CHAPTER 3

STOICHIOMETRY
Questions
23.

Isotope
12
C
13
C

Mass
12.0000 amu
13.034 amu

Abundance
98.89%
1.11%

Average mass = 0.9889 (12.0000) + 0.0111(13.034) = 12.01 amu

From the relative abundances, there would be 9889 atoms of 12C and 111 atoms of 13C in the
10,000 atom sample. The average mass of carbon is independent of the sample size; it will
always be 12.01 amu.
Total mass = 10,000 atoms

12.01 amu
= 1.201 105 amu
atom

For 1 mole of carbon (6.0221 1023 atoms C), the average mass would still be 12.01 amu.
The number of 12C atoms would be 0.9889(6.0221 1023) = 5.955 1023 atoms 12C, and the
number of 13C atoms would be 0.0111(6.0221 1023) = 6.68 1021 atoms 13C.
Total mass = 6.0221 1023 atoms

12.01 amu
= 7.233 1024 amu
atom

Total mass in g = 6.0221 1023 atoms

12.01 amu
1g
= 12.01 g/mol

atom
6.0221 10 23 amu

By using the carbon-12 standard to define the relative masses of all of the isotopes, as well as
to define the number of things in a mole, then each elements average atomic mass in units of
grams is the mass of a mole of that element as it is found in nature.
24.

Consider a sample of glucose, C6H12O6. The molar mass of glucose is 180.16 g/mol. The
chemical formula allows one to convert from molecules of glucose to atoms of carbon,
hydrogen, or oxygen present and vice versa. The chemical formula also gives the mole
relationship in the formula. One mole of glucose contains 6 mol C, 12 mol H, and 6 mol O.
Thus mole conversions between molecules and atoms are possible using the chemical formula. The molar mass allows one to convert between mass and moles of compound, and
Avogadros number (6.022 1023) allows one to convert between moles of compound and
number of molecules.

44

CHAPTER 3
25.

STOICHIOMETRY

45

6.022 10 23 dollars
mol dollars
23
6.022 10 dollars
1 mol dollars
mol dollars
= 1 1014 dollars/person
9
6 10 people

Avogadros number of dollars =

1 trillion = 1,000,000,000,000 = 1 1012; each person would have 100 trillion dollars.
26.

The molar mass is the mass of 1 mole of the compound. The empirical mass is the mass of 1
mole of the empirical formula. The molar mass is a whole-number multiple of the empirical
mass. The masses are the same when the molecular formula = empirical formula, and the
masses are different when the two formulas are different. When different, the empirical mass
must be multiplied by the same whole number used to convert the empirical formula to the
molecular formula. For example, C6H12O6 is the molecular formula for glucose, and CH2O is
the empirical formula. The whole-number multiplier is 6. This same factor of 6 is the multiplier used to equate the empirical mass (30 g/mol) of glucose to the molar mass (180 g/mol).

27.

The mass percent of a compound is a constant no matter what amount of substance is present.
Compounds always have constant composition.

28.

A balanced equation starts with the correct formulas of the reactants and products. The coefficients necessary to balance the equation give molecule relationships as well as mole
relationships between reactants and products. The state (phase) of the reactants and products
is also given. Finally, special reaction conditions are sometimes listed above or below the
arrow. These can include special catalysts used and/or special temperatures required for a
reaction to occur.

29.

The theoretical yield is the stoichiometric amount of product that should form if the limiting
reactant is completely consumed and the reaction has 100% yield.

30.

A reactant is present in excess if there is more of that reactant present than is needed to
combine with the limiting reactant for the process. By definition, the limiting reactant cannot
be present in excess. An excess of any reactant does not affect the theoretical yield for a
process; the theoretical yield is determined by the limiting reactant.

31.

The specific information needed is mostly the coefficients in the balanced equation and the
molar masses of the reactants and products. For percent yield, we would need the actual yield
of the reaction and the amounts of reactants used.
a. Mass of CB produced = 1.00 104 molecules A2B2

1 mol A 2 B 2
6.022 10

23

molecules A 2 B 2

2 mol CB
molar mass of CB

1 mol A 2 B 2
mol CB

b. Atoms of A produced = 1.00 104 molecules A2B2

2 atoms A
1 molecule A 2 B 2

46

CHAPTER 3
c. Mol of C reacted = 1.00 104 molecules A2B2

STOICHIOMETRY

1 mol A 2 B 2
6.022 10 23 molecules A 2 B 2
2 mol C

1 mol A 2 B 2

actual mass
100; the theoretical mass of CB produced was
theoretical mass
calculated in part a. If the actual mass of CB produced is given, then the percent yield can
be determined for the reaction using the percent yield equation.

d. Percent yield =

32.

One method is to determine the actual mole ratio of XY to Y2 present and compare this ratio
to the required 2:1 mole ratio from the balanced equation. Which ratio is larger will allow one
to deduce the limiting reactant. Once the identity of the limiting reactant is known, then one
can calculate the amount of product formed. A second method would be to pick one of the
reactants and then calculate how much of the other reactant would be required to react with it
all. How the answer compares to the actual amount of that reactant present allows one to
deduce the identity of the limiting reactant. Once the identity is known, one would take the
limiting reactant and convert it to mass of product formed.
When each reactant is assumed limiting and the amount of product is calculated, there are
two possible answers (assuming two reactants). The correct answer (the amount of product
that could be produced) is always the smaller number. Even though there is enough of the
other reactant to form more product, once the small quantity is reached, the limiting reactant
runs out, and the reaction cannot continue.

Exercises
Atomic Masses and the Mass Spectrometer
33.

A = 0.0140(203.973) + 0.2410(205.9745) + 0.2210(206.9759) + 0.5240(207.9766)

A = 2.86 + 49.64 + 45.74 + 109.0 = 207.2 amu; from the periodic table, the element is Pb.

34.

A = 0.0800(45.95269) + 0.0730(46.951764) + 0.7380(47.947947) + 0.0550(48.947841)

+ 0.0540(49.944792) = 47.88 amu
This is element Ti (titanium).

35.

Let A = mass of 185Re:

186.207 = 0.6260(186.956) + 0.3740(A), 186.207 ! 117.0 = 0.3740(A)
A=

36.

69.2
= 185 amu (A = 184.95 amu without rounding to proper significant figures.)
0.3740

Abundance 28Si = 100.00 (4.70 + 3.09) = 92.21%; from the periodic table, the average
atomic mass of Si is 28.09 amu.

CHAPTER 3

STOICHIOMETRY

47

28.09 = 0.9221(27.98) + 0.0470(atomic mass 29Si) + 0.0309(29.97)

Atomic mass 29Si = 29.01 amu
The mass of 29Si is actually a little less than 29 amu. There are other isotopes of silicon that
are considered when determining the 28.09 amu average atomic mass of Si listed in the
atomic table.
37.

Let x = % of 151Eu and y = % of 153Eu, then x + y = 100 and y = 100 x.

151.96 =

x(150.9196) + (100 x)(152.9209)

100

15196 = (150.9196)x + 15292.09 (152.9209)x, 96 = (2.0013)x

x = 48%; 48% 151Eu and 100 48 = 52% 153Eu

38.

If silver is 51.82% 107Ag, then the remainder is 109Ag (48.18%). The average atomic mass is
then:
107.868 =

51.82(106.905) + 48.18(A)
100

10786.8 = 5540. + (48.18)A, A = 108.9 amu = atomic mass of 109Ag

39.

There are three peaks in the mass spectrum, each 2 mass units apart. This is consistent with
two isotopes differing in mass by two mass units. The peak at 157.84 corresponds to a Br2
molecule composed of two atoms of the lighter isotope. This isotope has mass equal to
157.84/2 or 78.92. This corresponds to 79Br. The second isotope is 81Br with mass equal to
161.84/2 = 80.92. The peaks in the mass spectrum correspond to 79Br2, 79Br81Br, and 81Br2 in
order of increasing mass. The intensities of the highest and lowest masses tell us the two
isotopes are present in about equal abundance. The actual abundance is 50.68% 79Br and
49.32% 81Br.

40.

GaAs can be either 69GaAs or 71GaAs. The mass spectrum for GaAs will have 2 peaks at 144
(= 69 + 75) and 146 (= 71 + 75) with intensities in the ratio of 60 : 40 or 3 : 2.

144

146

Ga2As2 can be 69Ga2As2, 69Ga71GaAs2, or 71Ga2As2. The mass spectrum will have 3 peaks at
288, 290, and 292 with intensities in the ratio of 36 : 48 : 16 or 9 : 12 : 4. We get this ratio
from the following probability table:

48

CHAPTER 3
69

Ga (0.60)

71

Ga (0.40)

69

Ga (0.60)

0.36

0.24

71

Ga (0.40)

0.24

0.16

288

290

STOICHIOMETRY

292

Moles and Molar Masses

41.

When more than one conversion factor is necessary to determine the answer, we will usually
put all the conversion factors into one calculation instead of determining intermediate
answers. This method reduces round-off error and is a time saver.
500. atoms Fe

42.

500.0 g Fe

1 mol Fe
6.022 10

atoms Fe

55.85 g Fe
= 4.64 10 20 g Fe
mol Fe

1 mol Fe
= 8.953 mol Fe
55.85 g Fe

8.953 mol Fe

6.022 10 23 atoms Fe
= 5.391 1024 atoms Fe
mol Fe

0.200 g C
1 mol C
6.022 10 23 atoms C

= 1.00 1022 atoms C

carat
12.01 g C
mol C

43.

1.00 carat

44.

5.0 1021 atoms C

8.3 10 3 mol C
45.

23

1 mol C
6.022 10

23

atoms C

= 8.3 10 3 mol C

12.01 g C
= 0.10 g C
mol C

Al2O3: 2(26.98) + 3(16.00) = 101.96 g/mol

Na3AlF6: 3(22.99) + 1(26.98) + 6(19.00) = 209.95 g/mol

46.

HFC ! 134a, CH2FCF3: 2(12.01) + 2(1.008) + 4(19.00) = 102.04 g/mol

HCFC !124, CHClFCF3: 2(12.01) + 1(1.008) + 1(35.45) + 4(19.00) = 136.48 g/mol

47.

a. The formula is NH3. 14.01 g/mol + 3(1.008 g/mol) = 17.03 g/mol

CHAPTER 3

STOICHIOMETRY

b. The formula is N2H4. 2(14.01) + 4(1.008) = 32.05 g/mol

c. (NH4)2Cr2O7: 2(14.01) + 8(1.008) + 2(52.00) + 7(16.00) = 252.08 g/mol
48.

a. The formula is P4O6. 4(30.97 g/mol) + 6(16.00 g/mol) = 219.88 g/mol

b. Ca3(PO4)2: 3(40.08) + 2(30.97) + 8(16.00) = 310.18 g/mol
c. Na2HPO4: 2(22.99) + 1(1.008) + 1(30.97) + 4(16.00) = 141.96 g/mol

49.

a. 1.00 g NH3
b. 1.00 g N2H4

1 mol NH 3
= 0.0587 mol NH3
17.03 g NH 3
1 mol N 2 H 4
= 0.0312 mol N2H4
32.05 g N 2 H 4

c. 1.00 g (NH4)2Cr2O7

50.

51.

a. 1.00 g P4O6

1 mol ( NH 4 ) 2 Cr2 O 7
= 3.97 10 3 mol (NH4)2Cr2O7
252.08 g ( NH 4 ) 2 Cr2 O 7

1 mol P 4 O 6
= 4.55 10 3 mol P4O6
219.88 g

b. 1.00 g Ca3(PO4)2

1 mol Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2
= 3.22 10 3 mol Ca3(PO4)2
310.18 g

c. 1.00 g Na2HPO4

1 mol Na 2 HPO 4
= 7.04 10 3 mol Na2HPO4
141.96 g

a. 5.00 mol NH3

17.03 g NH 4
= 85.2 g NH3
mol NH 3

b. 5.00 mol N2H4

32.05 g N 2 H 4
= 160. g N2H4
mol N 2 H 4

c. 5.00 mol (NH4)2Cr2O7

52.

a. 5.00 mol P4O6

252.08 g ( NH 4 ) 2 Cr2 O 7
= 1260 g (NH4)2Cr2O7
1 mol ( NH 4 ) 2 Cr2 O 7

219.88 g
= 1.10 103 g P4O6
1 mol P 4 O 6

b. 5.00 mol Ca3(PO4)2

c. 5.00 mol Na2HPO4

310.18 g
= 1.55 103 g Ca3(PO4)2
mol Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2
141.96 g
= 7.10 102 g Na2HPO4
mol Na 2 HPO 4

49

50
53.

