WONDERS
THE WORLD
of
V TV
X "T
^ t^
WONDERS
THE WORLD
of
Giovanni Caselli
Contributing Illustrators:
Mark Bergin
Nicholas Hewetson
John James
<,
t,
?ffr
3"ffr
t-i
1m
119
1.
DORLING KINDERSLEY,
NEW YORK
--r
r-^^muA
INC.
CONTENTS
4
THE PYRAMIDS
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
GREAT BUDDHAS
28
PLACES OF PILGRIMAGE
30
32
34
36
BUILDING A CATHEDRAL
38
40
BUILDING THE
Boston.
42
44
46
i9-^->is.'->--^^_f=
-^
US editor
Alison
B.
Weir
American
10
Edition, 1992
9876543
00 1
Houghton
'
Mifflin
Company.
MAUSOLEUM
ISBN 1-56458-145-4
1378- 1995
48
50
52
GIANT STATUES
^ 54
56
58
TOWERING CONSTRUCTIONS
60
TALL TOWERS
62
THE WONDERS OF
64
INDEX
SIZE
The book of
revelations
This book IS divided into
seven chapters, based
around the Seven
Wonders
of the World.
artist's
impression of an
was
are
built.
made
Comparisons
with later
buildings, often
The
highlighting striking
pyramids
resemblances between
the ancient and modern.
such as Stonehenge.
1/
first
chapter
of
tells of
Egypt and
the
The
Buddha
m Burma (Myanmar).
r 1
THE PYRAMIDS
at
A mammoth task
The largest and most impressive of
the pyramids is the Great Pyramid
Completed m 2580 bc for
King Khafu, it took thousands of
men about 30 years to build.
at Giza.
each
lb (2,300 kg).
BUILDING
THE PYRAMIDS
King's burial
chamber
when
the fields
work
broke
treasures.
Taking shape
The Ancient Egyptians built then pyramids from
the center outward. Here you can see workers
toiUng to construct the Great Pyramid at Giza.
Where are
the pyramids?
A labor of love
Thousands
and
ordinary laborers worked on the pyramids m
return for food and clothes. Although conditions
were harsh, people were willing to build the
king's tomb, as they considered him to be a god
of stonemasons, carpenters,
Muscle power
Transporting the massive stone blocks
from the banks of the Nile to the site of
the pyramids was difficult and strenuous
work. They were dragged from
the boats to the building site by
huge teams
of
men.
vjt^_
into
wooden
poles.
Borobodur
The word "Borobodur" means "temple
on the hill. " Situated on a hill in the
jungle of Java
Southeast Asia,
Borobodur is the largest Buddhist
temple
built
in the world. It
was
m about ad 800
Changing shapes
Borobodur looks like an
enormous terraced
It has a square
base above which are
pyramid.
A winding path
The journey
to the top
involves passing through a
maze
of stairs
and
passageways. Adorning
the walls are thousands of
magnificent carvings
depicting scenes of life in
ancient Java and stories
about the life of Buddha.
central stupa
are about seventy smaller stupas.
sits
a statue of the
A pilgrim's progress
Walking to the top of the
temple is like climbing a
mountain, From the bottom
it is impossible to see the
top. The journey
Central stupa
3.
Circular terraces
Temple
at the top
Lying m the heart of the jungle of Guatemala in
Central America, the city of Tikal was one of the
most important centers of an ancient people called
the Mayas. The Mayan civilization lasted for about
two thousand years, reaching the peak of its glory
between ad 600 and 900. Tikal became an
important religious center where splendid temples
were built m the shape of pyramids. Some of these
towered as high as 225 ft (75 m).
GREAT STONES
OF OUR TIME
Watchtowers
Positioned at regular
intervals along the wall are
a series of imposing
watchtowers and
Stonehenge
On Salisbury Plain
one
of the
most famous
prehistoric sites
the
world. Built between 2750
A mighty feat
The longest stones found at
Stonehenge were probably
dragged to the site from
quarries 20 miles (32 km) away.
Holes were then dug for them
and they were heaved into a
standing position by teams of
men, using primitive levers.
