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BELVEDERE TIBURON LIBRARr

WONDERS
THE WORLD

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WONDERS
THE WORLD

of

Giovanni Caselli
Contributing Illustrators:

Mark Bergin
Nicholas Hewetson
John James

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DORLING KINDERSLEY,
NEW YORK

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INC.

CONTENTS
4

THE SEVEN WONDERS OF THE WORLD

THE PYRAMIDS

BUILDING THE PYRAMIDS

10

OTHER GREAT PYRAMIDS

12

GREAT STONES OF OUR TIMES

14

THE HANGING GARDENS OF BABYLON

16

THE CITY OF BABYLON

18

ENTERTAINMENT FOR THE PEOPLE

20

PALACES OF PLEASURE AND LEARNING

22

THE STATUE OF ZEUS

24

OLYMPIA AND THE GAMES

26

GREAT BUDDHAS

28

PLACES OF PILGRIMAGE

30

THE TEMPLE OF ARTEMIS

32

BUILDING THE TEMPLE

34

REACHING FOR THE HEAVENS

36

BUILDING A CATHEDRAL

38

THE MAUSOLEUM AT HALICARNASSUS

40

BUILDING THE

Boston.

42

THE TAJ MAHAL

Card Number 92-52798

44

GUARDIANS OF THE TOMBS

46

THE COLOSSUS OF RHODES

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A DORLING KINDERSLEY BOOK


Editor Susan Mennell

US editor

Alison

B.

Weir

Series editor Angela Wilkes

Art Editor Roger Priddy


Editorial director Jackie Douglas
Art director Roger Bristow
First

American
10

Edition, 1992

9876543

Published in the United States by


Dorling Kindersley, Inc 95 Madison Avenue
,

New York, New York


Copyright

00 1

1992 Dorling Kindersley Limited, London

reserved under International and Pan-American


Copyright Conventions^ No part of this publication may be
reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in
any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical,
photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior
permission of the copyright owner. Published in Great
Britain by Dorling Kindersley Limited. Distributed by
All rights

Houghton
'

Mifflin

Company.

MAUSOLEUM

ISBN 1-56458-145-4

Library of Congress Catalog

Typeset by SX Composing Ltd, Essex


Reproduced in Singapore by Colourscan
Printed in Spain by Artes Graficas, Toledo S.A.
D.L TO:

1378- 1995

48

BUILDING THE COLOSSUS

50

THE LIGHT OF LIBERTY

52

GIANT STATUES

^ 54

THE PHAROS OF ALEXANDRIA

56

BUILDING THE PHAROS

58

TOWERING CONSTRUCTIONS

60

TALL TOWERS

62

THE WONDERS OF

64

INDEX

SIZE

THE SEVEN WONDERS


OF THE WORLD
More than 2,000 years ago, a Greek writer called
Antipater of Sidon compiled a list of what he
considered to be the most spectacular
buildings of his day. These later became
widely known as the Seven Wonders of the
World. Nobody knows exactly why Antipater
made his list. Perhaps it was intended as an
early tourist guide to the countries of the
eastern Mediterranean.
The actual number of "wonders" is thought
to be significant. Since earliest times, the
number seven was considered sacred and was
often associated in folklore and religion with
special or mystical events.
Inevitably, over the centuries, some of
the Seven Wonders collapsed and fell into ruins,
so that later writers compiled their own lists of
other splendid sights or "wonders."
But what distinguishes all the "wonders"
from other buildings throughout history,

whether ancient or modern, is that there is


something amazing about them - either their
colossal size, the remarkable way in which
they were built, or simply their outstanding
beauty. And the one factor they all have

common is their unfailing ability to


make people marvel at their very existence.
Finding a vrondex
On this map you can spot the original Seven
Wonders of the World. Each building has been
drawn m its approximate location so that you can
see where the ancient "wonders" were situated in
relation to each other.

The book of
revelations
This book IS divided into
seven chapters, based
around the Seven

Wonders

of the World.

Each chapter opens with


an

artist's

impression of an

ancient wonder and goes


on to explain why and how
It

was

are

built.

made

Comparisons

with later

buildings, often

The

highlighting striking

pyramids

resemblances between
the ancient and modern.

such as Stonehenge.

1/

first

chapter
of

tells of

Egypt and

other big constructions,

the

Chapter 2 compares the


Hanging Gardens with
entertainment centers,
such as the Colosseum.

The

third chapter looks at


the Statue of Zeus and
other shrines, such as this

Buddha

m Burma (Myanmar).

r 1

THE PYRAMIDS

Towering above the desert, near the banks of the


Nile River, stand the famous pyramids of Egypt,
Built by the Ancient Egyptians nearly 5,000 years
ago, they are the oldest of the seven ancient
wonders of the world and the only one that has
remained standing to the present day,
The pyramids were built as tombs for the kings of
Ancient Egypt, The Ancient Egyptians believed m
life after death, so to make sure that their kings had
everything they might need m their next life, they
buried many personal treasures alongside them. In
the burial chambers of pyramids, archaeologists
have found jewels, food, furniture, musical
instruments, and hunting equipment.

The queens' tombs


Nestling

at

the foot of the Great

Pyramid are three smaller


pyramids. Here the chief queens
of King Khafu were buried.

A mammoth task
The largest and most impressive of
the pyramids is the Great Pyramid
Completed m 2580 bc for
King Khafu, it took thousands of
men about 30 years to build.
at Giza.

Reaching for the sky


The Great Pyramid rises to a height
of about 449 ft (137 m) and each side
measures 755 ft (230 m) at its base.
The pyramid was made of about two
million blocks of stone,

weighing about 5,074

each

lb (2,300 kg).

BUILDING

The king's burial chamber

The Great Pyramid

THE PYRAMIDS

King's burial

chamber

The pyramids were built without any


machines and with the aid of only a few
simple tools. The men who built them
were not slaves, but skilled workers and
peasants who worked on the pyramids
during the months

when

the Nile flooded

and made farming impossible,


The pyramids were built m stages.

the fields

First the site was leveled, then a


surveyor took a bearing from the stars to

work

out the position of the square base,


so that the four sides faced north, south,
east, and west.
Once the foundations were laid, the

The king was buried in the heart of the


pyramid. His sarcophagus, a type of coffin,
was placed in the burial chamber while the
pyramid was still being built. The
entrance to the chamber was then
sealed, but many years later thieves

pyramid was built, using huge blocks of


stone cut from distant quarries and ferried
across the Nile. Finally the pyramid was
encased
white limestone.

broke

m and stole the king's

treasures.

Taking shape
The Ancient Egyptians built then pyramids from
the center outward. Here you can see workers
toiUng to construct the Great Pyramid at Giza.

Where are

the pyramids?

A labor of love
Thousands

and
ordinary laborers worked on the pyramids m
return for food and clothes. Although conditions
were harsh, people were willing to build the
king's tomb, as they considered him to be a god
of stonemasons, carpenters,

Muscle power
Transporting the massive stone blocks
from the banks of the Nile to the site of
the pyramids was difficult and strenuous
work. They were dragged from
the boats to the building site by

huge teams

of

men.

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Layer upon layer


Ramps of rubble and earth
were built up the sides of the
pyramid while it was being
constructed, but were
removed once it was finished.
The blocks of stone were
levered

into

place with long,

wooden

poles.

