood cells.
Therefore, when the red blood cell bursts and the plasmodium/merozoites
are in the blood the immune system comes into action by the platelets
producing a molecule, called Platelet Factor 4 (PF4). This PF4 binds with
another molecule found in the human body, called Duffy to attack the
plasmodium, but not all plasmodium is killed as it hides in another red
blood cell. the Red Blood Cells to kill the Plasmodium strain of malaria.
Major symptoms: Symptoms of malaria will develop within 10-28 days
following being infected by the mosquito bite. Common symptoms that
will be experienced by someone who has been infected include
shaking chills that can range from moderate to severe
high fever
profuse sweating
headache
nausea
vomiting
anemia
muscle pain
convulsions
coma
However, some forms of malaria are life threatening and the symptoms
are more complicated and can result in death if not treated quickly. Some
of the possible, more serious symptoms include:
swelling of the blood vessels of the brain, or cerebral malaria
an accumulation of fluid in the lungs that causes breathing
problems, or pulmonary edema
organ failure of the kidneys, liver, or spleen
anemia due to the destruction of red blood cells
Wellness of patient
Background information:
Zika Virus was identified in Brazil early 2015 and has since then rapidly
expanded. During this outbreak of Zika Virus doctors also noticed a much
higher rate of babies born with microcephaly. However, no one has
confirmed if Zika Virus is the cause of Microcephaly and therefore it is not
yet confirmed that if a pregnant woman becomes infected with Zika virus
the fetus will definitely have microcephaly. Microcephaly is an abnormal
smallness of the head, a condition where the brain is incomplete.
Some women that have been pregnant and infected with the disease have
given birth to a healthy child who isnt affected by microcephaly, so this
poses the question that perhaps Zika virus can only attack a younger
brain that is less developed whereas more developed brains are not
affected.
A way of testing if Zika virus is the cause of microcephaly
Aim: To test if Zika Virus is the cause of microcephaly, and if so what
trimester of pregnancy is most vulnerable to developing Microcephaly.
Equipment:
o 16x Brain cells of fetus from the 3 different trimesters (total of 9
brain cell samples)
o 3x parasite of Zika Virus
o 3x parasite of Rubella
o 3x Parasite of Cytomegalovirus
o Lab equipment required for the growth of brain cells
16x Petit dish
Incubator(s) for the brain cells and virus to develop in
Method:
1. Get one brain sample from the 1st trimester
2. Let one brain cell not be infected with any virus (Acting as the
control)
3. Infect the brain cells of the 1st trimester with rubella
4. Infect the brain cells of the 1st trimester with Cytomegalovirus
5. Infect the brain cells of the 1st trimester with Zika Virus
6. Place in incubator at womb temperature (37 degrees Celsius) for 1-2
weeks
7. Over the next 1-2 weeks observe how the brain cells react to the
viruses
8. Record any observations such as, how much of cell sample is
infected and how quickly, and any other abnormalities the cells
develop.
9. Remove the rubella, Cytomegalovirus and Zika viruses from the
brain cells and place the viruses in the incubator for 1-2 weeks (The
same time that the brain cells and viruses were in incubator for) to
see if they can return to their original virus.
10.
Repeat steps 1-9 for all three trimesters brain cells
11.
Repeat steps 1-10 again 3 times to ensure results are
consistent.
way of knowing if taking brain cells out of a fetus will denature then and
make them respond differently to what they would normally if they were
still in the fetus. Therefore, research into the reaction of the brain to
different viruses when in the fetus could be conducted and compared to
the results of the brain cells reaction to the viruses. However, this is
unethical if you have to infect a fetus with the disease to obtain the
results.
Overall this experiment is appropriate in terms of ethics and availability.
The experiment is also appropriate as it is researching the impact on the
brain that a number of potential microcephaly causing viruses have,
however there is still a lot of future research needed, epically in the areas
that are explained above.
This experiment is also appropriate as it satisfies the criterions of Kochs
Postulates:
Postulate 1: The microorganism must be found in abundance in all
organisms suffering from the disease, but should not be found in healthy
organisms.
o
It has been investigated and known that the fetus brain during
the different trimesters can be more susceptible to Zika Virus or
more resistant. Specifically, younger fetus brains will be harmed
by the infection of the Zika virus and will therefore suffer
microcephaly, whereas older fetus brains that are exposed to to
the Zika virus will not be affected and the fetus will not have
microcephaly.
Therefore, while the Zika Virus was found to be present in all cases
where microcephaly was reported, Zika Virus can also be present
but the fetus didnt wasnt affected and therefore didnt develop
microcephaly, hence why to satisfy this criterion it needs to be
investigated weather age of fetus brain has any influence.
