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566
Observe these. Fine sand sprinkled on the vibrating object will collect
along the nodal lines (where there is no vibration) so that you can see
them clearly. [for experimental work on the vibrating circular
membrane, see American journal of physics, Vol.35(1967),p.1029, and
vol. 40 (1972), p. 186. ]
Problems ,section 6
1. Continue figure 6.1 to show the fundamental modes of vibration
of a circular membrane for n=0,1,2, and m= 1,2,3. As in figure
6.1,write the formula for the displacement under each sketch.
2. Look up in trables the first three zeros k_ of each of the bessel
functions J0,J1,J2, and J3. Find the first six frequencies of a vibrating
circular membrane as multiples of the fundamental frequency.
3. Separate the wave equation in two-dimensional rectangular
coordinates x , y. Consider a rectangular membrane as shown ,
rigidly attached to supports along its sides. Show that its
characteristic frequencies are
Vnm = ( V/2 ) akar (n/a)2 + (m/b)2
Where n andd m are positive integers, and sketch the normal
modes of vibration corresponding to the first few frequencies.
That is, indicate the nodal lines as we did for the circular
membrane in figure 6.1 and problem 1.
Next suppose the membrane is square. Show that in this case
there may be two or more normal modes of vibration
corresponding to a single frequency. (hint for one example 7 2 +
12 = 12 + 72 = 52 + 52 ) This is an example of what is called
digeneracy ; we say that there is degeneracy when several
different solutions of the equation correspond to the same
frequency . Sketch several normal modes giving rise to the
same frequency.
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4. Find the characteristic frequencies for sound vibration in a
rectangular box (say a room) of sides a,b,c . Hint : separate the
wave equation in three dimensions in rectangular coordinates.
This problem is like problem 3 but for three dimensions instead
of two. Discuss degeneracy (see problem 3).
A square membrane of side l is distorted into the shape
f (x,y) = xy (l-x) (l-x)

and released. Express its shape at subsequent times as an

infinite series. Hint : use a double fourier series as in problem
5.9.
7. steady-state temperature in a sphere
Find the steady-state temperature inside a sphere of radius i when the
surface of the upper half is held at 100 0 and the surface of the lower
half at 00.
Inside the sphere,the temperature u satisfies laplaces equation. In
spherical coordinates this is (see chapter 10, section 9)
(7.1)
Separate this equation following our standart procedure. Substituse
(7.2)
Into (7.1) and multiply by r2/(R.....) to get
(7.3)
If we multiply (7.3) by sin2 , the last term becomes a function of
only and the other two terms do not caontain

. Thus we obtain the

equation and its solutions :

(7.4)
The separation constant must be negative and m an integer to make

a periodic function of

[see the discussion after (5.6) ].

Equation (7.3) can now be written as

(7.5)
The first term is a function of r and the last two terms are functions of
, so we have two equations
(7.6)
(7.7)