OTHER GREAT PYRAMIDS


Although the pyramids built by the Ancient
Egyptians are the most famous pyramids, they
are not the only ones ever built. Other ancient
civilizations also built huge, pyramid-shaped
monuments. Most pyramids were some kind of
temple dedicated to a god. As in Ancient Egypt
kings were sometimes worshipped as gods and
when they died, they were buried in tombs
concealed deep mside pyramids,

Borobodur
The word "Borobodur" means "temple
on the hill. " Situated on a hill in the
jungle of Java
Southeast Asia,
Borobodur is the largest Buddhist

temple
built

in the world. It

was

m about ad 800

but was later abandoned


after an earthquake and fell
into rums. For centuries the
temple lay hidden m the jungle,
but m 1814 It was discovered and
since then archaeologists have
restored it to its former glory.

Changing shapes
Borobodur looks like an
enormous terraced
It has a square
base above which are

pyramid.

several circular terraces


that become smaller
toward the top. At the
very top of the temple,
150 ft (46 m) above the
ground, is a huge bellshaped shrine or "stupa."

A winding path
The journey

to the top
involves passing through a

maze

of stairs

and

passageways. Adorning
the walls are thousands of
magnificent carvings
depicting scenes of life in
ancient Java and stories
about the life of Buddha.

Seated in a stone cage

Around the large

central stupa
are about seventy smaller stupas.

Inside each one

sits

a statue of the

Buddha, which can be seen


through the holes m the
protective stone casing.

A pilgrim's progress
Walking to the top of the
temple is like climbing a
mountain, From the bottom
it is impossible to see the
top. The journey
Central stupa

3.

symbolizes the path a


person takes through life
to reach spiritual maturity
and understanding.

Circular terraces

Temple

at the top
Lying m the heart of the jungle of Guatemala in
Central America, the city of Tikal was one of the
most important centers of an ancient people called
the Mayas. The Mayan civilization lasted for about
two thousand years, reaching the peak of its glory
between ad 600 and 900. Tikal became an
important religious center where splendid temples
were built m the shape of pyramids. Some of these
towered as high as 225 ft (75 m).

GREAT STONES
OF OUR TIME

Watchtowers
Positioned at regular
intervals along the wall are
a series of imposing

watchtowers and

Ever since his appearance on Earth, man has


shifted enormous stones to build the most amazing
constructions, as the Ancient Eg7ptians did when
building the pyramids. In early times, using only
the most primitive tools, men were able to move
colossal stones or "megaliths" great distances, then
maneuver them into the position they wanted.
Nowadays, with advanced technology and powerful
machines, man is constantly building more
sophisticated buildings, dams, bridges, and tunnels,
but It remains to be seen whether they will stand
the test of time as the constructions of our
primitive ancestors did.

The Great Wall of China


The Great Wall of China is the largest man-made
construction m the world. This huge fortification
was built to keep out fierce tribes that tried to
invade China. Begun m the 3rd century bc by the
first emperor of China, Qm Shi Huangdi, the wall took
hundreds of years to complete.

Stonehenge
On Salisbury Plain

southern England stands


an ancient circle of standing
stones known as Stonehenge,

one

of the

most famous

prehistoric sites
the
world. Built between 2750

and 1100 bc, the circle


measures 97 ft (30 m) across
and is made with massive
blocks of stone that are up
to 13.5 ft (4 m) high.

A mighty feat
The longest stones found at
Stonehenge were probably
dragged to the site from
quarries 20 miles (32 km) away.
Holes were then dug for them
and they were heaved into a
standing position by teams of
men, using primitive levers.

Magic
It

is

was

circle

why Stonehenge
Some people thmk it

a mystery
built.

may have been used


setting for

pagan

as the

religious

ceremonies. Others think the


stones

may have helped

prehistoric people to follow


the movements of the stars.

gatehouses. Signals were


sent out from the towers,
using smoke during the

day and

fire at night.

Itaipu

Dam

Situated on the Parana River between Brazil and


Paraguay, the Itaipu Dam is the largest hydroelectric plant in the world. The South American
countries of Brazil and Paraguay joined forces to
build the dam
the 1970s. It has an enormous
capacity and is expected to generate as much
power as the Aswan and Grand Coulee

dams combined.

Look out
Built along the crest of a
mountain range, the wall
formed an effective

barrier against invaders.

Guards were posted along


the wall so that they could
sound the alarm if danger
threatened.

-*

A long snake
The main part of the wall is 2,150 miles
(3,460 km) long, equivalent to the
distance between London and Moscow,
It stretches from the mouth of the Yellow
Sea to a point deep in Central Asia.

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Parallel lines
The wall has two parapets
that rise to a height of 30 ft
(9 m) on either side of a
roadway 10 ft (3,5 m) wide.
Most of the wall is made of
stone and earth covered

brick.

A deadly task
Building such a massive
barrier in a mountainous

region was a difficult task.


Countless slaves were
used to carry out the work
and many thousands died
in

the process.

THE HANGING
GARDENS OF BABYLON
2

Of the Seven Wonders

of the

fired people's imagination as

World, none has

much

as the

Hanging Gardens of Babylon. There are no


descriptions of them by writers who lived at the
time, but stories about them were passed down
by word of mouth and the legend grew of an
earthly paradise rising out of the desert,

A Roman writer

visited the gardens long after


Babylon and found them still standing.
He described them as a series of vaulted
terraces, built pyramidlike, one on

the

fall

of

top of another, and flanked by


walls more than 23 ft (7 m) thick.

Each terrace contained soil deep


enough for trees to grow.

A green pyramid
Exotic plants and flowers cascaded

over the terraces. Cypress trees and

palms provided shade and the air was


heavy with the scent of aromatic plants
and flowers.

For the love of a wife


The gardens were built by Semiramis
in the 9th century bc on the orders of
King Nebuchadrezzar. The King
created the gardens for his wife,
Amytis, who missed the green and

landscape of her homeland to the


The lush gardens provided
a cool refuge from the burning heat of
the desert m which Babylon stood and
many people visited them.
hilly

north, Persia.

Watering the garden


In

order

to irrigate the

was pumped from

gardens, water

the nearby Euphrates

River through a hidden network


of pipes leading to the terraces.

THE CITY OF BABYLON


The ancient city of Babylon lay on the banks of the
Euphrates River in the fertile land of Mesopotamia,
known today as Iraq. Renowned for its Hanging
Gardens and for its defensive outer walls, which
many considered to be a Wonder of the World in
their own right, Babylon was one of the wealthiest
cities of the ancient world. It was a center of both
learning and commerce, where merchants from
faraway lands came to trade m exotic spices and
precious goods.
The city reached the height of its power under
King Nebuchadrezzar, who reigned from 605 to 562
BC. But the city's golden age was not to last. In 539
Bc the Persians took control of the city and
Babylon lost its independence forever. As the
years went by, people left the city and by ad 200
it was deserted and m ruins.

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City sights
Visitors to Babylon marveled at its
sights. From the heart of the city rose the
towering ziggurat and a temple devoted
to Marduk, the patron god of Babylon.

Nearby were

the Hanging Gardens


the magnificent royal palace.

and

A walled city
The

city

was encircled by

a massive double wall with


eight great gateways.
Between the outer
battlements ran a raised

roadway wide enough


four -horse chariots to

Persian Gulf

drive along.

for

The Tower of Babel?


The ziggurat was a

Remains of the past


Today nothing is left of

terraced pyramidlike
tower 300 ft (90 m) tall. At
the top of It was a temple.