CHAPTER 3
Chemical formulas give atom ratios as well as mole ratios.
a. 5.00 mol NH3

1 mol N
14.01 g N

= 70.1 g N
mol NH 3
mol N
2 mol N
14.01 g N

= 140. g N
mol N 2 H 4
mol N

b. 5.00 mol N2H4

c. 5.00 mol (NH4)2Cr2O7

54.

55.

a. 5.00 mol P4O6

2 mol N
14.01 g N

= 140. g N
mol ( NH 4 ) 2 Cr2 O 7
mol N

4 mol P
30.97 g P

= 619 g P
mol P4 O 6
mol P

b. 5.00 mol Ca3(PO4)2

2 mol P
30.97 g P

= 310. g P
mol Ca 3 ( PO 4 ) 2
mol P

c. 5.00 mol Na2HPO4

1 mol P
30.97 g P

= 155 g P
mol Na 2 HPO 4
mol P

a. 1.00 g NH3

b. 1.00 g N2H4

1 mol NH 3
6.022 10 23 molecules NH 3

17.03 g NH 3
mol NH 3
= 3.54 1022 molecules NH3
1 mol N 2 H 4
6.022 10 23 molecules N 2 H 4

32.05 g N 2 H 4
mol N 2 H 4
= 1.88 1022 molecules N2H4

c. 1.00 g (NH4)2Cr2O7

56.

STOICHIOMETRY

1 mol ( NH 4 ) 2 Cr2 O 7
252.08 g ( NH 4 ) 2 Cr2 O 7

6.022 10 23 formula units ( NH 4 ) 2 Cr2 O 7

= 2.39 1021 formula units (NH4)2Cr2O7
mol ( NH 4 ) 2 Cr2 O 7

a. 1.00 g P4O6

1 mol P4 O 6
6.022 10 23 molecules

= 2.74 1021 molecules P4O6

219.88 g
mol P4 O 6

b. 1.00 g Ca3(PO4)2

1 mol Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2
6.022 10 23 formula units

310.18 g
mol Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2
= 1.94 1021 formula units Ca3(PO4)2

c. 1.00 g Na2HPO4

1 mol Na 2 HPO 4
6.022 10 23 formula units

141.96 g
mol Na 2 HPO 4
= 4.24 1021 formula units Na2HPO4

CHAPTER 3
57.

STOICHIOMETRY

51

Using answers from Exercise 55:

a. 3.54 1022 molecules NH3
b. 1.88 1022 molecules N2H4

1 atom N
= 3.54 1022 atoms N
molecule NH 3
2 atoms N
= 3.76 1022 atoms N
molecule N 2 H 4

c. 2.39 1021 formula units (NH4)2Cr2O7

2 atoms N
formula unit ( NH 4 ) 2 Cr2 O 7
= 4.78 1021 atoms N

58.

Using answers from Exercise 56:

a. 2.74 1021 molecules P4O6

59.

4 atoms P
= 1.10 1022 atoms P
molecule P4 O 6

b. 1.94 1021 formula units Ca3(PO4)2

2 atoms P
= 3.88 1021 atoms P
formula unit Ca 3 ( PO 4 ) 2

c. 4.24 1021 formula units Na2HPO4

1 atom P
= 4.24 1021 atoms P
formula unit Na 2 HPO 4

Molar mass of CCl2F2 = 12.01 + 2(35.45) + 2(19.00) = 120.91 g/mol

5.56 mg CCl2F2

1g
1 mol
6.022 10 23 molecules

1000 mg 120.91 g
mol
= 2.77 1019 molecules CCl2F2

5.56 103 g CCl2F2

1 mol CCl 2 F2
2 mol Cl
35.45 g Cl

120.91 g
1 mol CCl 2 F
mol Cl

= 3.26 103 g = 3.26 mg Cl

60.

The 2H2O is part of the formula of bauxite (they are called waters of hydration). Combining
elements together, the chemical formula for bauxite would be Al2O5H4.
a. Molar mass = 2(26.98) + 5(16.00) + 4(1.008) = 137.99 g/mol
b. 0.58 mol Al2O3 2H2O

2 mol Al
26.98 g Al

= 31 g Al
mol Al2 O 3 2H 2 O
mol Al

c. 0.58 mol Al2O3 2H2O

2 mol Al
6.022 10 23 atoms

mol Al2 O 3 2H 2 O
mol Al
= 7.0 1023 atoms Al

52

CHAPTER 3
d. 2.1 1024 formula units Al2O3 2H2O

STOICHIOMETRY

1 mol Al2O3 2H 2O
23

6.022 10 formula units

137.99 g
mol

= 480 g Al2O3 2H2O

61.

a. 150.0 g Fe2O3
b. 10.0 mg NO2

1 mol
= 0.9393 mol Fe2O3
159.70 g

1g
1 mol

= 2.17 10 4 mol NO2

1000 mg 46.01 g

c. 1.5 1016 molecules BF3

62.

a. 20.0 mg C8H10N4O2

1 mol
6.02 10

23

molecules

= 2.5 10 8 mol BF3

1g
1 mol
= 1.03 10 4 mol C8H10N4O2

1000 mg 194.20 g

b. 2.72 1021 molecules C2H5OH

1 mol
6.022 10 23 molecules
= 4.52 10 3 mol C2H5OH

c. 1.50 g CO2
63.

1 mol
= 3.41 10 2 mol CO2
44.01 g

a. A chemical formula gives atom ratios as well as mole ratios. We will use both ideas to
show how these conversion factors can be used.
Molar mass of C2H5O2N = 2(12.01) + 5(1.008) + 2(16.00) + 14.0l = 75.07 g/mol
5.00 g C2H5O2N

1 mol C 2 H 5O 2 N
6.022 10 23 molecules C 2 H 5O 2 N

75.07 g C 2 H 5O 2 N
mol C 2 H 5 O 2 N

1 atom N
= 4.01 1022 atoms N
molecule C 2 H 5O 2 N

b. Molar mass of Mg3N2 = 3(24.31) + 2(14.01) = 100.95 g/mol

5.00 g Mg3N2

1 mol Mg 3 N 2
6.022 10 23 formula units Mg 3 N 2

100.95 g Mg 3 N 2
mol Mg 3 N 2

2 atoms N
= 5.97 1022 atoms N
mol Mg 3 N 2

c. Molar mass of Ca(NO3)2 = 40.08 + 2(14.01) + 6(16.00) = 164.10 g/mol

CHAPTER 3

STOICHIOMETRY

5.00 g Ca(NO3)2

53

1 mol Ca ( NO 3 ) 2
2 mol N
6.022 10 23 atoms N

164.10 g Ca ( NO 3 ) 2
mol Ca ( NO3 ) 2
mol N
= 3.67 1022 atoms N

d. Molar mass of N2O4 = 2(14.01) + 4(16.00) = 92.02 g/mol

5.00 g N2O4

64.

4.24 g C6H6

1 mol N 2 O 4
2 mol N
6.022 10 23 atoms N

92.02 g N 2 O 4
mol N 2 O 4
mol N
= 6.54 1022 atoms N

1 mol
= 5.43 10 2 mol C6H6
78.11 g

6.022 10 23 molecules
= 3.27 1022 molecules C6H6
mol

5.43 10 2 mol C6H6

Each molecule of C6H6 contains 6 atoms C + 6 atoms H = 12 total atoms.

3.27 1022 molecules C6H6

12 atoms total
= 3.92 1023 atoms total
molecule

0.224 mol H2O

18.02 g
= 4.04 g H2O
mol

0.224 mol H2O

6.022 10 23 molecules
= 1.35 1023 molecules H2O
mol

1.35 1023 molecules H2O

3 atoms total
= 4.05 1023 atoms total
molecule

2.71 1022 molecules CO2

1 mol
= 4.50 10 2 mol CO2
6.022 10 23 molecules

4.50 10 2 mol CO2

44.01 g
= 1.98 g CO2
mol

2.71 1022 molecules CO2

3.35 1022 atoms total

3 atoms total
= 8.13 1022 atoms total
molecule CO 2

1 molecule
= 5.58 1021 molecules CH3OH
6 atoms total

5.58 1021 molecules CH3OH

9.27 10 3 mol CH3OH

1 mol
= 9.27 10 3 mol CH3OH
6.022 10 23 molecules

32.04 g
= 0.297 g CH3OH
mol

54
65.

CHAPTER 3
a.

2(12.01) + 3(1.008) + 3(35.45) + 2(16.00) = 165.39 g/mol

b. 500.0 g

c.

STOICHIOMETRY

1 mol
= 3.023 mol C2H3Cl3O2
165.39 g

2.0 10-2 mol

165.39 g
= 3.3 g C2H3Cl3O2
mol

d. 5.0 g C2H3Cl3O2

1 mol
6.022 10 23 molecules 3 atoms Cl

165.39 g
mol
molecule
= 5.5 1022 atoms of chlorine

66.

1 mol Cl 1 mol C 2 H 3Cl3O 2 165.39 g C 2 H 3Cl3O 2

= 1.6 g chloral hydrate

35.45 g
3 mol Cl
mol C 2 H 3Cl3O 2

e.

1.0 g Cl

f.

500 molecules

1 mol
6.022 10

23

molecules

165.39 g
= 1.373 1019 g
mol

As we shall see in later chapters, the formula written as (CH3)2N2O tries to tell us something
about how the atoms are attached to each other. For our purposes in this problem, we can
write the formula as C2H6N2O.
a. 2(12.01) + 6(1.008) + 2(14.01) + 1(16.00) = 74.09 g/mol
b. 250 mg

1g
1 mol

= 3.4 103 mol

1000 mg 74.09 g

d. 1.0 mol C2H6N2O

c.

0.050 mol

74.09 g
= 3.7 g
mol

6.022 10 23 molecules C 2 H 6 N 2 O
6 atoms of H

mol C 2 H 6 N 2 O
molecule C 2 H 6 N 2 O
= 3.6 1024 atoms of hydrogen

e. 1.0 106 molecules

f.

1 molecule

1 mol
6.022 10

23

molecules

1 mol
6.022 10

23

molecules

74.09 g
= 1.2 1016 g
mol

74.09 g
= 1.230 1022 g
mol

Percent Composition
67.

a. C3H4O2: Molar mass = 3(12.01) + 4(1.008) + 2(16.00) = 36.03 + 4.032 + 32.00

= 72.06 g/mol

CHAPTER 3

STOICHIOMETRY

Mass % C =

36.03 g C
100 = 50.00% C
72.06 g compound

Mass % H =

4.032 g H
100 = 5.595% H
72.06 g compound

55

Mass % O = 100.00 (50.00 + 5.595) = 44.41% O or:

%O=

32.00 g
100 = 44.41% O
72.06 g

b. C4H6O2: Molar mass = 4(12.01) + 6(1.008) + 2(16.00) = 48.04 + 6.048 + 32.00

= 86.09 g/mol
Mass % C =

48.04 g
6.048 g
100 = 55.80% C; mass % H =
100 = 7.025% H
86.09 g
86.09 g

Mass % O = 100.00 (55.80 + 7.025) = 37.18% O

c. C3H3N: Molar mass = 3(12.01) + 3(1.008) + 1(14.01) = 36.03 + 3.024 + 14.01
= 53.06 g/mol

68.

Mass % C =

36.03 g
3.024 g
100 = 67.90% C; mass % H =
100 = 5.699% H
53.06 g
53.06 g

Mass % N =

14.01 g
100 = 26.40% N or % N = 100.00 ! (67.90 + 5.699)
53.06 g
= 26.40% N

In 1 mole of YBa2Cu3O7, there are 1 mole of Y, 2 moles of Ba, 3 moles of Cu, and 7 moles
of O.
88.91 g Y
137.3 g Ba
+ 2 mol Ba

Molar mass = 1 mol Y

mol Y
mol Ba
63.55 g Cu
+ 7 mol O
+ 3 mol Cu
mol Cu

16.00 g O

mol O

Molar mass = 88.91 + 274.6 + 190.65 + 112.00 = 666.2 g/mol

Mass % Y =

Mass % Cu =

88.91 g
274.6 g
100 = 41.22% Ba
100 = 13.35% Y; mass % Ba =
666.2 g
666.2 g
190.65 g
112.0 g
100 = 28.62% Cu; mass % O =
100 = 16.81% O
666.2 g
666.2 g

56
69.

CHAPTER 3
a. NO: Mass % N =

STOICHIOMETRY

14.01 g N
100 = 46.68% N
30.01 g NO

b. NO2: Mass % N =

14.01 g N
100 = 30.45% N
46.01 g NO 2

c. N2O4: Mass % N =

2(14.01) g N
100 = 30.45% N
92.02 g N 2 O 4

d. N2O: Mass % N =

2(14.01) g N
100 = 63.65% N
44.02 g N 2 O

The order from lowest to highest mass percentage of nitrogen is: NO2 = N2O4 < NO < N2O.
70.

a.