Magic
It
is
was
circle
why Stonehenge
Some people thmk it
a mystery
built.
pagan
as the
religious
day and
fire at night.
Itaipu
Dam
dams combined.
Look out
Built along the crest of a
mountain range, the wall
formed an effective
-*
A long snake
The main part of the wall is 2,150 miles
(3,460 km) long, equivalent to the
distance between London and Moscow,
It stretches from the mouth of the Yellow
Sea to a point deep in Central Asia.
l;(IldIJ_-JfIIdLilTJL-:LU
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Parallel lines
The wall has two parapets
that rise to a height of 30 ft
(9 m) on either side of a
roadway 10 ft (3,5 m) wide.
Most of the wall is made of
stone and earth covered
brick.
A deadly task
Building such a massive
barrier in a mountainous
the process.
THE HANGING
GARDENS OF BABYLON
2
of the
much
as the
A Roman writer
the
fall
of
A green pyramid
Exotic plants and flowers cascaded
north, Persia.
order
to irrigate the
gardens, water
r'i.
\^
'
/i
City sights
Visitors to Babylon marveled at its
sights. From the heart of the city rose the
towering ziggurat and a temple devoted
to Marduk, the patron god of Babylon.
Nearby were
and
A walled city
The
city
was encircled by
Persian Gulf
drive along.
for
terraced pyramidlike
tower 300 ft (90 m) tall. At
the top of It was a temple.
fThe
Nobody knows
exactly
the Hanging Gardens
-4
were. Archaeologists think
,'
hat they may have
discovered the vaults which
^|.
formed the base of the Gardens^ n
close to the palace.
where
A giant building
ENTERTAINMENT
FOR THE PEOPLE
The theater
at Epidaurus
forms of entertainment for the
Ancient Greeks was going to see plays. These
were performed m vast, open-air theaters, such as this
one that has been restored at Epidaurus m Greece.
Built into a mountainside, the steep auditorium could
seat as many as 14,000 people.
One
of the
-WWmi
mam
Perfect pitch
Even today the sound m
the theater is remarkable.
A whisper made on stage
can be heard clearly from
the top tier of the seats.
Thousands of spectators
The amphitheater could
hold up to 50,000 people,
each of whom had a
numbered seat. There were
public entrances, so the
building could be emptied
quickly.
his
own
There were
different types of
gladiators.
trident,
shield.
battle.
floor
and the
animals' dens.
Some
gladiators
had
to fight against
19
cultural centers.
kinds of activities
museums,
art galleries,
and
theaters.
was opened
Paris,
It
1977.
activities.
designed it with
working parts on the
outside of the building architects
all its
Color coding
Continuing outside
In front of the Center is a
big square where all sorts
of open-air entertainments
on. As the Center's
escalators and walkways
are m transparent tubes on
the front of the building, its
go
visitors
culture
the heart of
a library,
other
and
Right
are not
renowned
numbers
of visitors
each year.
they
beauty
A space
age fantasy in
concrete, the Sydney Opera
House
IS one of Australia's
most famous landmarks. Its
brilliant
sails
is
more than
an opera house - it is a
center for performing arts. Its
just
opera and
used
for concerts,
ballet, theater,
and
other activities,
to
Florida,
be a domed,
was
pollution-
free
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GAMES
Mount Olympus, the highest mountain m Greece,
was believed by the Ancient Greeks to be the home
of Zeus, king of the gods. For centuries, Zeus was
worshipped at Olympia and by the 5th century bc
it was one of the most important holy places m
Greece. The Temple of Zeus, begun m 470 bc,
complete.
took
not only famous for its temples.
was
Olympia
But
were held there m 776
Games
Olympic
The first
15
years
to
The
the
city of
"altis,"
was
In pursuit of excellence
Athletes came from all
over Greece to compete
A mighty temple
One
60
ft
(18.3
m)
high.
Its
series of earthguakes
century ad.
f-/:^}'"^'^'^^^''''
columns
m the 6th
reigned over
his family,
some
whom
Athena
Demeter
Aphrodite
Apollo
spokeswomen.