Babylon apart from a few


rums. Archaeologists have
excavated the main street
and think they have
discovered the foundations
of the ziggurat and the
royal palace.

Some historians think the


ziggurat may have been
the legendary Tower of
Babel in the Bible.

garden that vanished

fThe
Nobody knows

exactly
the Hanging Gardens
-4
were. Archaeologists think
,'
hat they may have
discovered the vaults which
^|.
formed the base of the Gardens^ n
close to the palace.

where

A giant building

ENTERTAINMENT
FOR THE PEOPLE

The Colosseum is huge, rising to a height of 159 ft


(50 m) and measuring nearly a third of a mile (527 m)
all the way around. Its four levels were originally
shaded from the sun by a h\jjge awning.

Like the Hanging Gardens of Babylon, the


Colosseum in Rome was built for the entertainment
of the people. On public hohdays, Romans flocked
to this massive sports arena to watch fierce gladiator
fights.

Work began on the Colosseum m ad 70 and


was completed 12 years later. It was a masterpiece
of engmeermg. Formed like two Greek theaters put
together, the amphitheater was oval m shape to
give spectators a good view of the fights. The
Romans used movable scaffolding so that the huge
workforce of slaves could work on the whole
building at once. They also used concrete (which
they invented) and metal frames to strengthen it.
The Colosseum is now
ruins, but even though
more than half of it has disappeared, it is still
the greatest monument of Ancient Rome.

A day at the fights


Here you have

a bird's-eye view of the Colosseum.


Spectators are thronging to the entrances while
down the arena vicious fights are already
progress. Part of the amphitheater is cut away so
you can see the passageways beneath the arena.

The theater

at Epidaurus
forms of entertainment for the
Ancient Greeks was going to see plays. These
were performed m vast, open-air theaters, such as this
one that has been restored at Epidaurus m Greece.
Built into a mountainside, the steep auditorium could
seat as many as 14,000 people.

One

of the

-WWmi

mam

Perfect pitch
Even today the sound m
the theater is remarkable.
A whisper made on stage
can be heard clearly from
the top tier of the seats.

Thousands of spectators
The amphitheater could
hold up to 50,000 people,
each of whom had a
numbered seat. There were
public entrances, so the
building could be emptied
quickly.
his

own

The Emperor had


entrance.

The spectators' galleries


The galleries rose m tiers.
The Emperor and V.I.P.s
had the best seats, close to
the arena. Knights and
wealthy citizens sat on the
next two levels and
ordinary people sat at the
top of the amphitheater.

Fighting for their lives


Gladiators were prisoners of war,
criminals, or slaves condemned to
death. They were trained to fight in
special schools and the Games gave
them a chance to win their freedom.
If a gladiator fought well, the Emperor
or the crowd gave him the "thumbs
up" sign and he was pardoned. If he
was defeated and given the "thumbs
down" sign, he was killed on the spot.

There were

different types of

Some fought with a net and


some with a bow and arrow,

gladiators.
trident,

and others with a sword and

shield.

Another type fought on horseback.

One of the most spectacular fights at


the Colosseum took the form of a mock
sea

battle.

The arena was flooded and

gladiators fought each other from


boats or in the water,

The field of combat


The arena was a wooden
covered with sand.
Scenery was hoisted up
from below by pulleys.
Beneath the arena was a
maze of passages, chambers,

floor

and the

animals' dens.

Some

gladiators

had

to fight against

wild animals, such as lions and tigers.


At the end of the fights any dead
bodies were removed and sand
spread over the blood on the ground,

19

PALACES OF PLEASURE AND LEARNING


In the last few decades some spectacular new
buildings have been constructed as multi-purpose

Although many of these

cultural centers.

These house facilities for different


all under one roof - stages for
plays, concerts, and spectacles, often as well as
museums, art galleries, and libraries. The idea of
these centers is to provide places where people
can enjoy hours of pleasure in many different ways

or the originality of their architecture.

kinds of activities

Competitions are often held to find a unique design


for a new center and the resulting buildings, such
as the Pompidou Center m Pans and the Sydney
Opera House, stand out from their surroundings
and become local landmarks. They are the
"wonders" of our own age and attract phenomenal

without the constrictions often associated with


traditional

museums,

art galleries,

and

theaters.

The Pompidou Center


This striking center of art

was opened
Paris,

It

1977.

activities.

A building inside out


To keep as much free
space as possible inside
the

Pompidou Center, the

designed it with
working parts on the
outside of the building architects
all its

body with all its


inner organs on show,
including the skeleton.
like a

Color coding

The building was


assembled

like a giant toy


construction kit, with
different colors for each
part (not all of which
you can see here). The
framework is white, the air
conditioning system blue,
the water pipes green, the
elevators red, and the
electrical parts yellow.

Continuing outside
In front of the Center is a
big square where all sorts
of open-air entertainments
on. As the Center's
escalators and walkways
are m transparent tubes on
the front of the building, its

go

can watch what is


happening in the square.

visitors

culture

the heart of

houses a museum of modern art,


and areas for dance, films, and

a library,

other

and

Right

are not

renowned

numbers

arts centers are large,

for their size but for their

of visitors

each year.

they

beauty

A space

age fantasy in
concrete, the Sydney Opera

House

IS one of Australia's
most famous landmarks. Its

white roof rises like


above Sydney Harbour.

brilliant

sails

Designed by Jorn Utzon, a


Danish architect, the Opera
House was eventually opened
m 1973. It had taken 14 years to
build and had cost a fortune,
but has been very successful.

The Opera House

is

more than

an opera house - it is a
center for performing arts. Its

just

four halls are

opera and

used

for concerts,

ballet, theater,

and

other activities,

Walt Disney's dream world


The EPCOT* Center at Disneyworld,
planned by Walt Disney

to

Florida,

be a domed,

was

pollution-

city. It IS now a theme park tracing man's


progress through the age of communications. Its
dramatic gateway, shown here, is a giant sphere
nearly 17 stories high, called Spaceship Earth.

free

Experimental Prototype Community of Tomorrow

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OLYMPIA AND THE

GAMES
Mount Olympus, the highest mountain m Greece,
was believed by the Ancient Greeks to be the home
of Zeus, king of the gods. For centuries, Zeus was
worshipped at Olympia and by the 5th century bc
it was one of the most important holy places m
Greece. The Temple of Zeus, begun m 470 bc,
complete.
took
not only famous for its temples.
was
Olympia
But
were held there m 776
Games
Olympic
The first
15

years

to

Every four years, all wars were suspended as


athletes gathered at Olympia to compete.
EC.

R sanctuary for the gods


Olympia had two different areas. One part,
a walled enclosure dedicated to the
gods. The other area was where people carried out
their daily activities. According to legend, Herakles, the
son of Zeus, founded Olympia.

The

the

city of

"altis,"

was

In pursuit of excellence
Athletes came from all
over Greece to compete

A mighty temple
One

the Games. Every athlete


wanted to do his best m
honor of the gods. The
Games had strict rules and
athletes who broke them
were punished.

of the largest temples of its


day, the Temple of Zeus, was
more than 210 ft (64 m) long and

60

ft

(18.3

m)

high.

Its

series of earthguakes
century ad.

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The race track


The stadium used for the
Games was built m the 4th
century bc. The arena was
600 Olympic feet long from
This became a
standard measure known as
start to finish.

the "Olympic stadion."


Spectators watched the
events from both sides of
the track.

columns

were more than 32 ft (9.7 m) high.