C8H10N4O2: Molar mass = 8(12.01) + 10(1.008) + 4(14.0l) + 2(16.00) = 194.20 g/mol

Mass % C =

8(12.01) g C
96.08
100 =
100 = 49.47% C
194.20 g C8 H10 N 4 O 2
194.20

b. C12 H22O11: Molar mass = 12(12.01) + 22(1.008) + 11(16.00) = 342.30 g/mol

Mass % C =
c.

12(12.01) g C
100 = 42.10% C
342.30 g C12 H 22 O11

C2H5OH: Molar mass = 2(12.01) + 6(1.008) + 1(16.00) = 46.07 g/mol

Mass % C =

2(12.01) g C
100 = 52.14% C
46.07 g C 2 H 5 OH

The order from lowest to highest mass percentage of carbon is:

sucrose (C12H22O11) < caffeine (C8H10N4O2) < ethanol (C2H5OH)
71.

There are 0.390 g Cu for every 100.000 g of fungal laccase. Assuming 100.00 g fungal
laccase:
1 mol Cu
1 mol fungal laccase

= 1.53 10 3 mol
Mol fungal laccase = 0.390 g Cu
63.55 g Cu
4 mol Cu
x g fungal laccase
100.000 g
=
, x = molar mass = 6.54 104 g/mol
mol fungal laccase 1.53 10 3 mol

72.

There are 0.347 g Fe for every 100.000 g hemoglobin (Hb). Assuming 100.000 g
hemoglobin:
Mol Hb = 0.347 g Fe

1 mol Fe
1 mol Hb
= 1.55 103 mol Hb

55.85 g Fe 4 mol Fe

x g Hb
100.000 g Hb
=
, x = molar mass = 6.45 104 g/mol

3
mol Hb
1.55 10 mol Hb

CHAPTER 3

STOICHIOMETRY

57

Empirical and Molecular Formulas

73.

12.01 g C
1.008 g H
+ 2 mol H

a. Molar mass of CH2O = 1 mol C

mol C
mol H
16.00 g O
= 30.03 g/mol
+ 1 mol O
mol O

%C=

12.01 g C
2.016 g H
100 = 39.99% C; % H =
100 = 6.713% H
30.03 g CH 2 O
30.03 g CH 2 O

%O=

16.00 g O
100 = 53.28% O or % O = 100.00 (39.99 + 6.713) = 53.30%
30.03 g CH 2 O

b. Molar mass of C6H12O6 = 6(12.01) + 12(1.008) + 6(16.00) = 180.16 g/mol

%C=

76.06 g C
100 = 40.00%;
180.16 g C 6 H 12 O 6

%H=

12.(1.008) g
100 = 6.714%
180.16 g

% O = 100.00 (40.00 + 6.714) = 53.29%

c. Molar mass of HC2H3O2 = 2(12.01) + 4(1.008) + 2(16.00) = 60.05 g/mol
%C=

24.02 g
4.032 g
100 = 40.00%; % H =
100 = 6.714%
60.05 g
60.05 g

% O = 100.00 (40.00 + 6.714) = 53.29%

74.

All three compounds have the same empirical formula, CH2O, and different molecular
formulas. The composition of all three in mass percent is also the same (within rounding
differences). Therefore, elemental analysis will give us only the empirical formula.

75.

a. The molecular formula is N2O4. The smallest whole number ratio of the atoms (the
empirical formula) is NO2.
b. Molecular formula: C3H6; empirical formula: CH2
c. Molecular formula: P4O10; empirical formula: P2O5
d. Molecular formula: C6H12O6; empirical formula: CH2O

76.

a. SNH: Empirical formula mass = 32.07 + 14.01 + 1.008 = 47.09 g

188.35 g
= 4.000; so the molecular formula is (SNH)4 or S4N4H4.
47.09 g

58

CHAPTER 3

STOICHIOMETRY

b. NPCl2: Empirical formula mass = 14.01 + 30.97 + 2(35.45) = 115.88 g/mol

347.64 g
= 3.0000; molecular formula is (NPCl2)3 or N3P3Cl6.
115.88 g

c. CoC4O4: 58.93 + 4(12.01) + 4(16.00) = 170.97 g/mol

341.94 g
= 2.0000; molecular formula: Co2C8O8
170.97 g
184.32 g
d. SN: 32.07 + 14.01 = 46.08 g/mol;
= 4.000; molecular formula: S4N4
46.08 g

77.

Out of 100.00 g of compound, there are:

48.64 g C

1 mol C
1 mol H
= 4.050 mol C; 8.16 g H
= 8.10 mol H
12.01 g C
1.008 g H

% O = 100.00 48.64 8.16 = 43.20%; 43.20 g O

1 mol O
= 2.700 mol O
16.00 g O

Dividing each mole value by the smallest number:

4.050
8.10
2.700
= 1.500;
= 3.00;
= 1.000
2.700
2.700
2.700

Because a whole number ratio is required, the C : H : O ratio is 1.5 : 3 : 1 or 3 : 6 : 2. So the

empirical formula is C3H6O2.
78.

Assuming 100.00 g of nylon-6:

63.68 g C

9.80 g H

1 mol C
1 mol N
= 5.302 mol C; 12.38 g N
= 0.8837 mol N
12.01 g C
14.01 g N

1 mol H
1 mol O
= 9.72 mol H; 14.14 g O
= 0.8838 mol O
1.008 g H
16.00 g O

Dividing each mole value by the smallest number:

5.302
9.72
= 6.000;
= 11.0
0.8837
0.8837

The empirical formula for nylon-6 is C6H11NO

79.

Compound I: Mass O = 0.6498 g HgxOy 0.6018 g Hg = 0.0480 g O

CHAPTER 3

STOICHIOMETRY
1 mol Hg
= 3.000 103 mol Hg
200.6 g Hg

0.6018 g Hg

0.0480 g O

59

1 mol O
= 3.00 103 mol O
16.00 g O

The mole ratio between Hg and O is 1 : 1, so the empirical formula of compound I is HgO.
Compound II: Mass Hg = 0.4172 g HgxOy 0.016 g O = 0.401 g Hg
0.401 g Hg

1 mol Hg
1 mol O
= 2.00 103 mol Hg; 0.016 g O
= 1.0 103 mol O
200.6 g Hg
16.00 g O

The mole ratio between Hg and O is 2 : 1, so the empirical formula is Hg2O.

80.

1.121 g N

1 mol N
14.01 g N

= 8.001 10 2 mol N; 0.161 g H

0.480 g C

1 mol C
12.01 g C

= 4.00 10 2 mol C; 0.640 g O

1 mol H
1.008 g H

1 mol O
16.00 g O

= 1.60 10 1 mol H
= 4.00 10 2 mol O

Dividing all mole values by the smallest number:

8.001 10 2
4.00 10 2

= 2.00;

1.60 10 1
4.00 10 2

= 4.00;

4.00 10 2
4.00 10 2

= 1.00

The empirical formula is N2H4CO.

81.

Out of 100.0 g, there are:

69.6 g S

1 mol S
32.07 g S

= 2.17 mol S; 30.4 g N

1 mol N
14.01 g N

= 2.17 mol N

The empirical formula is SN because the mole values are in a 1 : 1 mole ratio.
The empirical formula mass of SN is ~ 46 g. Because 184/46 = 4.0, the molecular formula is
S4N4.
82.

Assuming 100.0 g of compound:

26.7 g P

61.2 g Cl

1 mol P
30.97 g P

1 mol Cl
35.45 g Cl

= 0.862 mol P; 12.1 g N

= 1.73 mol Cl

1.73
= 2.01; the empirical formula is PNCl2.
0.862

1 mol N
14.01 g N

= 0.864 mol N

60

CHAPTER 3

STOICHIOMETRY

The empirical formula mass is 31.0 + 14.0 + 2(35.5) = 116.

Molar mass
Empirical formula mass

83.

580
= 5.0; the molecular formula is (PNCl2)5 = P5N5Cl10.
116

Assuming 100.00 g of compound:

1 mol C
1 mol H
= 3.920 mol C; 6.59 g H
= 6.54 mol H
12.01 g C
1.008 g H
1 mol Cl
46.33 g Cl
= 1.307 mol Cl
35.45 g Cl

47.08 g C

Dividing all mole values by 1.307 gives:

3.920
6.54
1.307
= 2.999;
= 5.00;
= 1.000
1.307
1.307
1.307
The empirical formula is C3H5Cl.
The empirical formula mass is 3(12.01) + 5(1.008) + 1(35.45) = 76.52 g/mol.
Molar mass
153
=
= 2.00 ; the molecular formula is (C3H5Cl)2 = C6H10Cl2.
Empirical formula mass
76.52

84.

Assuming 100.00 g of compound (mass oxygen = 100.00 g ! 41.39 g C ! 3.47 g H

= 55.14 g O):
1 mol C
1 mol H
= 3.446 mol C; 3.47 g H
= 3.44 mol H
41.39 g C
12.01 g C
1.008 g H
55.14 g O

1 mol O
16.00 g O

= 3.446 mol O

All are the same mole values, so the empirical formula is CHO. The empirical formula mass
is 12.01 + 1.008 + 16.00 = 29.02 g/mol.
Molar mass =

15.0 g
0.129 mol

= 116 g/mol

Molar mass
116
=
= 4.00; molecular formula = (CHO)4 = C4H4O4
Empirical mass
29.02
85.

When combustion data are given, it is assumed that all the carbon in the compound ends up
as carbon in CO2 and all the hydrogen in the compound ends up as hydrogen in H2O. In the
sample of propane combusted, the moles of C and H are:

CHAPTER 3

STOICHIOMETRY

61

mol C = 2.641 g CO2

1 mol CO 2
44.01 g CO 2

mol H = 1.442 g H2O

1 mol H 2 O
2 mol H

= 0.1600 mol H
18.02 g H 2 O
mol H 2 O

1 mol C
= 0.06001 mol C
mol CO 2

mol H
0.1600
=
= 2.666
mol C
0.06001
Multiplying this ratio by 3 gives the empirical formula of C3H8.
86.

This compound contains nitrogen, and one way to determine the amount of nitrogen in the
compound is to calculate composition by mass percent. We assume that all the carbon in
33.5 mg CO2 came from the 35.0 mg of compound and all the hydrogen in 41.1 mg H2O
came from the 35.0 mg of compound.
3.35 10 2 g CO2

Mass % C =

1 mol C
12.01 g C

= 9.14 10 3 g C
mol CO 2
mol C

9.14 10 3 g C
3.50 10 2 g compound

4.11 10 2 g H2O

Mass % H =

1 mol CO 2
44.01 g CO 2

100 = 26.1% C

1 mol H 2 O
2 mol H
1.008 g H

= 4.60 10 3 g H
18.02 g H 2 O
mol H 2 O
mol H

4.60 10 3 g H
3.50 10 2 g compound

100 = 13.1% H

The mass percent of nitrogen is obtained by difference:

Mass % N = 100.0 (26.1 + 13.1) = 60.8% N
Now perform the empirical formula determination by first assuming 100.0 g of compound.
Out of 100.0 g of compound, there are:
26.1 g C

1 mol C
1 mol H
= 2.17 mol C; 13.1 g H
= 13.0 mol H
12.01 g C
1.008 g H

60.8 g N

1 mol N
= 4.34 mol N
14.01 g N

Dividing all mole values by 2.17 gives:

2.17
13.0
4.34
= 1.00;
= 5.99;
= 2.00
2.17
2.17
2.17

The empirical formula is CH6N2.

87.

The combustion data allow determination of the amount of hydrogen in cumene. One way to
determine the amount of carbon in cumene is to determine the mass percent of hydrogen in

62

CHAPTER 3

STOICHIOMETRY

the compound from the data in the problem; then determine the mass percent of carbon by
difference (100.0 mass % H = mass % C).
1g
1000 mg

42.8 mg H2O

Mass % H =

2.016 g H
1000 mg

= 4.79 mg H
18.02 g H 2 O
g

4.79 mg H
100 = 10.1% H; mass % C = 100.0 10.1 = 89.9% C
47.6 mg cumene

Now solve the empirical formula problem. Out of 100.0 g cumene, we have:
89.9 g C

1 mol C
1 mol H
= 7.49 mol C; 10.1 g H
= 10.0 mol H
12.01 g C
1.008 g H

10.0
4
= 1.34 . ; the mol H to mol C ratio is 4 : 3. The empirical formula is C3H4.
7.49
3

Empirical formula mass 3(12) + 4(1) = 40 g/mol.