Hestia
Artemis
Situated on mainland
Sportsmanship
first the Olympic Games consisted of a simple
race, but as the years went by, more events were
added and athletes could participate in all the sports
At
Discus
Javehn
shown below,
Jumping
Running
Wrestling
25
GREAT BUDDHAS
Buddhism is one of the oldest religions m the world. It
was founded m India m the 6th century bc by Prince
Siddhartha Gautama, a teacher who became the
Buddha - the "Enlightened One". By the 3rd century
Buddhist
faith.
Buddhism
The
is
religion
m Asia.
follow the
We have chosen
to illustrate
have a
statues.
^-^
The Shwethalyaung
One
like
of the
examples
Wat
Trimitr
ft
(5
is
a magnificent
m) high figure
Buddha.
It
Gal Vihara
Temple
is
made
of
of 5,5
order
to
conceal
its
plaster. Left
m this state
nature
In a
forest
Sri
PLACES OF PILGRIMAGE
A pilgrimage
is
made
Mecca
prayer.
'
Jerusalem
The golden
faith, attracts
the shrine to
and pray
of
all
those
who
it.
is believed
mourn. When dewdrops
appear on its stones, it is
said that they weep for the
fall of the Temple.
to
Annual pilgrimage
According to Islamic tradition, all
Muslims should make the pilgrimage
to Mecca at least once m their lifetime.
Each year over a million pilgrims
make
the journey to
Mecca
the
last
City.
Kaaba
In the center of the
courtyard stands the
Kaaba, a square chamber
which is the central shrine
'
Temple
of Artemis.
on a grand scale
The Temple of Artemis was one
Built
largest temples of
its
ft
of the
time. Rectangular
(52
m) wide and
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Mighty splendor
Here you can see what the temple
looked like at the height of its
glory, 2,000 years ago. It was
famous not only for its size, but
also for
its
magnificent sculptures.
was
Where
32
the temple
was
Taking shape
you can see how the Temple of
Artemis was actually built. Large cranes and strong
ropes are being used to hoist sections of the
columns into position.
In this picture
Two
Forming a picture
tried to
good
idea.
against one
Greek temples had
only one row of columns.
IVIost
one
Final flourish
Rafters
made
out of terracotta.
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m>
In Ancient Greek
mythology,rArtemis was a
huntress and the goddess
of
fertility.
Artemis
The -statue
of
m the temple at
silver,
^>:s
symbolized her
V^j.
fertility.
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The base
column
was sculpted before being
other.
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of a
J5.
Lismi
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originality
ensured
the
that
same
little
goal; to
Its
be houses
St.
of
godly worship.
Basil's Cathedral,
Moscow
colored onion-shaped
domes and belfries give St. Basil's, m
Moscow, Russia, a fairy-tale appearance.
Built from 1555 to 1560, on the orders of
Ivan the Terrible, it is really nine
churches - a central chapel surrounded
by eight smaller ones. The cathedral is
Its brilliantly
now
museum.
Rome, Italy
largest church
the world, St.
Peter's was built on the site of the tomb
of the Apostle Peter between 1506 and
St.
Peter's in
The
1626.
The church
shape
700
ft
(213
mrmn
laid out
It is
m the
more than
measuring
m<rm
is
of a Latin cross.
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THE MAUSOLEUM AT
HALICARNASSUS
5
King Mausolus ruled over Caria, part of modernday Turkey, in the 4th century bc. He was an
ambitious king and attacked many nearby cities and
states. With the money from his conquests, he built
a
new
decided
the
end
to build
of his
life,
himself a tomb, as a
monument
to
38
fell
to
build a fortress.
A mighty size
mausoleum covered
ft by 105 ft (38.4 m
by 32 m). The finished tomb was more
than 140 ft (42.6 m) tall.
of the
King Mausolus
centuries,
The base
Toward
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A peaceful approach
Agra
through a gateway,
then through a beautiful
walled garden where a
watercourse flanked by
cypress trees reflects
the marble tomb.
copy
who died
of the Taj
to build
on
his
muddy river
Shah
finally
his wife
An
A labor of love
"otherworldly" monument
With Its onion-shaped dome and
slender minarets, or towers, the Taj
Begun
in 1632,
it
took
to
France and
Italy.