It was eventually destroyed by a

m the 6th

The Greek gods


The Ancient Greeks believed

a "family" of gods, blessed


with eternal youth, that had
complete control over the lives
of ordinary people. Zeus was
the king of the gods and

reigned over

his family,

some

whom

are shown here, Each


god or goddess had his or her
own special role and temples
were built for the most important
of them.
of

Athena

Demeter

Aphrodite

Apollo

Consulting the gods


Ordinary people seeking
advice from the gods would
go to a temple to consult them,
Priestesses who, it was said,
could hear and interpret the
voices of the gods, would act
as their

spokeswomen.

Hestia

Artemis

Situated on mainland

Greece, Olympia was one


of the most important citystates m the powerful
Ancient Greek empire.

Sportsmanship
first the Olympic Games consisted of a simple
race, but as the years went by, more events were
added and athletes could participate in all the sports

At

Discus

Javehn

as well as chariot racing and the


pentathlon (five combined events). The games lasted
for five days and ended with a feast.

shown below,

Jumping

Running

Wrestling

25

GREAT BUDDHAS
Buddhism is one of the oldest religions m the world. It
was founded m India m the 6th century bc by Prince
Siddhartha Gautama, a teacher who became the
Buddha - the "Enlightened One". By the 3rd century

Buddhism had become the mam


Today more than 245 million people
BC,

Buddhist

faith.

Buddhism

The

is

religion

m Asia.

follow the

Although originally an eastern religion,

also practiced in the West.

many faces of Buddha

We have chosen

to illustrate

Buddhist statues because they


distinctive style and are

have a

quite unlike other religious


Here you can see three

statues.

very different Buddhas.

^-^

Buddhists believe that through meditation they can


achieve a state of "Nirvana" or true spiritual
knowledge, which will free them from physical and
worldly suffering. The center of Buddhist worship
IS the temple or shrine where there are always
statues or carvings of Buddha. There are many
thousands of images of Buddha throughout the
Buddhist world.

The Shwethalyaung

One
like

of the

most extraordinary and lifeof Buddhist sculpture is

examples

the 10th century figure of Buddha


the city of Pegu in Burma (Myanmar).
Known as the Shwethalyaung, the colossal
statue is 180 ft (55 m) long and 46 ft (16 m)
high at the shoulder. After Pegu was

destroyed m 1757, the city was


gradually overrun by the jungle.

The Shwethalyaung lay hidden for


centuries until it was discovered by
chance in 1881. In 1906, it was
enclosed in an iron pavilion and
was renovated in 1946.

Wat

Trimitr

Seated on a pedestal mside


Wat Tnmitr (Temple of the
Golden Buddha) m
Thailand,
16

ft

(5

is

a magnificent

m) high figure

Buddha.

It

Gal Vihara
Temple

is

made

of

of 5,5

tons of solid gold and is


one of the most valuable
the world. In
statues

order

to

conceal

its

priceless value, the 13th


century statue was
a layer of
covered

plaster. Left

m this state

until 1953, its true

nature

was only revealed when


the statue was dropped
and the plaster cracked.

secluded spot m the


near Polonnaruva m
Lanka, lies the Gal

In a

forest
Sri

Vihara Temple containing


four splendid statues of
Buddha, carved out of a
single granite wall. They
date from about the 12th
century, and are depicted
in different poses; two are
seated, one is lying down,
and another is standing.

PLACES OF PILGRIMAGE
A pilgrimage

is

a journey to a holy place or

sanctuary. Since ancient times, people have

made

long and perilous journeys in order to pay homage


to a god or hero at a special shrine. Such places
have a religious significance for various reasons.
For instance, they might be the birthplace of a
prophet, the final resting place of a saint, or,
perhaps, even the site of a miracle.
All the major religions of the world have places
that hold a special significance for their followers,
Roman Catholic Christians go to Rome and Lourdes,
Jews to Jerusalem, and Muslims to Mecca. These
and many other sites across the world attract
millions of pilgrims who go to worship their god and
affirm their beliefs, Special services and religious
rites are held, often taking place on holy days.
Many of the pilgrims who come to such places
travel great distances, some making the journey for
the one and only time m their lives. They come
search of spiritual guidance or healing.

Mecca

The city of Mecca


Saudi Arabia is the
birthplace of the prophet Muhammad,
the founder of Islam. As the principal city
of the Islamic faith, it has become one of
the most famous places of pilgrimage.

The Great Mosque


Founded by Muhammad
in AD 630, the Great
Mosque has a huge open
courtyard that measures

540x365 ft (164 x111m)


and is enclosed by several
rows of decorative
columns. Overlooking the
courtyard are seven
minarets from which the
"muezzins" summon the
faithful to

prayer.

'

Jerusalem
The golden

Jerusalem, center of the Jewish


thousands of pilgrims each year, One
of its most sacred shrines is the Wailmg Wall. Said
to be the only remaining part of the biblical Temple
of Herod, the wall measures 160 ft (50 m) long and
58 ft (18 m) high, Jews from all over the world visit
city of

faith, attracts

mourn the destruction of the Temple


European travelers
invented the term "Wailing Wall" when they saw

the shrine to

and pray

for its restoration,

how deeply moved the emotions


came to worship beside
it

of

all

those

who

it.

Even the wall

is believed
mourn. When dewdrops
appear on its stones, it is
said that they weep for the
fall of the Temple.

to

Annual pilgrimage
According to Islamic tradition, all
Muslims should make the pilgrimage
to Mecca at least once m their lifetime.
Each year over a million pilgrims

make

the journey to

Mecca

the

last

month of the Muslim calendar. Only


Muslims are permitted to enter the
Holy

City.

Kaaba
In the center of the
courtyard stands the
Kaaba, a square chamber
which is the central shrine

of the Mosque. Built into


one wall is the famous
Black Stone, which
Muhammad is said to have
touched. Pilgrims walk
around the shrine 7 times

then kiss the Black Stone.

THE TEMPLE OF ARTEMIS

Around 550 bc, following his conquest of the


Greek city of Ephesus on the coast of Asia Minor,
(

King Croesus of Lydia built a magnificent temple m


honor of the goddess Artemis. Inside the temple
was an inner room called the/sanctuary that housed
a splendid statue of the goddess, decorated with
precious stones and metals. Known as the
'Artemision," the temple became famous and
attracted worshippers from far and wide.
<

But one night in(356 bc, a madman named Herostratus


set fire to the temple. The roof caved m, the columns
collapsed, and the statue of the goddess crashed to the

When 'Alexander the Great conquered


Ephesus some years later, he offered to pay for the
temple to be rebuilt. Byi250 bc, the temple had been
restored to its original splendor and was soon
acclaimed as one of the Seven Wonders of the World.
Alexander the Great never saw his dream fulfilled as it
took the people of Ephesus 120 years to rebuild the
ground,

'

Temple

of Artemis.

on a grand scale
The Temple of Artemis was one

Built

largest temples of

its

m shape, |it was 170


366 ft (112 m) long.

ft

of the

time. Rectangular
(52

m) wide and

Counting the columns


The templeihad 127 columns. Those at
the front of it were decorated with
intricate sculptures depicting famous
feats of gods and heroes.

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Mighty splendor
Here you can see what the temple
looked like at the height of its
glory, 2,000 years ago. It was
famous not only for its size, but
also for

its

magnificent sculptures.