The molecular formula must be (C3H4)3 or C9H12 because the molar mass of this formula will
be between 115 and 125 g/mol (molar mass 3 40 g/mol = 120 g/mol).
88.

There are several ways to do this problem. We will determine composition by mass percent:
16.01 mg CO2
%C=

12.01 g C
1000 mg

= 4.369 mg C
44.01 g CO 2
g

4.369 mg C
100 = 40.91% C
10.68 mg compound

4.37 mg H2O

%H=

1g
1000 mg

1g
1000 mg

2.016 g H
1000 mg

= 0.489 mg H
18.02 g H 2 O
g

0.489 mg
100 = 4.58% H; % O = 100.00 (40.91 + 4.58) = 54.51% O
10.68 mg

So, in 100.00 g of the compound, we have:

40.91 g C

1 mol C
1 mol H
= 3.406 mol C; 4.58 g H
= 4.54 mol H
12.01 g C
1.008 g H

1 mol O
= 3.407 mol O
16.00 g O
4.54
4
= 1.33 . ; the empirical formula is C3H4O3.
Dividing by the smallest number:
3.406
3
54.51 g O

CHAPTER 3

STOICHIOMETRY

63

The empirical formula mass of C3H4O3 is 3(12) + 4(1) + 3(16) = 88 g.

Because

176.1
= 2.0, the molecular formula is C6H8O6.
88

Balancing Chemical Equations

89.

When balancing reactions, start with elements that appear in only one of the reactants and one
of the products, and then go on to balance the remaining elements.
a. C6H12O6(s) + O2(g) CO2(g) + H2O(g)
Balance C atoms: C6H12O6 + O2 6 CO2 + H2O
Balance H atoms: C6H12O6 + O2 6 CO2 + 6 H2O
Lastly, balance O atoms: C6H12O6(s) + 6 O2(g) 6 CO2(g) + 6 H2O(g)
b. Fe2S3(s) + HCl(g) FeCl3(s) + H2S(g)
Balance Fe atoms: Fe2S3 + HCl 2 FeCl3 + H2S
Balance S atoms: Fe2S3 + HCl 2 FeCl3 + 3 H2S
There are 6 H and 6 Cl on right, so balance with 6 HCl on left:
Fe2S3(s) + 6 HCl(g) 2 FeCl3(s) + 3 H2S(g).
c. CS2(l) + NH3(g) H2S(g) + NH4SCN(s)
C and S balanced; balance N:
CS2 + 2 NH3 H2S + NH4SCN
H is also balanced. CS2(l) + 2 NH3(g) H2S(g) + NH4SCN(s)

90.

An important part to this problem is writing out correct formulas. If the formulas are
incorrect, then the balanced reaction is incorrect.
a. C2H5OH(l) + 3 O2(g) 2 CO2(g) + 3 H2O(g)
b. 3 Pb(NO3)2(aq) + 2 Na3PO4(aq) Pb3(PO4)2(s) + 6 NaNO3(aq)
c. Zn(s) + 2 HCl(aq) ZnCl2(aq) + H2(g)
d. Sr(OH)2(aq) + 2 HBr(aq) 2H2O(l) + SrBr2(aq)

91.

2 H2O2(aq)

MnO2
catalyst

2 H2O(l) + O2(g)

64
92.

CHAPTER 3

STOICHIOMETRY

Fe3O4(s) + 4 H2(g) 3 Fe(s) + 4 H2O(g)

Fe3O4(s) + 4 CO(g) 3 Fe(s) + 4 CO2(g)

93.

a. 3 Ca(OH)2(aq) + 2 H3PO4(aq) 6 H2O(l) + Ca3(PO4)2(s)

b. Al(OH)3(s) + 3 HCl(aq) AlCl3(aq) + 3 H2O(l)
c. 2 AgNO3(aq) + H2SO4(aq) Ag2SO4(s) + 2 HNO3(aq)

94.

a. 2 KO2(s) + 2 H2O(l) 2 KOH(aq) + O2(g) + H2O2(aq) or

4 KO2(s) + 6 H2O(l) 4 KOH(aq) + O2(g) + 4 H2O2(aq)
b. Fe2O3(s) + 6 HNO3(aq) 2 Fe(NO3)3(aq) + 3 H2O(l)
c. 4 NH3(g) + 5 O2(g) 4 NO(g) + 6 H2O(g)
d. PCl5(l) + 4 H2O(l) H3PO4(aq) + 5 HCl(g)
e. 2 CaO(s) + 5 C(s) 2 CaC2(s) + CO2(g)
f.

2 MoS2(s) + 7 O2(g) 2 MoO3(s) + 4 SO2(g)

g. FeCO3(s) + H2CO3(aq) Fe(HCO3)2(aq)

95.

a. The formulas of the reactants and products are C6H6(l) + O2(g) CO2(g) + H2O(g). To
balance this combustion reaction, notice that all of the carbon in C6H6 has to end up as
carbon in CO2 and all of the hydrogen in C6H6 has to end up as hydrogen in H2O. To
balance C and H, we need 6 CO2 molecules and 3 H2O molecules for every 1 molecule of
C6H6. We do oxygen last. Because we have 15 oxygen atoms in 6 CO2 molecules and 3
H2O molecules, we need 15/2 O2 molecules in order to have 15 oxygen atoms on the
reactant side.
15

C6H6(l) +

O2(g) 6 CO2(g) + 3 H2O(g); multiply by two to give whole numbers.

2 C6H6(l) + 15 O2(g) 12 CO2(g) + 6 H2O(g)

b. The formulas of the reactants and products are C4H10(g) + O2(g) CO2(g) + H2O(g).
C4H10(g) +

13
2

O2(g) 4 CO2(g) + 5 H2O(g); multiply by two to give whole numbers.

2 C4H10(g) + 13 O2(g) 8 CO2(g) + 10 H2O(g)

c. C12H22O11(s) + 12 O2(g) 12 CO2(g) + 11 H2O(g)
d. 2 Fe(s) +

3
2

e. 2 FeO(s) +

O2(g) Fe2O3(s); for whole numbers: 4 Fe(s) + 3 O2(g) 2 Fe2O3(s)

1
2

O2(g) Fe2O3(s); for whole numbers, multiply by two.

CHAPTER 3

STOICHIOMETRY

65

4 FeO(s) + O2(g) 2 Fe2O3(s)

96.

a. 16 Cr(s) + 3 S8(s) 8 Cr2S3(s)

b. 2 NaHCO3(s) Na2CO3(s) + CO2(g) + H2O(g)
c. 2 KClO3(s) 2 KCl(s) + 3 O2(g)
d. 2 Eu(s) + 6 HF(g) 2 EuF3(s) + 3 H2(g)

97.

a. SiO2(s) + C(s) Si(s) + CO(g)

Balance oxygen atoms: SiO2 + C Si + 2 CO
Balance carbon atoms: SiO2(s) + 2 C(s) Si(s) + 2 CO(g)
b. SiCl4(l) + Mg(s) Si(s) + MgCl2(s)
Balance Cl atoms: SiCl4 + Mg Si + 2 MgCl2
Balance Mg atoms: SiCl4(l) + 2 Mg(s) Si(s) + 2 MgCl2(s)
c. Na2SiF6(s) + Na(s) Si(s) + NaF(s)
Balance F atoms:

Na2SiF6 + Na Si + 6 NaF

Balance Na atoms: Na2SiF6(s) + 4 Na(s) Si(s) + 6 NaF(s)

98.

CaSiO3(s) + 6 HF(aq) CaF2(aq) + SiF4(g) + 3 H2O(l)

Reaction Stoichiometry
99.

The stepwise method to solve stoichiometry problems is outlined in the text. Instead of
calculating intermediate answers for each step, we will combine conversion factors into one
calculation. This practice reduces round-off error and saves time.
Fe2O3(s) + 2 Al(s) 2 Fe(l) + Al2O3(s)
15.0 g Fe

100.

1 mol Fe
2 mol Al 26.98 g Al
= 0.269 mol Fe; 0.269 mol Fe
= 7.26 g Al

55.85 g Fe
2 mol Fe
mol Al

0.269 mol Fe

1 mol Fe 2 O3 159.70 g Fe 2 O3

= 21.5 g Fe2O3
2 mol Fe
mol Fe 2 O 3

0.269 mol Fe

1 mol Al2 O 3 101.96 g Al2 O 3

= 13.7 g Al2O3
2 mol Fe
mol Al2 O 3

10 KClO3(s) + 3 P4(s) 3 P4O10(s) + 10 KCl(s)

66

CHAPTER 3
52.9 g KClO3

101.

1.000 kg Al

STOICHIOMETRY

1 mol KClO3
3 mol P4 O10
283.88 g P4 O10

= 36.8 g P4O10
122.55 g KClO3 10 mol KClO3
mol P4 O10

1000 g Al
1 mol Al
3 mol NH 4 ClO 4
117.49 g NH 4 ClO 4

kg Al
26.98 g Al
3 mol Al
mol NH 4 ClO 4

= 4355 g = 4.355 kg NH4ClO4

102.

a. Ba(OH)2 8H2O(s) + 2 NH4SCN(s) Ba(SCN)2(s) + 10 H2O(l) + 2 NH3(g)

b. 6.5 g Ba(OH)2 8H2O

1 mol Ba (OH ) 2 8H 2 O
= 0.0206 mol = 0.021 mol
315.4 g

0.021 mol Ba(OH)2 8H2O

2 mol NH 4SCN
76.13 g NH 4SCN

1 mol Ba (OH) 2 8H 2 O
mol NH 4SCN
= 3.2 g NH4SCN

103.

a. 1.0 102 mg NaHCO3

1 mol NaHCO3
1 mol C 6 H 8O 7
1g

1000 mg 84.01 g NaHCO3 3 mol NaHCO3

b. 0.10 g NaHCO3

192.12 g C 6 H 8O 7
= 0.076 g or 76 mg C6H8O7
mol C 6 H 8O 7

1 mol NaHCO 3
3 mol CO 2
44.01 g CO 2

84.01 g NaHCO 3 3 mol NaHCO 3

mol CO 2

= 0.052 g or 52 mg CO2
104.

1.0 103 g phosphorite

75 g Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2
1 mol Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2

100 g phosphorite
310.18 g Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2

105.

1.0 ton CuO

1 mol P4
2 mol Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2

123.88 g P4
= 150 g P4
mol P4

907 kg 1000 g
1 mol CuO
1 mol C
12.01 g C 100. g coke

ton
kg
79.55 g CuO 2 mol CuO
mol C
95 g C

= 7.2 104 g or 72 kg coke

106.

2 LiOH(s) + CO2(g) Li2CO3(aq) + H2O(l)

The total volume of air exhaled each minute for the 7 astronauts is 7 20. = 140 L/min.
25,000 g LiOH

1 mol LiOH
1 mol CO 2
44.01 g CO 2
100 g air

23.95 g LiOH
2 mol LiOH
mol CO 2
4.0 g CO 2

1 mL air
1L
1 min
1h

= 68 h = 2.8 days
0.0010 g air
1000 mL
140 L air
60 min

CHAPTER 3

STOICHIOMETRY

67

Limiting Reactants and Percent Yield

107.

The product formed in the reaction is NO2; the other species present in the product representtation is excess O2. Therefore, NO is the limiting reactant. In the pictures, 6 NO molecules
react with 3 O2 molecules to form 6 NO2 molecules.
6 NO(g) + 3 O2(g) 6 NO2(g)
For smallest whole numbers, the balanced reaction is:
2 NO(g) + O2(g) 2 NO2(g)

108.

In the following table we have listed three rows of information. The Initial row is the
number of molecules present initially, the Change row is the number of molecules that
react to reach completion, and the Final row is the number of molecules present at
completion. To determine the limiting reactant, lets calculate how much of one reactant is
necessary to react with the other.
10 molecules O2

4 molecules NH 3
= 8 molecules NH3 to react with all of the O2
5 molecules O 2

Because we have 10 molecules of NH3 and only 8 molecules of NH3 are necessary to react
with all of the O2, O2 is limiting.
4 NH3(g)
Initial
Change
Final

10 molecules
!8 molecules
2 molecules

5 O2(g)

10 molecules
!10 molecules
0

4 NO(g)
0
+8 molecules
8 molecules

6 H2O(g)
0
+12 molecules
12 molecules

The total number of molecules present after completion = 2 molecules NH3 + 0 molecules O2
+ 8 molecules NO + 12 molecules H2O = 22 molecules.
109.

a. 1.00 103 g N2

1 mol N 2
= 35.7 mol N2
28.02 g N 2

5.00 102 g H2

1 mol H 2
= 248 mol H2
2.016 g H 2

The required mole ratio from the balanced equation is 3 mol H2 to 1 mol N2. The actual
mole ratio is:
248 mol H 2
= 6.95
35.7 mol N 2
This is well above the required mole ratio, so N2 in the denominator is the limiting
reagent.
35.7 mol N2

2 mol NH 3
17.03 g NH 3

= 1.22 103 g NH3 produced

mol N 2
mol NH 3

68

CHAPTER 3
b. 35.7 mol N2

STOICHIOMETRY

3 mol H 2
2.016 g H 2

= 216 g H2 reacted
mol N 2
mol H 2

Excess H2 = 500. g H2 initially 216 g H2 reacted = 284 g H2 in excess (unreacted)

110.