^^^^^^^^^^3^{^^J^^i^lfi
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ooQoonaaao QnOOQC
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p^
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p-Q cr^ pr
Tomb
of Theodoric
the Goth
This tomb was built at
Ravenna
AD
in Italy
530. Its
roof
as early as
dome-shaped
was hewn
out of stone.
Gunbad-i-Qabus of
Gungan
the early 11th
Built in
gold
T^arTier
A lasting monument
^iCWhen the Mughal empire
collapsed, robbers broke
into the
tomb and
most of
its
monument
remains
The
however,
A symbol of
itself,
intact.
everlasting love,
India's
stole
treasures.
it
is
most famous
sight.
43
far
back as the
10th
tombs on
by
Mmg tombs,
built
later.
city ofXi'an,
by
the
for
more
tomb of Emperor
Qm Shi Huangdi
Qm Shi Huangdi
Bc)
when he came
(259-209
to the
secrecy
some
True
to life
Made
of pottery, the
figures are about 6 ft
tall
(1.8
m)
arms and
The heads and hands
were modeled separately.
Each figure has different
features and expressions
and wears marks of rank.
hollow, with solid
legs.
Way
Spirit
to the Ming Toznbs
Thirty miles (50 km) to the north of Beijing are the tombs of
the emperors of the Ming dynasty, who ruled China
from the 15th to the 17th centuries ad. The Spirit
Way was the road along which an emperor's coffin
was taken to the tombs. Four miles (7km) long, it
The
and mythical
beasts.
Giant figures
After passing through the animals, the
Spirit Way comes to 12 colossal statues
of Chinese officials called mandarins.
Some represent the emperor's
in
long
Growing slowly
Here you can see
the Colossus in
stages of construction. The
statue took about 12 years to build
and was eventually finished in 290
Its final
Weighty matters
Because there were no machines
lifting
made
of bronze,
m New York's
Where was
The
statue
heavy materials
time, a
mound was
the
at
built
up
gained
up
m height.
the Colossus?
was 'built
Rhodes
Mediterranean
Sea
'&^'
for
/^^:^
A skeleton of iron
The basic framework
^^
or
"skeleton" of the Colossus
was made of iron. This was
hammered
into shape,
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Mighty weights
Inside the iron framework
of the statue
were huge
it
m
y/a.
Where
now?
is it
After the earthquake which brought it down, the
rums of the Colossus remained untouched for
ad 653, Islamic armies invaded
centuries. Then,
Rhodes and stole the bronze, taking it back to Syria.
There a merchant is said to have bought the bronze
shell and carried it away on 900 camels across the
desert, to be melted down.
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49
GIANT STATUES
is an important form of artistic expression
can tell us much about civilizations m the past.
Ever since ancient times, people have idealized the
human body or created their own images of gods m
the form of statues or other sculpture,
The materials used to create giant statues have
changed very little since early times. Stone and
metal, favored for their long-lastmg qualities,
are still used now. Even though our building
techniques are more sophisticated today, there are
still striking similarities between the way m which
Sculpture
that
many
ancient and
modern
statues
were
built.
Stone-faced giants
The pictures here show statues and reliefs
ranging from the Great Sphinx of Ancient
ft
Easter Island
statues
.:
'
The Motherland
On
a hilltop outside
Volgograd
Russia
stands the colossal
concrete "Motherland"
It was designed
by the sculptor
Yevgenyi Vuchetich, to
statue.
Christ the
Redeemer
1967
commemorate
the Battle of
Stalingrad (1942-43).
Measuring 270 ft (82 m), it is
ranked as the tallest statue
the world.
Christ the
Redeemer
Perched on Mount
Corcovado m Rio de
Janeiro, Brazil, stands a
huge
The
statue of Christ.
m) high concrete
statue was designed by
130
(40
ft
five
1931.