BUILDING THE TEMPLE


The basic plan of the temple consisted of the main
chamber and a porch at the front. Two rows of
massivefcolumns, 65 ft (20 m) tall and 10 ft (3 m)
across, iran parallel to the walls of the temple. After
the foundations had been laid and the temple
platform built, the 'columns were slowly raised,
block by block./Cranes and pulleys were used to

the massive blocks of stone and scaffolding


put up around the temple as it took shape.
lift

was

The building was /made of limestone faced with


marble, apart from the 'columns, which were built
entirely of marble. The last part of the temple to be
built was the roof, after which the sculptors
set to work on the elaborate decorations
that made the temple famous.

Where

32

the temple

was

Taking shape
you can see how the Temple of
Artemis was actually built. Large cranes and strong
ropes are being used to hoist sections of the
columns into position.
In this picture

Two

Forming a picture

Many people have

tried to

decipher what the temple


looked like. Pictures found
on coins of that period
have helped to give us a

good

idea.

against one
Greek temples had
only one row of columns.

IVIost

But the Temple of Artemis,


of the grandest
buildings of its time, was
one of the few exceptions.

one

Final flourish

Raising the roof

Thecolumns of the temple


were decorated m the

and .horizontal wooden


beams formed the strong
framework that supported the
roof. The wooden structure
was lined and then covered
with both flat and ridged tiles,

The statue of Artemis

Rafters

Ionic style of Classical


Greek Architecture. At the

top of each column was an


elaborate double scroll,
like a roll of parchment.

made

out of terracotta.

.^r

f^
|-^^ic

m>

In Ancient Greek
mythology,rArtemis was a
huntress and the goddess

of

fertility.

Artemis

The -statue

of

m the temple at

Ephesus was iade of gold,


ebony, and black
stone. Her many breasts

silver,

^>:s

symbolized her

V^j.

fertility.

v^s^,

Constructing the columns


Eachc:olumn was made of

1>^C

,^

:>-N

'^

about 12 circular blocks of


stone that were carefullyplaced one on top of the

The base

column
was sculpted before being
other.

/\.;

of a

positioned, but the rest of


the decoration was carried
out later. Stonemasons

carved grooves, known as


fluting, from top to bottom
of each column.

J5.

Lismi
fcl.

'/

,\^

5^

/i00

.A-

r^

REACHING FOR THE HEAVENS


Temples, such as the Temple of Artemis, have been

many parts of the


since the earliest times
world. The first churches ever built date back only
to the AD 300s, but many churches and cathedrals
now rank among the most magnificent and ornate
buildings ever created.
Often intended by their builders to present an
image of heaven to worshippers, many churches
the poorest
are large and richly decorated. Even
built

Four contrasting churches


The four churches pictured here
are m different countries and are
all very different m character and
style. Each one is extraordinary m
Its own right: either because of its
size or dimensions or because of
Its total

originality

and power of the Church have


expense was spared when it
came to building churches and cathedrals. Varying
enormously m style, depending on the time and
place m which they were built, churches are often
so grand that they dominate the skyline of their
town or city. Some have soaring spires and others
magnificent domes. All, however, were built with
countries, the wealth

ensured

the

that

same

little

goal; to

Cathedral of the Sagrada


Familia (Holy Family)
Antonio Gaudi worked on his
cathedral from 1884 until his death
m 1926, but it has never been
finished.

Its

ornate spires soar

above Barcelona, Spam, but it may


well take until the 22nd century to
complete the rest of the cathedral.

be houses

St.

of

godly worship.

Basil's Cathedral,

Moscow

colored onion-shaped
domes and belfries give St. Basil's, m
Moscow, Russia, a fairy-tale appearance.
Built from 1555 to 1560, on the orders of
Ivan the Terrible, it is really nine
churches - a central chapel surrounded
by eight smaller ones. The cathedral is
Its brilliantly

now

museum.

Rome, Italy
largest church
the world, St.
Peter's was built on the site of the tomb
of the Apostle Peter between 1506 and
St.

Peter's in

The

1626.

The church

shape
700

ft

(213

mrmn

laid out
It is

m the
more than

m) long and has a vast dome


138 ft (42 m) m diameter.

measuring

m<rm

is

of a Latin cross.

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THE MAUSOLEUM AT
HALICARNASSUS
5

King Mausolus ruled over Caria, part of modernday Turkey, in the 4th century bc. He was an
ambitious king and attacked many nearby cities and
states. With the money from his conquests, he built
a

new

decided

the

end

to build

of his

life,

himself a tomb, as a

monument

to

power. He wanted it to be the most magnificent


tomb ever seen. No expense was spared and the
finished tomb was so grand that it was called a
mausoleum, after Mausolus.
his

38

fell

to

build a fortress.

A mighty size
mausoleum covered
ft by 105 ft (38.4 m
by 32 m). The finished tomb was more
than 140 ft (42.6 m) tall.
of the

an area measuring 126

King Mausolus

centuries,

mto rum. In the


Middle Ages, crusader knights took
stones from the rums and used them
but eventually

The base

capital city at Halicarnassus.

Toward

The end of the mausoleum


The mausoleum survived for

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re

THE TAJ MAHAL


Standing on the banks of the Jumna River, near
in northern India, is the Taj Mahal, one of the
world's most beautiful and romantic tombs, Shah

A peaceful approach

Agra

The approach to the


monument leads first

Jahan, one of the Mughal emperors of India in the


memory of his
17th century, built the tomb

through a gateway,
then through a beautiful
walled garden where a
watercourse flanked by
cypress trees reflects
the marble tomb.

favorite wife, Mumtaz-i-Mahal,


childbirth.

copy

who died

The heartbroken Shah planned

of the Taj

to build

m black marble on the other side of

own tomb. Before he could embark


second masterpiece, however, his son seized
power and imprisoned him. Shah Jahan spent the
rest of his days m the fort at Agra, looking along the
the river as his

on

his

muddy river
Shah

to the final resting place of his wife.


died m 1666 and was buried alongside
her tomb.

finally

his wife

An

A labor of love

"otherworldly" monument
With Its onion-shaped dome and
slender minarets, or towers, the Taj

Mahal has a fairy-tale quality. The


white marble of the monument
appears to change color according
the weather and time of day.

Begun

in 1632,

it

took

20,000 men 22 years to


build the Taj Mahal. They

included craftsmen from


over Central Asia and
European experts from
all

to

France and

Italy.

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All shapes and sizes


Since the earliest times, people have built
tombs and monuments to honor the dead.
Constructed in a wide variety of styles, each
one is grand in its own way.

Tomb

of Theodoric
the Goth
This tomb was built at

Ravenna

AD

in Italy

530. Its

roof

as early as

dome-shaped

was hewn

out of stone.

Gunbad-i-Qabus of

Gungan
the early 11th

Built in

century m Persia, this


rocket-shaped tomb is
built entirely of brick and
stands 70 ft (50 m) high.

Studded with jewels


Mughal tombs were
elaborately decorated.
Delicately carved marble
screens mside the Taj
Mahal were inlaid with 43
types of precious stone,
including jade, crystal,
sapphires, and diamonds.

Guarding the tomb


Once the tomb was
finished, a solid

gold

was put up around

T^arTier

the coffin, which Shah

Jahan is said to have


strewn with pearls and
.diamonds. 2,000 soldiers
were posted outside to
'*^~-*^~

guard the treasure.

A lasting monument
^iCWhen the Mughal empire
collapsed, robbers broke
into the

tomb and

most of

its

monument
remains

The

however,
A symbol of

itself,

intact.

everlasting love,
India's

stole

treasures.

it

is

most famous

sight.