Ca3(PO4)2 + 3 H2SO4 3 CaSO4 + 2 H3PO4

1.0 103 g Ca3(PO4)2

1 mol Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2
= 3.2 mol Ca3(PO4)2
310.18 g Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2

1.0 103 g conc. H2SO4

98 g H 2SO 4
1 mol H 2SO 4

= 10. mol H2SO4

100 g conc. H 2SO 4
98.09 g H 2SO 4

The required mole ratio from the balanced equation is 3 mol H2SO4 to 1 mol Ca3(PO4)2. The
10. mol H 2 SO 4
= 3.1
actual mole ratio is:
3.2 mol Ca 3 ( PO 4 ) 2
This is larger than the required mole ratio, so Ca3(PO4)2 (in the denominator) is the limiting
reagent.

111.

3.2 mol Ca3(PO4)2

3 mol CaSO 4
136.15 CaSO 4
= 1300 g CaSO4 produced

mol Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2
mol CaSO 4

3.2 mol Ca3(PO4)2

2 mol H 3 PO 4
97.99 g H 3 PO 4

= 630 g H3PO4 produced

mol Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2
mol H 3 PO 4

An alternative method to solve limiting-reagent problems is to assume each reactant is

limiting and then calculate how much product could be produced from each reactant. The
reactant that produces the smallest amount of product will run out first and is the limiting
reagent.
5.00 106 g NH3

5.00 106 g O2

5.00 106 g CH4

1 mol NH 3
2 mol HCN

= 2.94 105 mol HCN

17.03 g NH 3
2 mol NH 3

1 mol O 2
2 mol HCN

= 1.04 105 mol HCN

32.00 g O 2
3 mol O 2
1 mol CH 4
2 mol HCN

= 3.12 105 mol HCN

16.04 g CH 4
2 mol CH 4

O2 is limiting because it produces the smallest amount of HCN. Although more product could
be produced from NH3 and CH4, only enough O2 is present to produce 1.04 105 mol HCN.
The mass of HCN produced is:
1.04 105 mol HCN

27.03 g HCN
= 2.81 106 g HCN
mol HCN

CHAPTER 3

STOICHIOMETRY
1 mol O 2
6 mol H 2 O 18.02 g H 2 O

= 5.63 106 g H2O

32.00 g O 2
3 mol O 2
1 mol H 2 O

5.00 106 g O2
112.

69

We will use the strategy utilized in the previous problem to solve this limiting reactant
problem.
If C3H6 is limiting:
15.0 g C3H6

1 mol C3 H 6
2 mol C3 H 3 N
53.06 g C3 H 3 N

= 18.9 g C3H3N
42.08 g C3 H 6
2 mol C3 H 6
mol C3 H 3 N

If NH3 is limiting:
5.00 g NH3

1 mol NH 3
2 mol C3 H 3 N
53.06 g C3 H 3 N

= 15.6 g C3H3N
17.03 g NH 3
2 mol NH 3
mol C3 H 3 N

If O2 is limiting:
10.0 g O2

2 mol C3 H 3 N
53.06 g C3 H 3 N
1 mol O 2

= 11.1 g C3H3N
32.00 g O 2
3 mol O 2
mol C 3 H 3 N

O2 produces the smallest amount of product; thus O2 is limiting, and 11.1 g C3H3N can be
produced.
113.

C2H6(g) + Cl2(g) C2H5Cl(g) + HCl(g)

300. g C2H6

1 mol C 2 H 6
1 mol Cl 2
= 9.98 mol C2H6; 650. g Cl2
= 9.17 mol Cl2
30.07 g C 2 H 6
70.90 g Cl 2

The balanced equation requires a 1 : 1 mole ratio between reactants. To react with all the Cl2
present, 9.17 mol of C2H6 is needed. Because 9.98 mol C2H6 is actually present, C2H6 is in
excess, and Cl2 is the limiting reagent.
The theoretical yield of C2H5Cl is:
9.17 mol Cl2
Percent yield =

114.

1 mol C 2 H 5Cl 64.51 g C 2 H 5Cl

= 592 g C2H5Cl
mol Cl 2
mol C 2 H 5Cl

490. g
actual
100 =
100 = 82.8%
theoretical
592 g

a. 1142 g C6H5Cl

485 g C2HOCl3

1 mol C 6 H 5 Cl
= 10.15 mol C6H5Cl
112.55 g C 6 H 5 Cl

1 mol C 2 HOCl3
= 3.29 mol C2HOCl3
147.38 g C 2 HOCl3

70

CHAPTER 3
From the balanced equation, the required mole ratio is
mole ratio present is

STOICHIOMETRY

2 mol C 6 H 5 Cl
= 2. The actual
1 mol C 2 HOCl3

10.15 mol C 6 H 5 Cl
= 3.09. The actual mole ratio is greater than
3.29 mol C 2 HOCl3

the required mole ratio, so the denominator of the actual mole ratio (C2HOCl3) is
limiting.
1 mol C14 H 9 Cl 5
354.46 g C14 H 9 Cl 5

= 1170 g C14H9Cl5 (DDT)

3.29 mol C2HOCl3
mol C 2 HOCl 3
mol C14 H 9 Cl 5
b. C2HOCl3 is limiting, and C6H5Cl is in excess.
c. 3.29 mol C2HOCl3

2 mol C 6 H 5 Cl 112.55 g C 6 H 5 Cl

= 741 g C6H5Cl reacted

mol C 2 HOCl3
mol C 6 H 5 Cl

1142 g ! 741 g = 401 g C6H5Cl in excess

d. Percent yield =

115.

200.0 g DDT
100 = 17.1%
1170 g DDT

2.50 metric tons Cu3FeS3

1 mol Cu 3 FeS3
1000 kg
1000 g
3 mol Cu

metric ton
kg
342.71 g
1 mol Cu 3FeS3

1.39 106 g Cu (theoretical)

116.

63.55 g
= 1.39 106 g Cu (theoretical)
mol Cu

86.3 g Cu (actual)
= 1.20 106 g Cu = 1.20 103 kg Cu
100. g Cu ( theoretical)
= 1.20 metric tons Cu (actual)

P4(s) + 6 F2(g) 4 PF3(g); the theoretical yield of PF3 is:

120. g PF3 (actual)
154 g PF3

100.0 g PF3 ( theoretical)

= 154 g PF3 (theoretical)
78.1 g PF3 (actual)

1 mol PF3
6 mol F2
38.00 g F2
= 99.8 g F2

87.97 g PF3
4 mol PF3
mol F2

99.8 g F2 is needed to actually produce 120. g of PF3 if the percent yield is 78.1%.

Connecting to Biochemistry
117.

Molar mass of C6H8O6 = 6(12.01) + 8(1.008) + 6(16.00) = 176.12 g/mol

500.0 mg

1g
1 mol

= 2.839 10 3 mol
1000 mg 176.12 g

CHAPTER 3

STOICHIOMETRY

2.839 103 mol

118.

6.022 10 23 molecules
= 1.710 1021 molecules
mol

a. 9(12.01) + 8(1.008) + 4(16.00) = 180.15 g/mol

b. 500. mg

1g
1 mol

= 2.78 10 3 mol
1000 mg 180.15 g

2.78 10 3 mol

119.

71

a.

14 mol C H

6.022 10 23 molecules
= 1.67 1021 molecules
mol

12.01 g
1.008 g
14.01 g
+ 18 mol H
+ 2 mol N
mol C
mol H
mol N

+ 5 mol O

1 mol C14 H18 N 2O5

= 3.40 102 mol C14H18N2O5
294.30 g C14 H18 N 2O5

b. 10.0 g C14H18N2O5
c.

1.56 mol

d. 5.0 mg

e.

294.3 g
= 459 g C14H18N2O5
mol

1g
1 mol
6.022 10 23 molecules

1000 mg 294.30 g
mol
= 1.0 1019 molecules C14H18N2O5

The chemical formula tells us that 1 molecule of C14H18N2O5 contains 2 atoms of N. If

we have 1 mole of C14H18N2O5 molecules, then 2 moles of N atoms are present.
1.2 g C14H18N2O5

1 mol C14 H18 N 2 O 5

2 mol N

294.30 g C14 H18 N 2 O5

mol C14 H18 N 2 O 5

f.

1.0 109 molecules

g. 1 molecule
120.

16.00 g
= 294.30 g
mol O

1 mol
6.022 10

1 mol
6.022 10

23

atoms

23

atoms

6.022 10 23 atoms N
= 4.9 1021 atoms N
mol N

294.30 g
= 4.9 1013 g
mol

294.30 g
= 4.887 1022 g C14H18N2O5
mol

Molar mass = 20(12.01) + 29(1.008) + 19.00 + 3(16.00) = 336.43 g/mol

72

CHAPTER 3
Mass % C =
Mass % H =
Mass % F =

STOICHIOMETRY

20(12.01) g C
100 = 71.40% C
336.43 g compound
29(1.008) g H
100 = 8.689% H
336.43 g compound

19.00 g F
100 = 5.648% F
336.43 g compound

Mass % O = 100.00 ! (71.40 + 8.689 + 5.648) = 14.26% O or:

%O=
121.

3(16.00) g O
100 = 14.27% O
336.43 g compound

There are many valid methods to solve this problem. We will assume 100.00 g of compound,
and then determine from the information in the problem how many moles of compound
equals 100.00 g of compound. From this information, we can determine the mass of one
mole of compound (the molar mass) by setting up a ratio. Assuming 100.00 g cyanocobalamin:
1 mol Co
1 mol cyanocobalamin

mol cyanocobalamin = 4.34 g Co

58.93 g Co
mol Co
= 7.36 10 2 mol cyanocobalamin
x g cyanocobalamin
100.00 g
, x = molar mass = 1.36 103 g/mol
=
2
1 mol cyanocobalamin
7.36 10 mol

122.

Out of 100.00 g of adrenaline, there are:

56.79 g C

1 mol C
1 mol H
= 4.729 mol C; 6.56 g H
= 6.51 mol H
12.01 g C
1.008 g H

28.37 g O

1 mol O
1 mol N
= 1.773 mol O; 8.28 g N
= 0.591 mol N
16.00 g O
14.01 g N

Dividing each mole value by the smallest number:

4.729
6.51
1.773
0.591
= 8.00;
= 11.0;
= 3.00;
= 1.00
0.591
0.591
0.591
0.591
This gives adrenaline an empirical formula of C8H11O3N.
123.

Assuming 100.00 g of compound (mass hydrogen = 100.00 g - 49.31 g C - 43.79 g O

= 6.90 g H):
49.31 g C

1 mol C
12.01 g C

= 4.106 mol C; 6.90 g H

43.79 g O

1 mol O
16.00 g O

= 2.737 mol O

1 mol H
1.008 g H

= 6.85 mol H

CHAPTER 3

STOICHIOMETRY

73

Dividing all mole values by 2.737 gives:

4.106
6.85
2.737
= 1.500;
= 2.50;
= 1.000
2.737
2.737
2.737
Because a whole number ratio is required, the empirical formula is C3H5O2.
Empirical formula mass: 3(12.01) + 5(1.008) +2(16.00) = 73.07 g/mol
146.1
Molar mass
=
= 1.999; molecular formula = (C3H5O2)2 = C6H10O4
Empirical formula mass
73.07

124.

1.0 104 kg waste

1 mol C5 H 7 O 2 N
3.0 kg NH 4 +
1 mol NH 4 +
1000 g

+
100 kg waste
kg
18.04 g NH 4
55 mol NH 4 +

113.12 g C 5 H 7 O 2 N
= 3.4 104 g tissue if all NH4+ converted
mol C 5 H 7 O 2 N

Because only 95% of the NH4+ ions react:

mass of tissue = (0.95)(3.4 104 g) = 3.2 104 g or 32 kg bacterial tissue
125.

a.

1.00 102 g C7H6O3

1 mol C 7 H 6 O 3
1 mol C 4 H 6 O 3
102.09 g C 4 H 6 O 3

138.12 g C 7 H 6 O 3
1 mol C 7 H 6 O 3
1 mol C 4 H 6 O 3
= 73.9 g C4H6O3

b. 1.00 102 g C7H6O3

1 mol C 7 H 6 O 3
1 mol C9 H 8O 4
180.15 g C9 H 8O 4

138.12 g C 7 H 6 O 3
1 mol C 7 H 6 O 3
mol C9 H 8O 4

= 1.30 102 g aspirin

126.