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ALEXANDRIA
To many people, the Pharos of Alexandria
symbolized the power and glory of the Greek
nation founded by Alexander the Great. Alexander
founded many cities and they were all named
Alexandria after him, but the greatest of them all
was the city on the Mediterranean coast of Egypt
where the Pharos and many other magnificent
were erected.
Under the rule of Ptolemy one of Alexander's
generals, and his family, who ruled Egypt for 300
buildings
1,
years, Alexandria
became
nj
A bird's-eye view
Here
is
the
of Alexandria as
with columns
and
statues.
R center of learning
Ptolemy
work
founded many
AMi^'
The Pharos
Where
the lighthouse
was
Lighthouse
A huge mirror
The
lighthouse
was
sea by an enormous
concave mirror.
Alexandria
to
Inner ramp
The upper part of the
>
Keeping watch
There were hundreds
rooms leading off the
of
.-ramp.Jhese had-outward-
Solid as a rock
A walled platform around
the base of the lighthouse
^protected it from the sea.
"Drinking water, supplied
from the mainland by an
aqueduct, was stored
the base of the building.
The
^^
first
Among
museum
the buildings
\ magnificent
library,
which
of
books
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If
TALL TOWERS
Age was
New York,
the Jazz
As
cities
completed
completed
the next year, which held the record for
the tallest unsupported building until 1971. The tallest
by
tallest
most
IS
Empire
1.046
ft
State Building.
(318
m)
tall.
completed
and
in 1350,
tower of Pisa
is
179
finally
the bell
ft
(55
m)
is
now
One
were soon
Empire State Building,
ft
(629 m).
-^
\.
Trade Center
m New York
(449
m)
ft
tall.
wm
.^i
\^y
?s^
'j^i
Roebuck Company, a
department store chain,
the Sears
^1,
Tower was
completed
vx:
in 1973, briefly
1,454
ft
city of
(443
It
Chicago,
^^
^"^^
'4...
place by helicopter.
-^\
7^^ '((''MfC
stretches
m) above the
tot
THE WONDERS OF
SIZE
meant
tall
or
it
Great Pyramid,
The
Eiffel
Tower
m Pans,
the Sears
(122
m)
Tower
in
Wonders
400
CN Tower,
Toronto, Canada
1,822 ft (555 m)
INDEX
Agra, India 42
skyscrapers
Egypt
megaliths
Sostratus 56
altis
24
EPCOT
25,
Antipater 4
Apostle Peter, tomb of 35
Artemis 33
statue of 33
Temple of 30-33
16-17,
63
Bartholdi, Frederic-Auguste 50
sports.
standing stones
25
60,61
Nike 23
Nile River 6
Nirvana 26
Gothic 36
Great Mosque, Mecca 28, 29
Great Pyramids, Giza 4, 6-9
Great Sphinx, Giza 52
Great Wall of China 12-13
Gunbad-i-Qabus
of
St. Basil's
of
63
Sydney, Australia
36-37
4,
24,
25
pilgnms/pilgnmage
Poland
Babylon
Ishtar Gate,
towers 58-59
8
buttresses 36
16
Dam,
60, 61
pyramids
Islam 28
Itaipu
21
Agra 42-43
Ephesus
5,
of the
Golden Buddha,
Thailand 27
Temple of the Giant Jaguar,
11
of Solomon, Jerusalem
of Zeus,
Olympia
4, 5,
24
temples
Babylonian 16
Buddhist 10-11
Chinese 44-45
Guatemala 11
Tomb of Theodoric the Goth,
Ravenna 43
Tikal,
Toronto,
Tower
Canada
of Babel,
61,
63
Babylon
17
14-15
4, 5, 6-9, 10-11,
Pythias 40
Brazil 13
Temple
terracotta army,
28-29
11,
63
Ishtar 16
Ephesus 32-33
54-57
5,
16,
21
of Artemis,
Tikal
Parana River 13
Pans, France 20, 58-59, 60, 63
Pegu, Burma (Myanmar) 26
pentathlon 25
Pharos of Alexandria
Phidias 22
Helios 46, 57
Herakles 24
Herostratus 30
Iraq
35, 62
28
40-41
of Artemisia,
Rome
Temple
5,
5,
Babylon
12
10
Temple
63
Hanging Gardens
27
Peter's Church,
Temple
building of
22-23,
Cathedral 34
Taj Mahal,
Olympia, Greece
Olympic Games
10-11
Olympia
30-33, 62
Gungan,
Halicarnassus Mausoleum
38-41, 63
Halicarnassus, Turkey 41
26,
Stonehenge
stupa
18, 19
giant 52-53
St.