43

GUARDIANS OF THE TOMBS


As

far

back as the

century bc, Chinese

10th

rulers built themselves magnificent

tombs on

the outskirts of their capital cities. These tombs


were filled with royal treasures, but it was another
feature that made them unique: both the tombs and
the roads that led to them were guarded
massive statues of animals and warriors.

by

These statues were supposed to guard the soul of


emperor as his body was taken to the tomb, to
ward off evil spirits, to bring good luck, and to
serve the emperor m the next world.
Here you can find out about the guardians of the
tomb of the first emperor of all China and those of the
the

Mmg tombs,

built

nearly 2,000 years

later.

The terracotta army


peasants digging a well near the
m northwest China, came
across thousands of life-size terracotta
warriors that had been standing guard
In 1974,

city ofXi'an,

by

the

for

more

tomb of Emperor

Qm Shi Huangdi

than 2,000 years.

China's Hrst emperor


Work began on the tomb
of

Qm Shi Huangdi

Bc)

when he came

(259-209
to the

throne and continued m


for 36 years. The

secrecy

tomb was built as an


underground "imperial
city," with a throne room
and treasure houses,

The undiscovered tomb


Archaeologists have not
yet excavated the tomb,
but in three underground
vaults, 1 mile (2 km) from
the tomb, the terracotta
army was found - 8,000
statues of soldiers,

some

with horses and chariots,


grouped in battle order.

True

to life

Made

of pottery, the
figures are about 6 ft
tall

(1.8

m)

on average and are

arms and
The heads and hands
were modeled separately.
Each figure has different
features and expressions
and wears marks of rank.
hollow, with solid
legs.

Way

Spirit
to the Ming Toznbs
Thirty miles (50 km) to the north of Beijing are the tombs of
the emperors of the Ming dynasty, who ruled China
from the 15th to the 17th centuries ad. The Spirit
Way was the road along which an emperor's coffin
was taken to the tombs. Four miles (7km) long, it

The

represented the journey taken by the emperor's


soul from life to a peaceful death. The Spirit Way
passes through several gateways and arches
before coming to the Avenue of Animals.

The Avenue of Animals


Lining the Avenue of Animals are
massive statues of animals, up to 12 ft
(3.5 m) tall, each made from a single
block of blue limestone. There are 24
pairs of animals m all, facing each
other in pairs on either side of the
road: lions, camels, horses, elephants

and mythical

beasts.

Giant figures
After passing through the animals, the
Spirit Way comes to 12 colossal statues
of Chinese officials called mandarins.
Some represent the emperor's

personal soldiers. Dressed

in

long

coats of armor and close-fitting


helmets, they carry swords or batons
and look very fierce.

BUILDING THE COLOSSUS

Growing slowly
Here you can see

the Colossus in
stages of construction. The
statue took about 12 years to build
and was eventually finished in 290
Its final

Most of what we know about the giant Colossus is


based on what writers of the time said about it, It
was built by Chares, a pupil of the famous Greek
sculptor, Lysippus. According to one writer, the
statue was built using 12.5 tons (12.7 tonnes) of
bronze and 7.5 tons (7.6 tonnes) of iron,
Archaeologists have concluded that as the
amount of bronze used to build the statue was

Weighty matters
Because there were no machines

relatively small, only the outer shell or "skin" of the

lifting

made

BC. This meant that it grew at a


rate of about 10 ft (3 m) a year!

which was probably


molded around a massive iron framework.
Colossus was

of bronze,

Interestingly, the Statue of Liberty

m New York's

harbor was built in a similar way hundreds of


years later, showing what an advanced feat of
engineering the Colossus was for its time.

Where was
The

statue

heavy materials

time, a

mound was

the

at

built

up

around the statue and the


materials were transported
a spiral ramp, which was
extended as the statue

gained

up

m height.

the Colossus?

was 'built

overlooking the harbor of the


city of Rhodes, the mam town

on the island of the same


name. Rhodes was an

important shipping center


the eastern Mediterranean for
trade in grain, wood, skins,
wool, and slaves.

Rhodes

Mediterranean
Sea

How it came to be built


Rhodes was an independent island which
Greeks wanted as part of their Empire.
When a Greek naval expedition tried to
invade it in 304 bc, the islanders put up
such a fierce fight that the Greek general
the

was forced to surrender and his fleet was


captured. The proceeds from the ships and
weapons captured as a result of this victory
were used by the people of Rhodes to pay
for the

building of the Colossus.

'&^'

for

/^^:^

A skeleton of iron
The basic framework

^^

or
"skeleton" of the Colossus
was made of iron. This was

covered with sheets of


bronze which had been
beaten until very thm, then

hammered

into shape,

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w
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Mighty weights
Inside the iron framework

of the statue

were huge

blocks of stone. These were


to give the Colossus weight
and make it stable so that it

would not fall down. Sadly,


was not strong enough.

it

m
y/a.

Where

now?

is it
After the earthquake which brought it down, the
rums of the Colossus remained untouched for
ad 653, Islamic armies invaded
centuries. Then,
Rhodes and stole the bronze, taking it back to Syria.
There a merchant is said to have bought the bronze
shell and carried it away on 900 camels across the
desert, to be melted down.

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49

GIANT STATUES
is an important form of artistic expression
can tell us much about civilizations m the past.
Ever since ancient times, people have idealized the
human body or created their own images of gods m
the form of statues or other sculpture,
The materials used to create giant statues have
changed very little since early times. Stone and
metal, favored for their long-lastmg qualities,
are still used now. Even though our building
techniques are more sophisticated today, there are
still striking similarities between the way m which

Sculpture

that

many

ancient and

modern

statues

were

built.

Stone-faced giants
The pictures here show statues and reliefs
ranging from the Great Sphinx of Ancient

Egypt to the 20th-century Statue of the


Motherland m Russia.

The Great Sphinx


For nearly 5,000 years the statue of
the Great Sphinx has guarded the
pyramids at Giza (see pages 6-9). An
impressive 66 ft (20 m) high and 240 ft
(73 m) long, the Sphinx has a human
face and the body of a lion.

The Easter Island statues


Scattered around Easter Island, m
the South Pacific, are hundreds of
extraordinary statues hewn out of
volcanic rock. The origins of these
ancient statues, some as high as 70
(21m), remain a complete mystery.

ft

Easter Island
statues

.:

'

The Motherland

On

a hilltop outside

Volgograd

Russia
stands the colossal
concrete "Motherland"
It was designed
by the sculptor
Yevgenyi Vuchetich, to

statue.

Christ the

Redeemer

1967

commemorate

the Battle of
Stalingrad (1942-43).
Measuring 270 ft (82 m), it is
ranked as the tallest statue
the world.

Christ the

Redeemer

Perched on Mount
Corcovado m Rio de
Janeiro, Brazil, stands a

huge

The

statue of Christ.

m) high concrete
statue was designed by
130

(40

ft

sculptor Paul Landowski,

and completed withm


years

five

1931.

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cliff

of

Mount

Rushmore, South Dakota, stare the

face;

American presidents. From 1927 to


1941, Gutzon Borglum used dynamite and

four

,?^'';.,
-

drills to

create the likenesses of

Washington, Jefferson, Lincoln, and

Theodore Roosevelt. Each head measures


60 ft (18 m) and can be seen from a
-^...*'

JuMf

distance of 60 miles (96 km).