C7H6O3 + C4H6O3 C9H8O4 + HC2H3O2

1.50 g C7H6O3

1 mol C 7 H 6 O 3
= 1.09 10 2 mol C7H6O3
138.12 g C 7 H 6 O 3

2.00 g C4H6O3

1 mol C 4 H 6 O 3
= 1.96 10 2 mol C4H6O3
102.09 g C 4 H 6 O 3

C7H6O3 is the limiting reagent because the actual moles of C7H6O3 present is below the
required 1 : 1 mole ratio with C4H6O3. The theoretical yield of aspirin is:
1.09 102 mol C7H6O3
Percent yield =

1 mol C9 H 8O 4 180.15 g C9 H 8O 4

= 1.96 g C9H8O4
mol C 7 H 6 O 3
mol C9 H 8O 4

1.50 g
100 = 76.5%
1.96 g

74
127.

CHAPTER 3
1.50 g BaO2

25.0 mL

STOICHIOMETRY

1 mol BaO 2
= 8.86 10 3 mol BaO2
169.3 g BaO 2

0.0272 g HCl
1 mol HCl

= 1.87 10 2 mol HCl

mL
36.46 g HCl

The required mole ratio from the balanced reaction is 2 mol HCl to 1 mol BaO2. The actual
mole ratio is:
1.87 10 2 mol HCl

= 2.11

8.86 10 3 mol BaO 2

Because the actual mole ratio is larger than the required mole ratio, BaO2 in the denominator
is the limiting reagent.
8.86 10 3 mol BaO2

1 mol H 2 O 2 34.02 g H 2 O 2

= 0.301 g H2O2
mol BaO 2
mol H 2 O 2

The amount of HCl reacted is:

8.86 10 3 mol BaO2

2 mol HCl
mol BaO 2

= 1.77 10 2 mol HCl

Excess mol HCl = 1.87 10 2 mol ! 1.77 10 2 mol = 1.0 10 3 mol HCl
Mass of excess HCl = 1.0 10 3 mol HCl

128.

25.0 g Ag2O

36.46 g HCl
= 3.6 10 2 g HCl unreacted
mol HCl

1 mol
= 0.108 mol Ag2O
231.8 g

50.0 g C10H10N4SO2

1 mol
= 0.200 mol C10H10N4SO2
250.29 g

Mol C10 H10 N 4SO 2

0.200
(actual) =
= 1.85
Mol Ag 2 O
0.108

The actual mole ratio is less than the required mole ratio (2), so C10H10N4SO2 is limiting.

0.200 mol C10H10N4SO2

2 mol AgC10 H 9 N 4SO 2

357.18 g

2 mol C10 H10 N 4SO 2

mol AgC10 H 9 N 4SO 2
= 71.4 g AgC10H9N4SO2 produced

CHAPTER 3

STOICHIOMETRY

75

Additional Exercises
129.

12

C21H6: 2(12.000000) + 6(1.007825) = 30.046950 amu

12

C1H216O: 1(12.000000) + 2(1.007825) + 1(15.994915) = 30.010565 amu

14

N16O: 1(14.003074) + 1(15.994915) = 29.997989 amu

The peak results from 12C1H216O.

130.

We would see the peaks corresponding to:

10

B35Cl3 [mass 10 + 3(35) = 115 amu], 10B35Cl237Cl (117), 10B35Cl37Cl2 (119),

10

B37Cl3 (121), 11B35Cl3 (116), 11B35Cl237Cl (118), 11B35Cl37Cl2 (120), 11B37Cl3 (122)

We would see a total of eight peaks at approximate masses of 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120,
121, and 122.
131.

0.368 g XeFn

Molar mass XeFn =

9.03 10

20

molecules XeFn

1 mol XeFn

= 245 g/mol

6.022 10 23 molecules

245 g = 131.3 g + n(19.00 g), n = 5.98; formula = XeF6

132.

In 1 hour, the 1000. kg of wet cereal contains 580 kg H2O and 420 kg of cereal. We want the
final product to contain 20.% H2O. Let x = mass of H2O in final product.
x
= 0.20, x = 84 + (0.20)x, x = 105 110 kg H2O
420 + x

The amount of water to be removed is 580 - 110 = 470 kg/h.

133.

2 H2(g) + O2(g) 2 H2O(g)

a. 50 molecules H2

1 molecule O 2
= 25 molecules O2
2 molecules H 2

Stoichiometric mixture. Neither is limiting.

b. 100 molecules H2

1 molecule O 2
= 50 molecules O2;
2 molecules H 2

O2 is limiting because only 40 molecules O2 are present.

c. From b, 50 molecules of O2 will react completely with 100 molecules of H2. We have
100 molecules (an excess) of O2. So H2 is limiting.
d. 0.50 mol H2

1 mol O 2
= 0.25 mol O2; H2 is limiting because 0.75 mol O2 is present.
2 mol H 2

76

CHAPTER 3

e. 0.80 mol H2

f.

STOICHIOMETRY

1 mol O 2
= 0.40 mol O2; H2 is limiting because 0.75 mol O2 is present.
2 mol H 2

1 mol H 2
1 mol O 2

= 0.25 mol O2
2.016 g H 2
2 mol H 2

1.0 g H2

Stoichiometric mixture. Neither is limiting.

1 mol H 2
1 mol O 2
32.00 g O 2

= 39.7 g O2
2.016 g H 2
2 mol H 2
mol O 2

g. 5.00 g H2

H2 is limiting because 56.00 g O2 is present.

134.

2 tablets

0.262 g C 7 H 5 BiO 4
1 mol C 7 H 5 BiO 4
1 mol Bi
209.0 g Bi

tablet
362.11 g C 7 H 5 BiO 4 1 mol C 7 H 5 BiO 4
mol Bi
= 0.302 g Bi consumed

135.

Empirical formula mass = 12.01 + 1.008 = 13.02 g/mol; because 104.14/13.02 = 7.998 8,
the molecular formula for styrene is (CH)8 = C8H8.
2.00 g C8H8

136.

1 mol C8 H 8
8 mol H
6.002 10 23 atoms H

= 9.25 1022 atoms H

104.14 g C8 H 8
mol C8 H 8
mol H

41.98 mg CO2
6.45 mg H2O

12.01 mg C
11.46 mg
= 11.46 mg C; % C =
100 = 57.85% C
44.01 mg CO 2
19.81 mg

2.01 6 mg H
0.772 mg
100 = 3.64% H
= 0.722 mg H; % H =
18.02 mg H 2 O
19.81 mg

% O = 100.00 (57.85 + 3.64) = 38.51% O

Out of 100.00 g terephthalic acid, there are:
57.85 g C

1 mol C
1 mol H
= 4.817 mol C; 3.64 g H
= 3.61 mol H
12.01 g C
1.008 g H

38.51 g O

1 mol O
= 2.407 mol O
16.00 g O

4.817
3.61
= 2.001;
= 1.50;
2.407
2.407

2.407
= 1.000
2.407

The C : H : O mole ratio is 2 : 1.5 : 1 or 4 : 3 : 2. The empirical formula is C4H3O2.

Mass of C4H3O2 4(12) + 3(1) + 2(16) = 83.

CHAPTER 3

STOICHIOMETRY

Molar mass =

137.

17.3 g H

77

166
41.5 g
= 2.0; the molecular formula is C8H6O4.
= 166 g/mol;
83
0.250 mol

1 mol H
1 mol C
= 17.2 mol H; 82.7 g C
= 6.89 mol C
1.008 g H
12.01 g C

17.2
= 2.50; the empirical formula is C2H5.
6.89
The empirical formula mass is ~29 g, so two times the empirical formula would put the
compound in the correct range of the molar mass. Molecular formula = (C2H5)2 = C4H10.
2.59 1023 atoms H

1 molecule C 4 H10
1 mol C 4 H10

= 4.30 10 2 mol C4H10

10 atoms H
6.022 10 23 molecules

4.30 10 2 mol C4H10

138.

58.12 g
= 2.50 g C4H10
mol C 4 H 10

Assuming 100.00 g E3H8:

mol E = 8.73 g H

1 mol H
3 mol E

= 3.25 mol E
1.008 g H 8 mol H

xgE
91.27 g E
=
, x = molar mass of E = 28.1 g/mol; atomic mass of E = 28.1 amu
1 mol E
3.25 mol E

139.

Mass of H2O = 0.755 g CuSO4 C xH2O 0.483 g CuSO4 = 0.272 g H2O

0.483 g CuSO4
0.272 g H2O

1 mol CuSO 4
= 0.00303 mol CuSO4
159.62 g CuSO 4

1 mol H 2 O
= 0.0151 mol H2O
18.02 g H 2 O

4.98 mol H 2 O
0.0151 mol H 2 O
=
; compound formula = CuSO4 C 5H2O, x = 5
0.00303 g CuSO 4
1 mol CuSO 4
140.

a. Only acrylonitrile contains nitrogen. If we have 100.00 g of polymer:

8.80 g N

% C3H3N =

1 mol C 3 H 3 N 53.06 g C 3 H 3 N

= 33.3 g C3H3N
14.01 g N
1 mol C 3 H 3 N
33.3 g C 3 H 3 N
= 33.3% C3H3N
100.00 g polymer

Only butadiene in the polymer reacts with Br2:

78

CHAPTER 3
0.605 g Br2
% C4H6 =

STOICHIOMETRY

1 mol C 4 H 6
54.09 g C 4 H 6
1 mol Br2

= 0.205 g C4H6
159.8 g Br2
mol Br2
mol C 4 H 6

0.205 g
100 = 17.1% C4H6
1.20 g

b. If we have 100.0 g of polymer:

33.3 g C3H3N

1 mol C 3 H 3 N
= 0.628 mol C3H3N
53.06 g

17.1 g C4H6

1 mol C 4 H 6
= 0.316 mol C4H6
54.09 g C 4 H 6

49.6 g C8H8

1 mol C8 H 8
= 0.476 mol C8H8
104.14 g C8 H 8

Dividing by 0.316:

0.628
0.316
0.476
= 1.99;
= 1.00;
= 1.51
0.316
0.316
0.316

This is close to a mole ratio of 4 : 2 : 3. Thus there are 4 acrylonitrile to 2 butadiene to 3

styrene molecules in the polymer, or (A4B2S3)n.
141.

1.20 g CO2

1 mol C 24 H 30 N 3O
1 mol CO 2
1 mol C
376.51 g

44.01 g
mol CO 2
24 mol C
mol C 24 H 30 N 3O
= 0.428 g C24H30N3O

0.428 g C 24 H 30 N 3 O
100 = 42.8% C24H30N3O (LSD)
1.00 g sample

142.

a. CH4(g) + 4 S(s) CS2(l) + 2 H2S(g) or 2 CH4(g) + S8(s) 2 CS2(l) + 4 H2S(g)

b. 120. g CH4

1 mol CH 4
1 mol S
= 7.48 mol CH4; 120. g S
= 3.74 mol S
16.04 g CH 4
32.07 g S

The required S to CH4 mole ratio is 4 : 1. The actual S to CH4 mole ratio is:
3.74 mol S
= 0.500
7.48 mol CH 4

This is well below the required mole ratio, so sulfur is the limiting reagent.
The theoretical yield of CS2 is: 3.74 mol S

1 mol CS2
76.15 g CS2
= 71.2 g CS2

4 mol S
mol CS2

The same amount of CS2 would be produced using the balanced equation with S8.

CHAPTER 3
143.

STOICHIOMETRY

79

1 mol
1 mol
= 2.00 mol B5H9; 192 g O2
= 6.00 mol O2
63.12 g
32.00 g

126 g B5H9

Mol O 2
6.00
(actual) =
= 3.00
Mol B5 H 9
2.00

The required mol O2 to mol B5H9 ratio is 12/2 = 6. The actual mole ratio is less than the
required mole ratio; thus the numerator (O2) is limiting.
6.00 mol O2
144.

9 mol H 2 O 18.02 g H 2 O

= 81.1 g H2O
12 mol O 2
mol H 2 O

2 NaNO3(s) 2 NaNO2(s) + O2(g); the amount of NaNO3 in the impure sample is:
0.2864 g NaNO2

2 mol NaNO3
85.00 g NaNO3
1 mol NaNO 2

69.00 g NaNO 2
2 mol NaNO 2
mol NaNO3
= 0.3528 g NaNO3

0.3528 g NaNO3
Mass percent NaNO3 =
100 = 83.40%
0.4230 g sample
145.