Bibliography:
Part 1
http://www.traveldoctor.com.au/files/editor_upload/File/factsheets/9115%20TD%20Health%20Fact%20Sheet%20Papua%20New
%20Guinea.pdf
https://www.essentialtravel.co.uk/magazine/top-10/tropical-diseases.html
http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/15/4/09-0169_article
http://vaccinehub.com.au/content/into-the-jungle
http://www.traveldoctor.com.au/files/editor_upload/File/factsheets/9115%20TD%20Health%20Fact%20Sheet%20Brazil.pdf
Hepatitis A and B
http://www.hepatitisaustralia.com/hepatitis-b-facts/vaccination-for-hep-b
http://www.hepatitisaustralia.com/hepatitis-a/
Typhoid
http://www.news-medical.net/health/Typhoid-Prevention.aspx
Tetanus Pertussis and Diphtheria
http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/hcp/vis/vis-statements/tdap.html
Measles
https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/measl
es
Mumps
https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/mum
ps
Rubella
https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/rubell
a
MMR vaccine
http://www.immunise.health.gov.au/internet/immunise/publishing.nsf/Cont
ent/IT0169-cnt
Influenza
http://www.immunise.health.gov.au/internet/immunise/publishing.nsf/Cont
ent/immunise-influenza
Chicken pox
https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/chick
enpox
Malaria
https://parasiteecology.wordpress.com/2013/04/19/microparasite-vsmacroparasite/
http://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/malaria-prevention
http://www.thirdworldtraveler.com/Disease/diseases_TropSAmer.html
Dengue Fever
https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/deng
ue-fever
Japanese Encephalitis
http://www.traveldoctor.com.au/Page/Knowledge-Hub/Tropical-diseasefacts/Japanese-Encephalitis
Travellers Diarrhoea
http://www.medicinenet.com/travelers_diarrhea/page2.htm
Malaria
https://parasiteecology.wordpress.com/2013/04/19/microparasite-vsmacroparasite/
http://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/malaria-prevention
Tuberculosis
http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/8856.php#what_is_tuberculosi
s
http://www.news-medical.net/health/Tuberculosis-Prevention.aspx
Meningitis
http://www.cdc.gov/meningitis/bacterial.html
http://www.cdc.gov/meningitis/viral.html
http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/meningitis/manage/ptc20169618
https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/meni
ngitis
Rabies
http://www.nps.org.au/medicines/immune-system/vaccines-andimmunisation/for-individuals/vaccines-a-z/rabies
http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs099/en/
Cholera
http://www.vagabondish.com/10-nastiest-travel-diseases/
Schistosomiasis
http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/schistosomiasis/prevent.html
http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs115/en/
https://parasiteecology.wordpress.com/2013/04/19/microparasite-vsmacroparasite/
Polio
https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/polioand-post-polio-syndrome
Yellow Fever
https://www.cdc.gov/yellowfever/symptoms/index.html
https://www.cdc.gov/yellowfever/prevention/index.html
Leishmaniasis
http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs375/en/
Brucellosis
http://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/brucellosis-symptoms-treatment?
page=3
Yellow fever in detail
http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/yellowfever/basics/treatment/con-20032263
https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001365.htm
http://www.healthline.com/health/yellow-fever#Symptoms2
Typhoid fever in detail
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http://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/typhoid-fever
http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/typhoid-fever/Pages/Treatment.aspx
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Schistosomiasis in detail
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http://www.globalnetwork.org/schistosomiasis
http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/schistosomiasis/gen_info/faqs.html
http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs115/en/
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Leishmaniasis in detail
http://www.med-health.net/Protozoan-Diseases.html
http://www.medicinenet.com/leishmaniasis/article.htm
http://www.healthline.com/health/leishmaniasis#Treatments7
Part 2
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http://www.who.int/malaria/areas/treatment/en/
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file=pdf/10/94.pdf&
http://www.getridofthings.com/pests/bugs/get-rid-of-mosquitoes/
http://www.motherearthliving.com/natural-health/natural-tips-how-toavoid-mosquitoes.aspx
http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Malaria/Pages/Treatment.aspx
Part 3
http://www.life.umd.edu/classroom/bsci424/BSCI223WebSiteFiles/KochsPos
tulates.htm
http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2016/03/zika-virus-kills-developingbrain-cells
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https://www.phe-culturecollections.org.uk/news/ecacc-news/cells-forgrowing-zika-virus.aspx
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Itinerary
http://www.kokodaspirit.com.au/tour/kokoda-to-owers-corner-30-2/
https://manausbooking.com
http://www.flightcentre.com.au/flights/international-flights