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ALEXANDRIA
To many people, the Pharos of Alexandria
symbolized the power and glory of the Greek
nation founded by Alexander the Great. Alexander
founded many cities and they were all named
Alexandria after him, but the greatest of them all
was the city on the Mediterranean coast of Egypt
where the Pharos and many other magnificent

were erected.
Under the rule of Ptolemy one of Alexander's
generals, and his family, who ruled Egypt for 300
buildings

1,

years, Alexandria

became

trade and learning, and


splendid cities m the

the center of world


^ one of the most

nj

Mi/y ancient world

A bird's-eye view
Here

is

the

view a bird would have had


it flew over the Pharos

of Alexandria as

toward the city. Many of the buildings


Alexandria were Classical Creek m
style,

with columns

and

Who built the Pharos?

statues.

R center of learning

Alexander the Great had

Ptolemy

the idea of building the


lighthouse. Sostratus was
the architect and builder,
Ptolemy I ordered the

buildings where scholars


could study science, There
wer6 botanical gardens, an
astronomical observatory,
and a school of anatomy
with equipment for
dissecting bodies.

work

to begin and it was


completed m the reign
of Ptolemy II.

founded many

AMi^'

The Pharos
Where

the lighthouse

was

Crowning the very top of the


lighthouse stood a statue of-Helios
the Greek god of the sun.

Lighthouse

A huge mirror
The

the top of the


said to be
"a pillar of fire by night, of
smoke by day." The light
of the fire was reflected out
fire at

lighthouse

was

sea by an enormous
concave mirror.

Alexandria

to

Inner ramp
The upper part of the

>

lighthouse was -reached by


a sloping, spiral ramp.
Fuel for the fire was
carried up it
horsedrawn carts, then hoisted
to the top by pulleys.

Keeping watch
There were hundreds
rooms leading off the

of

.-ramp.Jhese had-outward-

facmg windows and were


used to keep watch out
to sea and for experiments
by astronomers.

Solid as a rock
A walled platform around
the base of the lighthouse
^protected it from the sea.
"Drinking water, supplied
from the mainland by an
aqueduct, was stored
the base of the building.

The

^^

first

Among

museum

the buildings

Ptolemy founded were the

Museum, the first of its kind,


where mathematics and
science were studied, and a

\ magnificent

library,

which

Ifi^used the largest collection

of

books

m the ancient world.

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If

TALL TOWERS
Age was

New York,

have become more crowded, land for


buildings has become scarcer and its cost has risen,
The only answer to this problem has been for
architects to design taller and taller buildings, with
many more storys available for offices and

the Jazz

residencies. Today, major cities like New York,


Chicago, and Toronto are noticeably dominated

guy roped-supported tower was the Warszawa radio


mast m Poland, which was 2,119 ft (646 m) tall, but
which collapsed during 1991. The KTHl-TV tower in

As

cities

completed

the Chrysler Building in

overlooked by the 102-story

completed
the next year, which held the record for
the tallest unsupported building until 1971. The tallest

by

skyscrapers that tower above the city streets.


One of the biggest and most famous skyscrapers of

Fargo, North Dakota,

The tallest in the world


Five of the six towers shown here have at
one time been the tallest buildings in the
world. Only the Leaning Tower of Pisa
has held no such record, but it is unique
in that it leans dramatically to one side.

building until the


construction of the
Chrysler Building
1930.

tallest

The Chrysler Building,


New York
of the world's

most

beautiful skyscrapers, the

Chrysler Building was


erected in 1930, briefly
holding the record as the
world's tallest building
before being overtaken by
the
It

IS

Empire
1.046

ft

State Building.
(318

m)

tall.

The Leaning Tower of Pisa


Started in 1174

completed

and

in 1350,

tower of Pisa

is

179

finally

the bell
ft

(55

m)

but leans almost 13 ft


(4 m) to one side. This is
caused by the ground
shifting beneath the tower.
tall

is

now

The Eiffel Tower, Paris


Completed m 1889, the
Eiffel Tower is 986 ft (300 m)
tall, and was the world's

One

were soon
Empire State Building,

1930. But its 77 storys

the tallest at 2,063

ft

(629 m).

The Empire State Building,


New York
The Empire State Building,
completed m 1931, was the

-^

\.

world's tallest building


until 1971, when the World

Trade Center

m New York

was completed. The Empire


State Building stands 1,472

(449

m)

ft

tall.

wm

.^i

\^y

?s^

Sears Tower, Chicago


The headquarters of Sears

'j^i

Roebuck Company, a
department store chain,
the Sears

^1,

Tower was

completed
vx:

in 1973, briefly

becoming the world's


tallest building.

1,454

ft

city of

(443

It

Chicago,

^^
^"^^

'4...

The CN Tower, Toronto


Completed m 1975, the
1,822 ft (555 m) tower is the
world's tallest self-supporting
building. The top 335 ft
(102 m) consist of a steel
transmission mast, assembled
from 39 different sections
lifted into

place by helicopter.

-^\

7^^ '((''MfC

stretches

m) above the

tot

THE WONDERS OF

SIZE

One of the reasons the original Seven Wonders


were chosen was for their size. When they were
built, they were among the tallest constructions m
the world, dwarfing the houses that most people
lived m. Yet their size was limited by the materials
available for building. As stone is heavy, a building

would topple over. This


was a natural limit to
the height of buildings. So even though St. Peter's m
Rome, the biggest church m the world, was built as
late as the 16th century, it could easily fit mside the
could not be too

meant

tall

or

it

that for centuries there

built 4,500 years before it,


But the introduction of iron and steel, then
reinforced concrete in the last two centuries has
made it possible to construct much taller buildings.

Great Pyramid,

The

Eiffel

Tower

Chicago and the

m Pans,

the Sears

overlook the original Seven


of the World.

Pharos of Alexandria, Egypt


ft

(122

m)

Tower

in

ON Tower in Toronto all easily

Wonders

400

Wonders old and new


Shown with the original Seven Wonders
are five more recent ones - the Leaning
Tower of Pisa, St. Peter's Church m Rome,
the Eiffel Tower m Pans, the Sears Tower
m Chicago and the CN Tower m Toronto.

Great Pyramid, Giza, Egypt


450 ft (137 m)

CN Tower,
Toronto, Canada
1,822 ft (555 m)

INDEX
Agra, India 42

Easter Island statues 52

Mecca, Saudi Arabia 28-29

skyscrapers

Alexander the Great 30, 56


Alexandria, Egypt 54, 56-57, 62

Egypt

megaliths

Sostratus 56

altis

24

Alexandre Gustave 51, 58 Mesopotamia 5,


Tower, Pans 58-59, 60, 63 Middle Ages 36
Mmg tombs 45
Empire State Building, New
monuments 43
York 58-59, 61
Eiffel,

EPCOT
25,

Antipater 4
Apostle Peter, tomb of 35
Artemis 33
statue of 33
Temple of 30-33

Babylon, Iraq 14, 15,


Barcelona, Spain 34

16-17,

63

Bartholdi, Frederic-Auguste 50

Black Stone, Mecca 29


Borglum, Gutzon 53
Borobodur, Java 10-11
Buddha 10, 26
Buddhist

sports.

standing stones

Nebuchadrezzar, King 15, 16


New York, U.SA. 50-51, 58-59,

25

60,61
Nike 23
Nile River 6
Nirvana 26

Gothic 36
Great Mosque, Mecca 28, 29
Great Pyramids, Giza 4, 6-9
Great Sphinx, Giza 52
Great Wall of China 12-13