453 g Fe

1 mol Fe 2 O 3 159.70 g Fe 2 O 3
1 mol Fe

= 648 g Fe2O3
55.85 g Fe
2 mol Fe
mol Fe 2 O 3

648 g Fe 2 O 3
100 = 86.2%
752 g ore
65.38 g Zn
a. Mass of Zn in alloy = 0.0985 g ZnCl2
= 0.0473 g Zn
136.28 g ZnCl 2
Mass percent Fe2O3 =

146.

% Zn =

0.0473 g Zn
100 = 9.34% Zn; % Cu = 100.00 ! 9.34 = 90.66% Cu
0.5065 g brass

b. The Cu remains unreacted. After filtering, washing, and drying, the mass of the unreacted
copper could be measured.
147.

Assuming 1 mole of vitamin A (286.4 g vitamin A):

mol C = 286.4 g vitamin A
mol H = 286.4 g vitamin A

0.8386 g C
1 mol C

= 20.00 mol C
g vitamin A
12.01 g C
0.1056 g H
1 mol H

= 30.00 mol H
g vitamin A
1.008 g H

Because 1 mole of vitamin A contains 20 mol C and 30 mol H, the molecular formula of
vitamin A is C20H30E. To determine E, lets calculate the molar mass of E:
286.4 g = 20(12.01) + 30(1.008) + molar mass E, molar mass E = 16.0 g/mol
From the periodic table, E = oxygen, and the molecular formula of vitamin A is C20H30O.

80
148.

CHAPTER 3

STOICHIOMETRY

40.0/A x
(40.0)A z
mol X
X2Z: 40.0% X and 60.0% Z by mass;
=2=
=
or Az = 3Ax
mol Z
60.0/A z
(60.0)A x
where A = molar mass.
For XZ2, molar mass = Ax + 2Az = Ax + 2(3Ax) = 7Ax.
Mass percent X =

Ax
100 = 14.3% X; % Z = 100.0 14.3 = 85.7% Z
7A x

Challenge Problems
149.

The volume of a gas is proportional to the number of molecules of gas. Thus the formulas
are:
I: NH3

II: N2H4

III: HN3

The mass ratios are:

I:

82.25 g N
4.634 g N
=
17.75 g H
gH

II:

6.949 g N
gH

III:

41.7 g N
gH

If we set the atomic mass of H equal to 1.008, then the atomic mass for nitrogen is:
I: 14.01

II: 14.01

For example, for compound I:

85

150.

87

Rb atoms
= 2.591;
Rb atoms

III. 14.0
A
4.634
=
, A = 14.01
3(1.008)
1

if we had exactly 100 atoms, x = number of 85Rb atoms, and

100 x = number of 87Rb atoms.

x
259.1
= 2.591, x = 259.1 (2.591)x, x =
= 72.15; 72.15% 85Rb
3.591
100 x

0.7215(84.9117) + 0.2785(A) = 85.4678, A =

151.

85.4678 61.26
= 86.92 amu
0.2785

First, we will determine composition in mass percent. We assume that all the carbon in the
0.213 g CO2 came from the 0.157 g of the compound and that all the hydrogen in the 0.0310
g H2O came from the 0.157 g of the compound.
0.213 g CO2

12.01 g C
0.0581 g C
= 0.0581 g C; % C =
100 = 37.0% C
44.01 g CO 2
0.157 g compound

0.0310 g H2O

2.016 g H
3.47 10 3 g
= 3.47 103 g H; % H =
100 = 2.21% H
18.02 g H 2 O
0.157 g

We get the mass percent of N from the second experiment:

CHAPTER 3

STOICHIOMETRY

0.0230 g NH3 H

%N=

81

14.01 g N
= 1.89 102 g N
17.03 g NH 3

1.89 10 2 g
100 = 18.3% N
0.103 g

The mass percent of oxygen is obtained by difference:

% O = 100.00 (37.0 + 2.21 + 18.3) = 42.5% O
So, out of 100.00 g of compound, there are:
37.0 g C

1 mol C
1 mol H
= 3.08 mol C; 2.21 g H
= 2.19 mol H
12.01 g C
1.008 g H

18.3 g N

1 mol N
1 mol O
= 1.31 mol N; 42.5 g O
= 2.66 mol O
14.01 g N
16.00 g O

Lastly, and often the hardest part, we need to find simple whole-number ratios. Divide all
mole values by the smallest number:
3.08
2.19
1.31
2.66
= 2.35;
= 1.67;
= 1.00;
= 2.03
1.31
1.31
1.31
1.31

Multiplying all these ratios by 3 gives an empirical formula of C7H5N3O6.

152.

1.0 106 kg HNO3

1000 g HNO 3
1 mol HNO 3

= 1.6 107 mol HNO3

kg HNO 3
63.02 g HNO 3

We need to get the relationship between moles of HNO3 and moles of NH3. We have to use
all three equations.
2 mol HNO3
16 mol HNO3
2 mol NO 2
4 mol NO

=
3 mol NO 2
2 mol NO
4 mol NH 3
24 mol NH 3
Thus we can produce 16 mol HNO3 for every 24 mol NH3, we begin with:
1.6 107 mol HNO3

24 mol NH 3
17.03 g NH 3

= 4.1 108 g or 4.1 105 kg NH3

16 mol HNO3
mol NH 3

This is an oversimplified answer. In practice, the NO produced in the third step is recycled
back continuously into the process in the second step. If this is taken into consideration, then
the conversion factor between mol NH3 and mol HNO3 turns out to be 1 : 1; that is, 1 mole of
NH3 produces 1 mole of HNO3. Taking into consideration that NO is recycled back gives an
answer of 2.7 105 kg NH3 reacted.

82
153.

CHAPTER 3
Fe(s) +

1
2

O 2 (g) FeO(s) ; 2 Fe(s) +

20.00 g Fe

3
2

STOICHIOMETRY

O 2 (g ) Fe 2 O 3 (s)

1 mol Fe
= 0.3581 mol
55.85 g

(11.20 3.24) g O 2

1 mol O 2
= 0.2488 mol O2 consumed (1 extra sig. fig.)
32.00 g

Assuming x mol of FeO is produced from x mol of Fe so that 0.3581 x mol of Fe reacts to
form Fe2O3:
1
x O 2 x FeO
2
3 0.3581 x
0.3581 x
(0.3581 x) mol Fe +
mol O 2
mol Fe 2 O 3
2
2
2

x Fe +

Setting up an equation for total moles of O2 consumed:

1
2

x +

3
4

(0.3581 x) = 0.2488 mol O 2 ,

0.079 mol FeO

71.85 g FeO
= 5.7 g FeO produced
mol

Mol Fe2O3 produced =

0.140 mol Fe2O3

154.

x = 0.0791 = 0.079 mol FeO

0.3581 0.079
= 0.140 mol Fe2O3
2

159.70 g Fe 2 O 3
= 22.4 g Fe2O3 produced
mol

2 C2H6(g) + 7 O2(g) 4 CO2(g) + 6 H2O(l); C3H8(g) + 5 O2(g) 3 CO2(g) + 4 H2O(l)

30.07 g/mol
44.09 g/mol
Let x = mass C2H6, so 9.780 ! x = mass C3H8. Use the balanced equation to set up a
mathematical expression for the moles of O2 required.
x
7
9.780 x
5

+
= 1.120 mol O2
30.07 2
44.09
1

Solving: x = 3.7 g C2H6;

155.

3.7 g
100 = 38% C2H6 by mass
9.780 g

The two relevant equations are:

Zn(s) + 2 HCl(aq) ZnCl2(aq) + H2(g) and Mg(s) + 2 HCl(aq) MgCl2(aq) + H2(g)
Let x = mass Mg, so 10.00 ! x = mass Zn.
moles Zn + moles Mg.

From the balanced equations, moles H2 =

CHAPTER 3

STOICHIOMETRY

Mol H2 = 0.5171 g H2
0.2565 =

83

1 mol H 2
= 0.2565 mol H2
2.016 g H 2

x
10.00 x
; solving: x = 4.008 g Mg.
+
24.31
65.38

4.008 g
100 = 40.08% Mg
10.00 g

156.

Let M = unknown element.

Mass % M =

2.077
mass M
100 =
100 = 56.01% M
3.708
total mass compound

100.00 56.01 = 43.99% O

Assuming 100.00 g compound:
43.99 g O

1 mol O
= 2.750 mol O
15.999 g O

56.01 g M
= 20.37 g/mol.
2.750 mol M
This is too low for the molar mass. We must have fewer moles of M than moles O present in
the formula. Some possibilities are MO2, M2O3, MO3, etc. It is a guessing game as to which
to try. Lets assume an MO2 formula. Then the molar mass of M is:

If MO is the formula of the oxide, then M has a molar mass of

56.01 g M
= 40.73 g/mol
1 mol M
2.750 mol O
2 mol O
This is close to calcium, but calcium forms an oxide having the CaO formula, not CaO2.
If MO3 is assumed to be the formula, then the molar mass of M calculates to be 61.10 g/mol,
which is too large. Therefore, the mol O to mol M ratio must be between 2 and 3. Some
reasonable possibilities are 2.25, 2.33, 2.5, 2.67, and 2.75 (these are reasonable because they
will lead to whole number formulas). Trying a mol O to mol M ratio of 2.5 : 1 gives a molar
mass of:
56.01 g M
= 50.92 g/mol
1 mol M
2.750 mol O
2.5 mol O
This is the molar mass of vanadium, and V2O5 is a reasonable formula for an oxide of
vanadium. The other choices for the O : M mole ratios between 2 and 3 do not give as
reasonable results. Therefore, M is vanadium, and the formula is V2O5.
157.

We know that water is a product, so one of the elements in the compound is hydrogen.

84

CHAPTER 3

STOICHIOMETRY

XaHb + O2 H2O + ?
To balance the H atoms, the mole ratio between XaHb and H2O =
Mol compound =

2
.
b

1.39 g
1.21 g
= 0.0224 mol; mol H2O =
= 0.0671 mol
62.09 g / mol
18.02 g / mol

2
0.0224
=
, b = 6; XaH6 has a molar mass of 62.09 g/mol.
b
0.0671
62.09 = a(molar mass of X) + 6(1.008), a(molar mass of X) = 56.04
Some possible identities for X could be Fe (a = 1), Si (a = 2), N (a = 4), and Li (a = 8).
N fits the data best, so N4H6 is the most likely formula.
158.

The balanced equation is 2 Sc(s) + 2x HCl(aq) 2 ScClx(aq)+ x H2(g)

The mole ratio of Sc : H2 =
Mol Sc = 2.25 g Sc

2
.
x

1 mol Sc
= 0.0500 mol Sc
44.96 g Sc

Mol H2 = 0.1502 g H2

1 mol H 2
= 0.07450 mol H2
2.016 g H 2

2
0.0500
=
, x = 3; the formula is ScCl3.
x
0.07450
159.

Total mass of copper used:

10,000 boards

(8.0 cm 16.0 cm 0.060 cm) 8.96 g

= 6.9 105 g Cu
3
board
cm

Amount of Cu to be recovered = 0.80 (6.9 105 g) = 5.5 105 g Cu.

5.5 105 g Cu

1 mol Cu(NH 3 ) 4 Cl 2
202.59 g Cu(NH 3 ) 4 Cl 2
1 mol Cu

63.55 g Cu
mol Cu
mol Cu(NH 3 ) 4 Cl 2

= 1.8 106 g Cu(NH3)4Cl2

5.5 105 g Cu
160.

4 mol NH 3 17.03 g NH 3
1 mol Cu
= 5.9 105 g NH3

63.55 g Cu
mol Cu
mol NH 3

a. From the reaction stoichiometry we would expect to produce 4 mol of acetaminophen for
every 4 mol of C6H5O3N reacted. The actual yield is 3 mol of acetaminophen compared
to a theoretical yield of 4 mol of acetaminophen. Solving for percent yield by mass
(where M = molar mass acetaminophen):
percent yield =

3 mol M
100 = 75%
4 mol M

CHAPTER 3

STOICHIOMETRY

85

b. The product of the percent yields of the individual steps must equal the overall yield,
75%.
(0.87)(0.98)(x) = 0.75, x = 0.88; step III has a percent yield of 88%.
161.

10.00 g XCl2 + excess Cl2 12.55 g XCl4; 2.55 g Cl reacted with XCl2 to form XCl4. XCl4
contains 2.55 g Cl and 10.00 g XCl2. From the mole ratios, 10.00 g XCl2 must also contain
2.55 g Cl; mass X in XCl2 = 10.00 ! 2.55 = 7.45 g X.
2.55 g Cl

1 mol Cl
1 mol XCl 2
1 mol X
= 3.60 10 2 mol X

35.45 g Cl
2 mol Cl
mol XCl 2

So 3.60 10 2 mol X has a mass equal to 7.45 g X. The molar mass of X is:
7.45 g X
= 207 g/mol X; atomic mass = 207 amu, so X is Pb.
3.60 10 2 mol X

162.