gods/goddesses. Ancient
22,
Statue of Zeus,
63
statues
Buddhist
gladiators
12
Statue of Liberty,
50-51
29
Mumtaz-i-Mahal 42
Museum of Alexandria 57
Muslims 28
Greek
Way, China 45
Ancient Greek 25
Spirit
Persia 43
statues 26-27
temples
28,
60, 61
17
Moscow, Russia 34
Motherland, The 52, 53
Mount Olympus, Greece 24
Mount Rushmore, U.SA, 53
Mughal tombs 42, 43
Center, Florida 21
Ephesus, Turkey 30, 41, 62
Epidaurus, Greece 18
Euphrates River 15, 16, 17
Muhammad
Artemisia 40, 41
Artemision 30
Asia Minor 5
athletes. Ancient Greek 24, 25
Avenue of Animals, China 45
burial
16,
Eiffel
Temple
12
Ulm Cathedral
35
Utzon, Jorn 21
Jerusalem, Israel 28
Jumna River 42
Turkey 38
cathedrals 34-35, 36-37
Chares 48
Caria,
chariot of
Mausolus and
Artemisia 41
Chartres Cathedral, France
Mecca 29
Khafu, King 6
kings. Ancient Egyptian
44
6,
8-9
36-37
Chicago, U.SA.
63
Chinese tombs 44, 45
Christ the
de
Rome,
Rio
48,
62
Janeiro, Brazil 53
Italy 18, 35,
62
61,
Redeemer, Rio de
Janeuro 53
Chrysler Building 60
churches 34-35
CN Tower,
Vuchetich, Yevgenyi 53
Ravenna, Italy 43
Rhodes, Greece 46,
Kaaba,
Toronto
61,
63
Landowski, Paul 53
Leaning Tower of Pisa 60, 62
Library of Alexandria 57
lighthouse 54-55
Lincoln Memorial, Washington
43
Lysippus 48
Marduk 16
Mausoleum
at
Halicarnassus
38-41, 63
Disney. Walt 21
Disneyworld, Florida 21
Mausolus, King
Mayas
11
38, 40, 41
5,
Volgograd, Russia 53
sarcophagus 8, 41
Scopas 40
Sears Tower, Chicago, U.S.A.
61,63
Warszawa
Wood, J.T. 32
World Trade Center,
Xi'an,
U.S.A. 61
China 44
Semiramis 15
Shah Jahan 42, 43
shrine, Buddhist 10
ziggurat
Shwethalyaung, Pegu 26
Zeus
16,
17
25
Acknowledgements
Dorling Kmdersley would like to thank Sandra Archer, Andrew
Duncan, Martin Greenwood, Kate Hinton, David Salariya, and Lynn
Bresler for their help in producing this book.
^T'm.
5|3i?^'7^*'r:^--
WONDERS
THE WORLD
of
and modern.
Carefully researched and magnificently illustrated, this book shows how people have
labored through the ages, with or without the aid of machines, to create buildings of lasting
beauty and fascination.
history
books
for
young readers.
A leading author and illustrator, he also wrote Life Through the Ages and illustrated
The Body and How It Works in the See & Explore Library series.
.^...i^i^^
titles in this
series include:
Animals and Where They Live Birds and How They Live
The Body ai\d How It Works Cars and How They Work
Dinosaurs and How They Lived Life Through the Ages Machines and How They Work
Sharks and Other Creatures of the Deep Space, Stars, Planets and Spacecraft
Trains and Railroads Whales, Porpoises, and Dolphins
I!
'Z9L3}rgr.
$12.95
I'rinted in
Spain
ISBN
1-56458-U5-4
90000