Gunbad-i-Qabus

of

St. Basil's

of

5, 14-15, 16, 17,

63

Sydney, Australia

36-37

Colossus of Rhodes 48-49


Great Pyramid, Giza 8-9
Mausoleum at Halicarnassus

4,

22, 24, 25,

24,

25

pilgnms/pilgnmage
Poland

Babylon

Ishtar Gate,

towers 58-59

chamber, Egyptian king's

8
buttresses 36

16

Dam,

60, 61

pyramids

Islam 28
Itaipu

21

Agra 42-43
Ephesus

5,

of the

Golden Buddha,

Thailand 27
Temple of the Giant Jaguar,
11

of Solomon, Jerusalem
of Zeus,

Olympia

4, 5,

24

temples
Babylonian 16
Buddhist 10-11

Chinese 44-45
Guatemala 11
Tomb of Theodoric the Goth,
Ravenna 43
Tikal,

Toronto,

Tower

Canada

of Babel,

61,

63

Babylon

17

14-15

4, 5, 6-9, 10-11,

Pythias 40

Brazil 13

Temple

terracotta army,

28-29

11,

Polonnaruva, Sri Lanka 27


Pompidou Center, Pans 20
Ptolemy 56, 57

63

Ishtar 16

Ephesus 32-33

54-57

5,

Pisa, Italy 60, 62

16,

21

of Artemis,

Tikal

Parana River 13
Pans, France 20, 58-59, 60, 63
Pegu, Burma (Myanmar) 26
pentathlon 25
Pharos of Alexandria
Phidias 22

Helios 46, 57
Herakles 24
Herostratus 30

Iraq

35, 62

28

40-41
of Artemisia,

Rome

Sydney Opera House

Temple
5,

5,

Babylon

12

10

Temple

63

Hanging Gardens

Chartres Cathedral, France

27

Peter's Church,

Temple

building of

22-23,

Cathedral 34

Taj Mahal,

Olympia, Greece

Olympic Games

10-11

Olympia

30-33, 62

Gungan,

Halicarnassus Mausoleum
38-41, 63
Halicarnassus, Turkey 41

26,

Stonehenge
stupa

18, 19

New York 48,

giant 52-53

St.

gods/goddesses. Ancient
22,

Statue of Zeus,
63
statues

Buddhist

gladiators

12

Statue of Liberty,
50-51

29

Mumtaz-i-Mahal 42
Museum of Alexandria 57
Muslims 28

Greek

Way, China 45
Ancient Greek 25

Spirit

Gal Vihara Temple,


Polonnaruva 27
gargoyles 37
Gaudi, Antonio 34
Giza, Egypt 5, 6-9, 52, 62

Persia 43

statues 26-27

temples

28,

60, 61

South Dakota, U.S.A. 53

17

Moscow, Russia 34
Motherland, The 52, 53
Mount Olympus, Greece 24
Mount Rushmore, U.SA, 53
Mughal tombs 42, 43

Center, Florida 21
Ephesus, Turkey 30, 41, 62
Epidaurus, Greece 18
Euphrates River 15, 16, 17

Muhammad

Artemisia 40, 41
Artemision 30
Asia Minor 5
athletes. Ancient Greek 24, 25
Avenue of Animals, China 45

burial

16,

Eiffel

amphitheater 18, 19,


Amytis 15
Ancient Egyptians 6, 8-9
Ancient Greeks 18, 22, 24,
33,48
Ancient Romans 18, 19

Temple

12

Ulm Cathedral

Ivan the Terrible 34

35

Utzon, Jorn 21

Bey Fort, Alexandria 54


Qin Shi Huangdi, Emperor 12,
Qait

Jerusalem, Israel 28
Jumna River 42

Turkey 38
cathedrals 34-35, 36-37
Chares 48
Caria,

chariot of

Mausolus and

Artemisia 41
Chartres Cathedral, France

Mecca 29
Khafu, King 6
kings. Ancient Egyptian

44

6,

8-9

36-37

Chicago, U.SA.

63
Chinese tombs 44, 45
Christ the

de
Rome,
Rio

48,

62

Janeiro, Brazil 53
Italy 18, 35,

62

61,

Redeemer, Rio de

Janeuro 53
Chrysler Building 60
churches 34-35

CN Tower,

Vuchetich, Yevgenyi 53

Ravenna, Italy 43
Rhodes, Greece 46,

Kaaba,

Toronto

61,

63

Colosseum, Rome 18-19


Colossus of Rhodes 5, 46-49
Constantinople, Turkey 22
Croesus, King 30

Landowski, Paul 53
Leaning Tower of Pisa 60, 62
Library of Alexandria 57
lighthouse 54-55
Lincoln Memorial, Washington
43
Lysippus 48

Marduk 16
Mausoleum

at

Halicarnassus

38-41, 63

Disney. Walt 21
Disneyworld, Florida 21

Mausolus, King

Mayas

11

38, 40, 41

5,

Volgograd, Russia 53

sarcophagus 8, 41
Scopas 40
Sears Tower, Chicago, U.S.A.
61,63

Wailing Wall, Jerusalem 28


radio mast, Poland
60,61
Wat Trimitr, Thailand 27

Warszawa

Wood, J.T. 32
World Trade Center,

Xi'an,

U.S.A. 61

China 44

Semiramis 15
Shah Jahan 42, 43
shrine, Buddhist 10

ziggurat

Shwethalyaung, Pegu 26

Zeus

16,

17

22, 23, 24,

25

Acknowledgements
Dorling Kmdersley would like to thank Sandra Archer, Andrew
Duncan, Martin Greenwood, Kate Hinton, David Salariya, and Lynn
Bresler for their help in producing this book.

^T'm.

5|3i?^'7^*'r:^--

WONDERS
THE WORLD
of

For thousands of years, people have compiled lists of humankind's


The most famous of these - only one of which is still standing were known as the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World and were renowned for their
spectacular size and beauty. Wonders of the World skillfully reconstructs these seven ancient
"wonders" as they were when first built. It relates the story behind the building of each - such as
the pyramids, the Hanging Gardens of Babylon, and the Colossus of Rhodes - and draws
greatest buildmgs.

intriguing parallels with other extraordinary buildings, both ancient

and modern.

Carefully researched and magnificently illustrated, this book shows how people have
labored through the ages, with or without the aid of machines, to create buildings of lasting
beauty and fascination.

Giovanni Caselli has produced many stunning

history

books

for

young readers.

A leading author and illustrator, he also wrote Life Through the Ages and illustrated
The Body and How It Works in the See & Explore Library series.

.^...i^i^^

See & Explore Library is an original and wide-ranging series of


reference books, each of which is a wealth of information and color
illustrations. Every topic in the series has been carefully chosen not only
to appeal to young people's interests and enthusiasms, but also to
stimulate them to find out more about the world m which they live.
Other

titles in this

series include:

Animals and Where They Live Birds and How They Live
The Body ai\d How It Works Cars and How They Work
Dinosaurs and How They Lived Life Through the Ages Machines and How They Work
Sharks and Other Creatures of the Deep Space, Stars, Planets and Spacecraft
Trains and Railroads Whales, Porpoises, and Dolphins

I!

'Z9L3}rgr.

SEE KXIM ORE


1.IHKAKY

$12.95
I'rinted in

Spain

ISBN

1-56458-U5-4

90000

DORi.iNG kim)i:ksi,ey, inc.


NEW YORK
78156A"58U57'

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