4.000 g M2S3 3.723 g MO2

There must be twice as many moles of MO2 as moles of M2S3 in order to balance M in the
reaction. Setting up an equation for 2(mol M2S3) = mol MO2 where A = molar mass M:

8.000
3.723
4.000 g
3.723 g
2
,
=
=
A + 32.00
2A + 3(32.07) A + 2(16.00) 2A + 96.21
(8.000)A + 256.0 = (7.446)A + 358.2, (0.554)A = 102.2, A = 184 g/mol; atomic mass
= 184 amu

163.

Consider the case of aluminum plus oxygen. Aluminum forms Al3+ ions; oxygen forms O2
anions. The simplest compound between the two elements is Al2O3. Similarly, we would
expect the formula of any Group 6A element with Al to be Al2X3. Assuming this, out of
100.00 g of compound, there are 18.56 g Al and 81.44 g of the unknown element, X. Lets
use this information to determine the molar mass of X, which will allow us to identify X from
the periodic table.
18.56 g Al

1 mol Al
3 mol X

= 1.032 mol X
26.98 g Al 2 mol Al

81.44 g of X must contain 1.032 mol of X.

Molar mass of X =

81.44 g X
= 78.91 g/mol X.
1.032 mol X

From the periodic table, the unknown element is selenium, and the formula is Al2Se3.
164.

Let x = mass KCl and y = mass KNO3. Assuming 100.0 g of mixture, x + y = 100.0 g.
Molar mass KCl = 74.55 g/mol; molar mass KNO3 = 101.11 g/mol

86

CHAPTER 3
Mol KCl =

STOICHIOMETRY

x
y
; mol KNO3 =
74.55
101.11

Knowing that the mixture is 43.2% K, then in the 100.0 g mixture:

y
x
39.10
+
= 43.2
74.55 101.11

We have two equations and two unknowns:

(0.5245)x + (0.3867)y = 43.2
x +

y = 100.0

Solving, x = 32.9 g KCl;

165.

32.9 g
100 = 32.9% KCl
100.0 g

The balanced equations are:

4 NH3(g) + 5 O2(g) 4 NO(g) + 6 H2O(g) and 4 NH3(g) + 7 O2(g) 4 NO2(g)
+ 6 H2O(g)
Let 4x = number of moles of NO formed, and let 4y = number of moles of NO2 formed.
Then:
4x NH3 + 5x O2 4x NO + 6x H2O and 4y NH3 + 7y O2 4y NO2 + 6y H2O
All the NH3 reacted, so 4x + 4y = 2.00. 10.00 6.75 = 3.25 mol O2 reacted, so 5x + 7y
= 3.25.
Solving by the method of simultaneous equations:
20x + 28y = 13.0
20x 20y = 10.0
8y = 3.0, y = 0.38; 4x + 4 0.38 = 2.00, x = 0.12
Mol NO = 4x = 4 0.12 = 0.48 mol NO formed

166.

CxHyOz + oxygen x CO2 + y/2 H2O

2.20 g CO 2
Mass % C in aspirin =

1 mol C
1 mol CO 2
12.01 g C

44.01 g CO 2
mol CO 2
mol C
= 60.0% C
1.00 g aspirin

0.400 g H 2 O

Mass % H in aspirin =

1 mol H 2 O
2 mol H
1.008 g H

18.02 g H 2 O mol H 2 O
mol H
= 4.48% H
1.00 g aspirin

Mass % O = 100.00 ! (60.0 + 4.48) = 35.5% O

CHAPTER 3

STOICHIOMETRY

87

Assuming 100.00 g aspirin:

60.0 g C

1 mol C
1 mol H
= 5.00 mol C; 4.48 g H
= 4.44 mol H
12.01 g C
1.008 g H

1 mol O
= 2.22 mol O
16.00 g O
5.00
4.44
Dividing by the smallest number:
= 2.25;
= 2.00
2.22
2.22

35.5 g O

Empirical formula: (C2.25 H2.00O)4 = C9H8O4. Empirical mass 9(12) + 8(1) + 4(16)
= 180 g/mol; this is in the 170190 g/mol range, so the molecular formula is also C9H8O4.
Balance the aspirin synthesis reaction to determine the formula for salicylic acid.
CaHbOc + C4H6O3 C9H8O4 + C2H4O2, CaHbOc = salicylic acid = C7H6O3

Integrative Problems
167.

1 mol Fe
6.022 10 23 atoms Fe

= 113 atoms Fe
55.85 g Fe
mol Fe

a. 1.05 10 20 g Fe

b. The total number of platinum atoms is 14 20 = 280 atoms (exact number). The mass of
these atoms is:
280 atoms Pt

1 mol Pt
6.022 10

c. 9.071 10 20 g Ru
168.

23

atoms Pt

195.1 g Pt
= 9.071 10 20 g Pt
mol Pt

1 mol Ru
6.022 10 23 atoms Ru

= 540.3 = 540 atoms Ru

101.1 g Ru
mol Ru

Assuming 100.00 g of tetrodotoxin:

41.38 g C

5.37 g H

1 mol C
1 mol N
= 3.445 mol C; 13.16 g N
= 0.9393 mol N
12.01 g C
14.01 g N

1 mol H
1 mol O
= 5.33 mol H; 40.09 g O
= 2.506 mol O
1.008 g H
16.00 g O

Divide by the smallest number:

3.445
5.33
2.506
= 3.668;
= 5.67;
= 2.668
0.9393
0.9393
0.9393

To get whole numbers for each element, multiply through by 3.

88

CHAPTER 3

STOICHIOMETRY

Empirical formula: (C3.668H5.67NO2.668)3 = C11H17N3O8; the mass of the empirical formula is

319.3 g/mol.
1.59 10 21 g
Molar mass tetrodotoxin =
= 319 g/mol
1 mol
3 molecules
6.022 10 23 molecules

Because the empirical mass and molar mass are the same, the molecular formula is the same
as the empirical formula, C11H17N3O8.
165 lb

1 kg
10. g
1 10 6 g
1 mol
6.022 10 23 molecules

2.2046 lb
kg
g
319.3 g
1 mol
= 1.4 1018 molecules tetrodotoxin is the LD50 dosage

169.

Molar mass X2 =

0.105 g
8.92 10 20 molecules

1 mol
6.022 10 23 molecules

= 70.9 g/mol

The mass of X = 1/2(70.9 g/mol) = 35.5 g/mol. This is the element chlorine.
Assuming 100.00 g of MX3 (= MCl3) compound:
54.47 g Cl

1 mol
= 1.537 mol Cl
35.45 g

1.537 mol Cl

Molar mass of M =

1 mol M
= 0.5123 mol M
3 mol Cl
45.53 g M
= 88.87 g/mol M
0.5123 mol M

M is the element yttrium (Y), and the name of YCl3 is yttrium(III) chloride.
The balanced equation is 2 Y + 3 Cl2 2 YCl3.
Assuming Cl2 is limiting:
1.00 g Cl2

2 mol YCl 3
195.26 g YCl3
1 mol Cl 2

= 1.84 g YCl3
70.90 g Cl 2
3 mol Cl 2
1 mol YCl 3

Assuming Y is limiting:
1.00 g Y

2 mol YCl 3
195.26 g YCl 3
1 mol Y
= 2.20 g YCl3

88.91 g Y
2 mol Y
1 mol YCl3

Because Cl2, when it all reacts, produces the smaller amount of product, Cl2 is the limiting
reagent, and the theoretical yield is 1.84 g YCl3.

CHAPTER 3
170.

STOICHIOMETRY

89

2 As + 4 AsI3 3 As2I4
Volume of As cube = (3.00 cm)3 = 27.0 cm3
27.0 cm3

5.72 g As
1 mol As

= 2.06 mol As
3
74.92 g As
cm

1.01 1024 molecules AsI3

1 mol AsI3
6.022 10 23 molecules AsI3

= 1.68 mol AsI3

From the balanced equation, we need twice the number of moles of AsI3 as As to react.
Because the mole of AsI3 present are less than the mole of As present, AsI3 is limiting.
1.68 mol AsI3

0.756 =

3 mol As 2 I 4
657.44 g As 2 I 4

= 828 g As2I4
4 mol AsI3
2 mol As 2 I 4

actual yield
, actual yield = 0.756 828 g = 626 g As2I4
828 g

Marathon Problems
171.

To solve the limiting-reactant problem, we must determine the formulas of all the compounds
so that we can get a balanced reaction.
a. 40 million trillion = (40 106) 1012 = 4.000 1019 (assuming 4 sig. figs.)
4.000 1019 molecules A

Molar mass of A =

1 mol A
= 6.642 10-5 mol A
23
6.022 10 molecules A

4.26 10 3 g A
= 64.1 g/mol
6.642 10 5 mol A

Mass of carbon in 1 mol of A is:

64.1 g A

37.5 g C
= 24.0 g carbon = 2 mol carbon in substance A
100.0 g A

The remainder of the molar mass (64.1 g - 24.0 g = 40.1 g) is due to the alkaline earth
metal. From the periodic table, calcium has a molar mass of 40.08 g/mol. The formula
of substance A is CaC2.
b. 5.36 g H + 42.5 g O = 47.9 g; substance B only contains H and O. Determining the
empirical formula of B:
5.36 g H

1 mol H
5.32
= 5.32 mol H;
= 2.00
1.008 g H
2.66

90

CHAPTER 3
42.5 g O

STOICHIOMETRY

2.66
1 mol O
= 2.66 mol O;
= 1.00
2.66
16.00 g O

Empirical formula: H2O; the molecular formula of substance B could be H2O, H4O2,
H6O3, etc. The most reasonable choice is water (H2O) for substance B.
c. Substance C + O2 CO2 + H2O; substance C must contain carbon and hydrogen and
may contain oxygen. Determining the mass of carbon and hydrogen in substance C:
33.8 g CO2

1 mol CO 2
1 mol C
12.01 g C

= 9.22 g carbon
44.01 g CO 2
mol CO 2
mol C

6.92 g H2O

1 mol H 2 O
2 mol H
1.008 g H

= 0.774 g hydrogen
18.02 g H 2 O mol H 2 O
mol H

9.22 g carbon + 0.774 g hydrogen = 9.99 g; because substance C initially weighed

10.0 g, there is no oxygen present in substance C. Determining the empirical formula
for substance C:
1 mol C
= 0.768 mol carbon
12.01 g C
1 mol H
0.774 g H
= 0.768 mol hydrogen
1.008 g H

9.22 g

Mol C/mol H = 1.00; the empirical formula is CH, which has an empirical formula mass
13. Because the mass spectrum data indicate a molar mass of 26 g/mol, the molecular
formula for substance C is C2H2.
d. Substance D is Ca(OH)2.
Now we can answer the question. The balanced equation is:
CaC2(s) + 2 H2O(l) C2H2(g) + Ca(OH)2(aq)
45.0 g CaC2

23.0 g H2O

1 mol CaC 2
= 0.702 mol CaC2
64.10 g CaC 2
1 mol H 2 O
mol H 2 O
1.28
= 1.28 mol H2O;
=
= 1.82
18.02 g H 2 O
mol CaC 2
0.702

Because the actual mole ratio present is smaller than the required 2 : 1 mole ratio from
the balanced equation, H2O is limiting.
1.28 mol H2O

1 mol C 2 H 2
26.04 g C 2 H 2

= 16.7 g C2H2 = mass of product C

2 mol H 2 O
mol C 2 H 2

CHAPTER 3
172.

a. i.

STOICHIOMETRY

91

If the molar mass of A is greater than the molar mass of B, then we cannot determine
the limiting reactant because, while we have a fewer number of moles of A, we also
need fewer moles of A (from the balanced reaction).

ii. If the molar mass of B is greater than the molar mass of A, then B is the limiting
reactant because we have a fewer number of moles of B and we need more B (from
the balanced reaction).
b. A + 5 B 3 CO2 + 4 H2O
To conserve mass: 44.01 + 5(B) = 3(44.01) + 4(18.02); solving: B = 32.0 g/mol
Because B is diatomic, the best choice for B is O2.
c. We can solve this without mass percent data simply by balancing the equation:
A + 5 O2 3 CO2 + 4 H2O
A must be C3H8 (which has a similar molar mass to CO2). This is also the empirical
formula.
Note:

3(12.01)
100 = 81.71% C. So this checks.
3(12.01) + 8(1.008)